From 680236d61915e722fbc6742f2dab2fbe967fe428 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adpare <apare@mitre.org>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 16:13:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH] ATT&CK v16.0 Mobile

---
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 2016 files changed, 2325 insertions(+), 2312 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d621873-6d3c-4660-be9a-57e2e8648236.json
 create mode 100644 mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c0f03d23-03d6-4457-b783-792d1b8f2994.json
 delete mode 100644 mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e75c623a-f9ac-4f46-b093-dd0e40b50cc6.json

diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--00290ac5-551e-44aa-bbd8-c4b913488a6d.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--00290ac5-551e-44aa-bbd8-c4b913488a6d.json
index 5eb0d7e62e..fb952ccecc 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--00290ac5-551e-44aa-bbd8-c4b913488a6d.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--00290ac5-551e-44aa-bbd8-c4b913488a6d.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--53be3c15-d4c3-4352-bad4-7991690c14c6",
+    "id": "bundle--66f2e312-f96e-4833-9e78-ade2f8e1a3fe",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--039bc59c-ecc7-4997-b2b4-4ab728bd91aa.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--039bc59c-ecc7-4997-b2b4-4ab728bd91aa.json
index 73be6ff8f9..f5afc2d885 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--039bc59c-ecc7-4997-b2b4-4ab728bd91aa.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--039bc59c-ecc7-4997-b2b4-4ab728bd91aa.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--914ff371-068f-464b-9db5-c1bdee2b1bdc",
+    "id": "bundle--0efbaa74-cfd3-4c2b-91ea-5eaf2c9e9d2a",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--08e22979-d320-48ed-8711-e7bf94aabb13.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--08e22979-d320-48ed-8711-e7bf94aabb13.json
index 175060a962..5e170b2713 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--08e22979-d320-48ed-8711-e7bf94aabb13.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--08e22979-d320-48ed-8711-e7bf94aabb13.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--4d6c6b88-ad49-415f-9143-53d043bd84d8",
+    "id": "bundle--65c20ae3-3461-4894-abdf-9e53e6d1ee3d",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--08ea902d-ecb5-47ed-a453-2798057bb2d3.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--08ea902d-ecb5-47ed-a453-2798057bb2d3.json
index aceff7172f..2d870b25d9 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--08ea902d-ecb5-47ed-a453-2798057bb2d3.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--08ea902d-ecb5-47ed-a453-2798057bb2d3.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--9e9a3505-ff37-472e-9298-ad11c9d28585",
+    "id": "bundle--e34e6426-27de-4a85-b114-8cac193180fb",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--0b761f2b-197a-40f2-b100-8152cb957c0c.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--0b761f2b-197a-40f2-b100-8152cb957c0c.json
index fd4dc52835..b29563077d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--0b761f2b-197a-40f2-b100-8152cb957c0c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--0b761f2b-197a-40f2-b100-8152cb957c0c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--29f1f56c-7b7a-4c14-9e39-59577ea2743c.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--29f1f56c-7b7a-4c14-9e39-59577ea2743c.json
index 9f84f6647c..f72603ca72 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--29f1f56c-7b7a-4c14-9e39-59577ea2743c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--29f1f56c-7b7a-4c14-9e39-59577ea2743c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--f704799a-5bce-4526-91e9-e2699482eeab",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2aa78dfd-cb6f-4c70-9408-137cfd96be49.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2aa78dfd-cb6f-4c70-9408-137cfd96be49.json
index 8cf8a1307a..ed59cfcda7 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--c4a3feb5-34f0-4c9c-be10-3e08754ab8ab",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2bb20118-e6c0-41dc-a07c-283ea4dd0fb8.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2bb20118-e6c0-41dc-a07c-283ea4dd0fb8.json
index 65f51ea9ce..27c2c996a3 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2bb20118-e6c0-41dc-a07c-283ea4dd0fb8.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2bb20118-e6c0-41dc-a07c-283ea4dd0fb8.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--148a0a6f-9b13-44f9-8062-07e8619fe253",
+    "id": "bundle--1c475c03-8c77-4752-afc9-43d28e345af8",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2ccc3d39-9598-4d32-9657-42e1c7095d26.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2ccc3d39-9598-4d32-9657-42e1c7095d26.json
index 1d4e819497..9c89d2d014 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2ccc3d39-9598-4d32-9657-42e1c7095d26.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2ccc3d39-9598-4d32-9657-42e1c7095d26.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--d318c449-95a8-4d9b-8cac-b1302333ca55",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2d646840-f6f5-4619-a5a8-29c8316bbac5.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2d646840-f6f5-4619-a5a8-29c8316bbac5.json
index 41a6dba0b3..796b4c4246 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2d646840-f6f5-4619-a5a8-29c8316bbac5.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2d646840-f6f5-4619-a5a8-29c8316bbac5.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--8947f142-ba17-4c30-bf9c-33cebd185ab7",
+    "id": "bundle--3fea8999-8788-43f1-a28b-a3b1049f6145",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2de38279-043e-47e8-aaad-1b07af6d0790.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2de38279-043e-47e8-aaad-1b07af6d0790.json
index 0a1e91672b..dbbe114b4d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2de38279-043e-47e8-aaad-1b07af6d0790.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2de38279-043e-47e8-aaad-1b07af6d0790.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--56ac3b43-aca6-4f4a-b0e6-a2a0dde8d9df",
+    "id": "bundle--78348b58-ed1c-47f9-8445-1e32ec088d55",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2f0e8d80-4b8b-4f4a-b5cc-132afe7e057d.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2f0e8d80-4b8b-4f4a-b5cc-132afe7e057d.json
index 2661339776..812574efb9 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2f0e8d80-4b8b-4f4a-b5cc-132afe7e057d.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--2f0e8d80-4b8b-4f4a-b5cc-132afe7e057d.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--c7250ab0-4b6d-41ab-86aa-30a5c2d7719e",
+    "id": "bundle--f20a8046-fe51-4553-9945-64a255a20fbf",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--32063d7f-0a39-440d-a4a3-2694488f96cc.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--32063d7f-0a39-440d-a4a3-2694488f96cc.json
index b12aa8afc3..bee2b48564 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--32063d7f-0a39-440d-a4a3-2694488f96cc.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--32063d7f-0a39-440d-a4a3-2694488f96cc.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--3cba6dc8-29b6-4b4e-97e4-4b713992ff18",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--351c0927-2fc1-4a2c-ad84-cbbee7eb8172.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--351c0927-2fc1-4a2c-ad84-cbbee7eb8172.json
index a839a12c92..acc11218b1 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--351c0927-2fc1-4a2c-ad84-cbbee7eb8172.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--351c0927-2fc1-4a2c-ad84-cbbee7eb8172.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--2f3d75c3-77eb-4a89-8793-184d99f94afd",
+    "id": "bundle--53f940c2-d9eb-4533-ab0f-37cf120c7c77",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69.json
index 371def313c..e5f9107152 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--445f81c6-08bb-46ce-bf99-d16f3b3c85db",
+    "id": "bundle--1feb00d3-d7a1-442f-a789-59008343cd77",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--37047267-3e56-453c-833e-d92b68118120.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--37047267-3e56-453c-833e-d92b68118120.json
index 7f69b38ed3..35889fe80c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--37047267-3e56-453c-833e-d92b68118120.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--37047267-3e56-453c-833e-d92b68118120.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--9d7416db-f23e-47b7-85ae-ab60bc53a1a9",
+    "id": "bundle--116bc45f-1a85-424b-a9ea-eb650e8e0dec",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3775a580-a1d1-46c4-8147-c614a715f2e9.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3775a580-a1d1-46c4-8147-c614a715f2e9.json
index d3654f080d..865c7b09c2 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3775a580-a1d1-46c4-8147-c614a715f2e9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3775a580-a1d1-46c4-8147-c614a715f2e9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--63f15bbd-4012-491d-a521-8f61c321fc6f",
+    "id": "bundle--eb98307b-e3cd-42e2-924f-fca89a1400dd",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3911658a-6506-4deb-9ab4-595a51ae71ad.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3911658a-6506-4deb-9ab4-595a51ae71ad.json
index 765e487c12..c39d3063f7 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3911658a-6506-4deb-9ab4-595a51ae71ad.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3911658a-6506-4deb-9ab4-595a51ae71ad.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--208fb249-4d1a-4514-9d94-0adb789523e4",
+    "id": "bundle--7799f9c0-1f7d-402c-beec-756260942630",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--393e8c12-a416-4575-ba90-19cc85656796.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--393e8c12-a416-4575-ba90-19cc85656796.json
index ef9c3ec254..aadffabc5d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--393e8c12-a416-4575-ba90-19cc85656796.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--393e8c12-a416-4575-ba90-19cc85656796.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--25bb1663-1a08-4b35-99af-e487c2b64fdd",
+    "id": "bundle--005a3503-ded7-4654-9f13-33df4c350638",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--39dd7871-f59b-495f-a9a5-3cb8cc50c9b2.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--39dd7871-f59b-495f-a9a5-3cb8cc50c9b2.json
index c207bec0af..718f2dbd6f 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--39dd7871-f59b-495f-a9a5-3cb8cc50c9b2.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--39dd7871-f59b-495f-a9a5-3cb8cc50c9b2.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--3850a3fe-4961-44d6-aeff-fec816856661",
+    "id": "bundle--d2c1e4c3-0236-4818-9e62-c69a22825f97",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3b0b604f-10db-41a0-b54c-493124d455b9.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3b0b604f-10db-41a0-b54c-493124d455b9.json
index a163eab473..dfb44ea120 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3b0b604f-10db-41a0-b54c-493124d455b9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3b0b604f-10db-41a0-b54c-493124d455b9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--dfb2db0c-ce65-4d26-8b45-fa158d215fc3",
+    "id": "bundle--704e61c3-95a9-4c72-b941-989881c65fc1",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3dd58c80-4c2e-458c-9503-1b2cd273c4d2.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3dd58c80-4c2e-458c-9503-1b2cd273c4d2.json
index b05e3ed15a..a64ca5714d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3dd58c80-4c2e-458c-9503-1b2cd273c4d2.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3dd58c80-4c2e-458c-9503-1b2cd273c4d2.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--266e3189-dfcf-460d-93e8-7bca63b77ab6",
+    "id": "bundle--78f0ca20-b48d-4204-8ae8-b3bd3b7d17e5",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3e091a89-a493-4a6c-8e88-d57be19bb98d.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3e091a89-a493-4a6c-8e88-d57be19bb98d.json
index d5f5233e2d..8342296aee 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3e091a89-a493-4a6c-8e88-d57be19bb98d.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--3e091a89-a493-4a6c-8e88-d57be19bb98d.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--35106f06-1ef4-4b93-8581-807c5df67055",
+    "id": "bundle--4d9e1fc9-105a-4d36-a787-378441a09794",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--45a5fe76-eda3-4d40-8f22-c186efd6278d.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--45a5fe76-eda3-4d40-8f22-c186efd6278d.json
index e80c23abdf..6508cd7510 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--45a5fe76-eda3-4d40-8f22-c186efd6278d.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--45a5fe76-eda3-4d40-8f22-c186efd6278d.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--62f29de9-b4bf-4f9f-99bb-56c9524806bd",
+    "id": "bundle--d4c5e88a-599b-4f98-b697-d17f20ca5015",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--45dcbc83-4abc-4de1-b643-e528d1e9df09.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--45dcbc83-4abc-4de1-b643-e528d1e9df09.json
index 5068c6a75a..659774baa6 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--45dcbc83-4abc-4de1-b643-e528d1e9df09.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--45dcbc83-4abc-4de1-b643-e528d1e9df09.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--2878beaf-b261-4b3c-a588-2e0da6fcadda",
+    "id": "bundle--2ff4e4ed-46b9-4228-a9e6-8a59699d958a",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--46d818a5-67fa-4585-a7fc-ecf15376c8d5.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--46d818a5-67fa-4585-a7fc-ecf15376c8d5.json
index 443e443a1b..1bf286e1c5 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--46d818a5-67fa-4585-a7fc-ecf15376c8d5.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--db59422f-0ecc-497e-9826-e9262724d8f2",
+    "id": "bundle--6e4de6a9-ebe7-45c2-8257-3af10bf3bdf9",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--498e7b81-238d-404c-aa5e-332904d63286.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--498e7b81-238d-404c-aa5e-332904d63286.json
index 43089150a3..019dee831b 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--498e7b81-238d-404c-aa5e-332904d63286.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--030b2ce9-3dac-4210-b862-c9ca98cbba5c",
+    "id": "bundle--d077175e-b208-4a45-86d1-c1c0d60a72cc",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512.json
index d825fa4ac9..914ed33806 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512.json
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--e9427dc9-860f-4476-9411-f9b9714e9551",
+    "id": "bundle--89e45ea3-918b-4d19-9dfa-c06b5e0539ec",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
-            "modified": "2023-03-20T18:55:51.676Z",
+            "modified": "2024-09-12T15:20:41.834Z",
             "name": "GUI Input Capture",
             "description": "Adversaries may mimic common operating system GUI components to prompt users for sensitive information with a seemingly legitimate prompt. The operating system and installed applications often have legitimate needs to prompt the user for sensitive information such as account credentials, bank account information, or Personally Identifiable Information (PII). Compared to traditional PCs, the constrained display size of mobile devices may impair the ability to provide users with contextual information, making users more susceptible to this technique\u2019s use.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)\n\nThere are several approaches adversaries may use to mimic this functionality. Adversaries may impersonate the identity of a legitimate application (e.g. use the same application name and/or icon) and, when installed on the device, may prompt the user for sensitive information.(Citation: eset-finance) Adversaries may also send fake device notifications to the user that may trigger the display of an input prompt when clicked.(Citation: Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019) \n\nAdditionally, adversaries may display a prompt on top of a running, legitimate application to trick users into entering sensitive information into a malicious application rather than the legitimate application. Typically, adversaries need to know when the targeted application and the individual activity within the targeted application is running in the foreground to display the prompt at the proper time. Adversaries can abuse Android\u2019s accessibility features to determine which application is currently in the foreground.(Citation: ThreatFabric Cerberus) Two known approaches to displaying a prompt include:\n\n* Adversaries start a new activity on top of a running legitimate application.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)(Citation: Hassell-ExploitingAndroid) Android 10 places new restrictions on the ability for an application to start a new activity on top of another application, which may make it more difficult for adversaries to utilize this technique.(Citation: Android Background)\n* Adversaries create an application overlay window on top of a running legitimate application. Applications must hold the `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission to create overlay windows. This permission is handled differently than typical Android permissions and, at least under certain conditions, is automatically granted to applications installed from the Google Play Store.(Citation: Cloak and Dagger)(Citation: NowSecure Android Overlay)(Citation: Skycure-Accessibility) The `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission and its associated ability to create application overlay windows are expected to be deprecated in a future release of Android in favor of a new API.(Citation: XDA Bubbles)",
             "kill_chain_phases": [
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@
                 },
                 {
                     "source_name": "Cloak and Dagger",
-                    "description": "Fratantonio, Y., et al.. (2017). Cloak & Dagger. Retrieved September 18, 2019.",
-                    "url": "http://cloak-and-dagger.org/"
+                    "description": "Fratantonio, Y., et al.. (2017). Cloak & Dagger. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://cloak-and-dagger.org/"
                 },
                 {
                     "source_name": "Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019",
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
             "object_marking_refs": [
                 "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
             ],
-            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0",
+            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
             "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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     ]
diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--4e6620ac-c30c-4f6d-918e-fa20cae7c1ce.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--4e6620ac-c30c-4f6d-918e-fa20cae7c1ce.json
index ea08d23790..3dfae21040 100644
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index ac82650689..57b92436ed 100644
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index 0621ba5447..2d7008e365 100644
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index a94a4071b1..29e893e94d 100644
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index a560352900..4a3c3da08a 100644
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index 82638427ee..bd5f7c9696 100644
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index 2a8237715b..cfc6e38dea 100644
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index a14d828c31..9521ad687c 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--9ef14445-6f35-4ed0-a042-5024f13a9242.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a0464539-e1b7-4455-a355-12495987c300.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a0464539-e1b7-4455-a355-12495987c300.json
index e32a79a549..6050529f5d 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a0464539-e1b7-4455-a355-12495987c300.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--5956ce29-00c6-4d3d-b17f-861c90dba91b",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a21a6a79-f9a1-4c87-aed9-ba2d79536881.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a21a6a79-f9a1-4c87-aed9-ba2d79536881.json
index 8dd3382234..24fa319d38 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a21a6a79-f9a1-4c87-aed9-ba2d79536881.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a5de0540-73e7-4c67-96da-4143afedc7ed.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a5de0540-73e7-4c67-96da-4143afedc7ed.json
index 5be708a5b3..93ba8493c1 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a5de0540-73e7-4c67-96da-4143afedc7ed.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a5de0540-73e7-4c67-96da-4143afedc7ed.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--29d40535-5d56-463e-866f-daef38194361",
+    "id": "bundle--b112ad7d-a847-4611-8cc7-1f14433f255f",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a64a820a-cb21-471f-920c-506a2ff04fa5.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a64a820a-cb21-471f-920c-506a2ff04fa5.json
index ae5a4db764..c90fb300b2 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a64a820a-cb21-471f-920c-506a2ff04fa5.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a64a820a-cb21-471f-920c-506a2ff04fa5.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--6428146e-15c3-4517-a8ac-59658d94a83d",
+    "id": "bundle--c4db92aa-67cd-406f-a07b-0235df051dcc",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a8c31121-852b-46bd-9ba4-674ae5afe7ad.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a8c31121-852b-46bd-9ba4-674ae5afe7ad.json
index ebd9627172..dfd2d13f10 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a8c31121-852b-46bd-9ba4-674ae5afe7ad.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a8c31121-852b-46bd-9ba4-674ae5afe7ad.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a8e971b8-8dc7-4514-8249-ae95427ec467.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a8e971b8-8dc7-4514-8249-ae95427ec467.json
index 0b5572a3af..d4c072a568 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a8e971b8-8dc7-4514-8249-ae95427ec467.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a8e971b8-8dc7-4514-8249-ae95427ec467.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--747f8b03-a339-49bf-a9e3-056861e7cb11",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a91262d5-b9ff-463f-b8d2-12e4ea1eb3c9.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a91262d5-b9ff-463f-b8d2-12e4ea1eb3c9.json
index 81f5a5cc07..371e81f903 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a91262d5-b9ff-463f-b8d2-12e4ea1eb3c9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a91262d5-b9ff-463f-b8d2-12e4ea1eb3c9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--0334041f-8015-4897-8c70-a8a6e5005813",
+    "id": "bundle--9f30a47b-d247-4bad-b262-f69373792938",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a93ccb8f-3996-42e2-b7c7-bb599d4e205f.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a93ccb8f-3996-42e2-b7c7-bb599d4e205f.json
index ff6e4b06bc..fd70ab7680 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a93ccb8f-3996-42e2-b7c7-bb599d4e205f.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a93ccb8f-3996-42e2-b7c7-bb599d4e205f.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a9cab8f6-4c94-4c9b-9e7d-9d863ff53431.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a9cab8f6-4c94-4c9b-9e7d-9d863ff53431.json
index c96d9a4644..f3ee0f05fb 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a9cab8f6-4c94-4c9b-9e7d-9d863ff53431.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a9cab8f6-4c94-4c9b-9e7d-9d863ff53431.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a9fa0d30-a8ff-45bf-922e-7720da0b7922.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a9fa0d30-a8ff-45bf-922e-7720da0b7922.json
index c41859fe90..ac55eecf0b 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a9fa0d30-a8ff-45bf-922e-7720da0b7922.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--a9fa0d30-a8ff-45bf-922e-7720da0b7922.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--79711701-9828-4127-bdce-0f533fc9fc3e",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ab7400b7-3476-4776-9545-ef3fa373de63.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ab7400b7-3476-4776-9545-ef3fa373de63.json
index ef40acdeee..d2d1ec15c4 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ab7400b7-3476-4776-9545-ef3fa373de63.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ab7400b7-3476-4776-9545-ef3fa373de63.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--4b04a38f-8bc2-486f-b932-90f2dd876da5",
+    "id": "bundle--f344face-4207-4acd-b739-80931d6a9385",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--acf8fd2a-dc98-43b4-8d37-64e10728e591.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--acf8fd2a-dc98-43b4-8d37-64e10728e591.json
index 175a567037..d6b430bce3 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--acf8fd2a-dc98-43b4-8d37-64e10728e591.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--acf8fd2a-dc98-43b4-8d37-64e10728e591.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--1868d2ff-0d30-4867-a915-9c5399dc9fec",
+    "id": "bundle--a0276321-72d5-4779-8dd8-c668b775a767",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47.json
index d752bedc9c..1c2742cff9 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--060a4d6b-a5c3-4f63-aebc-b1af9ae1143b",
+    "id": "bundle--e9672dd2-4be1-4e46-b7d2-2871a350c22b",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b.json
index 3c2b0eccfe..eb6d00c571 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--2120fe6e-e1d6-487c-aa59-e063fc734d16",
+    "id": "bundle--eb7bf170-061e-40b8-830c-2e671e3a5f06",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b332a960-3c04-495a-827f-f17a5daed3a6.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b332a960-3c04-495a-827f-f17a5daed3a6.json
index e9119bc2f4..323266eec0 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b332a960-3c04-495a-827f-f17a5daed3a6.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b332a960-3c04-495a-827f-f17a5daed3a6.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--a5e6714e-ed18-4fbe-9d64-dcf5700b5599",
+    "id": "bundle--9f376847-6b19-4fb2-b3e3-57edc6d69c54",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b3c2e5de-0941-4b57-ba61-af029eb5517a.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b3c2e5de-0941-4b57-ba61-af029eb5517a.json
index 47040c747e..c2b393a1d7 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b3c2e5de-0941-4b57-ba61-af029eb5517a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b3c2e5de-0941-4b57-ba61-af029eb5517a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--e043716c-e816-48df-b2f2-330fc7dba0ef",
+    "id": "bundle--22d76ae0-0481-4f36-bf8d-e09415601448",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b765efd1-02e6-4e67-aebf-0fef5c37e54b.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b765efd1-02e6-4e67-aebf-0fef5c37e54b.json
index e9d7614d88..2e5b888bd2 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b765efd1-02e6-4e67-aebf-0fef5c37e54b.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b765efd1-02e6-4e67-aebf-0fef5c37e54b.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--aad9b050-e6d5-4a68-b19f-392447f49b86",
+    "id": "bundle--0c606002-d5a5-45ca-9fa9-a46b302e18f7",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b7c0e45f-0206-4f75-96e7-fe7edad3aaff.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b7c0e45f-0206-4f75-96e7-fe7edad3aaff.json
index 958ca3c3ed..28066b1089 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b7c0e45f-0206-4f75-96e7-fe7edad3aaff.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b7c0e45f-0206-4f75-96e7-fe7edad3aaff.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--172ecf52-a0a1-4891-b49c-10a601e7cff5",
+    "id": "bundle--198cce6d-fb36-464b-ab29-e4031a657c05",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b928b94a-4966-4e2a-9e61-36505b896ebc.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b928b94a-4966-4e2a-9e61-36505b896ebc.json
index 572d2246e5..fca58fdaf4 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b928b94a-4966-4e2a-9e61-36505b896ebc.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--b928b94a-4966-4e2a-9e61-36505b896ebc.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--c6f796cd-5ffc-4703-8219-bf5a014a82e6",
+    "id": "bundle--8fc71bfc-75cd-411d-84d3-5d934987a84b",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--bb4387ab-7a51-468b-bf5f-a9a8612f0303.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--bb4387ab-7a51-468b-bf5f-a9a8612f0303.json
index 103d68c40f..8e6250c5d8 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--bb4387ab-7a51-468b-bf5f-a9a8612f0303.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--bb4387ab-7a51-468b-bf5f-a9a8612f0303.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--556403f1-d000-4079-a173-0e4a1d768f68",
+    "id": "bundle--de49cf01-5f64-489c-858c-4d61216a940c",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--bd4d32f5-eed4-4018-a649-40b229dd1d69.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--bd4d32f5-eed4-4018-a649-40b229dd1d69.json
index 53fcb90d42..721b68bfd4 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--bd4d32f5-eed4-4018-a649-40b229dd1d69.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--bd4d32f5-eed4-4018-a649-40b229dd1d69.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--dc09a9a6-c992-4688-909a-869daa5176f5",
+    "id": "bundle--fe09a8cc-6b16-428a-bb01-4b5f2f06c1bf",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--be63612f-a48f-44f2-a7a6-1763509fcf80.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--be63612f-a48f-44f2-a7a6-1763509fcf80.json
index 9ca0c72e5f..5300676bc1 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--be63612f-a48f-44f2-a7a6-1763509fcf80.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--be63612f-a48f-44f2-a7a6-1763509fcf80.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--a131ba83-6755-4843-86f9-bbf298c440e7",
+    "id": "bundle--a56dd47a-be09-43ec-b3d4-1868952ea39a",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c08366bb-8d11-4921-853f-f0a3b6a2a1da.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c08366bb-8d11-4921-853f-f0a3b6a2a1da.json
index 0244ab1c3f..2f7be99bdb 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c08366bb-8d11-4921-853f-f0a3b6a2a1da.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c08366bb-8d11-4921-853f-f0a3b6a2a1da.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--61a44e53-2c60-4fd2-9a4a-e9f209515f96",
+    "id": "bundle--d43ce99e-53c6-40ff-8b3a-a42638e58d37",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c4b96c0b-cb58-497a-a1c2-bb447d79d692.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c4b96c0b-cb58-497a-a1c2-bb447d79d692.json
index 27f91b1d26..07e9ba9e74 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c4b96c0b-cb58-497a-a1c2-bb447d79d692.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c4b96c0b-cb58-497a-a1c2-bb447d79d692.json
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--2e39dc56-744f-4da4-976d-6f80c6d81e53",
+    "id": "bundle--5481bad9-c0e7-40d2-9496-42152d69a2fb",
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         {
-            "modified": "2023-03-16T18:33:20.042Z",
+            "modified": "2024-09-12T15:17:00.569Z",
             "name": "Clipboard Data",
             "description": "Adversaries may abuse clipboard manager APIs to obtain sensitive information copied to the device clipboard. For example, passwords being copied and pasted from a password manager application could be captured by a malicious application installed on the device.(Citation: Fahl-Clipboard) \n\n \n\nOn Android, applications can use the `ClipboardManager.OnPrimaryClipChangedListener()` API to register as a listener and monitor the clipboard for changes. However, starting in Android 10, this can only be used if the application is in the foreground, or is set as the device\u2019s default input method editor (IME).(Citation: Github Capture Clipboard 2019)(Citation: Android 10 Privacy Changes) \n\n \n\nOn iOS, this can be accomplished by accessing the `UIPasteboard.general.string` field. However, starting in iOS 14, upon accessing the clipboard, the user will be shown a system notification if the accessed text originated in a different application. For example, if the user copies the text of an iMessage from the Messages application, the notification will read \u201capplication_name has pasted from Messages\u201d when the text was pasted in a different application.(Citation: UIPPasteboard)",
             "kill_chain_phases": [
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@
                 },
                 {
                     "source_name": "Fahl-Clipboard",
-                    "description": "Fahl, S, et al.. (2013). Hey, You, Get Off of My Clipboard. Retrieved August 27, 2019.",
-                    "url": "http://saschafahl.de/static/paper/pwmanagers2013.pdf"
+                    "description": "Fahl, S, et al.. (2013). Hey, You, Get Off of My Clipboard. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://saschafahl.de/static/paper/pwmanagers2013.pdf"
