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ApplicationRecord is a new superclass for all app models, analogous to app controllers subclassing ApplicationController instead of ActionController::Base. This gives apps a single spot to configure app-wide model behavior. https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#active-record-models-now-inherit-from-applicationrecord-by-default Deprecated Relation#uniq use Relation#distinct instead. https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/5_0_release_notes.html#active-record-deprecations