                 },
                 {
                     "source_name": "Github Capture Clipboard 2019",
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
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                 "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
             ],
-            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0",
+            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
             "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c5089859-b21f-40a3-8be4-63e381b8b1c0.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c5089859-b21f-40a3-8be4-63e381b8b1c0.json
index 89f657f504..abdd216d2f 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c5089859-b21f-40a3-8be4-63e381b8b1c0.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c5089859-b21f-40a3-8be4-63e381b8b1c0.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c548d8c4-a0a3-4a24-bb79-2a84abbc7b36.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c548d8c4-a0a3-4a24-bb79-2a84abbc7b36.json
index ac0a44a589..26b96439ef 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c548d8c4-a0a3-4a24-bb79-2a84abbc7b36.json
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index be0b7544bb..c9bd895705 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c6421411-ae61-42bb-9098-73fddb315002.json
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index fff210546e..92dfa6801d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c6a146ae-9c63-4606-97ff-e261e76e8380.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c6a146ae-9c63-4606-97ff-e261e76e8380.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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index 042f0fa868..fd72df1d53 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c6e17ca2-08b5-4379-9786-89bd05241831.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c91c304a-975d-4501-9789-0db1c57afd3f.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c91c304a-975d-4501-9789-0db1c57afd3f.json
index e162a78936..2324d6b658 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c91c304a-975d-4501-9789-0db1c57afd3f.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--c91c304a-975d-4501-9789-0db1c57afd3f.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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index a102f0b370..9802fa0131 100644
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index f499d9084e..91d521b22e 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ccde43e4-78f9-4f32-b401-c081e7db71ea.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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index ab9c6c9232..5b9b93cd91 100644
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index 31f97dc6df..73d8cc01ea 100644
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index 4f22d47310..9f4d1881b2 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--d1f1337e-aea7-454c-86bd-482a98ffaf62.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--d1f1337e-aea7-454c-86bd-482a98ffaf62.json
index f69b6cf232..faaf8f3355 100644
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index 883e70896b..436a4add5d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--d2e112dc-f6d4-488d-b8df-ecbfb57a0a2d.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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index 026940ce82..0d8720ba75 100644
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index 7cd1eaa3ee..125266156c 100644
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index 116fa0731d..e21c9ad04f 100644
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index 71bce70fe8..64b09352c8 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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index e5ff17873d..4f4eaf7071 100644
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index c232eb923f..6568a3fdf2 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--dfe29258-ce59-421c-9dee-e85cb9fa90cd.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--dfe29258-ce59-421c-9dee-e85cb9fa90cd.json
index db62fb59df..7c1414cfd5 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--dfe29258-ce59-421c-9dee-e85cb9fa90cd.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--dfe29258-ce59-421c-9dee-e85cb9fa90cd.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--580ce2af-2f0f-44fd-a58e-29b8781f8cfd",
+    "id": "bundle--f43920ee-6450-467e-bb30-1108ec3c2055",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e083305c-49e7-4c87-aae8-9689213bffbe.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e083305c-49e7-4c87-aae8-9689213bffbe.json
index d144585035..c602bed7dd 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e083305c-49e7-4c87-aae8-9689213bffbe.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e083305c-49e7-4c87-aae8-9689213bffbe.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--f2a26863-b7e2-46bc-a67e-b24977a1f2a8",
+    "id": "bundle--5d4a8ade-7063-41e1-9890-40152720cec5",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e0b9ecb8-a7d1-43c7-aa30-8e19c6a92c86.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e0b9ecb8-a7d1-43c7-aa30-8e19c6a92c86.json
index 1801d0433f..1a619bbf98 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e0b9ecb8-a7d1-43c7-aa30-8e19c6a92c86.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e0b9ecb8-a7d1-43c7-aa30-8e19c6a92c86.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--500c06f6-91ae-4961-ae2a-86642834c872",
+    "id": "bundle--b86ce8d9-003a-4999-800a-5592f4cebe14",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a.json
index 4dd9018a5c..57cb4a55ce 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--ed29ba25-f74d-47c8-be89-b461f5663e7f",
+    "id": "bundle--5d1927f0-a42f-4480-b139-4954bc457eef",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e2c2249a-eb82-4614-8dd4-9c514dde65e2.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e2c2249a-eb82-4614-8dd4-9c514dde65e2.json
index 1f10c1b0c9..54f7e6cc8d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e2c2249a-eb82-4614-8dd4-9c514dde65e2.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e2c2249a-eb82-4614-8dd4-9c514dde65e2.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--cb5172a3-2a42-47a4-a8c5-5d30d93dace4",
+    "id": "bundle--f52aa83a-47c8-48d0-9d54-3f5d4ca59a55",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77.json
index 7aad27f8a9..41cf8654ce 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--88ddfa5b-aa94-4631-8ab8-2d1b8919ac97",
+    "id": "bundle--6f1a1dbe-f6ef-4e43-9cae-e7c47b6373dc",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e30cc912-7ea1-4683-9219-543b86cbdec9.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e30cc912-7ea1-4683-9219-543b86cbdec9.json
index f987067206..ec9b3493d3 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e30cc912-7ea1-4683-9219-543b86cbdec9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e30cc912-7ea1-4683-9219-543b86cbdec9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--52c1886b-cc9a-4b3e-a678-e9d8f298a100",
+    "id": "bundle--64be0c76-5eef-4d91-9b0a-0e67c9f773a9",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e399430e-30b7-48c5-b70a-f44dc8c175cb.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e399430e-30b7-48c5-b70a-f44dc8c175cb.json
index 9230e46c47..2efce72604 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e399430e-30b7-48c5-b70a-f44dc8c175cb.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e399430e-30b7-48c5-b70a-f44dc8c175cb.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--e68a25d6-4ec6-42e8-b9be-1bfa32d212cf",
+    "id": "bundle--1f572097-3e6f-4ddf-9134-7f4335b73122",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec.json
index fd76e94d29..b5e3fa91bf 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--ddb33306-f839-437c-9e7c-1f216fe91c19",
+    "id": "bundle--b4f27ca9-af4a-45c2-a74e-3b6f42e09e92",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e422b6fa-4739-46b9-992e-82f1b350c780.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e422b6fa-4739-46b9-992e-82f1b350c780.json
index f2eb9fbdb1..70931939b9 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e422b6fa-4739-46b9-992e-82f1b350c780.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e422b6fa-4739-46b9-992e-82f1b350c780.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--b03daf19-584b-4da0-bd3b-5c448cf60c98",
+    "id": "bundle--3b9b3efb-6788-4061-bf17-02f4ee8110f5",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e4c347e9-fb91-4bc5-83b8-391e389131e2.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e4c347e9-fb91-4bc5-83b8-391e389131e2.json
index 4ed16bb039..061c1b164d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e4c347e9-fb91-4bc5-83b8-391e389131e2.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e4c347e9-fb91-4bc5-83b8-391e389131e2.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--782b3d40-34c5-4ac3-b4c3-363364a52973",
+    "id": "bundle--e576858c-e959-4462-9913-df9c245fe459",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e8b4e1ec-8e3b-484c-9038-4459b1ed8060.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e8b4e1ec-8e3b-484c-9038-4459b1ed8060.json
index a28f17bb64..d8cbb15a97 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e8b4e1ec-8e3b-484c-9038-4459b1ed8060.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--e8b4e1ec-8e3b-484c-9038-4459b1ed8060.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--9421f2d0-8762-4d8d-b1b9-eacf8a850325",
+    "id": "bundle--ccd5bd80-6b21-4ead-be19-92d46559a3ef",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ea132c68-b518-4478-ae8d-1763cda26ee3.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ea132c68-b518-4478-ae8d-1763cda26ee3.json
index 8b84af7d6a..efd93cab61 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ea132c68-b518-4478-ae8d-1763cda26ee3.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ea132c68-b518-4478-ae8d-1763cda26ee3.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--43c2c142-c9cb-40e1-9b4c-76ee612398b7",
+    "id": "bundle--c03c5067-17cc-4055-ab0d-b5d8011175e8",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--eb6cf439-1bcb-4d10-bc68-1eed844ed7b3.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--eb6cf439-1bcb-4d10-bc68-1eed844ed7b3.json
index 13fbe10005..b24c42225e 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--eb6cf439-1bcb-4d10-bc68-1eed844ed7b3.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--eb6cf439-1bcb-4d10-bc68-1eed844ed7b3.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--8040301c-f1f2-4db5-920f-a0c1170498a5",
+    "id": "bundle--bff7d826-cf19-4287-9fec-46a82254a26a",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ec4c4baa-026f-43e8-8f56-58c36f3162dd.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ec4c4baa-026f-43e8-8f56-58c36f3162dd.json
index 395d733e59..0c643700fc 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ec4c4baa-026f-43e8-8f56-58c36f3162dd.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ec4c4baa-026f-43e8-8f56-58c36f3162dd.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--3c73e286-33d0-460a-b710-c458c5a1b99c",
+    "id": "bundle--3034591b-8ac3-45c2-bfdd-3154ec1f8116",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ed2c05a1-4f81-4d97-9e1b-aff01c34ae84.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ed2c05a1-4f81-4d97-9e1b-aff01c34ae84.json
index 559626a752..5e6d1f7a0e 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ed2c05a1-4f81-4d97-9e1b-aff01c34ae84.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ed2c05a1-4f81-4d97-9e1b-aff01c34ae84.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--241354b0-ff08-4b79-8990-27a2a225ffbc",
+    "id": "bundle--e308eb76-e039-465f-816b-f5d58169804f",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ef771e03-e080-43b4-a619-ac6f84899884.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ef771e03-e080-43b4-a619-ac6f84899884.json
index cdec30b52e..b7f0b214c4 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ef771e03-e080-43b4-a619-ac6f84899884.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--ef771e03-e080-43b4-a619-ac6f84899884.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--eb128b3b-57b8-4dd2-ac1e-8af535fc5462",
+    "id": "bundle--89e3c3b9-441d-400f-b65e-670869e6c7a6",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f05fc151-aa62-47e3-ae57-2d1b23d64bf6.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f05fc151-aa62-47e3-ae57-2d1b23d64bf6.json
index 4dd59fc81f..efce255491 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f05fc151-aa62-47e3-ae57-2d1b23d64bf6.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f05fc151-aa62-47e3-ae57-2d1b23d64bf6.json
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--580d3cfa-f1f2-4283-88fd-c58784b7a087",
+    "id": "bundle--77229eaf-92ba-4f15-ad8b-792b73b3d05f",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
-            "modified": "2023-03-20T18:51:29.931Z",
+            "modified": "2024-09-12T19:47:06.884Z",
             "name": "Suppress Application Icon",
             "description": "A malicious application could suppress its icon from being displayed to the user in the application launcher. This hides the fact that it is installed, and can make it more difficult for the user to uninstall the application. Hiding the application's icon programmatically does not require any special permissions. \n\nThis behavior has been seen in the BankBot/Spy Banker family of malware.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)(Citation: sunny-stolen-credentials)(Citation: bankbot-spybanker) \n\nBeginning in Android 10, changes were introduced to inhibit malicious applications\u2019 ability to hide their icon. If an app is a system app, requests no permissions, or does not have a launcher activity, the application\u2019s icon will be fully hidden. Further, if the device is fully managed or the application is in a work profile, the icon will be fully hidden. Otherwise, a synthesized activity is shown, which is a launcher icon that represents the app\u2019s details page in the system settings. If the user clicks the synthesized activity in the launcher, they are taken to the application\u2019s details page in the system settings.(Citation: Android 10 Limitations to Hiding App Icons)(Citation: LauncherApps getActivityList)",
             "kill_chain_phases": [
@@ -62,14 +62,14 @@
                 },
                 {
                     "source_name": "bankbot-spybanker",
-                    "description": "NJCCIC. (2017, March 2). BankBot/Spy Banker. Retrieved July 11, 2019.",
-                    "url": "https://www.cyber.nj.gov/threat-profiles/android-malware-variants/bankbot-spybanker"
+                    "description": "NJCCIC. (2017, March 2). BankBot/Spy Banker. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://www.cyber.nj.gov/threat-landscape/malware/trojans/bankbot-spy-banker"
                 }
             ],
             "object_marking_refs": [
                 "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
             ],
-            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0",
+            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
             "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
         }
     ]
diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f1c3d071-0c24-483d-aca0-e8b8496ce468.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f1c3d071-0c24-483d-aca0-e8b8496ce468.json
index 2dc0fc6ea9..b26e6d22b0 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f1c3d071-0c24-483d-aca0-e8b8496ce468.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f1c3d071-0c24-483d-aca0-e8b8496ce468.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--6c53d8ee-5ae6-426f-a1ed-2dbd733577e4",
+    "id": "bundle--53c80210-ca2f-4193-869a-5d982449339d",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f296fc9c-2ff5-43ee-941e-6b49c438270a.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f296fc9c-2ff5-43ee-941e-6b49c438270a.json
index 1687356223..3d0afd9a4b 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f296fc9c-2ff5-43ee-941e-6b49c438270a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f296fc9c-2ff5-43ee-941e-6b49c438270a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--1a724b1a-5b42-4e84-b681-871dbb05afe6",
+    "id": "bundle--d870726b-1ab0-4b9c-9191-ee68d4c52434",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f58cd69a-e548-478b-9248-8a9af881dc34.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f58cd69a-e548-478b-9248-8a9af881dc34.json
index 86fe660b3b..381c8b07d8 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f58cd69a-e548-478b-9248-8a9af881dc34.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f58cd69a-e548-478b-9248-8a9af881dc34.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--9276fcec-f1b3-4dac-9888-5b0f68188b44",
+    "id": "bundle--43405b8d-16b0-4574-a4f4-1351d2c0e6df",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f856eaab-e84a-4265-a8a2-7bf37e5dc2fc.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f856eaab-e84a-4265-a8a2-7bf37e5dc2fc.json
index 531598eacf..b3b89ac590 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f856eaab-e84a-4265-a8a2-7bf37e5dc2fc.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f856eaab-e84a-4265-a8a2-7bf37e5dc2fc.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--130ce2ee-ae67-4d50-ba43-6c623b6bccd5",
+    "id": "bundle--e198754a-a377-4287-9d57-deed9e4acbca",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f981d199-2720-467e-9dc9-eea04dbe05cf.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f981d199-2720-467e-9dc9-eea04dbe05cf.json
index d313d5f854..8dd4071dcf 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f981d199-2720-467e-9dc9-eea04dbe05cf.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f981d199-2720-467e-9dc9-eea04dbe05cf.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--db2e745f-ef93-4077-8b5d-36165c9961aa",
+    "id": "bundle--4d9e31d8-b4cb-464e-b66f-c616a540dcd9",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f9e4f526-ac9d-4df5-8949-833a82a1d2df.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f9e4f526-ac9d-4df5-8949-833a82a1d2df.json
index 88124eef5a..ffb43be664 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f9e4f526-ac9d-4df5-8949-833a82a1d2df.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--f9e4f526-ac9d-4df5-8949-833a82a1d2df.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--bb8f7de4-611b-41e1-86d2-2f7693a93884",
+    "id": "bundle--297b3544-ade7-48db-bb80-eaa6a9d4586b",
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index 9b47216753..3688aba7d5 100644
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index d510d41352..b34cb03bfc 100644
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index bcb7afee27..faa12203be 100644
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index b66b4e3fb0..595b2cb15d 100644
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index 200a3805b1..77716568db 100644
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index e8d4be15b8..371c6de4af 100644
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index f5bfc5c50a..9c3b572a83 100644
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index 3effd4923c..578ffe9e25 100644
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index 6d6f8e0c3a..c55b95ab53 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--049cef3b-22d5-4be6-b50c-9839c7a34fdd.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--049cef3b-22d5-4be6-b50c-9839c7a34fdd.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--4c48c147-d188-4156-8d17-295701d1e0c1",
+    "id": "bundle--03966e2d-3ce5-4649-921d-0e388094e4f1",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--1f322d74-4822-4d60-8f64-414eea8a9258.json b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--1f322d74-4822-4d60-8f64-414eea8a9258.json
index 8f758e8233..c63814da2a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--1f322d74-4822-4d60-8f64-414eea8a9258.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--1f322d74-4822-4d60-8f64-414eea8a9258.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--e0aee216-9e3a-40f5-9e6b-b1b1cde77cbb",
+    "id": "bundle--9eced3b5-f6fb-45e4-882b-fe47e9d6f8ad",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--381fcf73-60f6-4ab2-9991-6af3cbc35192.json b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--381fcf73-60f6-4ab2-9991-6af3cbc35192.json
index 42162c7668..17fa193aa2 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--381fcf73-60f6-4ab2-9991-6af3cbc35192.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--381fcf73-60f6-4ab2-9991-6af3cbc35192.json
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--67cbe4d9-6efd-4342-996f-465a5c9d770d",
+    "id": "bundle--e29c7638-9eca-4ecd-89d0-5d5772afec16",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
-            "modified": "2024-04-06T19:05:38.712Z",
+            "modified": "2024-09-12T17:37:44.040Z",
             "name": "Sandworm Team",
             "description": "[Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) is a destructive threat group that has been attributed to Russia's General Staff Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) Main Center for Special Technologies (GTsST) military unit 74455.(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020) This group has been active since at least 2009.(Citation: iSIGHT Sandworm 2014)(Citation: CrowdStrike VOODOO BEAR)(Citation: USDOJ Sandworm Feb 2020)(Citation: NCSC Sandworm Feb 2020)\n\nIn October 2020, the US indicted six GRU Unit 74455 officers associated with [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) for the following cyber operations: the 2015 and 2016 attacks against Ukrainian electrical companies and government organizations, the 2017 worldwide [NotPetya](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0368) attack, targeting of the 2017 French presidential campaign, the 2018 [Olympic Destroyer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0365) attack against the Winter Olympic Games, the 2018 operation against the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and attacks against the country of Georgia in 2018 and 2019.(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020) Some of these were conducted with the assistance of GRU Unit 26165, which is also referred to as [APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007).(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018)",
             "aliases": [
@@ -17,12 +17,14 @@
                 "Voodoo Bear",
                 "IRIDIUM",
                 "Seashell Blizzard",
-                "FROZENBARENTS"
+                "FROZENBARENTS",
+                "APT44"
             ],
             "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
-            "x_mitre_version": "4.0",
+            "x_mitre_version": "4.1",
             "x_mitre_contributors": [
-                "Dragos Threat Intelligence"
+                "Dragos Threat Intelligence",
+                "Hakan KARABACAK"
             ],
             "type": "intrusion-set",
             "id": "intrusion-set--381fcf73-60f6-4ab2-9991-6af3cbc35192",
@@ -55,6 +57,10 @@
                     "source_name": "FROZENBARENTS",
                     "description": "(Citation: Leonard TAG 2023)"
                 },
+                {
+                    "source_name": "APT44",
+                    "description": "(Citation: mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm)"
+                },
                 {
                     "source_name": "IRIDIUM",
                     "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Prestige ransomware October 2022)"
@@ -127,8 +133,13 @@
                 },
                 {
                     "source_name": "USDOJ Sandworm Feb 2020",
-                    "description": "Pompeo, M. (2020, February 20). The United States Condemns Russian Cyber Attack Against the Country of Georgia. Retrieved June 18, 2020.",
-                    "url": "https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-united-states-condemns-russian-cyber-attack-against-the-country-of-georgia//index.html"
+                    "description": "Pompeo, M. (2020, February 20). The United States Condemns Russian Cyber Attack Against the Country of Georgia. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-united-states-condemns-russian-cyber-attack-against-the-country-of-georgia/index.html"
+                },
+                {
+                    "source_name": "mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm",
+                    "description": "Roncone, G. et al. (n.d.). APT44: Unearthing Sandworm. Retrieved July 11, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/apt44-unearthing-sandworm.pdf"
                 },
                 {
                     "source_name": "US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020",
diff --git a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--44d37b89-a739-4810-9111-0d2617a8939b.json b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--44d37b89-a739-4810-9111-0d2617a8939b.json
index 2eb5396725..db92b6a43a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--44d37b89-a739-4810-9111-0d2617a8939b.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--44d37b89-a739-4810-9111-0d2617a8939b.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--d59b3aa4-d012-495c-802b-d889549c29f7",
+    "id": "bundle--ce4af601-08b6-480e-bbe5-a3a1d8921903",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--6eded342-33e5-4451-b6b2-e1c62863129f.json b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--6eded342-33e5-4451-b6b2-e1c62863129f.json
index a06e0680ee..52abb64b64 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--6eded342-33e5-4451-b6b2-e1c62863129f.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--6eded342-33e5-4451-b6b2-e1c62863129f.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--5fbd4b28-2d48-4641-adfb-cbb6a0c74cf7",
+    "id": "bundle--d368c4bc-7a6e-40c4-a568-444fc0e01941",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--7251b44b-6072-476c-b8d9-a6e32c355b28.json b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--7251b44b-6072-476c-b8d9-a6e32c355b28.json
index 3856b82486..3c0f9cde4c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--7251b44b-6072-476c-b8d9-a6e32c355b28.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--7251b44b-6072-476c-b8d9-a6e32c355b28.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--a1f3f12c-28c4-41fc-9c40-225a985d9fea",
+    "id": "bundle--a1839621-3c50-4f55-ae35-1143eca58a57",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--7f848c02-4d1e-4808-a4ae-4670681370a9.json b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--7f848c02-4d1e-4808-a4ae-4670681370a9.json
index 27ef003716..a48410da6a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--7f848c02-4d1e-4808-a4ae-4670681370a9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--7f848c02-4d1e-4808-a4ae-4670681370a9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--7f4eb9d6-3fd0-4987-ae26-7923ef0cca54",
+    "id": "bundle--3be5b74f-0595-46c8-a306-ecff9aef0ccb",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--8332952e-b86b-486b-acc3-1c2a85d39394.json b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--8332952e-b86b-486b-acc3-1c2a85d39394.json
index 5bad26229f..67d9256ffa 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--8332952e-b86b-486b-acc3-1c2a85d39394.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--8332952e-b86b-486b-acc3-1c2a85d39394.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--e3203a81-80b3-436c-8552-4a762d7625eb",
+    "id": "bundle--a9ce4649-79ab-452e-a26b-30bd4c1e4dbe",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--8a831aaa-f3e0-47a3-bed8-a9ced744dd12.json b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--8a831aaa-f3e0-47a3-bed8-a9ced744dd12.json
index ed4f2ed923..093b97efe9 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--8a831aaa-f3e0-47a3-bed8-a9ced744dd12.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--8a831aaa-f3e0-47a3-bed8-a9ced744dd12.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--2584dc66-a923-4209-9e88-3a6540b7b9b6",
+    "id": "bundle--d8dab2d6-1147-427e-8b74-7845cb667f0d",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--afec6dc3-a18e-4b62-b1a4-5510e1a498d1.json b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--afec6dc3-a18e-4b62-b1a4-5510e1a498d1.json
index 35bca8d960..4a87691199 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--afec6dc3-a18e-4b62-b1a4-5510e1a498d1.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--afec6dc3-a18e-4b62-b1a4-5510e1a498d1.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--24323187-9a9e-4966-8e19-66093a3a6cd2",
+    "id": "bundle--1adf6bcc-0d25-4a7a-9e16-a74b7dc09cb8",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--bef4c620-0787-42a8-a96d-b7eb6e85917c.json b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--bef4c620-0787-42a8-a96d-b7eb6e85917c.json
index 6b10db0be5..c3683bb335 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--bef4c620-0787-42a8-a96d-b7eb6e85917c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--bef4c620-0787-42a8-a96d-b7eb6e85917c.json
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--728eb483-b78a-42f2-8774-dd0d8feeac70",
+    "id": "bundle--e9e830f5-98b8-4cf8-baea-73af08c87b8a",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
-            "modified": "2024-04-04T19:07:48.903Z",
+            "modified": "2024-10-10T14:31:01.968Z",
             "name": "APT28",
             "description": "[APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) is a threat group that has been attributed to Russia's General Staff Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) 85th Main Special Service Center (GTsSS) military unit 26165.(Citation: NSA/FBI Drovorub August 2020)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021) This group has been active since at least 2004.(Citation: DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)(Citation: FireEye APT28)(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)(Citation: FireEye APT28 January 2017)(Citation: GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR)(Citation: Sofacy DealersChoice)(Citation: Palo Alto Sofacy 06-2018)(Citation: Symantec APT28 Oct 2018)(Citation: ESET Zebrocy May 2019)\n\n[APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) reportedly compromised the Hillary Clinton campaign, the Democratic National Committee, and the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee in 2016 in an attempt to interfere with the U.S. presidential election.(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016) In 2018, the US indicted five GRU Unit 26165 officers associated with [APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) for cyber operations (including close-access operations) conducted between 2014 and 2018 against the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), the US Anti-Doping Agency, a US nuclear facility, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the Spiez Swiss Chemicals Laboratory, and other organizations.(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018) Some of these were conducted with the assistance of GRU Unit 74455, which is also referred to as [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034). ",
             "aliases": [
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
                 "FROZENLAKE"
             ],
             "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
-            "x_mitre_version": "5.0",
+            "x_mitre_version": "5.1",
             "x_mitre_contributors": [
                 "S\u00e9bastien Ruel, CGI",
                 "Drew Church, Splunk",
diff --git a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--cc613a49-9bfa-4e22-98d1-15ffbb03f034.json b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--cc613a49-9bfa-4e22-98d1-15ffbb03f034.json
index 1580b0ed55..9e2e009780 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--cc613a49-9bfa-4e22-98d1-15ffbb03f034.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--cc613a49-9bfa-4e22-98d1-15ffbb03f034.json
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--b3bbe63d-6b7a-4eaf-9f35-e8bf898af864",
+    "id": "bundle--d7fff9da-179e-4e8b-9fea-ba8b38a168c1",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
-            "modified": "2024-04-10T21:38:24.226Z",
+            "modified": "2024-09-16T16:18:00.876Z",
             "name": "Earth Lusca",
             "description": "[Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) is a suspected China-based cyber espionage group that has been active since at least April 2019. [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) has targeted organizations in Australia, China, Hong Kong, Mongolia, Nepal, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, the United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, Germany, France, and the United States. Targets included government institutions, news media outlets, gambling companies, educational institutions, COVID-19 research organizations, telecommunications companies, religious movements banned in China, and cryptocurrency trading platforms; security researchers assess some [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) operations may be financially motivated.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)\n\n[Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) has used malware commonly used by other Chinese threat groups, including [APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) and the [Winnti Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0044) cluster, however security researchers assess [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006)'s techniques and infrastructure are separate.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)",
             "aliases": [
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@
                 },
                 {
                     "source_name": "Recorded Future TAG-22 July 2021",
-                    "description": "INSIKT GROUP. (2021, July 8). Chinese State-Sponsored Activity Group TAG-22 Targets Nepal, the Philippines, and Taiwan Using Winnti and Other Tooling. Retrieved September 2, 2022.",
-                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/chinese-group-tag-22-targets-nepal-philippines-taiwan"
+                    "description": "INSIKT GROUP. (2021, July 8). Chinese State-Sponsored Activity Group TAG-22 Targets Nepal, the Philippines, and Taiwan Using Winnti and Other Tooling. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/chinese-group-tag-22-targets-nepal-philippines-taiwan"
                 },
                 {
                     "source_name": "Recorded Future RedHotel August 2023",
diff --git a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--efed95ba-d7e8-47ff-8c53-99c42426ee7c.json b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--efed95ba-d7e8-47ff-8c53-99c42426ee7c.json
index ec7a55297a..8a44f6f94e 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--efed95ba-d7e8-47ff-8c53-99c42426ee7c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--efed95ba-d7e8-47ff-8c53-99c42426ee7c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--6ea9ff0c-14b2-4292-bbf1-7984a50d3634",
+    "id": "bundle--49881d7a-067b-4afa-9909-67183a398739",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320.json
index e60a678e6a..4d8830cf18 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--72066067-f870-47fb-b997-407edd568160",
+    "id": "bundle--bd955c6c-0e65-4233-b263-8cb952ecc2cd",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--037f44f0-0c07-4c7f-b40e-0325b5b228a9.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--037f44f0-0c07-4c7f-b40e-0325b5b228a9.json
index f5a7d01dbc..512eb15545 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--037f44f0-0c07-4c7f-b40e-0325b5b228a9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--037f44f0-0c07-4c7f-b40e-0325b5b228a9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--0f5be724-7bd8-4271-820c-1ebdce3b8522",
+    "id": "bundle--53d9a4b5-2546-4ad0-83f2-49d1993e505c",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--05c4f87c-be8f-46ea-8d9a-2a0aad8f52c1.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--05c4f87c-be8f-46ea-8d9a-2a0aad8f52c1.json
index 818d7d5826..b714d4d771 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--05c4f87c-be8f-46ea-8d9a-2a0aad8f52c1.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--05c4f87c-be8f-46ea-8d9a-2a0aad8f52c1.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--402ecace-bdd5-4ed7-b8ef-d37a487ceb52",
+    "id": "bundle--bf48f1e0-e3b0-4efc-84aa-81a47c640e14",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0626c181-93cb-4860-9cb0-dff3b1c13063.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0626c181-93cb-4860-9cb0-dff3b1c13063.json
index e7d2389259..cd59b8dc23 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0626c181-93cb-4860-9cb0-dff3b1c13063.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0626c181-93cb-4860-9cb0-dff3b1c13063.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--4e630682-06e9-4860-b192-c9cffa4907bf",
+    "id": "bundle--c1398bb0-6cbc-4bbd-993a-77e95150a83a",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--085eb36d-697d-4d9a-bac3-96eb879fe73c.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--085eb36d-697d-4d9a-bac3-96eb879fe73c.json
index ef08278c2c..b50354efa3 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--085eb36d-697d-4d9a-bac3-96eb879fe73c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--085eb36d-697d-4d9a-bac3-96eb879fe73c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--66e4c600-9018-4fec-90c5-c6a774f4f44a",
+    "id": "bundle--c37d5919-5638-4ed4-8c65-df32483e90d0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--08784a9d-09e9-4dce-a839-9612398214e8.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--08784a9d-09e9-4dce-a839-9612398214e8.json
index 2a4c8a68e6..45a4eaba5c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--08784a9d-09e9-4dce-a839-9612398214e8.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--08784a9d-09e9-4dce-a839-9612398214e8.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0b9c5d11-651a-4378-b129-5c584d0242c5.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0b9c5d11-651a-4378-b129-5c584d0242c5.json
index 9ada4686f3..81c4629dc8 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0b9c5d11-651a-4378-b129-5c584d0242c5.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0b9c5d11-651a-4378-b129-5c584d0242c5.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0ec9593f-3221-49b1-b597-37f307c19f13.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0ec9593f-3221-49b1-b597-37f307c19f13.json
index 1b0fe1814a..0830a37afe 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0ec9593f-3221-49b1-b597-37f307c19f13.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--108b2817-bc01-404e-8e1b-8cdeec846326.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--108b2817-bc01-404e-8e1b-8cdeec846326.json
index ed62142eca..4f6df819aa 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--108b2817-bc01-404e-8e1b-8cdeec846326.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--15d78a95-af6a-4b06-8dae-76bedb0ec5a1.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--15d78a95-af6a-4b06-8dae-76bedb0ec5a1.json
index de10ab5132..839f43f819 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--15d78a95-af6a-4b06-8dae-76bedb0ec5a1.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--15d78a95-af6a-4b06-8dae-76bedb0ec5a1.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--172444ab-97fc-4d94-b142-179452bfb760.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--172444ab-97fc-4d94-b142-179452bfb760.json
index ef39c81ecd..97419801b6 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--172444ab-97fc-4d94-b142-179452bfb760.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2074b2ad-612e-4758-adce-7901c1b49bbc.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2074b2ad-612e-4758-adce-7901c1b49bbc.json
index b3c832c633..00106aba26 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2074b2ad-612e-4758-adce-7901c1b49bbc.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--20d56cd6-8dff-4871-9889-d32d254816de.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--20d56cd6-8dff-4871-9889-d32d254816de.json
index 94c62a555f..b392abc9d0 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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index 3b7060f2c9..c4dc647b61 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--21170624-89db-4e99-bf27-58d26be07c3a.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--21170624-89db-4e99-bf27-58d26be07c3a.json
index 5f0f40747c..32e41ec7b2 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--21b7e0b0-0dea-4ccc-8ad4-8da51fe3a901.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--21b7e0b0-0dea-4ccc-8ad4-8da51fe3a901.json
index a17acdb1c2..d81717b722 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--22b596a6-d288-4409-8520-5f2846f85514.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--22b596a6-d288-4409-8520-5f2846f85514.json
index e28f977be7..fbcdc5749f 100644
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index 13c2e42998..98fa1becf3 100644
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index 30237deb1b..d75c3fc3d4 100644
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index 5da2910d1d..970880dc02 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2740eaf6-2db2-4a40-a63f-f5b166c7059c.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2740eaf6-2db2-4a40-a63f-f5b166c7059c.json
index ee4f1208ad..f655f1b092 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--28e39395-91e7-4f02-b694-5e079c964da9.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--28e39395-91e7-4f02-b694-5e079c964da9.json
index 895b291ff2..5683a8f8ac 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--29944858-da52-4d3d-b428-f8a6eb8dde6f.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--29944858-da52-4d3d-b428-f8a6eb8dde6f.json
index d7354d52dc..394cda7fb8 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2aec175b-4429-4048-8e09-3ef6cbecfc64.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2aec175b-4429-4048-8e09-3ef6cbecfc64.json
index be8c105b0e..d4ce702696 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2cf00c5a-857d-4cb6-8f03-82f15bee0f6f.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2cf00c5a-857d-4cb6-8f03-82f15bee0f6f.json
index cfe9d8adb5..c8559cf974 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--3049b2f2-e323-4cdb-91cb-13b37b904cbb.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--3049b2f2-e323-4cdb-91cb-13b37b904cbb.json
index c599860771..c8bb73f66e 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--317a2c10-d489-431e-b6b2-f0251fddc88e.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--317a2c10-d489-431e-b6b2-f0251fddc88e.json
index 2bded4a71b..72e62c8a52 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--326eaf7b-5784-4f08-8fc2-61fd5d5bc5fb.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--326eaf7b-5784-4f08-8fc2-61fd5d5bc5fb.json
index c0848264b3..a903252f21 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--3271c107-92c4-442e-9506-e76d62230ee8.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--3271c107-92c4-442e-9506-e76d62230ee8.json
index 478c4a7786..8e551addf5 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--33d9d91d-aad9-49d5-a516-220ce101ac8a.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--33d9d91d-aad9-49d5-a516-220ce101ac8a.json
index 9f2bae38fc..30e7a60f5c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--35aae10a-97c5-471a-9c67-02c231a7a31a.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--35aae10a-97c5-471a-9c67-02c231a7a31a.json
index 39a9c9e011..0b27126bd9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--363bc05d-13cb-4e98-a5b7-e250f2bbdc2b.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--363bc05d-13cb-4e98-a5b7-e250f2bbdc2b.json
index b391b9c807..948d3ae771 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--366c800f-97a8-48d5-b0a6-79d00198252a.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--366c800f-97a8-48d5-b0a6-79d00198252a.json
index d1bab5ab43..7b43c369cc 100644
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index 0e422bfdd9..04b52d86d9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--3bc1f0ad-ef11-4afc-83c0-fcffe08d4e50.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--3bc1f0ad-ef11-4afc-83c0-fcffe08d4e50.json
index 80ecb378b9..beb07b998b 100644
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index e84ae46ee5..1ad0375e0e 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--3c3b55a6-c3e9-4043-8aae-283fe96220c0.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--3c3b55a6-c3e9-4043-8aae-283fe96220c0.json
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index 79ea5c0655..8311a66fd1 100644
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index cc2d2831bd..023ccd2e3b 100644
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index bb040c40d8..89ea7574cf 100644
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index cc2663fe52..079815d388 100644
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index 81b26a1d13..e1a15563c1 100644
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index dd13de7dc2..7dbd86b5ee 100644
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index 9737359165..6674dda83f 100644
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index 37d020598e..c2962a21be 100644
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index 1a75fd7cd5..6c0101f8df 100644
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index 936b01ce8d..e7684967e6 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--5ddf81ea-2c06-497b-8c30-5f1ab89a40f9.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--5ddf81ea-2c06-497b-8c30-5f1ab89a40f9.json
index 98c814e423..f312c408bf 100644
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index 86b1a20d22..7ba54a3825 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--6447e3a1-ef4d-44b1-99d5-6b1c4888674f.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--6447e3a1-ef4d-44b1-99d5-6b1c4888674f.json
index d4d2548437..fdbcf34434 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--680f680c-eef9-4f8a-b5f5-f451bf47e403.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--680f680c-eef9-4f8a-b5f5-f451bf47e403.json
index 5b8435b4f4..bad3045716 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--68156e5a-4c3a-46dd-9c5e-c0bfdec6651f.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--68156e5a-4c3a-46dd-9c5e-c0bfdec6651f.json
index 4ca8c488df..f706beb9d5 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--6a7aaab1-3e0a-48bb-ba66-bbf7665c0a65.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--6a7aaab1-3e0a-48bb-ba66-bbf7665c0a65.json
index 86f67b91af..5d38142fca 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--6e282bbf-5f32-476a-b879-ba77eec463c8.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--6e282bbf-5f32-476a-b879-ba77eec463c8.json
index 9596822be3..dbfc7f191c 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--6fcaf9b0-b509-4644-9f93-556222c81ed2.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--6fcaf9b0-b509-4644-9f93-556222c81ed2.json
index 3e1837e0b1..faeae08a97 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--8338393c-cb2e-4ee6-b944-34672499c785.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--8338393c-cb2e-4ee6-b944-34672499c785.json
index e3779e664f..95f570ee16 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--838f647e-8ff8-48bd-bbd5-613cee7736cb.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--838f647e-8ff8-48bd-bbd5-613cee7736cb.json
index 6f74883c7e..fd596cd3de 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--86fc6f0c-86d9-473e-89f3-f50f3cb9319b.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--86fc6f0c-86d9-473e-89f3-f50f3cb9319b.json
index f466fbc802..823df47088 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--89c3dbf6-f281-41b7-be1d-a0e641014853.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--89c3dbf6-f281-41b7-be1d-a0e641014853.json
index 15d89b8910..f84c68a800 100644
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index 9d0bed5569..e3a19184ab 100644
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index e5a8b003b4..8b632c5a35 100644
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+    "id": "bundle--9981abc3-7850-43f5-bdeb-12af20c1c500",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--96ea1e13-d50f-45f1-b0cf-4ac9bc5a2d62.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--96ea1e13-d50f-45f1-b0cf-4ac9bc5a2d62.json
index d91d19da85..75191d26e8 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--3367d410-cb14-4ecd-a13f-85a22209c613",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--9b86f8c3-33ab-44cf-a66d-c0fd6070e2ce.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--9b86f8c3-33ab-44cf-a66d-c0fd6070e2ce.json
index 2a8bd61f9e..008e078e31 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--9b86f8c3-33ab-44cf-a66d-c0fd6070e2ce.json
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+    "id": "bundle--bc174189-e93c-432f-9874-46617527f65d",
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index 3821134075..5390267110 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--ab270f53-5680-4c3e-a5be-5b8ffef81de4",
+    "id": "bundle--aa0a526b-a0eb-4a32-b2ce-10b1a59e00d3",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--9ed10b5a-ff20-467f-bf2f-d3fbf763e381.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--9ed10b5a-ff20-467f-bf2f-d3fbf763e381.json
index cf66855172..538d5aec60 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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index f3cf5a48ac..43c1937a73 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--24a05771-5355-4641-a4c4-92cd52c813b0",
+    "id": "bundle--a7f7d26c-cd82-4411-a936-243e751f7552",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--a15c9357-2be0-4836-beec-594f28b9b4a9.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--a15c9357-2be0-4836-beec-594f28b9b4a9.json
index 3a3138189b..ddbf035f8b 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--e1174ba8-4ac9-4e88-810f-c720cdd642fd",
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index fb99ef9fbb..fc9f3b50a3 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--a1867c56-8c86-455a-96ad-b0d5f7e2bc17.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--a1867c56-8c86-455a-96ad-b0d5f7e2bc17.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--92cc5920-7620-4222-8758-f6b6c2480dbb",
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index 2302edda2d..9d645cf04f 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--a2ee7d2d-fb45-44f3-8f67-9921c7810db1.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--a3c59d82-2c7c-44e5-a869-68e0a3e5935e.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--a3c59d82-2c7c-44e5-a869-68e0a3e5935e.json
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+    "id": "bundle--f36a09be-2307-4762-a456-6b17de325ef3",
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     "objects": [
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-            "labels": [
-                "malware"
-            ],
+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.100Z",
+            "name": "Anubis",
+            "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) is Android malware that was originally used for cyber espionage, and has been retooled as a banking trojan.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)",
             "x_mitre_platforms": [
                 "Android"
             ],
+            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
             "x_mitre_domains": [
                 "mobile-attack"
             ],
+            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
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                 "Aviran Hazum, Check Point",
                 "Sergey Persikov, Check Point"
@@ -20,30 +22,30 @@
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-            ],
-            "id": "malware--a3c59d82-2c7c-44e5-a869-68e0a3e5935e",
             "type": "malware",
+            "id": "malware--a3c59d82-2c7c-44e5-a869-68e0a3e5935e",
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+            "revoked": false,
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                     "source_name": "mitre-attack",
-                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422"
+                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422",
+                    "external_id": "S0422"
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                 {
                     "source_name": "Cofense Anubis",
-                    "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/",
-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
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-            "modified": "2021-09-20T13:50:01.923Z",
-            "name": "Anubis",
-            "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) is Android malware that was originally used for cyber espionage, and has been retooled as a banking trojan.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)",
-            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
-            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
+            "object_marking_refs": [
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index 87f898a7cf..bdf3a92c13 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--a5528622-3a8a-4633-86ce-8cdaf8423858.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--a5528622-3a8a-4633-86ce-8cdaf8423858.json
index cf3ac55ba3..1686d3ca7b 100644
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-            "labels": [
-                "malware"
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+            "modified": "2024-09-12T17:23:46.687Z",
+            "name": "FinFisher",
+            "description": "[FinFisher](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0182) is a government-grade commercial surveillance spyware reportedly sold exclusively to government agencies for use in targeted and lawful criminal investigations. It is heavily obfuscated and uses multiple anti-analysis techniques. It has other variants including [Wingbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0176). (Citation: FinFisher Citation) (Citation: Microsoft SIR Vol 21) (Citation: FireEye FinSpy Sept 2017) (Citation: Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017) (Citation: Microsoft FinFisher March 2018)",
             "x_mitre_platforms": [
                 "Windows",
                 "Android"
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+            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
             "x_mitre_domains": [
                 "enterprise-attack",
                 "mobile-attack"
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+            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
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                 "FinSpy"
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-            "object_marking_refs": [
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-            "id": "malware--a5528622-3a8a-4633-86ce-8cdaf8423858",
             "type": "malware",
+            "id": "malware--a5528622-3a8a-4633-86ce-8cdaf8423858",
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             "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
+            "revoked": false,
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-                    "external_id": "S0182",
+                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                     "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0182",
-                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
+                    "external_id": "S0182"
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@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@
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                 },
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-                    "url": "http://www.finfisher.com/FinFisher/index.html",
-                    "description": "FinFisher. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
-                    "source_name": "FinFisher Citation"
+                    "source_name": "Microsoft FinFisher March 2018",
+                    "description": "Allievi, A.,Flori, E. (2018, March 01). FinFisher exposed: A researcher\u2019s tale of defeating traps, tricks, and complex virtual machines. Retrieved July 9, 2018.",
+                    "url": "https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/microsoftsecure/2018/03/01/finfisher-exposed-a-researchers-tale-of-defeating-traps-tricks-and-complex-virtual-machines/"
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                 },
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-                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/09/zero-day-used-to-distribute-finspy.html",
+                    "source_name": "FinFisher Citation",
+                    "description": "FinFisher. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050934/http://www.finfisher.com/FinFisher/index.html"
+                },
+                {
+                    "source_name": "FireEye FinSpy Sept 2017",
                     "description": "Jiang, G., et al. (2017, September 12). FireEye Uncovers CVE-2017-8759: Zero-Day Used in the Wild to Distribute FINSPY. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
-                    "source_name": "FireEye FinSpy Sept 2017"
+                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/09/zero-day-used-to-distribute-finspy.html"
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                     "source_name": "Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017",
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index e0db95a366..8cf169a42e 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--aef537ba-10c2-40ed-a57a-80b8508aada4.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--aef537ba-10c2-40ed-a57a-80b8508aada4.json
index 090190c30a..08c63619c0 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--aef537ba-10c2-40ed-a57a-80b8508aada4.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--aef537ba-10c2-40ed-a57a-80b8508aada4.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--2b44a847-c5c9-48f0-bf32-41750701c5c8",
+    "id": "bundle--36ac6e82-21a8-4484-8cd4-9b0ffb831ebb",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c0efbaae-9e7d-4716-a92d-68373aac7424.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c0efbaae-9e7d-4716-a92d-68373aac7424.json
index e50dec5001..9a02f55188 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c0efbaae-9e7d-4716-a92d-68373aac7424.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c0efbaae-9e7d-4716-a92d-68373aac7424.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--ec8d5979-f52d-4276-946f-26dcfa418b9c",
+    "id": "bundle--7094ca3a-299d-4201-a0dd-68336811ae07",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c19cfc89-5ac6-4d2d-a236-70d2b32e007c.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c19cfc89-5ac6-4d2d-a236-70d2b32e007c.json
index 3baeed42fc..bfe37c8457 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c19cfc89-5ac6-4d2d-a236-70d2b32e007c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c19cfc89-5ac6-4d2d-a236-70d2b32e007c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--215fee7d-d46f-48a6-af5d-0286b8700f9b",
+    "id": "bundle--7b64fa1f-e4ff-4810-82cf-92e3d4007c43",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c41a8b7c-3e42-4eee-b87d-ad8a100ee878.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c41a8b7c-3e42-4eee-b87d-ad8a100ee878.json
index 28fa67fcb4..859d690f78 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c41a8b7c-3e42-4eee-b87d-ad8a100ee878.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c41a8b7c-3e42-4eee-b87d-ad8a100ee878.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--b595ce10-e5a8-4c2a-b308-91e8f6e02625",
+    "id": "bundle--5f804a2b-0e4d-40dd-b3a2-fbc4f702a6f0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c6a07c89-a24c-4c7e-9e3e-6153cc595e24.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c6a07c89-a24c-4c7e-9e3e-6153cc595e24.json
index 95003a4e86..5ff1290157 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c6a07c89-a24c-4c7e-9e3e-6153cc595e24.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c6a07c89-a24c-4c7e-9e3e-6153cc595e24.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--303ca831-899b-471f-b61a-34ec9e9603d2",
+    "id": "bundle--6184eb95-7c55-48d7-9551-e6e803eddf2f",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c6abcaf8-1765-41f8-9fe5-03d42fd0f6c0.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c6abcaf8-1765-41f8-9fe5-03d42fd0f6c0.json
index 1876530bb6..54b3db7743 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c6abcaf8-1765-41f8-9fe5-03d42fd0f6c0.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c6abcaf8-1765-41f8-9fe5-03d42fd0f6c0.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--e63f80ac-5464-40a7-b366-83f28884a150",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c709da93-20c3-4d17-ab68-48cba76b2137.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c709da93-20c3-4d17-ab68-48cba76b2137.json
index 1bbaf3414f..43d972fd76 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c709da93-20c3-4d17-ab68-48cba76b2137.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c709da93-20c3-4d17-ab68-48cba76b2137.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--2e17b5eb-bc90-4d84-8692-8b4d65f9245f",
+    "id": "bundle--50320198-520c-4a52-8981-7cd68ca27882",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c80a6bef-b3ce-44d0-b113-946e93124898.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c80a6bef-b3ce-44d0-b113-946e93124898.json
index 5260be618b..f68f1952aa 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c80a6bef-b3ce-44d0-b113-946e93124898.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c80a6bef-b3ce-44d0-b113-946e93124898.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--26fa231b-a4ee-48c8-9ee3-f4d1c3df392b",
+    "id": "bundle--88109e8e-75c7-4f16-88bb-b7a326f1bbb3",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c8770c81-c29f-40d2-a140-38544206b2b4.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c8770c81-c29f-40d2-a140-38544206b2b4.json
index ae72206b53..14cf447cf2 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c8770c81-c29f-40d2-a140-38544206b2b4.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c8770c81-c29f-40d2-a140-38544206b2b4.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--4e23bbe0-b126-4677-a326-03649b005228",
+    "id": "bundle--4a88fd43-4253-4401-8b3d-1a79f1b7367e",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c91cec55-634c-4670-ba10-2dc7ceb28e98.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c91cec55-634c-4670-ba10-2dc7ceb28e98.json
index 5c66c349d8..ad47f9c9f1 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c91cec55-634c-4670-ba10-2dc7ceb28e98.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c91cec55-634c-4670-ba10-2dc7ceb28e98.json
@@ -1,51 +1,47 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--161e00a4-57e8-4160-81f7-bd6d24d76b08",
+    "id": "bundle--583ee123-ba89-4e83-9bc4-4dc3d6e74836",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
-            "labels": [
-                "malware"
-            ],
+            "modified": "2024-10-01T15:53:53.833Z",
+            "name": "Exobot",
+            "description": "[Exobot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0522) is Android banking malware, primarily targeting financial institutions in Germany, Austria, and France.(Citation: Threat Fabric Exobot)",
             "x_mitre_platforms": [
                 "Android"
             ],
+            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
             "x_mitre_domains": [
                 "mobile-attack"
             ],
+            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
             "x_mitre_aliases": [
-                "Exobot",
-                "Marcher"
+                "Exobot"
+            ],
+            "type": "malware",
+            "id": "malware--c91cec55-634c-4670-ba10-2dc7ceb28e98",
+            "created": "2020-10-29T13:32:20.972Z",
+            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
+            "revoked": false,
+            "external_references": [
+                {
+                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
+                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0522",
+                    "external_id": "S0522"
+                },
+                {
+                    "source_name": "Threat Fabric Exobot",
+                    "description": "Threat Fabric. (2017, February). Exobot - Android banking Trojan on the rise. Retrieved October 29, 2020.",
+                    "url": "https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/exobot_android_banking_trojan_on_the_rise.html"
+                }
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-            "id": "malware--c91cec55-634c-4670-ba10-2dc7ceb28e98",
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-            "created": "2020-10-29T13:32:20.972Z",
-            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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-                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
-                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0522"
-                },
-                {
-                    "source_name": "Proofpoint-Marcher",
-                    "description": "Proofpoint. (2017, November 3). Credential phishing and an Android banking Trojan combine in Austrian mobile attacks. Retrieved July 6, 2018.",
-                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/credential-phishing-and-android-banking-trojan-combine-austrian-mobile-attacks"
-                },
-                {
-                    "source_name": "Threat Fabric Exobot",
-                    "url": "https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/exobot_android_banking_trojan_on_the_rise.html",
-                    "description": "Threat Fabric. (2017, February). Exobot - Android banking Trojan on the rise. Retrieved October 29, 2020."
-                }
+            "labels": [
+                "malware"
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-            "modified": "2020-12-07T14:28:31.876Z",
-            "name": "Exobot",
-            "description": "[Exobot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0522) is Android banking malware, primarily targeting financial institutions in Germany, Austria, and France.(Citation: Threat Fabric Exobot)",
-            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
-            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ca4f63b9-a358-4214-bb26-8c912318cfde.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ca4f63b9-a358-4214-bb26-8c912318cfde.json
index 2d8c493fe7..15829d5e7a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ca4f63b9-a358-4214-bb26-8c912318cfde.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ca4f63b9-a358-4214-bb26-8c912318cfde.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--a4e7729c-aa04-4dd4-baa7-462f26d3c6b1",
+    "id": "bundle--fc1bb1e3-e191-4fc0-ab50-19bbb9aeac20",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d05f7357-4cbe-47ea-bf83-b8604226d533.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d05f7357-4cbe-47ea-bf83-b8604226d533.json
index 05ff512f8e..679e67fb23 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d05f7357-4cbe-47ea-bf83-b8604226d533.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d05f7357-4cbe-47ea-bf83-b8604226d533.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--8ad8ac41-715e-403e-b6ed-4a425af14ac7",
+    "id": "bundle--78549bc1-8dd0-4173-85ef-a69765a5b36b",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d1c600f8-0fb6-4367-921b-85b71947d950.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d1c600f8-0fb6-4367-921b-85b71947d950.json
index 292c8ccb76..525e2800cf 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d1c600f8-0fb6-4367-921b-85b71947d950.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d1c600f8-0fb6-4367-921b-85b71947d950.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--e6e1f45b-4d7e-4c51-8761-ed05d6eec4b7",
+    "id": "bundle--ee48a42d-908f-4fb7-a93e-43c1ac0f9488",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d6e009b7-df5e-447a-bfd2-d5b77374edfe.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d6e009b7-df5e-447a-bfd2-d5b77374edfe.json
index e93c902e34..0c409dc728 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d6e009b7-df5e-447a-bfd2-d5b77374edfe.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d6e009b7-df5e-447a-bfd2-d5b77374edfe.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--023fba32-326c-4c76-81a4-acf1dedd4252",
+    "id": "bundle--828b9b19-b93e-4b3b-851e-204c86119cef",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d89c132d-7752-4c7f-9372-954a71522985.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d89c132d-7752-4c7f-9372-954a71522985.json
index 657c1cbaa5..57ab4ce0c1 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d89c132d-7752-4c7f-9372-954a71522985.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d89c132d-7752-4c7f-9372-954a71522985.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--5d1763c5-1a0d-46fd-b3ba-2aad4fe53000",
+    "id": "bundle--5523c203-5d12-42fe-b6f0-399634bb1a59",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d9e07aea-baad-4b68-bdca-90c77647d7f9.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d9e07aea-baad-4b68-bdca-90c77647d7f9.json
index 4f8df1bc36..6f07297db1 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d9e07aea-baad-4b68-bdca-90c77647d7f9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d9e07aea-baad-4b68-bdca-90c77647d7f9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--86d76571-58a3-485c-818b-7cdaf05f604d",
+    "id": "bundle--b42fac20-13b6-4c61-8c3d-e0fa7f50b5e6",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ddbe5657-e21e-4a89-8221-2f1362d397ec.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ddbe5657-e21e-4a89-8221-2f1362d397ec.json
index a15da1cf20..600302beca 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--02bf8157-5c2f-4c99-9b4d-23ac403ca93a",
+    "id": "bundle--50b2ceba-16cd-4b69-9c46-11c81edc042a",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--dfdac962-9461-47f0-a212-36dfce2a97e6.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--dfdac962-9461-47f0-a212-36dfce2a97e6.json
index 8f6805169e..d42dfddf2c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--dfdac962-9461-47f0-a212-36dfce2a97e6.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--dfdac962-9461-47f0-a212-36dfce2a97e6.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--8ec2f69c-c16f-4a0b-99fb-c59f7656fb31",
+    "id": "bundle--067d19c2-7776-4e17-bc0b-879cd3393165",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--e110f94a-e2c5-4f5f-ba78-9c2ab6d2d9e4.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--e110f94a-e2c5-4f5f-ba78-9c2ab6d2d9e4.json
index 3c59aefbb0..ff5bd47cab 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--e110f94a-e2c5-4f5f-ba78-9c2ab6d2d9e4.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--e110f94a-e2c5-4f5f-ba78-9c2ab6d2d9e4.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--bcec6d79-5c8b-4b2e-82a6-7dea3c10ea4b",
+    "id": "bundle--06646162-fb38-4de5-af7c-2c956e27bde9",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--e13d084c-382f-40fd-aa9a-98d69e20301e.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--e13d084c-382f-40fd-aa9a-98d69e20301e.json
index 09ffa31ad6..e10f581232 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--e13d084c-382f-40fd-aa9a-98d69e20301e.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--e13d084c-382f-40fd-aa9a-98d69e20301e.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--93e5eb9f-35d0-4e48-9b95-2e01ca4d5e0d",
+    "id": "bundle--5e9cce53-d005-4d46-a97d-fbaffa8b0355",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--e296b110-46d3-4f7a-894c-cc71ea50168c.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--e296b110-46d3-4f7a-894c-cc71ea50168c.json
index 5c26347b43..6d303d421d 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--e296b110-46d3-4f7a-894c-cc71ea50168c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--e00f1df4-a14a-466d-b8c4-6022de2ac3f0",
+    "id": "bundle--99ca455b-294b-4e59-9686-d1c272cd8bb0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ec13d292-6d8d-4c7a-b07c-a2bd2402569a.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ec13d292-6d8d-4c7a-b07c-a2bd2402569a.json
index c5d7baced1..8f6ee248d3 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ec13d292-6d8d-4c7a-b07c-a2bd2402569a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ec13d292-6d8d-4c7a-b07c-a2bd2402569a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--2f702d05-b726-4be0-aab1-f5fcfde4855b",
+    "id": "bundle--43357073-10e9-4410-9ad3-790c12261fcf",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f082fc59-0317-49cf-971f-a1b6296ebb52.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f082fc59-0317-49cf-971f-a1b6296ebb52.json
index b92444b586..3ff287f93d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f082fc59-0317-49cf-971f-a1b6296ebb52.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f082fc59-0317-49cf-971f-a1b6296ebb52.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--5404d572-af5d-463e-be79-6519176d97ed",
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         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f3975cc0-72bc-4308-836e-ac701b83860e.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f3975cc0-72bc-4308-836e-ac701b83860e.json
index 5cb602c0ec..cb279afb9b 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f3975cc0-72bc-4308-836e-ac701b83860e.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f3975cc0-72bc-4308-836e-ac701b83860e.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--a46047cc-4580-4614-ad7b-f22f352ba270",
+    "id": "bundle--f14978bf-4ec5-4803-9652-efe78bad42f0",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f5ff006c-702f-4ded-8e60-ca6c540d91bc.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f5ff006c-702f-4ded-8e60-ca6c540d91bc.json
index 5bf89aa1c0..6ff2e4d549 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f5ff006c-702f-4ded-8e60-ca6c540d91bc.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f5ff006c-702f-4ded-8e60-ca6c540d91bc.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--7c634175-8055-45dc-b364-ca82010f6853",
+    "id": "bundle--e2a98d63-4a03-483e-954b-735069c71bf9",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f666e17c-b290-43b3-8947-b96bd5148fbb.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f666e17c-b290-43b3-8947-b96bd5148fbb.json
index 4fc17e8fd9..f8966d6f25 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f666e17c-b290-43b3-8947-b96bd5148fbb.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f666e17c-b290-43b3-8947-b96bd5148fbb.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--17f0c49b-42df-4442-8050-28c58d3a28ef",
+    "id": "bundle--a2a50af6-bc4e-4ef9-b7d5-d48d9f5f2ceb",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f6ac21b6-2592-400c-8472-10d0e2f1bfaf.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f6ac21b6-2592-400c-8472-10d0e2f1bfaf.json
index 8f0a424073..fa2a7a7bf5 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f6ac21b6-2592-400c-8472-10d0e2f1bfaf.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f6ac21b6-2592-400c-8472-10d0e2f1bfaf.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--e58b1af3-c33a-4a28-82b1-ee17fb906ea6",
+    "id": "bundle--8fb7296e-e663-43d1-ac87-33fbc80e24bd",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f79c01eb-2954-40d8-a819-00b342f47ce7.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f79c01eb-2954-40d8-a819-00b342f47ce7.json
index d9aab79dc1..6740daa98e 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f79c01eb-2954-40d8-a819-00b342f47ce7.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f79c01eb-2954-40d8-a819-00b342f47ce7.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--5528b84f-4c01-48e0-8b22-a09d41d6c6d1",
+    "id": "bundle--1e819c96-cd4d-48b3-aa83-a28c7be0817d",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f7e7b736-2cff-4c2a-9232-352cd383463a.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f7e7b736-2cff-4c2a-9232-352cd383463a.json
index c01ec71ff4..5b561bd342 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f7e7b736-2cff-4c2a-9232-352cd383463a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f7e7b736-2cff-4c2a-9232-352cd383463a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--823f36b3-a105-47da-b4a8-c02162144dc2",
+    "id": "bundle--bcd8fe2b-1e4d-49b8-9521-593f6e4c6f61",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f97e2718-af50-41df-811f-215ebab45691.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f97e2718-af50-41df-811f-215ebab45691.json
index 48a2218fcf..93e8cadebd 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f97e2718-af50-41df-811f-215ebab45691.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f97e2718-af50-41df-811f-215ebab45691.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--118ca2ab-f073-425e-96b3-f778df2d9c73",
+    "id": "bundle--32c9dafe-cbad-4fcf-a987-2a8b255841be",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f9854ba6-989d-43bf-828b-7240b8a65291.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f9854ba6-989d-43bf-828b-7240b8a65291.json
index f1dbb8a755..2ca0a85466 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f9854ba6-989d-43bf-828b-7240b8a65291.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f9854ba6-989d-43bf-828b-7240b8a65291.json
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--87fcd2d6-5295-43cc-b8bd-8c3f56739646",
+    "id": "bundle--afbc66ee-255e-4645-936a-0208cf16a059",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
-            "modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z",
+            "modified": "2024-09-30T18:57:47.266Z",
             "name": "Marcher",
             "description": "[Marcher](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0317) is Android malware that is used for financial fraud. (Citation: Proofpoint-Marcher)",
-            "labels": [
-                "malware"
-            ],
-            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
+            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
             "x_mitre_domains": [
                 "mobile-attack"
             ],
             "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
-            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
+            "x_mitre_aliases": [
+                "Marcher"
+            ],
             "type": "malware",
             "id": "malware--f9854ba6-989d-43bf-828b-7240b8a65291",
             "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
             "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
+            "revoked": false,
             "external_references": [
                 {
                     "source_name": "mitre-attack",
@@ -34,7 +34,12 @@
             ],
             "object_marking_refs": [
                 "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
-            ]
+            ],
+            "labels": [
+                "malware"
+            ],
+            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
+            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
         }
     ]
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--fd6d56b2-d84e-4d2a-b37d-d4678d3e08a6.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--fd6d56b2-d84e-4d2a-b37d-d4678d3e08a6.json
index aa14f7a95c..f92f943b00 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--fd6d56b2-d84e-4d2a-b37d-d4678d3e08a6.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--fd6d56b2-d84e-4d2a-b37d-d4678d3e08a6.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--8c90be6e-a8c1-411e-b50b-992e6c230999",
+    "id": "bundle--5c6c52c0-94a5-4e8a-9c07-c1c521589145",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--feae299d-e34f-4fc9-8545-486d0905bd41.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--feae299d-e34f-4fc9-8545-486d0905bd41.json
index fbb19b52a1..57749e48ef 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--feae299d-e34f-4fc9-8545-486d0905bd41.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--feae299d-e34f-4fc9-8545-486d0905bd41.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--b67f5930-8c34-4fb9-a9bc-48e22fd73d26",
+    "id": "bundle--6f6c2849-405e-44cd-8e0a-8840032e1212",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ff742eeb-1f90-4f5a-8b92-9d40fffd99ca.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ff742eeb-1f90-4f5a-8b92-9d40fffd99ca.json
index 3912a3ce43..83f4db6954 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ff742eeb-1f90-4f5a-8b92-9d40fffd99ca.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ff742eeb-1f90-4f5a-8b92-9d40fffd99ca.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--5a99cfb7-9495-4386-baa9-693aea7be703",
+    "id": "bundle--761fe2dd-bcf7-4eaf-8b3f-c2e118a711ea",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ff8e0c38-be47-410f-a2d3-a3d24a87c617.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ff8e0c38-be47-410f-a2d3-a3d24a87c617.json
index a51cfc85a8..aeacb86a1c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ff8e0c38-be47-410f-a2d3-a3d24a87c617.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ff8e0c38-be47-410f-a2d3-a3d24a87c617.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--ddfb79f8-5cff-49a6-b161-fee6b7a7f37a",
+    "id": "bundle--0732d000-d422-4ebe-9a38-ee1ce5476f70",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/marking-definition/marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168.json b/mobile-attack/marking-definition/marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168.json
index 9f2ec11fae..cea751aaea 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/marking-definition/marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/marking-definition/marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--1d43f2ef-ae8e-4479-a6e3-8fd28fa6b066",
+    "id": "bundle--e25fb09f-c815-41f2-a110-b31040003b06",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/mobile-attack.json b/mobile-attack/mobile-attack.json
index 23eeb5cab7..8dffe12f86 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/mobile-attack.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/mobile-attack.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"type": "bundle", "id": "bundle--760b0049-35a2-4437-bee8-76c525e0c7b6", "objects": [{"tactic_refs": ["x-mitre-tactic--9eb4c21e-4fa8-44c9-b167-dbfc455f9210", "x-mitre-tactic--e78d7d60-41b5-49b7-b0a9-5c5d4cbabe17"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "x-mitre-matrix", "id": "x-mitre-matrix--5104d5f0-16b7-4aec-8ae3-0a90cd5494fc", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/matrices/mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "Below are the tactics and techniques representing the two MITRE ATT&CK Matrices for Mobile. The Matrices cover techniques involving device access and network-based effects that can be used by adversaries without device access. The Matrices contains information for the following platforms: Android, iOS.", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:44:04.736Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Network-Based Effects", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"tactic_refs": ["x-mitre-tactic--0a93fd8e-4a83-4c15-8203-db290e5f2ac6", "x-mitre-tactic--4a800987-a3a8-4d56-a1bd-0d7171431756", "x-mitre-tactic--363bbeff-bb2a-4734-ac74-d6d37202fe54", "x-mitre-tactic--3e962de5-3280-43b7-bc10-334fbc1d6fa8", "x-mitre-tactic--987cda6d-eb77-406b-bf68-bcb5f3d2e1df", "x-mitre-tactic--6fcb36b8-3776-483b-8699-42215714fb10", "x-mitre-tactic--d418cdeb-1b9f-4a6b-a15d-2f89f549f8c1", "x-mitre-tactic--7be441c2-0095-4b1e-8125-fa8ffda29b0f", "x-mitre-tactic--7a0d25d3-f0c0-40bf-bf90-c743871b19ba", "x-mitre-tactic--3f660805-fa2e-42e8-8851-57f9e9b653e3", "x-mitre-tactic--10fa8d8d-1b04-4176-917e-738724239981", "x-mitre-tactic--6ebce653-294a-444a-bffb-14c04c8d137e"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "x-mitre-matrix", "id": "x-mitre-matrix--a382db5e-d009-4135-b893-0e0ff021c95b", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "x_mitre_version": "2.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/matrices/mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Below are the tactics and technique representing the MITRE ATT&CK Matrix for Mobile. The Matrix contains information for the following platforms: Android, iOS.", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:43:22.080Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Mobile ATT&CK", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "course-of-action--0beabf44-e8d8-4ae4-9122-ef56369a2564", "type": "course-of-action", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:51.657Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1006", "external_id": "M1006"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "name": "Use Recent OS Version", "description": "New mobile operating system versions bring not only patches against discovered vulnerabilities but also often bring security architecture improvements that provide resilience against potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses that have not yet been discovered. They may also bring improvements that block use of observed adversary techniques.", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "course-of-action", "id": "course-of-action--1553b156-6767-47f7-9eb4-2a692505666d", "created": "2019-10-18T12:49:58.924Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "M1005", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1005"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "Enterprises can vet applications for exploitable vulnerabilities or unwanted (privacy-invasive or malicious) behaviors. Enterprises can inspect applications themselves or use a third-party service.\n\nEnterprises may impose policies to only allow pre-approved applications to be installed on their devices or may impose policies to block use of specific applications known to have issues. In Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) environments, enterprises may only be able to impose these policies over an enterprise-managed portion of the device.\n\nApplication Vetting is not a complete mitigation. Techniques such as [Evade Analysis Environment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1523) exist that can enable adversaries to bypass vetting.", "modified": "2022-04-06T14:47:46.019Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Application Vetting", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-09-27T20:18:19.004Z", "name": "Application Developer Guidance", "description": "This mitigation describes any guidance or training given to developers of applications to avoid introducing security weaknesses that an adversary may be able to take advantage of.", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_domains": ["enterprise-attack", "mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "type": "course-of-action", "id": "course-of-action--25dc1ce8-eb55-4333-ae30-a7cb4f5894a1", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:53.732Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", 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Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2021-09-20T13:54:19.819Z", "name": "CarbonSteal", "description": "[CarbonSteal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529) is one of a family of four surveillanceware tools that share a common C2 infrastructure. [CarbonSteal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529) primarily deals with audio surveillance. 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New Wormable Android Malware Spreads by Creating Auto-Replies to Messages in WhatsApp. Retrieved January 26, 2024.", "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/new-wormable-android-malware-spreads-by-creating-auto-replies-to-messages-in-whatsapp/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-04-21T18:53:30.817Z", "name": "Bread", "description": "[Bread](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0432) was a large-scale billing fraud malware family known for employing many different cloaking and obfuscation techniques in an attempt to continuously evade Google Play Store\u2019s malware detection. 1,700 unique Bread apps were detected and removed from the Google Play Store before being downloaded by users.(Citation: Google Bread)", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_contributors": ["Sergey Persikov, Check Point", "Jonathan Shimonovich, Check Point", "Aviran Hazum, Check Point"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["Bread", "Joker"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--108b2817-bc01-404e-8e1b-8cdeec846326", "created": "2020-05-04T14:04:55.823Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0432", "external_id": "S0432"}, {"source_name": "Joker", "description": "(Citation: Google Bread)"}, {"source_name": "Google Bread", "description": "A. 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While [Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) and [Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) overlap in core capabilities, [Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) has tools and behaviors suggesting more passive reconnaissance.(Citation: lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221)", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_aliases": ["Hornbill"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--15d78a95-af6a-4b06-8dae-76bedb0ec5a1", "created": "2023-06-09T19:07:18.101Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077", "external_id": "S1077"}, {"source_name": "lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221", "description": "Apurva Kumar, Kristin Del Rosso. (2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. 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(Citation: Ludwig-GhostPush) (Citation: Lookout-Gooligan)"}, {"source_name": "Gooligan Citation", "description": "Check Point Research Team. (2016, November 30). More Than 1 Million Google Accounts Breached by Gooligan. Retrieved December 12, 2016.", "url": "http://blog.checkpoint.com/2016/11/30/1-million-google-accounts-breached-gooligan/"}, {"source_name": "Ludwig-GhostPush", "description": "Adrian Ludwig. (2016, November 29). The fight against Ghost Push continues. Retrieved December 12, 2016.", "url": "https://plus.google.com/+AdrianLudwig/posts/GXzJ8vaAFsi"}, {"source_name": "Lookout-Gooligan", "description": "Lookout. (2016, December 1). Ghost Push and Gooligan: One and the same. 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(Citation: Zscaler-SpyNote)", "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_aliases": ["SpyNote RAT"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--20dbaf05-59b8-4dc6-8777-0b17f4553a23", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:45.794Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0305", "external_id": "S0305"}, {"source_name": "SpyNote RAT", "description": "(Citation: Zscaler-SpyNote)"}, {"source_name": "Zscaler-SpyNote", "description": "Shivang Desai. (2017, January 23). 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Asinovsky. (2020, March 24). TrickBot Pushing a 2FA Bypass App to Bank Customers in Germany. Retrieved April 24, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-09-11T15:57:37.561Z", "name": "TrickMo", "description": "[TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) a 2FA bypass mobile banking trojan, most likely being distributed by [TrickBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266). [TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) has been primarily targeting users located in Germany.(Citation: SecurityIntelligence TrickMo)\n\n[TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) is designed to steal transaction authorization numbers (TANs), which are typically used as one-time passwords.(Citation: SecurityIntelligence TrickMo) ", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_platforms": ["iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["INSOMNIA"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "malware--21b7e0b0-0dea-4ccc-8ad4-8da51fe3a901", "type": "malware", "created": "2020-06-02T14:32:31.461Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "S0463", "source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0463"}, {"source_name": "Volexity Insomnia", "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/04/21/evil-eye-threat-actor-resurfaces-with-ios-exploit-and-updated-implant/", "description": "A. Case, D. Lassalle, M. Meltzer, S. Koessel, et al.. (2020, April 21). Evil Eye Threat Actor Resurfaces with iOS Exploit and Updated Implant. 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Dvmap: the first Android malware with code injection. Retrieved December 10, 2019.", "url": "https://securelist.com/dvmap-the-first-android-malware-with-code-injection/78648/", "source_name": "SecureList DVMap June 2017"}], "modified": "2020-01-22T22:17:23.015Z", "name": "Dvmap", "description": "[Dvmap](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0420) is rooting malware that injects malicious code into system runtime libraries. It is credited with being the first malware that performs this type of code injection.(Citation: SecureList DVMap June 2017)", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["Zen"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "malware--22faaa56-a8ac-4292-9be6-b571b255ee40", "type": "malware", "created": "2020-07-27T14:14:56.729Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "S0494", "source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0494"}, {"source_name": "Google Security Zen", "url": "https://security.googleblog.com/2019/01/pha-family-highlights-zen-and-its.html", "description": "Siewierski, L. (2019, January 11). 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[AhRat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1095) initially spread in August 2022 on the Google Play Store via an update containing malicious code to the previously benign application, \u201ciRecorder \u2013 Screen Recorder\u201d, which itself was released in September 2021.(Citation: welivesecurity_ahrat_0523)", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_contributors": ["Edward Stevens", "BT Security"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["AhRat"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--24c8f6db-71e0-41ef-a1dc-83399a5b17e5", "created": "2023-12-18T19:00:02.259Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1095", "external_id": "S1095"}, {"source_name": "welivesecurity_ahrat_0523", "description": "Lukas Stefanko. (2023, May 23). Android app breaking bad: From legitimate screen recording to file exfiltration within a year. Retrieved December 18, 2023.", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/05/23/android-app-breaking-bad-legitimate-screen-recording-file-exfiltration/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "XLoader for Android", "description": "[XLoader for Android](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0318) is a malicious Android app first observed targeting Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong in 2018. It has more recently been observed targeting South Korean users as a pornography application.(Citation: TrendMicro-XLoader-FakeSpy)(Citation: TrendMicro-XLoader) It is tracked separately from the [XLoader for iOS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0490).", "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "2.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_aliases": ["XLoader for Android"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--2740eaf6-2db2-4a40-a63f-f5b166c7059c", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0318", "external_id": "S0318"}, {"source_name": "XLoader for Android", "description": "(Citation: TrendMicro-XLoader)"}, {"source_name": "TrendMicro-XLoader-FakeSpy", "description": "Hiroaki, H., Wu, L., Wu, L.. (2019, April 2). XLoader Disguises as Android Apps, Has FakeSpy Links. Retrieved July 20, 2020.", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/new-version-of-xloader-that-disguises-as-android-apps-and-an-ios-profile-holds-new-links-to-fakespy/"}, {"source_name": "TrendMicro-XLoader", "description": "Lorin Wu. (2018, April 19). XLoader Android Spyware and Banking Trojan Distributed via DNS Spoofing. Retrieved July 6, 2018.", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/xloader-android-spyware-and-banking-trojan-distributed-via-dns-spoofing/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.FakeInst.a", "description": "[Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.FakeInst.a](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0306) is Android malware. 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Retrieved December 22, 2016.", "url": "https://securelist.com/mobile-malware-evolution-2013/58335/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]}, {"labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_platforms": ["iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["XLoader for iOS"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "malware--29944858-da52-4d3d-b428-f8a6eb8dde6f", "type": "malware", "created": "2020-07-20T13:58:53.422Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "S0490", "source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0490"}, {"source_name": "TrendMicro-XLoader-FakeSpy", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/new-version-of-xloader-that-disguises-as-android-apps-and-an-ios-profile-holds-new-links-to-fakespy/", "description": "Hiroaki, H., Wu, L., Wu, L.. (2019, April 2). XLoader Disguises as Android Apps, Has FakeSpy Links. Retrieved July 20, 2020."}], "modified": "2021-12-07T14:46:08.852Z", "name": "XLoader for iOS", "description": "[XLoader for iOS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0490) is a malicious iOS application that is capable of gathering system information.(Citation: TrendMicro-XLoader-FakeSpy) It is tracked separately from the [XLoader for Android](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0318).", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-04-13T22:33:55.061Z", "name": "AbstractEmu", "description": "[AbstractEmu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1061) is mobile malware that was first seen in Google Play and other third-party stores in October 2021. It was discovered in 19 Android applications, of which at least 7 abused known Android exploits for obtaining root permissions. [AbstractEmu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1061) was observed primarily impacting users in the United States, however victims are believed to be across a total of 17 countries.(Citation: lookout_abstractemu_1021)", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_aliases": ["AbstractEmu"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--2aec175b-4429-4048-8e09-3ef6cbecfc64", "created": "2023-02-06T18:48:41.442Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1061", "external_id": "S1061"}, {"source_name": "lookout_abstractemu_1021", "description": "P Shunk, K Balaam. (2021, October 28). Rooting Malware Makes a Comeback: Lookout Discovers Global Campaign. 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Believed to have been first active in January 2023, [Chameleon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1083) has been observed targeting users in Australia and Poland by masquerading as official apps.(Citation: cyble_chameleon_0423)", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_contributors": ["Yasuhito Kawanishi, NEC Corporation", "Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India", "Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["Chameleon"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--2cf00c5a-857d-4cb6-8f03-82f15bee0f6f", "created": "2023-08-16T16:30:44.598Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1083", "external_id": "S1083"}, {"source_name": "cyble_chameleon_0423", "description": "Cyble Research & Intelligence Labs. (2023, April 13). Banking Trojan targeting mobile users in Australia and Poland. Retrieved August 16, 2023.", "url": "https://cyble.com/blog/chameleon-a-new-android-malware-spotted-in-the-wild/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["Exodus", "Exodus One", "Exodus Two"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "malware--3049b2f2-e323-4cdb-91cb-13b37b904cbb", "type": "malware", "created": "2019-09-03T19:45:47.826Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "S0405", "source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0405"}, {"source_name": "Exodus One", "description": "(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019)"}, {"source_name": "Exodus Two", "description": "(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019)"}, {"source_name": "SWB Exodus March 2019", "url": "https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html", "description": "Security Without Borders. (2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019."}], "modified": "2019-10-14T17:15:52.191Z", "name": "Exodus", "description": "[Exodus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0405) is Android spyware deployed in two distinct stages named Exodus One (dropper) and Exodus Two (payload).(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019)", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "Dendroid", "description": "[Dendroid](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0301) is an Android remote access tool (RAT) primarily targeting Western countries. The RAT was available for purchase for $300 and came bundled with a utility to inject the RAT into legitimate applications.(Citation: Lookout-Dendroid)", "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "2.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_aliases": ["Dendroid"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--317a2c10-d489-431e-b6b2-f0251fddc88e", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:37.438Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0301", "external_id": "S0301"}, {"source_name": "Dendroid", "description": "(Citation: Lookout-Dendroid)"}, {"source_name": "Lookout-Dendroid", "description": "Marc Rogers. (2014, March 6). Dendroid malware can take over your camera, record audio, and sneak into Google Play. Retrieved December 22, 2016.", "url": "https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2014/03/06/dendroid/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "WireLurker", "description": "[WireLurker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0312) is a family of macOS malware that targets iOS devices connected over USB. (Citation: PaloAlto-WireLurker)", "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "type": "malware", "id": "malware--326eaf7b-5784-4f08-8fc2-61fd5d5bc5fb", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:37.020Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0312", "external_id": "S0312"}, {"source_name": "WireLurker", "description": "Claud Xiao. (n.d.). WireLurker: A New Era in iOS and OS X Malware. Retrieved July 10, 2017.", "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/reports/Unit_42/unit42-wirelurker.pdf"}, {"source_name": "PaloAlto-WireLurker", "description": "Claud Xiao. (2014, November 5). WireLurker: A New Era in OS X and iOS Malware. Retrieved January 24, 2017.", "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2014/11/wirelurker-new-era-os-x-ios-malware/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]}, {"labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["Desert Scorpion"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "malware--3271c107-92c4-442e-9506-e76d62230ee8", "type": "malware", "created": "2020-09-11T14:54:16.188Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "S0505", "source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0505"}, {"source_name": "Lookout Desert Scorpion", "url": "https://blog.lookout.com/desert-scorpion-google-play", "description": "A. Blaich, M. Flossman. (2018, April 16). Lookout finds new surveillanceware in Google Play with ties to known threat actor targeting the Middle East. Retrieved September 11, 2020."}], "modified": "2021-04-19T17:11:50.159Z", "name": "Desert Scorpion", "description": "[Desert Scorpion](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0505) is surveillanceware that has targeted the Middle East, specifically individuals located in Palestine. [Desert Scorpion](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0505) is suspected to have been operated by the threat actor APT-C-23.(Citation: Lookout Desert Scorpion) ", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2024-04-06T00:01:53.588Z", "name": "Pegasus for iOS", "description": "[Pegasus for iOS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0289) is the iOS version of malware that has reportedly been linked to the NSO Group. It has been advertised and sold to target high-value victims.(Citation: Lookout-Pegasus)(Citation: PegasusCitizenLab) The Android version is tracked separately under [Pegasus for Android](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0316).", "x_mitre_platforms": ["iOS"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_aliases": ["Pegasus for iOS"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--33d9d91d-aad9-49d5-a516-220ce101ac8a", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:44.238Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0289", "external_id": "S0289"}, {"source_name": "Pegasus for iOS", "description": "(Citation: Lookout-Pegasus) (Citation: PegasusCitizenLab)"}, {"source_name": "PegasusCitizenLab", "description": "Bill Marczak and John Scott-Railton. (2016, August 24). The Million Dollar Dissident: NSO Group\u2019s iPhone Zero-Days used against a UAE Human Rights Defender. Retrieved December 12, 2016.", "url": "https://citizenlab.ca/2016/08/million-dollar-dissident-iphone-zero-day-nso-group-uae/"}, {"source_name": "Lookout-Pegasus", "description": "Lookout. (2016). Technical Analysis of Pegasus Spyware. Retrieved December 12, 2016.", "url": "https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/lookout-pegasus-technical-analysis.pdf"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "Tangelo", "description": "[Tangelo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0329) is iOS malware that is believed to be from the same developers as the [Stealth Mango](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0328) Android malware. It is not a mobile application, but rather a Debian package that can only run on jailbroken iOS devices. (Citation: Lookout-StealthMango)", "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_platforms": ["iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_aliases": ["Tangelo"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--35aae10a-97c5-471a-9c67-02c231a7a31a", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0329", "external_id": "S0329"}, {"source_name": "Tangelo", "description": "(Citation: Lookout-StealthMango)"}, {"source_name": "Lookout-StealthMango", "description": "Lookout. (n.d.). Stealth Mango & Tangelo. Retrieved September 27, 2018.", "url": "https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/lookout-stealth-mango-srr-us.pdf"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "RCSAndroid", "description": "[RCSAndroid](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0295) is Android malware. (Citation: TrendMicro-RCSAndroid)", "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_aliases": ["RCSAndroid"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--363bc05d-13cb-4e98-a5b7-e250f2bbdc2b", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:38.274Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0295", "external_id": "S0295"}, {"source_name": "RCSAndroid", "description": "(Citation: TrendMicro-RCSAndroid)"}, {"source_name": "TrendMicro-RCSAndroid", "description": "Veo Zhang. (2015, July 21). Hacking Team RCSAndroid Spying Tool Listens to Calls; Roots Devices to Get In. Retrieved December 22, 2016.", "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/hacking-team-rcsandroid-spying-tool-listens-to-calls-roots-devices-to-get-in/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]}, {"labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["Corona Updates", "Wabi Music", "Concipit1248"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "malware--366c800f-97a8-48d5-b0a6-79d00198252a", "type": "malware", "created": "2020-04-24T15:06:32.870Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "S0425", "source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0425"}, {"source_name": "Wabi Music", "description": "(Citation: TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates)"}, {"source_name": "Concipit1248", "description": "(Citation: TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates)"}, {"source_name": "TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/coronavirus-update-app-leads-to-project-spy-android-and-ios-spyware/", "description": "T. Bao, J. Lu. (2020, April 14).  Coronavirus Update App Leads to Project Spy Android and iOS Spyware. Retrieved April 24, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-09-11T15:45:38.235Z", "name": "Corona Updates", "description": "[Corona Updates](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0425) is Android spyware that took advantage of the Coronavirus pandemic. The campaign distributing this spyware is tracked as Project Spy. Multiple variants of this spyware have been discovered to have been hosted on the Google Play Store.(Citation: TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates)", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "Skygofree", "description": "[Skygofree](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0327) is Android spyware that is believed to have been developed in 2014 and used through at least 2017. 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Retrieved July 21, 2023.", "url": "https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/fakecalls-banking-trojan/44072/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-04-13T22:32:16.509Z", "name": "S.O.V.A.", "description": "[S.O.V.A.](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1062) is an Android banking trojan that was first identified in August 2021 and has subsequently been found in a variety of applications, including banking, cryptocurrency wallet/exchange, and shopping apps. [S.O.V.A.](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1062), which is Russian for \"owl\", contains features not commonly found in Android malware, such as session cookie theft.(Citation: threatfabric_sova_0921)(Citation: cleafy_sova_1122)", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_aliases": ["S.O.V.A."], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--4b53eb01-57d7-47b4-b078-22766b002b36", "created": "2023-02-06T19:34:43.026Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1062", "external_id": "S1062"}, {"source_name": "cleafy_sova_1122", "description": "Francesco Lubatti, Federico Valentini. (2022, November 8). SOVA malware is back and is evolving rapidly. Retrieved March 30, 2023.", "url": "https://www.cleafy.com/cleafy-labs/sova-malware-is-back-and-is-evolving-rapidly"}, {"source_name": "threatfabric_sova_0921", "description": "ThreatFabric. (2021, September 9). S.O.V.A. - A new Android Banking trojan with fowl intentions. Retrieved February 6, 2023.", "url": "https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/sova-new-trojan-with-fowl-intentions.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "ANDROIDOS_ANSERVER.A", "description": "[ANDROIDOS_ANSERVER.A](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0310) is Android malware that is unique because it uses encrypted content within a blog site for command and control. (Citation: TrendMicro-Anserver)", "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.3", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_aliases": ["ANDROIDOS_ANSERVER.A"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--4bf6ba32-4165-42c1-b911-9c36165891c8", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:47.965Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0310", "external_id": "S0310"}, {"source_name": "ANDROIDOS_ANSERVER.A", "description": "(Citation: TrendMicro-Anserver)"}, {"source_name": "TrendMicro-Anserver", "description": "Karl Dominguez. (2011, October 2). Android Malware Uses Blog Posts as C&C. Retrieved February 6, 2017.", "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/android-malware-uses-blog-posts-as-cc/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "DualToy", "description": "[DualToy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0315) is Windows malware that installs malicious applications onto Android and iOS devices connected over USB. (Citation: PaloAlto-DualToy)", "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "type": "malware", "id": "malware--507fe748-5e4a-4b45-9e9f-8b1115f4e878", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:41.721Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0315", "external_id": "S0315"}, {"source_name": "DualToy", "description": "(Citation: PaloAlto-DualToy)"}, {"source_name": "PaloAlto-DualToy", "description": "Claud Xiao. (2016, September 13). DualToy: New Windows Trojan Sideloads Risky Apps to Android and iOS Devices. Retrieved January 24, 2017.", "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/dualtoy-new-windows-trojan-sideloads-risky-apps-to-android-and-ios-devices/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]}, {"labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["Mandrake", "oxide", "briar", "ricinus", "darkmatter"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "malware--52c994fa-b6c8-45a8-9586-a4275cf19307", "type": "malware", "created": "2020-07-15T20:20:58.846Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "S0485", "source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485"}, {"source_name": "oxide", "description": "(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)"}, {"source_name": "briar", "description": "(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)"}, {"source_name": "ricinus", "description": "(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)"}, {"source_name": "darkmatter", "description": "(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)"}, {"source_name": "Bitdefender Mandrake", "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/329/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-Mandrake-creat4464-en-EN-interactive.pdf", "description": "R. Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-09-11T15:52:12.097Z", "name": "Mandrake", "description": "[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) is a sophisticated Android espionage platform that has been active in the wild since at least 2016. [Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) is very actively maintained, with sophisticated features and attacks that are executed with surgical precision.\n\n[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) has gone undetected for several years by providing legitimate, ad-free applications with social media and real reviews to back the apps. The malware is only activated when the operators issue a specific command.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2024-04-10T21:58:07.962Z", "name": "HilalRAT", "description": "[HilalRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1128) is a remote access-capable Android malware, developed and used by [UNC788](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1029).(Citation: Meta Adversarial Threat Report 2022)   [HilalRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1128) is capable of collecting data, such as device location, call logs, etc., and is capable of executing actions, such as activating a device's camera and microphone.(Citation: Meta Adversarial Threat Report 2022)  ", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_contributors": ["Denise Tan"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["HilalRAT"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--55714f87-6178-4b89-b3e5-d3a643f647ca", "created": "2024-04-02T19:01:36.303Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1128", "external_id": "S1128"}, {"source_name": "Meta Adversarial Threat Report 2022", "description": "Agranovich, D., et al. (2022, April). Adversarial Threat Report. Retrieved April 2, 2024.", "url": "https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Meta-Quarterly-Adversarial-Threat-Report_Q1-2022.pdf"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "X-Agent for Android", "description": "[X-Agent for Android](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0314) is Android malware that was placed in a repackaged version of a Ukrainian artillery targeting application. The malware reportedly retrieved general location data on where the victim device was used, and therefore could likely indicate the potential location of Ukrainian artillery. (Citation: CrowdStrike-Android) Is it tracked separately from the [CHOPSTICK](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0023).", "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "type": "malware", "id": "malware--56660521-6db4-4e5a-a927-464f22954b7c", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:42.034Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0314", "external_id": "S0314"}, {"source_name": "X-Agent for Android", "description": "(Citation: CrowdStrike-Android)"}, {"source_name": "CrowdStrike-Android", "description": "CrowdStrike Global Intelligence Team. (2016). Use of Fancy Bear Android Malware in Tracking of Ukrainian FIeld Artillery Units. Retrieved February 6, 2017.", "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/wp-content/brochures/FancyBearTracksUkrainianArtillery.pdf"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]}, {"labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160tefanko, ESET"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["DEFENSOR ID"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "malware--5a5dca4c-03c1-4b99-bfcf-c206e20aa663", "type": "malware", "created": "2020-06-26T15:12:39.648Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "S0479", "source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0479"}, {"source_name": "ESET DEFENSOR ID", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/05/22/insidious-android-malware-gives-up-all-malicious-features-but-one-gain-stealth/", "description": "L. Stefanko. (2020, May 22). Insidious Android malware gives up all malicious features but one to gain stealth. Retrieved June 26, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-06-26T20:16:31.850Z", "name": "DEFENSOR ID", "description": "[DEFENSOR ID](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0479) is a banking trojan capable of clearing a victim\u2019s bank account or cryptocurrency wallet and taking over email or social media accounts. [DEFENSOR ID](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0479) performs the majority of its malicious functionality by abusing Android\u2019s accessibility service.(Citation: ESET DEFENSOR ID) ", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2024-04-17T17:06:28.821Z", "name": "BRATA", "description": "[BRATA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1094) (Brazilian Remote Access Tool, Android), is an evolving Android malware strain, detected in late 2018 and again in late 2021. Originating in Brazil, [BRATA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1094) was later also found in the UK, Poland, Italy, Spain, and USA, where it is believed to have targeted financial institutions such as banks. There are currently three known variants of [BRATA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1094).(Citation: securelist_brata_0819)(Citation: cleafy_brata_0122)(Citation: mcafee_brata_0421)", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_contributors": ["Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["BRATA"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--5aff44ab-5a41-49bb-b5d1-b4876d0437f4", "created": "2023-12-18T18:06:22.975Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1094", "external_id": "S1094"}, {"source_name": "cleafy_brata_0122", "description": "Federico Valentini, Francesco Lubatti. (2022, January 24). How BRATA is monitoring your bank account. 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TangleBot: New Advanced SMS Malware Targets Mobile Users Across U.S. and Canada with COVID-19 Lures. 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(2019, July). Monokle: The Mobile Surveillance Tooling of the Special Technology Center. Retrieved September 4, 2019.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/lookout-discovers-monokle-threat-report.pdf", "source_name": "Lookout-Monokle"}], "modified": "2021-11-01T18:30:41.998Z", "name": "Monokle", "description": "[Monokle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0407) is targeted, sophisticated mobile surveillanceware. 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(2018, July 23). Red Alert 2.0: Android Trojan targets security-seekers. Retrieved December 14, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-16T20:52:20.822Z", "name": "Red Alert 2.0", "description": "[Red Alert 2.0](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0539) is a banking trojan that masquerades as a VPN client.(Citation: Sophos Red Alert 2.0) ", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["ViceLeaker", "Triout"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "malware--6fcaf9b0-b509-4644-9f93-556222c81ed2", "type": "malware", "created": "2019-11-21T16:42:48.203Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "S0418", "source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0418"}, {"source_name": "ViceLeaker", "description": "(Citation: SecureList - ViceLeaker 2019)"}, {"source_name": "Triout", "description": "(Citation: SecureList - ViceLeaker 2019)"}, {"description": "GReAT. (2019, June 26).  ViceLeaker Operation: mobile espionage targeting Middle East. Retrieved November 21, 2019.", "url": "https://securelist.com/fanning-the-flames-viceleaker-operation/90877/", "source_name": "SecureList - ViceLeaker 2019"}, {"source_name": "Bitdefender - Triout 2018", "url": "https://labs.bitdefender.com/2018/08/triout-spyware-framework-for-android-with-extensive-surveillance-capabilities/", "description": "L. Arsene, C. Ochinca. (2018, August 20). Triout \u2013 Spyware Framework for Android with Extensive Surveillance Capabilities. Retrieved January 21, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-03-26T19:00:42.233Z", "name": "ViceLeaker", "description": "[ViceLeaker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0418) is a spyware framework, capable of extensive surveillance and data exfiltration operations, primarily targeting devices belonging to Israeli citizens.(Citation: SecureList - ViceLeaker 2019)(Citation: Bitdefender - Triout 2018)", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-10-16T16:57:33.534Z", "name": "FlyTrap", "description": "[FlyTrap](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1093) is an Android trojan, first detected in March 2021, that uses social engineering tactics to compromise Facebook accounts. 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FlyTrap Android Malware Is Taking Over Facebook Accounts \u2014 Protect Yourself With a Malware Scanner. Retrieved September 28, 2023.", "url": "https://news.trendmicro.com/2021/08/17/flytrap-android-malware-is-taking-over-facebook-accounts-protect-yourself-with-a-malware-scanner/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Ofir Almkias, Cybereason"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["FakeSpy"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "malware--838f647e-8ff8-48bd-bbd5-613cee7736cb", "type": "malware", "created": "2020-09-15T15:18:11.971Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "S0509", "source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0509"}, {"source_name": "Cybereason FakeSpy", "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/fakespy-masquerades-as-postal-service-apps-around-the-world", "description": "O. 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Bao, J. Lu. (2020, April 14).  Coronavirus Update App Leads to Project Spy Android and iOS Spyware. Retrieved April 24, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-04-30T18:30:05.787Z", "name": "Concipit1248", "description": "[Concipit1248](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0426) is iOS spyware that was discovered using the same name as the developer of the Android spyware [Corona Updates](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0425). Further investigation revealed that the two pieces of software contained the same C2 URL and similar functionality.(Citation: TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates)", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "RuMMS", "description": "[RuMMS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0313) is an Android malware family. 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As of July 2019 [Agent Smith](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0440) had infected around 25 million devices, primarily targeting India though effects had been observed in other Asian countries as well as Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.(Citation: CheckPoint Agent Smith)", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["Asacub", "Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.Smaps"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "malware--a76b837b-93cc-417d-bf28-c47a6a284fa4", "type": "malware", "created": "2020-12-14T15:02:35.007Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "S0540", "source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0540"}, {"source_name": "Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.Smaps", "description": "(Citation: Securelist Asacub)"}, {"source_name": "Securelist Asacub", "url": "https://securelist.com/the-rise-of-mobile-banker-asacub/87591/", "description": "T. 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Frank, L. Rochberger, Y. Rimmer, A. Dahan. (2020, April 30). EventBot: A New Mobile Banking Trojan is Born. 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Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019."}], "modified": "2021-04-12T03:02:06.792Z", "name": "HenBox", "description": "[HenBox](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0544) is Android malware that attempts to only execute on Xiaomi devices running the MIUI operating system. 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Xu, G. Guo. (2019, June 28).  Mobile Cyberespionage Campaign \u2018Bouncing Golf\u2019 Affects Middle East. 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(2018, January 18). Dark Caracal: Cyber-espionage at a Global Scale. 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(2020, December 1). Running in Circles Uncovering the Clients of Cyberespionage Firm Circles. Retrieved December 23, 2020."}], "modified": "2021-04-26T15:33:55.798Z", "name": "Circles", "description": "[Circles](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0602) reportedly takes advantage of Signaling System 7 (SS7) weaknesses, the protocol suite used to route phone calls, to both track the location of mobile devices and intercept voice calls and SMS messages. It can be connected to a telecommunications company\u2019s infrastructure or purchased as a cloud service. 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Retrieved January 5, 2021."}], "modified": "2021-04-19T16:30:16.930Z", "name": "Tiktok Pro", "description": "[Tiktok Pro](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0558) is spyware that has been masquerading as the TikTok application.(Citation: Zscaler TikTok Spyware)", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "PJApps", "description": "[PJApps](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0291) is an Android malware family. 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According to several reports, [Phenakite](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1126) was developed to fill a tooling gap and to target those who owned iPhones instead of Windows desktops or Android phones.(Citation: sentinelone_israel_hamas_war)(Citation: fb_arid_viper)", "x_mitre_platforms": ["iOS"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_contributors": ["Sittikorn Sangrattanapitak"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["Phenakite"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--f97e2718-af50-41df-811f-215ebab45691", "created": "2024-03-26T18:47:29.820Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1126", "external_id": "S1126"}, {"source_name": "fb_arid_viper", "description": "Flossman, M., Scott, M. (2021, April). Technical Paper // Taking Action Against Arid Viper. 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[TianySpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1056) is believed to have targeted credentials associated with membership websites of major Japanese telecommunication services.(Citation: trendmicro_tianyspy_0122)  ", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_aliases": ["TianySpy"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--fd6d56b2-d84e-4d2a-b37d-d4678d3e08a6", "created": "2023-01-19T18:05:30.924Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1056", "external_id": "S1056"}, {"source_name": "trendmicro_tianyspy_0122", "description": "Trend Micro. (2022, January 25). TianySpy Malware Uses Smishing Disguised as Message From Telco. 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While [Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) and [Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) overlap in core capabilities, [Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) has a more extensive set of malicious features.(Citation: lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221)", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_aliases": ["Sunbird"], "type": "malware", "id": "malware--feae299d-e34f-4fc9-8545-486d0905bd41", "created": "2023-08-04T18:27:24.614Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082", "external_id": "S1082"}, {"source_name": "lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221", "description": "Apurva Kumar, Kristin Del Rosso. (2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. 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(Citation: TrendMicro-DressCode)", "labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "type": "malware", "id": "malware--ff742eeb-1f90-4f5a-8b92-9d40fffd99ca", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:37.856Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0300", "external_id": "S0300"}, {"source_name": "DressCode", "description": "(Citation: TrendMicro-DressCode)"}, {"source_name": "TrendMicro-DressCode", "description": "Echo Duan. (2016, September 29). DressCode and its Potential Impact for Enterprises. Retrieved December 22, 2016.", "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/dresscode-potential-impact-enterprises/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]}, {"labels": ["malware"], "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["Gustuff"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "malware--ff8e0c38-be47-410f-a2d3-a3d24a87c617", "type": "malware", "created": "2019-09-03T20:08:00.241Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "S0406", "source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0406"}, {"source_name": "Talos Gustuff Apr 2019", "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/gustuff-targets-australia.html", "description": "Vitor Ventura. (2019, April 9).  Gustuff banking botnet targets Australia . Retrieved September 3, 2019."}], "modified": "2019-10-14T19:14:17.007Z", "name": "Gustuff", "description": "[Gustuff](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0406) is mobile malware designed to steal users' banking and virtual currency credentials.(Citation: Talos Gustuff Apr 2019)", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"labels": ["tool"], "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Emily Ratliff, IBM"], "x_mitre_aliases": ["FlexiSpy"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "tool--1622fd3d-fcfc-4d02-ac49-f2d786f79b81", "type": "tool", "created": "2019-09-04T15:38:56.070Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "S0408", "source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408"}, {"description": "K. Lu. (n.d.). Deep Technical Analysis of the Spyware FlexiSpy for Android. Retrieved September 10, 2019.", "url": "https://d3gpjj9d20n0p3.cloudfront.net/fortiguard/research/Dig%20Deep%20into%20FlexiSpy%20for%20Android%28white%20paper%29_KaiLu.pdf", "source_name": "FortiGuard-FlexiSpy"}, {"source_name": "CyberMerchants-FlexiSpy", "url": "http://www.cybermerchantsofdeath.com/blog/2017/04/22/FlexiSpy.html", "description": "Actis B. (2017, April 22). FlexSpy Application Analysis. Retrieved September 4, 2019."}, {"source_name": "FlexiSpy-Website", "url": "https://www.flexispy.com/", "description": "FlexiSpy. (n.d.). FlexiSpy. Retrieved September 4, 2019."}], "modified": "2019-10-14T18:08:28.349Z", "name": "FlexiSpy", "description": "[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) is sophisticated surveillanceware for iOS and Android. Publicly-available, comprehensive analysis has only been found for the Android version.(Citation: FortiGuard-FlexiSpy)(Citation: CyberMerchants-FlexiSpy)\n\n[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) markets itself as a parental control and employee monitoring application.(Citation: FlexiSpy-Website)", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "Xbot", "description": "[Xbot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0298) is an Android malware family that was observed in 2016 primarily targeting Android users in Russia and Australia. (Citation: PaloAlto-Xbot)", "labels": ["tool"], "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "type": "tool", "id": "tool--da21929e-40c0-443d-bdf4-6b60d15448b4", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:48.609Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0298", "external_id": "S0298"}, {"source_name": "Xbot", "description": "(Citation: PaloAlto-Xbot)"}, {"source_name": "PaloAlto-Xbot", "description": "Cong Zheng, Claud Xiao and Zhi Xu. (2016, February 18). New Android Trojan \u201cXbot\u201d Phishes Credit Cards and Bank Accounts, Encrypts Devices for Ransom. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/new-android-trojan-xbot-phishes-credit-cards-and-bank-accounts-encrypts-devices-for-ransom/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "x-mitre-tactic--0a93fd8e-4a83-4c15-8203-db290e5f2ac6", "type": "x-mitre-tactic", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "TA0027", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0027", "source_name": "mitre-attack"}], "modified": "2020-01-27T14:02:36.744Z", "name": "Initial Access", "description": "The adversary is trying to get into your device.\n\nThe initial access tactic represents the vectors adversaries use to gain an initial foothold onto a mobile device.", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_shortname": "initial-access"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "x-mitre-tactic--10fa8d8d-1b04-4176-917e-738724239981", "type": "x-mitre-tactic", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "TA0036", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0036", "source_name": "mitre-attack"}], "modified": "2020-01-27T14:06:42.009Z", "name": "Exfiltration", "description": "The adversary is trying to steal data.\n\nExfiltration refers to techniques and attributes that result or aid in the adversary removing files and information from the targeted mobile device.\n\nIn the mobile environment, mobile devices are frequently connected to networks outside enterprise control such as cellular networks or public Wi-Fi networks. Adversaries could attempt to evade detection by communicating on these networks, and potentially even by using non-Internet Protocol mechanisms such as Short Message Service (SMS). However, cellular networks often have data caps and/or extra data charges that could increase the potential for adversarial communication to be detected.", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_shortname": "exfiltration"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "x-mitre-tactic--363bbeff-bb2a-4734-ac74-d6d37202fe54", "type": "x-mitre-tactic", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "TA0028", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0028", "source_name": "mitre-attack"}], "modified": "2020-01-27T14:03:15.455Z", "name": "Persistence", "description": " The adversary is trying to maintain their foothold.\n\nPersistence is any access, action, or configuration change to a mobile device that gives an attacker a persistent presence on the device. Attackers often will need to maintain access to mobile devices through interruptions such as device reboots and potentially even factory data resets.", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_shortname": "persistence"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "x-mitre-tactic--3e962de5-3280-43b7-bc10-334fbc1d6fa8", "type": "x-mitre-tactic", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "TA0029", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0029", "source_name": "mitre-attack"}], "modified": "2020-01-27T14:03:49.343Z", "name": "Privilege Escalation", "description": " The adversary is trying to gain higher-level permissions.\n\nPrivilege escalation includes techniques that allow an attacker to obtain a higher level of permissions on the mobile device. Attackers may enter the mobile device with very limited privileges and may be required to take advantage of a device weakness to obtain higher privileges necessary to successfully carry out their mission objectives.", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_shortname": "privilege-escalation"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "x-mitre-tactic--3f660805-fa2e-42e8-8851-57f9e9b653e3", "type": "x-mitre-tactic", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "TA0037", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0037", "source_name": "mitre-attack"}], "modified": "2020-01-27T14:06:59.132Z", "name": "Command and Control", "description": "The adversary is trying to communicate with compromised devices to control them.\n\nThe command and control tactic represents how adversaries communicate with systems under their control within a target network. There are many ways an adversary can establish command and control with various levels of covertness, depending on system configuration and network topology. Due to the wide degree of variation available to the adversary at the network level, only the most common factors were used to describe the differences in command and control. There are still a great many specific techniques within the documented methods, largely due to how easy it is to define new protocols and use existing, legitimate protocols and network services for communication. \n\nThe resulting breakdown should help convey the concept that detecting intrusion through command and control protocols without prior knowledge is a difficult proposition over the long term. Adversaries' main constraints in network-level defense avoidance are testing and deployment of tools to rapidly change their protocols, awareness of existing defensive technologies, and access to legitimate Web services that, when used appropriately, make their tools difficult to distinguish from benign traffic.\n\nAdditionally, in the mobile environment, mobile devices are frequently connected to networks outside enterprise control such as cellular networks or public Wi-Fi networks. Adversaries could attempt to evade detection by communicating on these networks, and potentially even by using non-Internet Protocol mechanisms such as Short Message Service (SMS). However, cellular networks often have data caps and/or extra data charges that could increase the potential for adversarial communication to be detected.", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_shortname": "command-and-control"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "x-mitre-tactic--4a800987-a3a8-4d56-a1bd-0d7171431756", "type": "x-mitre-tactic", "created": "2020-01-27T14:00:49.089Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "TA0041", "source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0041"}], "modified": "2020-01-27T14:00:49.089Z", "name": "Execution", "description": "The adversary is trying to run malicious code.\n\nExecution consists of techniques that result in adversary-controlled code running on a mobile device. Techniques that run malicious code are often paired with techniques from all other tactics to achieve broader goals, like exploring a network or stealing data.", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_shortname": "execution"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "x-mitre-tactic--6ebce653-294a-444a-bffb-14c04c8d137e", "type": "x-mitre-tactic", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "TA0034", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0034", "source_name": "mitre-attack"}], "modified": "2020-01-27T16:09:15.308Z", "name": "Impact", "description": "The adversary is trying to manipulate, interrupt, or destroy your devices and data.\n\nThe impact tactic consists of techniques used by the adversary to execute his or her mission objectives but that do not cleanly fit into another category such as Collection. Mission objectives vary based on each adversary's goals, but examples include toll fraud, destruction of device data, or locking the user out of his or her device until a ransom is paid.", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_shortname": "impact"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "x-mitre-tactic--6fcb36b8-3776-483b-8699-42215714fb10", "type": "x-mitre-tactic", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "TA0031", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0031", "source_name": "mitre-attack"}], "modified": "2020-01-27T14:05:02.718Z", "name": "Credential Access", "description": "The adversary is trying to steal account names, passwords, or other secrets that enable access to resources.\n\nCredential access represents techniques that can be used by adversaries to obtain access to or control over passwords, tokens, cryptographic keys, or other values that could be used by an adversary to gain unauthorized access to resources. Credential access allows the adversary to assume the identity of an account, with all of that account's permissions on the system and network, and makes it harder for defenders to detect the adversary. With sufficient access within a network, an adversary can create accounts for later use within the environment.", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_shortname": "credential-access"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "x-mitre-tactic--7a0d25d3-f0c0-40bf-bf90-c743871b19ba", "type": "x-mitre-tactic", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "TA0035", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0035", "source_name": "mitre-attack"}], "modified": "2020-01-27T14:06:10.915Z", "name": "Collection", "description": "The adversary is trying to gather data of interest to their goal.\n\nCollection consists of techniques used to identify and gather information, such as sensitive files, from a target network prior to exfiltration. This category also covers locations on a system or network where the adversary may look for information to exfiltrate.", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_shortname": "collection"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "x-mitre-tactic--7be441c2-0095-4b1e-8125-fa8ffda29b0f", "type": "x-mitre-tactic", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "TA0033", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0033", "source_name": "mitre-attack"}], "modified": "2020-01-27T14:05:37.854Z", "name": "Lateral Movement", "description": "The adversary is trying to move through your environment.\n\nLateral movement consists of techniques that enable an adversary to access and control remote systems on a network and could, but does not necessarily, include execution of tools on remote systems. The lateral movement techniques could allow an adversary to gather information from a system without needing additional tools, such as a remote access tool.", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_shortname": "lateral-movement"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "x-mitre-tactic--987cda6d-eb77-406b-bf68-bcb5f3d2e1df", "type": "x-mitre-tactic", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "TA0030", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0030", "source_name": "mitre-attack"}], "modified": "2020-01-27T14:04:46.497Z", "name": "Defense Evasion", "description": " The adversary is trying to avoid being detected.\n\nDefense evasion consists of techniques an adversary may use to evade detection or avoid other defenses. Sometimes these actions are the same as or variations of techniques in other categories that have the added benefit of subverting a particular defense or mitigation. Defense evasion may be considered a set of attributes the adversary applies to all other phases of the operation.", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_shortname": "defense-evasion"}, {"modified": "2022-11-07T21:01:17.781Z", "name": "Network Effects", "description": "The adversary is trying to intercept or manipulate network traffic to or from a device.\n\nThis category refers to network-based techniques that an adversary may be able to use to fulfill his or her objectives without access to the mobile device itself. These include techniques to intercept or manipulate network traffic to and from the mobile device.", "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_shortname": "network-effects", "type": "x-mitre-tactic", "id": "x-mitre-tactic--9eb4c21e-4fa8-44c9-b167-dbfc455f9210", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0038", "external_id": "TA0038"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.0.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "x-mitre-tactic--d418cdeb-1b9f-4a6b-a15d-2f89f549f8c1", "type": "x-mitre-tactic", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"external_id": "TA0032", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0032", "source_name": "mitre-attack"}], "modified": "2020-01-27T16:09:00.466Z", "name": "Discovery", "description": "The adversary is trying to figure out your environment.\n\nDiscovery consists of techniques that allow the adversary to gain knowledge about the characteristics of the mobile device and potentially other networked systems. When adversaries gain access to a new system, they must orient themselves to what they now have control of and what benefits operating from that system give to their current objective or overall goals during the intrusion. The operating system may provide capabilities that aid in this post-compromise information-gathering phase.", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_shortname": "discovery"}, {"modified": "2022-11-07T21:01:36.112Z", "name": "Remote Service Effects", "description": "The adversary is trying to control or monitor the device using remote services.\n\nThis category refers to techniques involving remote services, such as vendor-provided cloud services (e.g. Google Drive, Google Find My Device, or Apple iCloud), or enterprise mobility management (EMM)/mobile device management (MDM) services that an adversary may be able to use to fulfill his or her objectives without access to the mobile device itself.", "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_shortname": "remote-service-effects", "type": "x-mitre-tactic", "id": "x-mitre-tactic--e78d7d60-41b5-49b7-b0a9-5c5d4cbabe17", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0039", "external_id": "TA0039"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.0.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "Scheduled Task/Job", "description": "Adversaries may abuse task scheduling functionality to facilitate initial or recurring execution of malicious code. On Android and iOS, APIs and libraries exist to facilitate scheduling tasks to execute at a specified date, time, or interval.\n\nOn Android, the `WorkManager` API allows asynchronous tasks to be scheduled with the system. `WorkManager` was introduced to unify task scheduling on Android, using `JobScheduler`, `GcmNetworkManager`, and `AlarmManager` internally. `WorkManager` offers a lot of flexibility for scheduling, including periodically, one time, or constraint-based (e.g. only when the device is charging).(Citation: Android WorkManager)\n\nOn iOS, the `NSBackgroundActivityScheduler` API allows asynchronous tasks to be scheduled with the system. The tasks can be scheduled to be repeating or non-repeating, however, the system chooses when the tasks will be executed. The app can choose the interval for repeating tasks, or the delay between scheduling and execution for one-time tasks.(Citation: Apple NSBackgroundActivityScheduler)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "execution"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "persistence"}], "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_detection": "Scheduling tasks/jobs can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_contributors": ["Lorin Wu, Trend Micro"], "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--00290ac5-551e-44aa-bbd8-c4b913488a6d", "created": "2020-11-04T16:43:31.619Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1603", "external_id": "T1603"}, {"source_name": "Android WorkManager", "description": "Google. (n.d.). Schedule tasks with WorkManager. Retrieved November 4, 2020.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/workmanager"}, {"source_name": "Apple NSBackgroundActivityScheduler", "description": "Apple. (n.d.). NSBackgroundActivityScheduler. Retrieved November 4, 2020.", "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nsbackgroundactivityscheduler"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--039bc59c-ecc7-4997-b2b4-4ab728bd91aa", "created": "2019-10-30T15:37:55.029Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1540", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1540"}, {"source_name": "Fadeev Code Injection Aug 2018", "url": "https://fadeevab.com/shared-library-injection-on-android-8/", "description": "Alexandr Fadeev. (2018, August 26). Shared Library Injection on Android 8.0. Retrieved October 30, 2019."}, {"source_name": "Google Triada June 2019", "url": "https://security.googleblog.com/2019/06/pha-family-highlights-triada.html", "description": "Lukasz Siewierski. (2019, June 6). PHA Family Highlights: Triada. Retrieved July 16, 2019."}, {"source_name": "Shunix Code Injection Mar 2016", "url": "https://shunix.com/shared-library-injection-in-android/", "description": "Shunix . (2016, March 22). Shared Library Injection in Android. Retrieved October 30, 2019."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "Adversaries may use code injection attacks to implant arbitrary code into the address space of a running application. Code is then executed or interpreted by that application. Adversaries utilizing this technique may exploit capabilities to load code in at runtime through dynamic libraries.\n\nWith root access, `ptrace` can be used to target specific applications and load shared libraries into its process memory.(Citation: Shunix Code Injection Mar 2016)(Citation: Fadeev Code Injection Aug 2018) By injecting code, an adversary may be able to gain access to higher permissions held by the targeted application by executing as the targeted application. In addition, the adversary may be able to evade detection or enable persistent access to a system under the guise of the application\u2019s process.(Citation: Google Triada June 2019)\n", "modified": "2022-03-30T19:14:20.369Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Code Injection", "x_mitre_detection": "Code injection can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "persistence"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2024-02-07T18:10:46.887Z", "name": "Adversary-in-the-Middle", "description": "Adversaries may attempt to position themselves between two or more networked devices to support follow-on behaviors such as [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002) or [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1642).  \n\n \n\n[Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1638) can be achieved through several mechanisms. For example, a malicious application may register itself as a VPN client, effectively redirecting device traffic to adversary-owned resources. Registering as a VPN client requires user consent on both Android and iOS; additionally, a special entitlement granted by Apple is needed for iOS devices. Alternatively, a malicious application with escalation privileges may utilize those privileges to gain access to network traffic.   \n\n\n Specific to Android devices, adversary-in-the-disk is a type of AiTM attack where adversaries monitor and manipulate data that is exchanged between applications and external storage.(Citation: mitd_kaspersky)(Citation: mitd_checkpoint)(Citation: mitd_checkpoint_research) To accomplish this, a malicious application firsts requests for access to multimedia files on the device (`READ_EXTERNAL STORAGE` and `WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE`), then the application reads data on the device and/or writes malware to the device. Though the request for access is common, when used maliciously, adversaries may access files and other sensitive data due to abusing the permission. Multiple applications were shown to be vulnerable against this attack; however, scrutiny of permissions and input validations may mitigate this attack.    \n\nOutside of a mobile device, adversaries may be able to capture traffic by employing a rogue base station or Wi-Fi access point. These devices will allow adversaries to capture network traffic after it has left the device, while it is flowing to its destination. On a local network, enterprise techniques could be used, such as [ARP Cache Poisoning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/002) or [DHCP Spoofing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/003).  \n\n \n\nIf applications properly encrypt their network traffic, sensitive data may not be accessible to adversaries, depending on the point of capture. For example, properly implementing Apple\u2019s Application Transport Security (ATS) and Android\u2019s Network Security Configuration (NSC) may prevent sensitive data leaks.(Citation: NSC_Android)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services should look for applications that request VPN access. These applications should be heavily scrutinized since VPN functionality is not very common. Mobile security products can potentially detect rogue Wi-Fi access points if the adversary is attempting to decrypt traffic using an untrusted SSL certificate. \n\n \n\nOn both Android and iOS, users must grant consent to an application to act as a VPN. Both platforms also provide visual context to the user in the top status bar when a VPN connection is active. Users can see registered VPN services in the device settings. ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "2.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--08e22979-d320-48ed-8711-e7bf94aabb13", "created": "2022-04-05T20:11:08.894Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1638", "external_id": "T1638"}, {"source_name": "mitd_checkpoint", "description": "Check Point Research Team. (2018, August 12). Man-in-the-Disk: A New Attack Surface for Android Apps. Retrieved October 31, 2023.", "url": "https://blog.checkpoint.com/security/man-in-the-disk-a-new-attack-surface-for-android-apps/"}, {"source_name": "mitd_kaspersky", "description": "Drozhzhin, A. (2018, August 27). Man-in-the-Disk: A new and dangerous way to hack Android. Retrieved October 31, 2023.", "url": "https://usa.kaspersky.com/blog/man-in-the-disk/16089/"}, {"source_name": "NSC_Android", "description": "Lee, A., Ramirez, T. (2018, August 15). A Security Analyst\u2019s Guide to Network Security Configuration in Android P . Retrieved February 7, 2024.", "url": "https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2018/08/15/a-security-analysts-guide-to-network-security-configuration-in-android-p/"}, {"source_name": "mitd_checkpoint_research", "description": "Makkaveev, S. (2018, August 12). Man-in-the-Disk: Android Apps Exposed via External Storage. Retrieved October 31, 2023.", "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/androids-man-in-the-disk/"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-3.html", "external_id": "CEL-3"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-0.html", "external_id": "APP-0"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-1.html", "external_id": "APP-1"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-8.html", "external_id": "APP-8"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-12.html", "external_id": "ECO-12"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-15T16:23:59.281Z", "name": "Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism", "description": "Adversaries may circumvent mechanisms designed to control elevated privileges to gain higher-level permissions. Most modern systems contain native elevation control mechanisms that are intended to limit privileges that a user can gain on a machine. Authorization has to be granted to specific users in order to perform tasks that are designated as higher risk. An adversary can use several methods to take advantage of built-in control mechanisms in order to escalate privileges on a system. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "When an application requests administrator permission, users are presented with a popup and the option to grant or deny the request. Application vetting services can detect when an application requests administrator permission. Extra scrutiny could be applied to applications that do", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--08ea902d-ecb5-47ed-a453-2798057bb2d3", "created": "2022-04-01T15:54:05.633Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1626", "external_id": "T1626"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html", "external_id": "APP-22"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-09-25T19:53:07.406Z", "name": "Remote Access Software", "description": "Adversaries may use legitimate remote access software, such as `VNC`, `TeamViewer`, `AirDroid`, `AirMirror`, etc., to establish an interactive command and control channel to target mobile devices.  \n\nRemote access applications may be installed and used post-compromise as an alternate communication channel for redundant access or as a way to establish an interactive remote session with the target device. They may also be used as a component of malware to establish a reverse connection to an adversary-controlled system or service. Installation of remote access tools may also include persistence.  ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "command-and-control"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--0b761f2b-197a-40f2-b100-8152cb957c0c", "created": "2023-09-25T19:53:07.406Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1663", "external_id": "T1663"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "id": "attack-pattern--0bcc4ec1-a897-49a9-a9ff-c00df1d1209d", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:08.155Z", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1454", "external_id": "T1454"}], "modified": "2019-04-29T19:35:30.985Z", "name": "Malicious SMS Message", "description": "Test", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--0c71033e-401e-4b97-9309-7a7c95e43a5d", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:18.237Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1470", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1470"}, {"source_name": "Elcomsoft-EPPB", "url": "https://www.elcomsoft.com/eppb.html", "description": "Elcomsoft. (n.d.). Elcomsoft Phone Breaker. Retrieved December 29, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Elcomsoft-WhatsApp", "url": "https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2017/07/extract-and-decrypt-whatsapp-backups-from-icloud/", "description": "Oleg Afonin. (2017, July 20). Extract and Decrypt WhatsApp Backups from iCloud. Retrieved July 6, 2018."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-0.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "ECO-0"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-1.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "ECO-1"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "An adversary who is able to obtain unauthorized access to or misuse authorized access to cloud backup services (e.g. Google's Android backup service or Apple's iCloud) could use that access to obtain sensitive data stored in device backups. For example, the Elcomsoft Phone Breaker product advertises the ability to retrieve iOS backup data from Apple's iCloud (Citation: Elcomsoft-EPPB). Elcomsoft also describes (Citation: Elcomsoft-WhatsApp) obtaining WhatsApp communication histories from backups stored in iCloud.", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:54:11.189Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Obtain Device Cloud Backups", "x_mitre_detection": "Google provides the ability for users to view their account activity. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "remote-service-effects"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Without Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:43:03.218Z", "name": "Uninstall Malicious Application", "description": "Adversaries may include functionality in malware that uninstalls the malicious application from the device. This can be achieved by: \n \n* Abusing device owner permissions to perform silent uninstallation using device owner API calls. \n* Abusing root permissions to delete files from the filesystem. \n* Abusing the accessibility service. This requires sending an intent to the system to request uninstallation, and then abusing the accessibility service to click the proper places on the screen to confirm uninstallation.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Users can see a list of applications that can use accessibility services in the device settings. Application vetting services could look for use of the accessibility service or features that typically require root access.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--0cdd66ad-26ac-4338-a764-4972a1e17ee3", "created": "2022-03-30T19:31:31.855Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/001", "external_id": "T1630.001"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-43.html", "external_id": "APP-43"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:42:18.121Z", "name": "Indicator Removal on Host", "description": "Adversaries may delete, alter, or hide generated artifacts on a device, including files, jailbreak status, or the malicious application itself. These actions may interfere with event collection, reporting, or other notifications used to detect intrusion activity. This may compromise the integrity of mobile security solutions by causing notable events or information to go unreported.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Mobile security products can detect which applications can request device administrator permissions. Users can view applications with administrator access through the device settings, and may also notice if user data is inexplicably missing. Users can see a list of applications that can use accessibility services in the device settings. Application vetting services could look for use of APIs that could indicate the application is trying to hide activity.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["iOS", "Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--0d4e3bbb-7af5-4c88-a215-0c0906bc1e8d", "created": "2022-03-30T19:28:25.541Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630", "external_id": "T1630"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-43.html", "external_id": "APP-43"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:52:29.947Z", "name": "Supply Chain Compromise", "description": "Adversaries may manipulate products or product delivery mechanisms prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise.\n\nSupply chain compromise can take place at any stage of the supply chain including:\n\n* Manipulation of development tools\n* Manipulation of a development environment\n* Manipulation of source code repositories (public or private)\n* Manipulation of source code in open-source dependencies\n* Manipulation of software update/distribution mechanisms\n* Compromised/infected system images\n* Replacement of legitimate software with modified versions\n* Sales of modified/counterfeit products to legitimate distributors\n* Shipment interdiction\n\nWhile supply chain compromise can impact any component of hardware or software, attackers looking to gain execution have often focused on malicious additions to legitimate software in software distribution or update channels. Targeting may be specific to a desired victim set or malicious software may be distributed to a broad set of consumers but only move on to additional tactics on specific victims.  Popular open source projects that are used as dependencies in many applications may also be targeted as a means to add malicious code to users of the dependency, specifically with the widespread usage of third-party advertising libraries.(Citation: Grace-Advertisement)(Citation: NowSecure-RemoteCode)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "initial-access"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries could be detected by application vetting services. Malicious software development tools could be detected by enterprises that deploy endpoint protection software on computers that are used to develop mobile apps. Application vetting could detect the usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "2.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--0d95940f-9583-4e0f-824c-a42c1be47fad", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474", "external_id": "T1474"}, {"source_name": "Grace-Advertisement", "description": "M. Grace et al. (2012, April 16-18). Unsafe exposure analysis of mobile in-app advertisements. Retrieved December 22, 2016.", "url": "https://www.csc2.ncsu.edu/faculty/xjiang4/pubs/WISEC12_ADRISK.pdf"}, {"source_name": "NowSecure-RemoteCode", "description": "Ryan Welton. (2015, June 15). A Pattern for Remote Code Execution using Arbitrary File Writes and MultiDex Applications. Retrieved December 22, 2016.", "url": "https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2015/06/15/a-pattern-for-remote-code-execution-using-arbitrary-file-writes-and-multidex-applications/"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-6.html", "external_id": "APP-6"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-0.html", "external_id": "SPC-0"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-1.html", "external_id": "SPC-1"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-2.html", "external_id": "SPC-2"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-3.html", "external_id": "SPC-3"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-4.html", "external_id": "SPC-4"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-5.html", "external_id": "SPC-5"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-6.html", "external_id": "SPC-6"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-7.html", "external_id": "SPC-7"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-8.html", "external_id": "SPC-8"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-9.html", "external_id": "SPC-9"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-10.html", "external_id": "SPC-10"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-11.html", "external_id": "SPC-11"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-12.html", "external_id": "SPC-12"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-13.html", "external_id": "SPC-13"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-14.html", "external_id": "SPC-14"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-15.html", "external_id": "SPC-15"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-16.html", "external_id": "SPC-16"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-17.html", "external_id": "SPC-17"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-18.html", "external_id": "SPC-18"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-19.html", "external_id": "SPC-19"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-20.html", "external_id": "SPC-20"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-21.html", "external_id": "SPC-21"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-15T15:06:03.427Z", "name": "Impersonate SS7 Nodes", "description": "Adversaries may exploit the lack of authentication in signaling system network nodes to track the to track the location of mobile devices by impersonating a node.(Citation: Engel-SS7)(Citation: Engel-SS7-2008)(Citation: 3GPP-Security)(Citation: Positive-SS7)(Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport) \n\n \n\nBy providing the victim\u2019s MSISDN (phone number) and impersonating network internal nodes to query subscriber information from other nodes, adversaries may use data collected from each hop to eventually determine the device\u2019s geographical cell area or nearest cell tower.(Citation: Engel-SS7)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "discovery"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Network carriers may be able to use firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), or Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) to detect and/or block SS7 exploitation.(Citation: CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport) The CSRIC also suggests threat information sharing between telecommunications industry members.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--0f4fb01b-d57a-4375-b7a2-342c9d3248f7", "created": "2022-04-05T19:49:58.938Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1430/002", "external_id": "T1430.002"}, {"source_name": "3GPP-Security", "description": "3GPP. (2000, January). A Guide to 3rd Generation Security. Retrieved December 19, 2016.", "url": "http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/wg3_security/_specs/33900-120.pdf"}, {"source_name": "CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport", "description": "Communications Security, Reliability, Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (2017, March). Working Group 10 Legacy Systems Risk Reductions Final Report. Retrieved May 24, 2017.", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200330012714/https://www.fcc.gov/files/csric5-wg10-finalreport031517pdf"}, {"source_name": "CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport", "description": "CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport"}, {"source_name": "Positive-SS7", "description": "Positive Technologies. (n.d.). SS7 Attack Discovery. Retrieved December 19, 2016.", "url": "https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/ptcom/PT-SS7-AD-Data-Sheet-eng.pdf"}, {"source_name": "Engel-SS7-2008", "description": "Tobias Engel. (2008, December). Locating Mobile Phones using SS7. Retrieved December 19, 2016.", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0n5ySqbfdI"}, {"source_name": "Engel-SS7", "description": "Tobias Engel. (2014, December). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate.. Retrieved December 19, 2016.", "url": "https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-38.html", "external_id": "CEL-38"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-09-08T18:15:15.902Z", "name": "Match Legitimate Name or Location", "description": "Adversaries may match or approximate the name or location of legitimate files or resources when naming/placing them. This is done for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may be done by giving artifacts the name and icon of a legitimate, trusted application (i.e., Settings), or using a package name that matches legitimate, trusted applications (i.e., `com.google.android.gm`). \n\nAdversaries may also use the same icon of the file or application they are trying to mimic.\n", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Ford Qin, Trend Micro", "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--114fed8b-7eed-4136-8b9c-411c5c7fff4b", "created": "2023-07-12T20:45:14.704Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1655/001", "external_id": "T1655.001"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-14.html", "external_id": "APP-14"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html", "external_id": "APP-31"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "id": "attack-pattern--11bd699b-f2c2-4e48-bf46-fb3f8acd9799", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:30.462Z", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1425", "external_id": "T1425"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T01:05:10.699Z", "name": "Insecure Third-Party Libraries", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:56:20.270Z", "name": "Protected User Data", "description": "Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to collect data from permission-backed data stores on a device, such as the calendar or contact list. These permissions need to be declared ahead of time. On Android, they must be included in the application\u2019s manifest. On iOS, they must be included in the application\u2019s `Info.plist` file.  \n\n \n\nIn almost all cases, the user is required to grant access to the data store that the application is trying to access. In recent OS versions, vendors have introduced additional privacy controls for users, such as the ability to grant permission to an application only while the application is being actively used by the user. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access [Protected User Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636) without the user\u2019s knowledge or approval. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Users can view permissions granted to an application in device settings. Application vetting services typically flag permissions requested by an application, which can be reviewed by an administrator. Certain dangerous permissions, such as `RECEIVE_SMS`, could receive additional scrutiny.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--11c2c2b7-1fd4-408f-bc2e-fe772ef9df5e", "created": "2022-04-01T12:36:41.507Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636", "external_id": "T1636"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html", "external_id": "APP-13"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--16d73b64-5681-4ea0-9af4-4ad86f7c96e8", "created": "2022-04-05T20:15:43.636Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1521.002", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/002"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Adversaries may employ a known asymmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic, rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Asymmetric cryptography, also known as public key cryptography, uses a keypair per party: one public that can be freely distributed, and one private that should not be distributed. Due to how asymmetric algorithms work, the sender encrypts data with the receiver\u2019s public key and the receiver decrypts the data with their private key. This ensures that only the intended recipient can read the encrypted data. Common public key encryption algorithms include RSA, ElGamal, and ECDSA.\n\nFor efficiency, many protocols (including SSL/TLS) use symmetric cryptography once a connection is established, but use asymmetric cryptography to establish or transmit a key. As such, these protocols are classified as [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/002).", "modified": "2022-04-05T20:16:21.324Z", "name": "Asymmetric Cryptography", "x_mitre_detection": "Since data encryption is a common practice in many legitimate applications and uses standard programming language-specific APIs, encrypting data for command and control communication is regarded as undetectable to the user.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"phase_name": "command-and-control", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:55:03.477Z", "name": "Software Discovery", "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of applications that are installed on a device. Adversaries may use the information from [Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not to fully infect the target and/or attempts specific actions. \n\n \n\nAdversaries may attempt to enumerate applications for a variety of reasons, such as figuring out what security measures are present or to identify the presence of target applications. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "discovery"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services could look for the Android permission `android.permission.QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES`, and apply extra scrutiny to applications that request it. On iOS, application vetting services could look for usage of the private API `LSApplicationWorkspace` and apply extra scrutiny to applications that employ it.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "2.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:28.067Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418", "external_id": "T1418"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-12.html", "external_id": "APP-12"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:55:23.702Z", "name": "Process Discovery", "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get information about running processes on a device. Information obtained could be used to gain an understanding of common software/applications running on devices within a network. Adversaries may use the information from [Process Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1424) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. \n\n \n\nRecent Android security enhancements have made it more difficult to obtain a list of running processes. On Android 7 and later, there is no way for an application to obtain the process list without abusing elevated privileges. This is due to the Android kernel utilizing the `hidepid` mount feature. Prior to Android 7, applications could utilize the `ps` command or examine the `/proc` directory on the device.(Citation: Android-SELinuxChanges) \n\n \n\nIn iOS, applications have previously been able to use the `sysctl` command to obtain a list of running processes. This functionality has been removed in later iOS versions. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "discovery"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Mobile security products can typically detect rooted devices, which is an indication that Process Discovery is possible. Application vetting could potentially detect when applications attempt to abuse root access or root the system itself. Further, application vetting services could look for attempted usage of legacy process discovery mechanisms, such as the usage of `ps` or inspection of the `/proc` directory.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "2.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--1b51f5bc-b97a-498a-8dbd-bc6b1901bf19", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:33.926Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1424", "external_id": "T1424"}, {"source_name": "Android-SELinuxChanges", "description": "Various. (2016, March 31). Overly restrictive SELinux filesystem permissions in Android N. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=205565"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-16T18:32:30.150Z", "name": "Call Log", "description": "Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather call log data. On Android, this can be accomplished using the Call Log Content Provider. iOS provides no standard API to access the call log. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access the [Call Log](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/002) without the user\u2019s knowledge or approval. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "On Android, the user can manage which applications have permission to access the call log through the device settings screen, revoking the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_CALL_LOG` in an Android application\u2019s manifest. Most applications do not need call log access, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it.  ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--1d1b1558-c833-482e-aabb-d07ef6eae63d", "created": "2022-04-01T13:12:23.522Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/002", "external_id": "T1636.002"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html", "external_id": "APP-13"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:55:33.642Z", "name": "Security Software Discovery", "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of security applications and configurations that are installed on a device. This may include things such as mobile security products. Adversaries may use the information from [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418/001) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not to fully infect the target and/or attempt specific actions. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "discovery"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services could look for the Android permission `android.permission.QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES`, and apply extra scrutiny to applications that request it. On iOS, application vetting services could look for usage of the private API `LSApplicationWorkspace` and apply extra scrutiny to applications that employ it.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--1d44f529-6fe6-489f-8a01-6261ac43f05e", "created": "2022-03-31T19:50:45.752Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418/001", "external_id": "T1418.001"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-12.html", "external_id": "APP-12"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "id": "attack-pattern--1f96d624-8409-4472-ad8a-30618ee6b2e2", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:10.699Z", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1434", "external_id": "T1434"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T01:05:10.699Z", "name": "App Delivered via Email Attachment", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:57:40.571Z", "name": "Ptrace System Calls", "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via ptrace (process trace) system calls in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Ptrace system call injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process.  \n\nPtrace system call injection involves attaching to and modifying a running process. The ptrace system call enables a debugging process to observe and control another process (and each individual thread), including changing memory and register values.(Citation: PTRACE man) Ptrace system call injection is commonly performed by writing arbitrary code into a running process (e.g., by using `malloc`) then invoking that memory with `PTRACE_SETREGS` to set the register containing the next instruction to execute. Ptrace system call injection can also be done with `PTRACE_POKETEXT`/`PTRACE_POKEDATA`, which copy data to a specific address in the target process's memory (e.g., the current address of the next instruction).(Citation: PTRACE man)(Citation: Medium Ptrace JUL 2018)  \n\nPtrace system call injection may not be possible when targeting processes with high-privileges, and on some systems those that are non-child processes.(Citation: BH Linux Inject)  \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via ptrace system call injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services could look for misuse of dynamic libraries.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--1ff89c1b-7615-4fe8-b9cb-63aaf52e6dee", "created": "2022-03-30T19:05:17.048Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1631/001", "external_id": "T1631.001"}, {"source_name": "BH Linux Inject", "description": "Colgan, T. (2015, August 15). Linux-Inject. Retrieved February 21, 2020.", "url": "https://github.com/gaffe23/linux-inject/blob/master/slides_BHArsenal2015.pdf"}, {"source_name": "Medium Ptrace JUL 2018", "description": "Jain, S. (2018, July 25). Code injection in running process using ptrace. Retrieved February 21, 2020.", "url": "https://medium.com/@jain.sm/code-injection-in-running-process-using-ptrace-d3ea7191a4be"}, {"source_name": "PTRACE man", "description": "Kerrisk, M. (2020, February 9). PTRACE(2) - Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved February 21, 2020.", "url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/ptrace.2.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:59:55.849Z", "name": "Impair Defenses", "description": "Adversaries may maliciously modify components of a victim environment in order to hinder or disable defensive mechanisms. This not only involves impairing preventative defenses, such as anti-virus, but also detection capabilities that defenders can use to audit activity and identify malicious behavior. This may span both native defenses as well as supplemental capabilities installed by users or mobile endpoint administrators.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Mobile security products integrated with Samsung Knox for Mobile Threat Defense can monitor processes to see if security tools are killed or stop running. Application vetting can detect many techniques associated with impairing device defenses.(Citation: Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense)", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--20b0931a-8952-42ca-975f-775bad295f1a", "created": "2022-04-01T18:42:22.117Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629", "external_id": "T1629"}, {"source_name": "Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense", "description": "Samsung Knox Partner Program. (n.d.). Knox for Mobile Threat Defense. Retrieved March 30, 2022.", "url": "https://partner.samsungknox.com/mtd"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html", "external_id": "APP-22"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160tefanko, ESET"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "attack-pattern--2204c371-6100-4ae0-82f3-25c07c29772a", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:08.613Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "external_id": "T1453", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1453"}, {"url": "https://www.skycure.com/blog/accessibility-clickjacking/", "description": "Yair Amit. (2016, March 3). \u201cAccessibility Clickjacking\u201d \u2013 The Next Evolution in Android Malware that Impacts More Than 500 Million Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "source_name": "Skycure-Accessibility"}, {"description": "Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160tefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019.", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/", "source_name": "android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa"}, {"source_name": "banking-trojans-google-play", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/10/24/banking-trojans-continue-surface-google-play/", "description": "Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160tefanko. (2018, October 24). Banking Trojans continue to surface on Google Play. Retrieved July 11, 2019."}], "modified": "2020-03-30T14:03:43.761Z", "name": "Abuse Accessibility Features", "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417), [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516), and [Input Prompt](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1411) where appropriate.**\n\nA malicious app could abuse Android's accessibility features to capture sensitive data or perform other malicious actions.(Citation: Skycure-Accessibility)\n\nAdversaries may abuse accessibility features on Android to emulate a user's clicks, for example to steal money from a user's bank account.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)(Citation: banking-trojans-google-play)\n\nAdversaries may abuse accessibility features on Android devices to evade defenses by repeatedly clicking the \"Back\" button when a targeted app manager or mobile security app is launched, or when strings suggesting uninstallation are detected in the foreground. This effectively prevents the malicious application from being uninstalled.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "x_mitre_version": "2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:51:07.651Z", "name": "Exploitation of Remote Services", "description": "Adversaries may exploit remote services of enterprise servers, workstations, or other resources to gain unauthorized access to internal systems once inside of a network. Adversaries may exploit remote services by taking advantage of a mobile device\u2019s access to an internal enterprise network through local connectivity or through a Virtual Private Network (VPN). Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. A common goal for post-compromise exploitation of remote services is for lateral movement to enable access to a remote system. \n\nAn adversary may need to determine if the remote system is in a vulnerable state, which may be done through [Network Service Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1423) or other Discovery methods. These look for common, vulnerable software that may be deployed in the network, the lack of certain patches that may indicate vulnerabilities, or security software that may be used to detect or contain remote exploitation. Servers are likely a high value target for lateral movement exploitation, but endpoint systems may also be at risk if they provide an advantage or access to additional resources.\n\nDepending on the permissions level of the vulnerable remote service, an adversary may achieve [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1404) as a result of lateral movement exploitation as well. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "lateral-movement"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting software exploitation initiated by a mobile device may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash.\n\nNetwork traffic analysis could reveal patterns of compromise if devices attempt to access unusual targets or resources. \n\nApplication vetting may be able to identify applications that perform Discovery or utilize existing connectivity to remotely access hosts within an internal enterprise network. ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--22379609-a99f-4a01-bd7e-70f3e105859d", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:13.259Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1428", "external_id": "T1428"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-32.html", "external_id": "APP-32"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--2282a98b-5049-4f61-9381-55baca7c1add", "created": "2022-04-01T19:06:27.177Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1437.001", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1437/001"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-29.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-29"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with web protocols traffic to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to remote mobile devices, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the mobile client and server. \n\nWeb protocols such as HTTP and HTTPS are used for web traffic as well as well as notification services native to mobile messaging services such as Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) and newly, Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM), (GCM/FCM: two-way communication) and Apple Push Notification Service (APNS; one-way server-to-device).  Such notification services leverage HTTP/S via the respective API and are commonly abused on Android and iOS respectively in order blend in with routine device traffic making it difficult for enterprises to inspect. ", "modified": "2022-04-06T13:07:45.661Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Web Protocols", "x_mitre_detection": "Abuse of standard application protocols can be difficult to detect as many legitimate mobile applications leverage such protocols for language-specific APIs. Enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"phase_name": "command-and-control", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-12-26T19:17:13.294Z", "name": "Steal Application Access Token", "description": "Adversaries can steal user application access tokens as a means of acquiring credentials to access remote systems and resources. This can occur through social engineering or URI hijacking and typically requires user action to grant access, such as through a system \u201cOpen With\u201d dialogue.  \n\nApplication access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).(Citation: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019) OAuth is one commonly implemented framework used to issue tokens to users for access to systems. An application desiring access to cloud-based services or protected APIs can gain entry through OAuth 2.0 using a variety of authorization protocols. An example of a commonly-used sequence is Microsoft's Authorization Code Grant flow.(Citation: Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019)(Citation: Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019) An OAuth access token enables a third-party application to interact with resources containing user data in the ways requested without requiring user credentials.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "On Android, users may be presented with a popup to select the appropriate application to open a URI in. If the user sees an application they do not recognize, they can remove it. When vetting applications for potential security weaknesses, the vetting process could look for insecure use of Intents. Developers should be encouraged to use techniques to ensure that the intent can only be sent to an appropriate destination (e.g., use explicit rather than implicit intents, permission checking, checking of the destination app's signing certificate, or utilizing the App Links feature). For mobile applications using OAuth, encourage use of best practice.(Citation: IETF-OAuthNativeApps)(Citation: Android-AppLinks)", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--233fe2c0-cb41-4765-b454-e0087597fbce", "created": "2022-04-01T15:12:50.740Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1635", "external_id": "T1635"}, {"source_name": "Android-AppLinks", "description": "Android. (n.d.). Handling App Links. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/training/app-links/index.html"}, {"source_name": "Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019", "description": "Auth0. (n.d.). Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs. Retrieved September 12, 2019.", "url": "https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/"}, {"source_name": "Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019", "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Microsoft identity platform and OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow. Retrieved September 12, 2019.", "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/v2-oauth2-auth-code-flow"}, {"source_name": "Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019", "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2019.", "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/active-directory-v2-protocols"}, {"source_name": "IETF-OAuthNativeApps", "description": "W. Denniss and J. Bradley. (2017, October). IETF RFC 8252: OAuth 2.0 for Native Apps. Retrieved November 30, 2018.", "url": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8252"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--24a77e53-0751-46fc-b207-99378fb35c08", "created": "2022-04-11T20:05:56.069Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1628.002", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628/002"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Adversaries may attempt to avoid detection by hiding malicious behavior from the user. By doing this, an adversary\u2019s modifications would most likely remain installed on the device for longer, allowing the adversary to continue to operate on that device. \n\nWhile there are many ways this can be accomplished, one method is by using the device\u2019s sensors. By utilizing the various motion sensors on a device, such as accelerometer or gyroscope, an application could detect that the device is being interacted with. That way, the application could continue to run while the device is not in use but cease operating while the user is using the device, hiding anything that would indicate malicious activity was ongoing. Accessing the sensors in this way does not require any permissions from the user, so it would be completely transparent.", "modified": "2022-04-11T20:05:56.069Z", "name": "User Evasion", "x_mitre_detection": "Mobile security products may be able to detect some forms of user evasion. Otherwise, the act of hiding malicious activity could be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"phase_name": "defense-evasion", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:37:57.884Z", "name": "Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion", "description": "Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors after checking for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware\u2019s behavior to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the payload. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping further payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors. \n\nAdversaries may use several methods to accomplish [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633) such as checking for system artifacts associated with analysis or virtualization. Adversaries may also check for legitimate user activity to help determine if it is in an analysis environment. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services could look for applications attempting to get `android.os.SystemProperties` or `getprop` with the runtime `exec()` commands. This could indicate some level of sandbox evasion, as Google recommends against using system properties within applications.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--27d18e87-8f32-4be1-b456-39b90454360f", "created": "2022-03-30T17:51:29.550Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633", "external_id": "T1633"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--27f483c6-6666-44fa-8532-ffd5fc7dab38", "created": "2020-06-24T17:33:49.778Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1579", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1579"}, {"source_name": "Apple Keychain Services", "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/keychain_services", "description": "Apple, Inc.. (n.d.). Keychain Services. Retrieved June 24, 2020."}, {"source_name": "Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain", "url": "https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2018/12/six-ways-to-decrypt-iphone-passwords-from-the-keychain/", "description": "V. Katalov. (2018, December 18). Six Ways to Decrypt iPhone Passwords from the Keychain. Retrieved June 24, 2020."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-11.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "AUT-11"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "Adversaries may collect the keychain storage data from an iOS device to acquire credentials. Keychains are the built-in way for iOS to keep track of users' passwords and credentials for many services and features such as Wi-Fi passwords, websites, secure notes, certificates, private keys, and VPN credentials.\n\nOn the device, the keychain database is stored outside of application sandboxes to prevent unauthorized access to the raw data. Standard iOS APIs allow applications access to their own keychain contained within the database. By utilizing a privilege escalation exploit or existing root access, an adversary can access the entire encrypted database.(Citation: Apple Keychain Services)(Citation: Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain)", "modified": "2022-04-01T15:02:43.470Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Keychain", "x_mitre_detection": "Mobile security products can potentially detect jailbroken devices and perform further actions as necessary.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-09-28T15:36:11.282Z", "name": "Application Versioning", "description": "An adversary may push an update to a previously benign application to add malicious code. This can be accomplished by pushing an initially benign, functional application to a trusted application store, such as the Google Play Store or the Apple App Store. This allows the adversary to establish a trusted userbase that may grant permissions to the application prior to the introduction of malicious code. Then, an application update could be pushed to introduce malicious code.(Citation: android_app_breaking_bad)\n\nThis technique could also be accomplished by compromising a developer\u2019s account. This would allow an adversary to take advantage of an existing userbase without having to establish the userbase themselves. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "initial-access"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Edward Stevens, BT Security", "Adam Lichters"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--28fdd23d-aee3-4afe-bc3f-5f1f52929258", "created": "2023-09-21T22:16:38.002Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1661", "external_id": "T1661"}, {"source_name": "android_app_breaking_bad", "description": "Stefanko, L. (2023, May 23). Android app breaking bad: From legitimate screen recording to file exfiltration within a year. Retrieved August 28, 2023.", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/05/23/android-app-breaking-bad-legitimate-screen-recording-file-exfiltration/"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-20.html", "external_id": "SPC-20"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--29e07491-8947-43a3-8d4e-9a787c45f3d3", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:17.176Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1413", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1413"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-3.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-3"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-13"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "On versions of Android prior to 4.1, an adversary may use a malicious application that holds the READ_LOGS permission to obtain private keys, passwords, other credentials, or other sensitive data stored in the device's system log. On Android 4.1 and later, an adversary would need to attempt to perform an operating system privilege escalation attack to be able to access the log.", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:37:34.463Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Access Sensitive Data in Device Logs", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-07T22:15:34.693Z", "name": "Command and Scripting Interpreter", "description": "Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries. These interfaces and languages provide ways of interacting with computer systems and are a common feature across many different platforms. Most systems come with some built-in command-line interface and scripting capabilities, for example, Android is a UNIX-like OS and includes a basic [Unix Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1623/001) that can be accessed via the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) or Java\u2019s `Runtime` package.\n\nAdversaries may abuse these technologies in various ways as a means of executing arbitrary commands. Commands and scripts can be embedded in [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0027) payloads delivered to victims as lure documents or as secondary payloads downloaded from an existing C2. Adversaries may also execute commands through interactive terminals/shells. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "execution"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Command-line activities can potentially be detected through Mobile Threat Defense integrations with lower-level OS APIs. This could grant the MTD agents access to running processes and their parameters, potentially detecting unwanted or malicious shells.\n\nApplication vetting services could detect the invocations of methods that could be used to execute shell commands.(Citation: Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense)", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--29f1f56c-7b7a-4c14-9e39-59577ea2743c", "created": "2022-03-30T13:40:37.259Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1623", "external_id": "T1623"}, {"source_name": "Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense", "description": "Samsung Knox Partner Program. (n.d.). Knox for Mobile Threat Defense. Retrieved March 30, 2022.", "url": "https://partner.samsungknox.com/mtd"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:40:12.912Z", "name": "Disable or Modify Tools", "description": "Adversaries may disable security tools to avoid potential detection of their tools and activities. This can take the form of disabling security software, modifying SELinux configuration, or other methods to interfere with security tools scanning or reporting information. This is typically done by abusing device administrator permissions or using system exploits to gain root access to the device to modify protected system files.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Users can view a list of active device administrators in the device settings.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--2aa78dfd-cb6f-4c70-9408-137cfd96be49", "created": "2022-04-01T18:51:13.963Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629/003", "external_id": "T1629.003"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-14T16:21:05.728Z", "name": "Ingress Tool Transfer", "description": "Adversaries may transfer tools or other files from an external system onto a compromised device to facilitate follow-on actions. Files may be copied from an external adversary-controlled system through the command and control channel  or through alternate protocols with another tool such as FTP.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "command-and-control"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services could look for connections to unknown domains or IP addresses. Application vetting services may indicate precisely what content was requested during application execution.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "2.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--2bb20118-e6c0-41dc-a07c-283ea4dd0fb8", "created": "2020-01-21T15:27:30.182Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1544", "external_id": "T1544"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-14T16:19:34.225Z", "name": "Dynamic Resolution", "description": "Adversaries may dynamically establish connections to command and control infrastructure to evade common detections and remediations. This may be achieved by using malware that shares a common algorithm with the infrastructure the adversary uses to receive the malware's communications. This algorithm can be used to dynamically adjust parameters such as the domain name, IP address, or port number the malware uses for command and control.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "command-and-control"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs), constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There are a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) Content delivery network (CDN) domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, a more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names or rarely visited domains.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--2ccc3d39-9598-4d32-9657-42e1c7095d26", "created": "2022-04-05T19:57:15.734Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1637", "external_id": "T1637"}, {"source_name": "Data Driven Security DGA", "description": "Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.", "url": "https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--2d646840-f6f5-4619-a5a8-29c8316bbac5", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1477", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1477"}, {"source_name": "Forbes-iPhoneSMS", "url": "http://www.forbes.com/2009/07/28/hackers-iphone-apple-technology-security-hackers.html", "description": "Andy Greenberg. (2009, July 28). How to Hijack 'Every iPhone In The World'. Retrieved December 23, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Register-BaseStation", "url": "http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/11/12/mobile_pwn2own1/", "description": "D. Pauli. (2015, November 12). Samsung S6 calls open to man-in-the-middle base station snooping. Retrieved December 23, 2016."}, {"source_name": "ProjectZero-BroadcomWiFi", "url": "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/04/over-air-exploiting-broadcoms-wi-fi_4.html", "description": "Gal Beniamini. (2017, April 4). Over The Air: Exploiting Broadcom's Wi-Fi Stack. Retrieved November 8, 2018."}, {"source_name": "Weinmann-Baseband", "url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/woot12/woot12-final24.pdf", "description": "R. Weinmann. (2012, August 6-7). Baseband Attacks: Remote Exploitation of Memory Corruptions in Cellular Protocol Stacks. Retrieved December 23, 2016."}, {"source_name": "SRLabs-SIMCard", "url": "https://srlabs.de/bites/rooting-sim-cards/", "description": "SRLabs. (n.d.). SIM cards are prone to remote hacking. Retrieved December 23, 2016."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "The mobile device may be targeted for exploitation through its interface to cellular networks or other radio interfaces.\n\n### Baseband Vulnerability Exploitation\n\nA message sent over a radio interface (typically cellular, but potentially Bluetooth, GPS, NFC, Wi-Fi(Citation: ProjectZero-BroadcomWiFi) or other) to the mobile device could exploit a vulnerability in code running on the device(Citation: Register-BaseStation)(Citation: Weinmann-Baseband).\n\n### Malicious SMS Message\n\nAn SMS message could contain content designed to exploit vulnerabilities in the SMS parser on the receiving device(Citation: Forbes-iPhoneSMS). An SMS message could also contain a link to a web site containing malicious content designed to exploit the device web browser. Vulnerable SIM cards may be remotely exploited and reprogrammed via SMS messages(Citation: SRLabs-SIMCard).", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:42:13.444Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Exploit via Radio Interfaces", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "initial-access"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--2de38279-043e-47e8-aaad-1b07af6d0790", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:26.890Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1423", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1423"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of services running on remote hosts, including those that may be vulnerable to remote software exploitation. Methods to acquire this information include port scans and vulnerability scans from the mobile device. This technique may take advantage of the mobile device's access to an internal enterprise network either through local connectivity or through a Virtual Private Network (VPN).", "modified": "2022-04-11T19:12:38.451Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Network Service Scanning", "x_mitre_detection": "Network service scanning can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"phase_name": "discovery", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--2f0e8d80-4b8b-4f4a-b5cc-132afe7e057d", "created": "2021-09-30T18:18:52.285Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1618", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1618"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "Adversaries may attempt to avoid detection by hiding malicious behavior from the user. By doing this, an adversary\u2019s modifications would most likely remain installed on the device for longer, allowing the adversary to continue to operate on that device. \n\nWhile there are many ways this can be accomplished, one method is by using the device\u2019s sensors. By utilizing the various motion sensors on a device, such as accelerometer or gyroscope, an application could detect that the device is being interacted with. That way, the application could continue to run while the device is not in use but cease operating while the user is using the device, hiding anything that would indicate malicious activity was ongoing. Accessing the sensors in this way does not require any permissions from the user, so it would be completely transparent.", "modified": "2022-04-11T20:06:56.032Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "User Evasion", "x_mitre_detection": "Mobile security products may be able to detect some forms of user evasion. Otherwise, the act of hiding malicious activity could be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-14T16:41:52.000Z", "name": "Exfiltration Over C2 Channel", "description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an existing command and control channel. Stolen data is encoded into the normal communications channel using the same protocol as command and control communications.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "exfiltration"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "[Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1646) can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--32063d7f-0a39-440d-a4a3-2694488f96cc", "created": "2022-04-01T15:43:45.913Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1646", "external_id": "T1646"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-29.html", "external_id": "APP-29"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-09-08T19:20:13.836Z", "name": "Exploitation for Privilege Escalation", "description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in order to elevate privileges. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in an application, service, within the operating system software, or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. Security constructions, such as permission levels, will often hinder access to information and use of certain techniques. Adversaries will likely need to perform privilege escalation to include use of software exploitation to circumvent those restrictions. \n\nWhen initially gaining access to a device, an adversary may be operating within a lower privileged process which will prevent them from accessing certain resources on the system. Vulnerabilities may exist, usually in operating system components and applications running at higher permissions, that can be exploited to gain higher levels of access on the system. This could enable someone to move from unprivileged or user- level permission to root permissions depending on the component that is vulnerable. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Mobile security products can potentially utilize device APIs to determine if a device has been rooted or jailbroken.  Application vetting services could potentially determine if an application contains code designed to exploit vulnerabilities.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "2.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--351c0927-2fc1-4a2c-ad84-cbbee7eb8172", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:29.405Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1404", "external_id": "T1404"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-26.html", "external_id": "APP-26"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-10T21:57:52.009Z", "name": "Call Control", "description": "Adversaries may make, forward, or block phone calls without user authorization. This could be used for adversary goals such as audio surveillance, blocking or forwarding calls from the device owner, or C2 communication.\n\nSeveral permissions may be used to programmatically control phone calls, including:\n\n* `ANSWER_PHONE_CALLS` - Allows the application to answer incoming phone calls(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `CALL_PHONE` - Allows the application to initiate a phone call without going through the Dialer interface(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS` - Allows the application to see the number being dialed during an outgoing call with the option to redirect the call to a different number or abort the call altogether(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `MANAGE_OWN_CALLS` - Allows a calling application which manages its own calls through the self-managed `ConnectionService` APIs(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `BIND_TELECOM_CONNECTION_SERVICE` - Required permission when using a `ConnectionService`(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `WRITE_CALL_LOG` - Allows an application to write to the device call log, potentially to hide malicious phone calls(Citation: Android Permissions)\n\nWhen granted some of these permissions, an application can make a phone call without opening the dialer first. However, if an application desires to simply redirect the user to the dialer with a phone number filled in, it can launch an Intent using `Intent.ACTION_DIAL`, which requires no specific permissions. This then requires the user to explicitly initiate the call or use some form of [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516) to programmatically initiate it.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "command-and-control"}], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Gaetan van Diemen, ThreatFabric"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Users can view their default phone app in device settings. Users can review available call logs for irregularities, such as missing or unrecognized calls.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69", "created": "2021-09-20T13:42:20.824Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1616", "external_id": "T1616"}, {"source_name": "Android Permissions", "description": "Google. (2021, August 11). Manifest.permission. Retrieved September 22, 2021.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-41.html", "external_id": "APP-41"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-42.html", "external_id": "CEL-42"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-36.html", "external_id": "CEL-36"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-18.html", "external_id": "CEL-18"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-14T16:40:40.166Z", "name": "Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol", "description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an un-encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server.\n\nAdversaries may opt to obfuscate this data, without the use of encryption, within network protocols that are natively unencrypted (such as HTTP, FTP, or DNS). Adversaries may employ custom or publicly available encoding/compression algorithms (such as base64) or embed data within protocol headers and fields.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "exfiltration"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "[Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639/001)s can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--37047267-3e56-453c-833e-d92b68118120", "created": "2022-04-06T13:22:57.683Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639/001", "external_id": "T1639.001"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-30.html", "external_id": "APP-30"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-16T18:27:42.752Z", "name": "Broadcast Receivers", "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence using system mechanisms that trigger execution based on specific events. Mobile operating systems have means to subscribe to events such as receiving an SMS message, device boot completion, or other device activities. \n\nAn intent is a message passed between Android applications or system components. Applications can register to receive broadcast intents at runtime, which are system-wide intents delivered to each app when certain events happen on the device, such as network changes or the user unlocking the screen. Malicious applications can then trigger certain actions within the app based on which broadcast intent was received. \n\nIn addition to Android system intents, malicious applications can register for intents broadcasted by other applications. This allows the malware to respond based on actions in other applications. This behavior typically indicates a more intimate knowledge, or potentially the targeting of specific devices, users, or applications. \n\nIn Android 8 (API level 26), broadcast intent behavior was changed, limiting the implicit intents that applications can register for in the manifest. In most cases, applications that register through the manifest will no longer receive the broadcasts. Now, applications must register context-specific broadcast receivers while the user is actively using the app.(Citation: Android Changes to System Broadcasts) ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "persistence"}], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Alex Hinchliffe, Palo Alto Networks"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services can detect which broadcast intents an application registers for and which permissions it requests. ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--3775a580-a1d1-46c4-8147-c614a715f2e9", "created": "2022-03-30T14:41:00.672Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1624/001", "external_id": "T1624.001"}, {"source_name": "Android Changes to System Broadcasts", "description": "Google. (2019, December 27). Broadcasts Overview. Retrieved January 27, 2020.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/guide/components/broadcasts#changes-system-broadcasts"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--3911658a-6506-4deb-9ab4-595a51ae71ad", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:16.650Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1436", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1436"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "Adversaries may communicate over a commonly used port to bypass firewalls or network detection systems and to blend with normal network activity to avoid more detailed inspection. \n\nThey may use commonly open ports such as\n\n* TCP:80 (HTTP)\n* TCP:443 (HTTPS)\n* TCP:25 (SMTP)\n* TCP/UDP:53 (DNS)\n\nThey may use the protocol associated with the port or a completely different protocol.", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:40:47.556Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Commonly Used Port", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "command-and-control"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "exfiltration"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--393e8c12-a416-4575-ba90-19cc85656796", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:26.104Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1439", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1439"}, {"source_name": "mHealth", "url": "https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/security-concerns-in-android-mhealth-apps", "description": "D. He et al.. (2014). Security Concerns in Android mHealth Apps. Retrieved December 24, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-0.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-0"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-1.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-1"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "If network traffic between the mobile device and remote servers is unencrypted or is encrypted in an insecure manner, then an adversary positioned on the network can eavesdrop on communication.(Citation: mHealth)", "modified": "2022-04-05T20:17:46.147Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Eavesdrop on Insecure Network Communication", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "network-effects"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Without Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-15T16:26:05.050Z", "name": "Access Notifications", "description": "Adversaries may collect data within notifications sent by the operating system or other applications. Notifications may contain sensitive data such as one-time authentication codes sent over SMS, email, or other mediums. In the case of Credential Access, adversaries may attempt to intercept one-time code sent to the device. Adversaries can also dismiss notifications to prevent the user from noticing that the notification has arrived and can trigger action buttons contained within notifications.(Citation: ESET 2FA Bypass) ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services can look for applications requesting the `BIND_NOTIFICATION_LISTENER_SERVICE` permission in a service declaration. Users can also inspect and modify the list of applications that have notification access through the device settings (e.g. Apps & notification -> Special app access -> Notification access). ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--39dd7871-f59b-495f-a9a5-3cb8cc50c9b2", "created": "2019-09-15T15:26:08.183Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1517", "external_id": "T1517"}, {"source_name": "ESET 2FA Bypass", "description": "Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160tefanko. (2019, June 17). Malware sidesteps Google permissions policy with new 2FA bypass technique. Retrieved September 15, 2019.", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/06/17/malware-google-permissions-2fa-bypass/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--3b0b604f-10db-41a0-b54c-493124d455b9", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:14.982Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1410", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1410"}, {"source_name": "Skycure-Profiles", "url": "https://www.skycure.com/blog/malicious-profiles-the-sleeping-giant-of-ios-security/", "description": "Yair Amit. (2013, March 12). Malicious Profiles - The Sleeping Giant of iOS Security. Retrieved December 22, 2016."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "An adversary may capture network traffic to and from the device to obtain credentials or other sensitive data, or redirect network traffic to flow through an adversary-controlled gateway to do the same.\n\nA malicious app could register itself as a VPN client on Android or iOS to gain access to network packets. However, on both platforms, the user must grant consent to the app to act as a VPN client, and on iOS the app requires a special entitlement that must be granted by Apple.\n\nAlternatively, if a malicious app is able to escalate operating system privileges, it may be able to use those privileges to gain access to network traffic.\n\nAn adversary could redirect network traffic to an adversary-controlled gateway by establishing a VPN connection or by manipulating the device's proxy settings. For example, Skycure (Citation: Skycure-Profiles) describes the ability to redirect network traffic by installing a malicious iOS Configuration Profile.\n\nIf applications encrypt their network traffic, sensitive data may not be accessible to an adversary, depending on the point of capture.", "modified": "2022-04-15T17:52:24.123Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Network Traffic Capture or Redirection", "x_mitre_detection": "On both Android and iOS the user must grant consent to an app to act as a VPN. Both platforms also provide visual context to the user in the top status bar when a VPN connection is in place.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--3dd58c80-4c2e-458c-9503-1b2cd273c4d2", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:34.407Z", "x_mitre_version": "2.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1411", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1411"}, {"source_name": "Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices", "url": "http://w2spconf.com/2011/papers/felt-mobilephishing.pdf", "description": "A.P. Felt and D. Wagner. (2011, May 26). Phishing on Mobile Devices. Retrieved August 25, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Android Background", "url": "https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities/background-starts", "description": "Android Developers. (n.d.). Restrictions on starting activities from the background. Retrieved September 18, 2019."}, {"source_name": "Android-getRunningTasks", "url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/ActivityManager.html#getRunningTasks%28int%29", "description": "Android. (n.d.). ActivityManager getRunningTasks documentation. Retrieved January 19, 2017."}, {"source_name": "Cloak and Dagger", "url": "http://cloak-and-dagger.org/", "description": "Fratantonio, Y., et al.. (2017). Cloak & Dagger. Retrieved September 18, 2019."}, {"source_name": "Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019", "url": "https://www.group-ib.com/blog/gustuff", "description": "Group-IB. (2019, March 28). Group-IB uncovers Android Trojan named \u00abGustuff\u00bb capable of targeting more than 100 global banking apps, cryptocurrency and marketplace applications. Retrieved September 3, 2019."}, {"source_name": "eset-finance", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/09/19/fake-finance-apps-google-play-target-around-world/", "description": "Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160tefanko. (2016, July 7). Fake finance apps on Google Play target users from around the world. Retrieved September 24, 2018."}, {"source_name": "Hassell-ExploitingAndroid", "url": "https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2011kul/materials/D1T1%20-%20Riley%20Hassell%20-%20Exploiting%20Androids%20for%20Fun%20and%20Profit.pdf", "description": "R. Hassell. (2011, October 12-13). Exploiting Androids for Fun and Profit. Retrieved October 10, 2019."}, {"source_name": "XDA Bubbles", "url": "https://www.xda-developers.com/android-q-system-alert-window-deprecate-bubbles/", "description": "Rahman, M.. (2019, May 8). Bubbles in Android Q will fully replace the overlay API in a future Android version. Retrieved September 18, 2019."}, {"source_name": "NowSecure Android Overlay", "url": "https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2017/05/25/android-overlay-malware-system-alert-window-permission/", "description": "Ramirez, T.. (2017, May 25). \u2018SAW\u2019-ing through the UI: Android overlay malware and the System Alert Window permission explained. Retrieved September 18, 2019."}, {"source_name": "ThreatFabric Cerberus", "url": "https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html", "description": "ThreatFabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved September 18, 2019."}, {"source_name": "StackOverflow-getRunningAppProcesses", "url": "http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30619349/android-5-1-1-and-above-getrunningappprocesses-returns-my-application-packag", "description": "Various. (n.d.). Android 5.1.1 and above - getRunningAppProcesses() returns my application package only. Retrieved January 19, 2017."}, {"source_name": "Skycure-Accessibility", "url": "https://www.skycure.com/blog/accessibility-clickjacking/", "description": "Yair Amit. (2016, March 3). \u201cAccessibility Clickjacking\u201d \u2013 The Next Evolution in Android Malware that Impacts More Than 500 Million Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-31"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "The operating system and installed applications often have legitimate needs to prompt the user for sensitive information such as account credentials, bank account information, or Personally Identifiable Information (PII). Adversaries may mimic this functionality to prompt users for sensitive information.\n\nCompared to traditional PCs, the constrained display size of mobile devices may impair the ability to provide users with contextual information, making users more susceptible to this technique\u2019s use.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)\n\nSpecific approaches to this technique include:\n\n### Impersonate the identity of a legitimate application\n\nA malicious application could impersonate the identity of a legitimate application (e.g. use the same application name and/or icon) and get installed on the device. The malicious app could then prompt the user for sensitive information.(Citation: eset-finance)\n\n### Display a prompt on top of a running legitimate application\n\nA malicious application could display a prompt on top of a running legitimate application to trick users into entering sensitive information into the malicious application rather than the legitimate application. Typically, the malicious application would need to know when the targeted application (and individual activity within the targeted application) is running in the foreground, so that the malicious application knows when to display its prompt. Android 5.0 and 5.1.1, respectively, increased the difficulty of determining the current foreground application through modifications to the `ActivityManager` API.(Citation: Android-getRunningTasks)(Citation: StackOverflow-getRunningAppProcesses). A malicious application can still abuse Android\u2019s accessibility features to determine which application is currently in the foreground.(Citation: ThreatFabric Cerberus) Approaches to display a prompt include:\n\n* A malicious application could start a new activity on top of a running legitimate application.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)(Citation: Hassell-ExploitingAndroid) Android 10 places new restrictions on the ability for an application to start a new activity on top of another application, which may make it more difficult for adversaries to utilize this technique.(Citation: Android Background)\n* A malicious application could create an application overlay window on top of a running legitimate application. Applications must hold the `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission to create overlay windows. This permission is handled differently than typical Android permissions, and at least under certain conditions is automatically granted to applications installed from the Google Play Store.(Citation: Cloak and Dagger)(Citation: NowSecure Android Overlay)(Citation: Skycure-Accessibility) The `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission and its associated ability to create application overlay windows are expected to be deprecated in a future release of Android in favor of a new API.(Citation: XDA Bubbles)\n\n### Fake device notifications\n\nA malicious application could send fake device notifications to the user. Clicking on the device notification could trigger the malicious application to display an input prompt.(Citation: Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019)", "modified": "2022-04-05T19:52:32.190Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Input Prompt", "x_mitre_detection": "The user can view and manage which applications hold the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission to create overlay windows on top of other apps through the device settings in Apps & notifications -> Special app access -> Display over other apps (the exact menu location may vary between Android versions).", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-14T16:39:22.707Z", "name": "Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol", "description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over a different protocol than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. \n\nAlternate protocols include FTP, SMTP, HTTP/S, DNS, SMB, or any other network protocol not being used as the main command and control channel. Different protocol channels could also include Web services such as cloud storage. Adversaries may opt to also encrypt and/or obfuscate these alternate channels. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "exfiltration"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "[Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639)s can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--3e091a89-a493-4a6c-8e88-d57be19bb98d", "created": "2022-04-06T13:19:33.785Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639", "external_id": "T1639"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-30.html", "external_id": "APP-30"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2024-02-20T23:39:08.047Z", "name": "Internet Connection Discovery", "description": "Adversaries may check for Internet connectivity on compromised systems. This may be performed during automated discovery and can be accomplished in numerous ways such as using `adb shell netstat` for Android.(Citation: adb_commands)\n\nAdversaries may use the results and responses from these requests to determine if the mobile devices are capable of communicating with adversary-owned C2 servers before attempting to connect to them. The results may also be used to identify routes, redirectors, and proxy servers.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "discovery"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--45a5fe76-eda3-4d40-8f22-c186efd6278d", "created": "2024-02-20T23:39:08.047Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422/001", "external_id": "T1422.001"}, {"source_name": "adb_commands", "description": "Pulimet. (2017, September 11). AdbCommands. Retrieved December 14, 2023.", "url": "https://gist.github.com/Pulimet/5013acf2cd5b28e55036c82c91bd56d8"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "id": "attack-pattern--45dcbc83-4abc-4de1-b643-e528d1e9df09", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:24.069Z", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1460", "external_id": "T1460"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T01:05:10.703Z", "name": "Biometric Spoofing", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"modified": "2023-03-16T18:26:46.043Z", "name": "Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts", "description": "Adversaries may use scripts automatically executed at boot or logon initialization to establish persistence. Initialization scripts are part of the underlying operating system and are not accessible to the user unless the device has been rooted or jailbroken. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "persistence"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "On Android, Verified Boot can detect unauthorized modifications to the system partition.(Citation: Android-VerifiedBoot) Android's SafetyNet API provides remote attestation capabilities, which could potentially be used to identify and respond to compromise devices. Samsung Knox provides a similar remote attestation capability on supported Samsung devices. ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "2.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--46d818a5-67fa-4585-a7fc-ecf15376c8d5", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:31.294Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1398", "external_id": "T1398"}, {"source_name": "Android-VerifiedBoot", "description": "Android. (n.d.). Verified Boot. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-26.html", "external_id": "APP-26"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html", "external_id": "APP-27"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:44:26.317Z", "name": "Execution Guardrails", "description": "Adversaries may use execution guardrails to constrain execution or actions based on adversary supplied and environment specific conditions that are expected to be present on the target. Guardrails ensure that a payload only executes against an intended target and reduces collateral damage from an adversary\u2019s campaign. Values an adversary can provide about a target system or environment to use as guardrails may include environment information such as location.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019)\n\nGuardrails can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. This use of guardrails is distinct from typical [System Checks](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633/001). While use of [System Checks](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633/001) may involve checking for known sandbox values and continuing with execution only if there is no match, the use of guardrails will involve checking for an expected target-specific value and only continuing with execution if there is such a match.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting the use of guardrails may be difficult depending on the implementation. Users can review which applications have location and sensitive phone information permissions in the operating system\u2019s settings menu. Application vetting services can detect unnecessary and potentially permissions or API calls.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--498e7b81-238d-404c-aa5e-332904d63286", "created": "2022-03-30T20:31:16.624Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627", "external_id": "T1627"}, {"source_name": "SWB Exodus March 2019", "description": "Security Without Borders. (2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019.", "url": "https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:55:51.676Z", "name": "GUI Input Capture", "description": "Adversaries may mimic common operating system GUI components to prompt users for sensitive information with a seemingly legitimate prompt. The operating system and installed applications often have legitimate needs to prompt the user for sensitive information such as account credentials, bank account information, or Personally Identifiable Information (PII). Compared to traditional PCs, the constrained display size of mobile devices may impair the ability to provide users with contextual information, making users more susceptible to this technique\u2019s use.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)\n\nThere are several approaches adversaries may use to mimic this functionality. Adversaries may impersonate the identity of a legitimate application (e.g. use the same application name and/or icon) and, when installed on the device, may prompt the user for sensitive information.(Citation: eset-finance) Adversaries may also send fake device notifications to the user that may trigger the display of an input prompt when clicked.(Citation: Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019) \n\nAdditionally, adversaries may display a prompt on top of a running, legitimate application to trick users into entering sensitive information into a malicious application rather than the legitimate application. Typically, adversaries need to know when the targeted application and the individual activity within the targeted application is running in the foreground to display the prompt at the proper time. Adversaries can abuse Android\u2019s accessibility features to determine which application is currently in the foreground.(Citation: ThreatFabric Cerberus) Two known approaches to displaying a prompt include:\n\n* Adversaries start a new activity on top of a running legitimate application.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)(Citation: Hassell-ExploitingAndroid) Android 10 places new restrictions on the ability for an application to start a new activity on top of another application, which may make it more difficult for adversaries to utilize this technique.(Citation: Android Background)\n* Adversaries create an application overlay window on top of a running legitimate application. Applications must hold the `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission to create overlay windows. This permission is handled differently than typical Android permissions and, at least under certain conditions, is automatically granted to applications installed from the Google Play Store.(Citation: Cloak and Dagger)(Citation: NowSecure Android Overlay)(Citation: Skycure-Accessibility) The `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission and its associated ability to create application overlay windows are expected to be deprecated in a future release of Android in favor of a new API.(Citation: XDA Bubbles)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Android users can view and manage which applications hold the `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission through the device settings in Apps & notifications -> Special app access -> Display over other apps (the exact menu location may vary between Android versions). \n\nApplication vetting services can look for applications requesting the `android.permission.SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission in the list of permissions in the app manifest. ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512", "created": "2022-04-05T19:48:31.195Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/002", "external_id": "T1417.002"}, {"source_name": "Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices", "description": "A.P. Felt and D. Wagner. (2011, May 26). Phishing on Mobile Devices. Retrieved August 25, 2016.", "url": "http://w2spconf.com/2011/papers/felt-mobilephishing.pdf"}, {"source_name": "Android Background", "description": "Android Developers. (n.d.). Restrictions on starting activities from the background. Retrieved September 18, 2019.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities/background-starts"}, {"source_name": "Cloak and Dagger", "description": "Fratantonio, Y., et al.. (2017). Cloak & Dagger. Retrieved September 18, 2019.", "url": "http://cloak-and-dagger.org/"}, {"source_name": "Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019", "description": "Group-IB. (2019, March 28). Group-IB uncovers Android Trojan named \u00abGustuff\u00bb capable of targeting more than 100 global banking apps, cryptocurrency and marketplace applications. Retrieved September 3, 2019.", "url": "https://www.group-ib.com/blog/gustuff"}, {"source_name": "eset-finance", "description": "Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160tefanko. (2016, July 7). Fake finance apps on Google Play target users from around the world. Retrieved September 24, 2018.", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/09/19/fake-finance-apps-google-play-target-around-world/"}, {"source_name": "Hassell-ExploitingAndroid", "description": "R. Hassell. (2011, October 12-13). Exploiting Androids for Fun and Profit. Retrieved October 10, 2019.", "url": "https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2011kul/materials/D1T1%20-%20Riley%20Hassell%20-%20Exploiting%20Androids%20for%20Fun%20and%20Profit.pdf"}, {"source_name": "XDA Bubbles", "description": "Rahman, M.. (2019, May 8). Bubbles in Android Q will fully replace the overlay API in a future Android version. Retrieved September 18, 2019.", "url": "https://www.xda-developers.com/android-q-system-alert-window-deprecate-bubbles/"}, {"source_name": "NowSecure Android Overlay", "description": "Ramirez, T.. (2017, May 25). \u2018SAW\u2019-ing through the UI: Android overlay malware and the System Alert Window permission explained. Retrieved September 18, 2019.", "url": "https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2017/05/25/android-overlay-malware-system-alert-window-permission/"}, {"source_name": "ThreatFabric Cerberus", "description": "ThreatFabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved September 18, 2019.", "url": "https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html"}, {"source_name": "Skycure-Accessibility", "description": "Yair Amit. (2016, March 3). \u201cAccessibility Clickjacking\u201d \u2013 The Next Evolution in Android Malware that Impacts More Than 500 Million Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://www.skycure.com/blog/accessibility-clickjacking/"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html", "external_id": "APP-31"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--4e6620ac-c30c-4f6d-918e-fa20cae7c1ce", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:11.535Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1432", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1432"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-13"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "An adversary could call standard operating system APIs from a malicious application to gather contact list (i.e., address book) data, or with escalated privileges could directly access files containing contact list data.", "modified": "2022-04-01T13:19:41.180Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Access Contact List", "x_mitre_detection": "On both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, the user can view which applications have permission to access contact list information through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"phase_name": "collection", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T15:20:11.752Z", "name": "Compromise Client Software Binary", "description": "Adversaries may modify system software binaries to establish persistent access to devices. System software binaries are used by the underlying operating system and users over adb or terminal emulators. \n\nAdversaries may make modifications to client software binaries to carry out malicious tasks when those binaries are executed. For example, malware may come with a pre-compiled malicious binary intended to overwrite the genuine one on the device. Since these binaries may be routinely executed by the system or user, the adversary can leverage this for persistent access to the device. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "persistence"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Verified Boot can detect unauthorized modifications to the system partition.(Citation: Android-VerifiedBoot) Android\u2019s SafetyNet API provides remote attestation capabilities, which could potentially be used to identify and respond to compromised devices. Samsung Knox provides a similar remote attestation capability on supported Samsung devices. Application vetting services could detect applications trying to modify files in protected parts of the operating system.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--4f14e30b-8b57-4a7b-9093-2c0778ea99cf", "created": "2022-03-30T19:53:27.791Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1645", "external_id": "T1645"}, {"source_name": "Android-VerifiedBoot", "description": "Android. (n.d.). Verified Boot. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html", "external_id": "APP-27"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:54:40.501Z", "name": "Software Packing", "description": "Adversaries may perform software packing to conceal their code. Software packing is a method of compressing or encrypting an executable. Packing an executable changes the file signature in an attempt to avoid signature-based detection. Most decompression techniques decompress the executable code in memory. \n\nUtilities used to perform software packing are called packers. An example packer is FTT. A more comprehensive list of known packers is available, but adversaries may create their own packing techniques that do not leave the same artifacts as well-known packers to evade defenses.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services could look for known software packers or artifacts of packing techniques. Packing is not a definitive indicator of malicious activity, because as legitimate software may use packing techniques to reduce binary size or to protect proprietary code.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["iOS", "Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--51636761-2e35-44bf-9e56-e337adf97174", "created": "2022-03-30T19:20:37.864Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406/002", "external_id": "T1406.002"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "id": "attack-pattern--51aedbd6-2837-4d15-aeb0-cb09f2bf22ac", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:16.288Z", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1445", "external_id": "T1445"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T01:05:10.701Z", "name": "Abuse of iOS Enterprise App Signing Key", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--52651225-0b3a-482d-aa7e-10618fd063b5", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:09.864Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1450", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1450"}, {"source_name": "3GPP-Security", "url": "http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/wg3_security/_specs/33900-120.pdf", "description": "3GPP. (2000, January). A Guide to 3rd Generation Security. Retrieved December 19, 2016."}, {"source_name": "CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/files/csric5-wg10-finalreport031517pdf", "description": "Communications Security, Reliability, Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (2017, March). Working Group 10 Legacy Systems Risk Reductions Final Report. Retrieved May 24, 2017."}, {"source_name": "CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport", "description": "CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport"}, {"source_name": "Positive-SS7", "url": "https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/ptcom/PT-SS7-AD-Data-Sheet-eng.pdf", "description": "Positive Technologies. (n.d.). SS7 Attack Discovery. Retrieved December 19, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Engel-SS7-2008", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0n5ySqbfdI", "description": "Tobias Engel. (2008, December). Locating Mobile Phones using SS7. Retrieved December 19, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Engel-SS7", "url": "https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf", "description": "Tobias Engel. (2014, December). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate.. Retrieved December 19, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-38.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "CEL-38"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "An adversary could exploit signaling system vulnerabilities to track the location of mobile devices. (Citation: Engel-SS7) (Citation: Engel-SS7-2008) (Citation: 3GPP-Security) (Citation: Positive-SS7) (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport)", "modified": "2022-04-05T19:54:12.657Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Exploit SS7 to Track Device Location", "x_mitre_detection": "Network carriers may be able to use firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), or Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) to detect and/or block SS7 exploitation.(Citation: CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport) The CSRIC also suggests threat information sharing between telecommunications industry members.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "network-effects"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Without Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--52eff1c7-dd30-4121-b762-24ae6fa61bbb", "created": "2020-04-28T14:35:37.309Z", "x_mitre_version": "2.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1575", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1575"}, {"source_name": "Google NDK Getting Started", "url": "https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides", "description": "Google. (2019, December 27). Getting Started with the NDK. Retrieved April 28, 2020."}, {"source_name": "MITRE App Vetting Effectiveness", "url": "https://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/publications/pr-16-4772-analyzing-effectiveness-mobile-app-vetting-tools-report.pdf", "description": "M. Peck, C. Northern. (2016, August 22). Analyzing the Effectiveness of App Vetting Tools in the Enterprise. Retrieved April 28, 2020."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Adversaries may use Android\u2019s Native Development Kit (NDK) to write native functions that can achieve execution of binaries or functions. Like system calls on a traditional desktop operating system, native code achieves execution on a lower level than normal Android SDK calls.\n\nThe NDK allows developers to write native code in C or C++ that is compiled directly to machine code, avoiding all intermediate languages and steps in compilation that higher level languages, like Java, typically have. The Java Native Interface (JNI) is the component that allows Java functions in the Android app to call functions in a native library.(Citation: Google NDK Getting Started)\n\nAdversaries may also choose to use native functions to execute malicious code since native actions are typically much more difficult to analyze than standard, non-native behaviors.(Citation: MITRE App Vetting Effectiveness)", "modified": "2022-04-08T15:46:24.495Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Native API", "x_mitre_detection": "This is abuse of standard OS-level APIs and are therefore typically undetectable to the end user.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "execution"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--53263a67-075e-48fa-974b-91c5b5445db7", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1476", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1476"}, {"source_name": "IBTimes-ThirdParty", "url": "https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/danger-lurks-third-party-android-app-stores-1544861", "description": "A Prasad. (2016, February 19). Danger lurks in third-party Android app stores. Retrieved November 8, 2018."}, {"source_name": "TrendMicro-RootingMalware", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/user-beware-rooting-malware-found-in-3rd-party-app-stores/", "description": "Jordan Pan. (2016, February 10). User Beware: Rooting Malware Found in 3rd Party App Stores. Retrieved November 8, 2018."}, {"source_name": "android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/", "description": "Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160tefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019."}, {"source_name": "TrendMicro-FlappyBird", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/flappy-bird-and-third-party-app-stores/", "description": "Veo Zhang. (2014, February 18). Flappy Bird and Third-Party App Stores. Retrieved November 8, 2018."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-9.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "AUT-9"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-13.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "ECO-13"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-21.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "ECO-21"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "Malicious applications are a common attack vector used by adversaries to gain a presence on mobile devices. This technique describes installing a malicious application on targeted mobile devices without involving an authorized app store (e.g., Google Play Store or Apple App Store). Adversaries may wish to avoid placing malicious applications in an authorized app store due to increased potential risk of detection or other reasons. However, mobile devices often are configured to allow application installation only from an authorized app store which would prevent this technique from working.\n\nDelivery methods for the malicious application include:\n\n* [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) - Including the mobile app package as an attachment to an email message.\n* [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002) - Including a link to the mobile app package within an email, text message (e.g. SMS, iMessage, Hangouts, WhatsApp, etc.), web site, QR code, or other means.\n* Third-Party App Store - Installed from a third-party app store (as opposed to an authorized app store that the device implicitly trusts as part of its default behavior), which may not apply the same level of scrutiny to apps as applied by an authorized app store.(Citation: IBTimes-ThirdParty)(Citation: TrendMicro-RootingMalware)(Citation: TrendMicro-FlappyBird)\n\nSome Android malware comes with functionality to install additional applications, either automatically or when the adversary instructs it to.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:41:16.863Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Deliver Malicious App via Other Means", "x_mitre_detection": "* An EMM/MDM or mobile threat defense solution may be able to identify the presence of apps installed from sources other than an authorized app store. \n* An EMM/MDM or mobile threat defense solution may be able to identify Android devices configured to allow apps to be installed from \"Unknown Sources\".\n* Enterprise email security solutions can identify the presence of Android or iOS application packages within email messages.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "initial-access"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--537ea573-8a1c-468c-956b-d16d2ed9d067", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:07.827Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1469", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1469"}, {"source_name": "Honan-Hacking", "url": "https://www.wired.com/2012/08/apple-amazon-mat-honan-hacking/", "description": "Mat Honan. (2012, August 6). How Apple and Amazon Security Flaws Led to My Epic Hacking. Retrieved December 29, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-5.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "ECO-5"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-7.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "EMM-7"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "An adversary who is able to obtain unauthorized access to or misuse authorized access to cloud services (e.g. Google's Android Device Manager or Apple iCloud's Find my iPhone) or to an EMM console could use that access to wipe enrolled devices (Citation: Honan-Hacking).", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:54:28.187Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Remotely Wipe Data Without Authorization", "x_mitre_detection": "Google provides the ability for users to view their general account activity. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "remote-service-effects"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Without Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-09-28T17:02:58.893Z", "name": "Exploitation for Client Execution", "description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in client applications to execute code. Vulnerabilities can exist in software due to insecure coding practices that can lead to unanticipated behavior. Adversaries may take advantage of certain vulnerabilities through targeted exploitation for the purpose of arbitrary code execution. Oftentimes the most valuable exploits to an offensive toolkit are those that can be used to obtain code execution on a remote system because they can be used to gain access to that system. Users will expect to see files related to the applications they commonly used to do work, so they are a useful target for exploit research and development because of their high utility. \n\nAdversaries may use device-based zero-click exploits for code execution. These exploits are powerful because there is no user interaction required for code execution. \n\n### SMS/iMessage Delivery  \n\nSMS and iMessage in iOS are common targets through [Drive-By Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1456), [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1660), etc. Adversaries may use embed malicious links, files, etc. in SMS messages or iMessages. Mobile devices may be compromised through one-click exploits, where the victim must interact with a text message, or zero-click exploits, where no user interaction is required. \n\n### AirDrop \n\nUnique to iOS, AirDrop is a network protocol that allows iOS users to transfer files between iOS devices. Before patches from Apple were released, on iOS 13.4 and earlier, adversaries may force the Apple Wireless Direct Link (AWDL) interface to activate, then exploit a buffer overflow to gain access to the device and run as root without interaction from the user.  ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "execution"}], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Giorgi Gurgenidze, ISAC"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--5abfc5e6-3c56-49e7-ad72-502d01acf28b", "created": "2023-08-23T22:13:27.313Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1658", "external_id": "T1658"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:57:14.285Z", "name": "Proxy Through Victim", "description": "Adversaries may use a compromised device as a proxy server to the Internet. By utilizing a proxy, adversaries hide the true IP address of their C2 server and associated infrastructure from the destination of the network traffic. This masquerades an adversary\u2019s traffic as legitimate traffic originating from the compromised device, which can evade IP-based restrictions and alerts on certain services, such as bank accounts and social media websites.(Citation: Threat Fabric Exobot)\n\nThe most common type of proxy is a SOCKS proxy. It can typically be implemented using standard OS-level APIs and 3rd party libraries with no indication to the user. On Android, adversaries can use the `Proxy` API to programmatically establish a SOCKS proxy connection, or lower-level APIs to interact directly with raw sockets.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Enterprises may be able to detect anomalous traffic originating from mobile devices, which could indicate compromise.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--5ca3c7ec-55b2-4587-9376-cf6c96f8047a", "created": "2020-11-30T14:26:07.728Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1604", "external_id": "T1604"}, {"source_name": "Threat Fabric Exobot", "description": "Threat Fabric. (2017, February). Exobot - Android banking Trojan on the rise. Retrieved October 29, 2020.", "url": "https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/exobot_android_banking_trojan_on_the_rise.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--60623164-ccd8-4508-a141-b5a34820b3de", "created": "2019-09-23T13:11:43.694Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1520", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1520"}, {"source_name": "Data Driven Security DGA", "url": "https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/", "description": "Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019."}, {"source_name": "securelist rotexy 2018", "url": "https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/", "description": "T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan \u2013 banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "Adversaries may use [Domain Generation Algorithms](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1520) (DGAs) to procedurally generate domain names for command and control communication, and other uses such as malicious application distribution.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)\n\nDGAs increase the difficulty for defenders to block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there potentially could be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.", "modified": "2022-04-05T20:03:46.788Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Domain Generation Algorithms", "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different DGA algorithms, constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There is a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) CDN domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, another more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names or for rarely visited domains.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "command-and-control"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--62adb627-f647-498e-b4cc-41499361bacb", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:20.727Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1435", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1435"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-13"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "An adversary could call standard operating system APIs from a malicious application to gather calendar entry data, or with escalated privileges could directly access files containing calendar data.", "modified": "2022-04-01T12:50:48.453Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Access Calendar Entries", "x_mitre_detection": "On both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, the user can view which applications have permission to access calendar information through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"phase_name": "collection", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--633baf01-6de4-4963-bb54-ff6c6357bed3", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:21.354Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1465", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1465"}, {"source_name": "Kaspersky-DarkHotel", "url": "https://blog.kaspersky.com/darkhotel-apt/6613/", "description": "Alex Drozhzhin. (2014, November 10). Darkhotel: a spy campaign in luxury Asian hotels. Retrieved December 24, 2016."}, {"source_name": "NIST-SP800153", "url": "http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-153.pdf", "description": "M. Souppaya and K. Scarfone. (2012, February). NIST SP 800-153 Guidelines for Securing Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). Retrieved December 24, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/lan-pan-threats/LPN-0.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "LPN-0"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "An adversary could set up unauthorized Wi-Fi access points or compromise existing access points and, if the device connects to them, carry out network-based attacks such as eavesdropping on or modifying network communication(Citation: NIST-SP800153)(Citation: Kaspersky-DarkHotel).", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:51:11.938Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Rogue Wi-Fi Access Points", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "network-effects"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Without Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:54:25.564Z", "name": "Foreground Persistence", "description": "Adversaries may abuse Android's `startForeground()` API method to maintain continuous sensor access. Beginning in Android 9, idle applications running in the background no longer have access to device sensors, such as the camera, microphone, and gyroscope.(Citation: Android-SensorsOverview) Applications can retain sensor access by running in the foreground, using Android\u2019s `startForeground()` API method. This informs the system that the user is actively interacting with the application, and it should not be killed. The only requirement to start a foreground service is showing a persistent notification to the user.(Citation: Android-ForegroundServices)\n\nMalicious applications may abuse the `startForeground()` API method to continue running in the foreground, while presenting a notification to the user pretending to be a genuine application. This would allow unhindered access to the device\u2019s sensors, assuming permission has been previously granted.(Citation: BlackHat Sutter Android Foreground 2019)\n\nMalicious applications may also abuse the `startForeground()` API to inform the Android system that the user is actively interacting with the application, thus preventing it from being killed by the low memory killer.(Citation: TrendMicro-Yellow Camera)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "persistence"}], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Lorin Wu, Trend Micro"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Users can see persistent notifications in their notification drawer and can subsequently uninstall applications that do not belong. Applications could be vetted for their use of the `startForeground()` API, and could be further scrutinized if usage is found.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "2.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--648f8051-1a35-46d3-b1d8-3a3f5cf2cc8e", "created": "2019-11-19T17:32:20.373Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1541", "external_id": "T1541"}, {"source_name": "Android-SensorsOverview", "description": "Google. (n.d.). Sensors Overview. Retrieved November 19, 2019.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/sensors/sensors_overview#sensors-practices"}, {"source_name": "Android-ForegroundServices", "description": "Google. (n.d.). Services overview. Retrieved November 19, 2019.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/guide/components/services.html#Foreground"}, {"source_name": "TrendMicro-Yellow Camera", "description": "Song Wang. (2019, October 18). Fake Photo Beautification Apps on Google Play can Read SMS Verification Code to Trigger Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)/Carrier Billing. Retrieved November 19, 2019.", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/fake-photo-beautification-apps-on-google-play-can-read-sms-verification-code-to-trigger-wireless-application-protocol-wap-carrier-billing/"}, {"source_name": "BlackHat Sutter Android Foreground 2019", "description": "Thomas Sutter. (2019, December). Simple Spyware Androids Invisible Foreground Services and How to (Ab)use Them. Retrieved December 26, 2019.", "url": "https://i.blackhat.com/eu-19/Thursday/eu-19-Sutter-Simple-Spyware-Androids-Invisible-Foreground-Services-And-How-To-Abuse-Them.pdf"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-19.html", "external_id": "APP-19"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-07T17:13:04.396Z", "name": "Replication Through Removable Media", "description": "Adversaries may move onto devices by exploiting or copying malware to devices connected via USB. In the case of Lateral Movement, adversaries may utilize the physical connection of a device to a compromised or malicious charging station or PC to bypass application store requirements and install malicious applications directly.(Citation: Lau-Mactans) In the case of Initial Access, adversaries may attempt to exploit the device via the connection to gain access to data stored on the device.(Citation: Krebs-JuiceJacking) Examples of this include: \n \n* Exploiting insecure bootloaders in a Nexus 6 or 6P device over USB and gaining the ability to perform actions including intercepting phone calls, intercepting network traffic, and obtaining the device physical location.(Citation: IBM-NexusUSB) \n* Exploiting weakly-enforced security boundaries in Android devices such as the Google Pixel 2 over USB.(Citation: GoogleProjectZero-OATmeal) \n* Products from Cellebrite and Grayshift purportedly that can exploit some iOS devices using physical access to the data port to unlock the passcode.(Citation: Computerworld-iPhoneCracking) ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "initial-access"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "lateral-movement"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "2.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--667e5707-3843-4da8-bd34-88b922526f0d", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:23.233Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1458", "external_id": "T1458"}, {"source_name": "Krebs-JuiceJacking", "description": "Brian Krebs. (2011, August 17). Beware of Juice-Jacking. Retrieved December 23, 2016.", "url": "http://krebsonsecurity.com/2011/08/beware-of-juice-jacking/"}, {"source_name": "GoogleProjectZero-OATmeal", "description": "Jann Horn. (2018, September 10). OATmeal on the Universal Cereal Bus: Exploiting Android phones over USB. Retrieved September 18, 2018.", "url": "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/09/oatmeal-on-universal-cereal-bus.html"}, {"source_name": "Lau-Mactans", "description": "Lau et al.. (2013). Mactans: Injecting Malware Into iOS Devices Via Malicious Chargers. Retrieved December 23, 2016.", "url": "https://media.blackhat.com/us-13/US-13-Lau-Mactans-Injecting-Malware-into-iOS-Devices-via-Malicious-Chargers-WP.pdf"}, {"source_name": "Computerworld-iPhoneCracking", "description": "Lucas Mearian. (2018, May 9). Two vendors now sell iPhone cracking technology \u2013 and police are buying. Retrieved September 21, 2018.", "url": "https://www.computerworld.com/article/3268729/apple-ios/two-vendors-now-sell-iphone-cracking-technology-and-police-are-buying.html"}, {"source_name": "IBM-NexusUSB", "description": "Roee Hay. (2017, January 5). Android Vulnerabilities: Attacking Nexus 6 and 6P Custom Boot Modes. Retrieved January 11, 2017.", "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/android-vulnerabilities-attacking-nexus-6-and-6p-custom-boot-modes/"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/physical-threats/PHY-1.html", "external_id": "PHY-1"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/physical-threats/PHY-2.html", "external_id": "PHY-2"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-6.html", "external_id": "STA-6"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-16T13:31:29.924Z", "name": "Audio Capture", "description": "Adversaries may capture audio to collect information by leveraging standard operating system APIs of a mobile device. Examples of audio information adversaries may target include user conversations, surroundings, phone calls, or other sensitive information. \n\n \n\nAndroid and iOS, by default, require that applications request device microphone access from the user.  \n\n \n\nOn Android devices, applications must hold the `RECORD_AUDIO` permission to access the microphone or the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission to access audio output. Because Android does not allow third-party applications to hold the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission by default, only privileged applications, such as those distributed by Google or the device vendor, can access audio output.(Citation: Android Permissions) However, adversaries may be able to gain this access after successfully elevating their privileges. With the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission, adversaries may pass the `MediaRecorder.AudioSource.VOICE_CALL` constant to `MediaRecorder.setAudioOutput`, allowing capture of both voice call uplink and downlink.(Citation: Manifest.permission) \n\n \n\nOn iOS devices, applications must include the `NSMicrophoneUsageDescription` key in their `Info.plist` file to access the microphone.(Citation: Requesting Auth-Media Capture)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "In iOS 14 and up, an orange dot (or orange square if the Differentiate Without Color setting is enabled) appears in the status bar when the microphone is being used by an application. However, there have been demonstrations indicating it may still be possible to access the microphone in the background without triggering this visual indicator by abusing features that natively access the microphone or camera but do not trigger the visual indicators.(Citation: iOS Mic Spyware)\n\n\nIn Android 12 and up, a green dot appears in the status bar when the microphone is being used by an application.(Citation: Android Privacy Indicators)\n \n\nAndroid applications using the `RECORD_AUDIO` permission and iOS applications using `RequestRecordPermission` should be carefully reviewed and monitored. If the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission is found in a third-party Android application, the application should be heavily scrutinized. \n\n \n\nIn both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, users can review which applications have the permission to access the microphone through the device settings screen and revoke permissions as necessary. ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "3.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:12.913Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1429", "external_id": "T1429"}, {"source_name": "Manifest.permission", "description": "Android Developers. (2022, March 17). Voice Call. Retrieved April 1, 2022.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/android/media/MediaRecorder.AudioSource#VOICE_CALL"}, {"source_name": "Requesting Auth-Media Capture", "description": "Apple Developers. (n.d.). Requesting Authorization for Media Capture on iOS. Retrieved April 1, 2022.", "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/avfoundation/cameras_and_media_capture/requesting_authorization_for_media_capture_on_ios"}, {"source_name": "Android Permissions", "description": "Google. (2021, August 11). Manifest.permission. Retrieved September 22, 2021.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission"}, {"source_name": "Android Privacy Indicators", "description": "Google. (n.d.). Privacy Indicators. Retrieved April 20, 2022.", "url": "https://source.android.com/devices/tech/config/privacy-indicators"}, {"source_name": "iOS Mic Spyware", "description": "ZecOps Research Team. (2021, November 4). How iOS Malware Can Spy on Users Silently. Retrieved April 1, 2022.", "url": "https://blog.zecops.com/research/how-ios-malware-can-spy-on-users-silently/"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-19.html", "external_id": "APP-19"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:59:46.686Z", "name": "Hijack Execution Flow", "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the way operating systems run applications. Hijacking execution flow can be for the purposes of persistence since this hijacked execution may reoccur over time. \n\nThere are many ways an adversary may hijack the flow of execution. A primary way is by manipulating how the operating system locates programs to be executed. How the operating system locates libraries to be used by a program can also be intercepted. Locations where the operating system looks for programs or resources, such as file directories, could also be poisoned to include malicious payloads.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "persistence"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Mobile threat defense agents could detect unauthorized operating system modifications by using attestation.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--670a4d75-103b-4b14-8a9e-4652fa795edd", "created": "2022-03-30T14:49:18.650Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1625", "external_id": "T1625"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html", "external_id": "APP-27"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-07T22:48:30.418Z", "name": "Unix Shell", "description": "Adversaries may abuse Unix shell commands and scripts for execution. Unix shells are the underlying command prompts on Android and iOS devices. Unix shells can control every aspect of a system, with certain commands requiring elevated privileges that are only accessible if the device has been rooted or jailbroken. \n\nUnix shells also support scripts that enable sequential execution of commands as well as other typical programming operations such as conditionals and loops. Common uses of shell scripts include long or repetitive tasks, or the need to run the same set of commands on multiple systems. \n\nAdversaries may abuse Unix shells to execute various commands or payloads. Interactive shells may be accessed through command and control channels or during lateral movement such as with SSH. Adversaries may also leverage shell scripts to deliver and execute multiple commands on victims or as part of payloads used for persistence. \n\nIf the device has been rooted or jailbroken, adversaries may locate and invoke a superuser binary to elevate their privileges and interact with the system as the root user. This dangerous level of permissions allows the adversary to run special commands and modify protected system files.  ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "execution"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Command-line activities can potentially be detected through Mobile Threat Defense integrations with lower-level OS APIs. This could grant the MTD agents access to running processes and their parameters, potentially detecting unwanted or malicious shells.\n\nApplication vetting services could detect the invocations of methods that could be used to execute shell commands.(Citation: Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense)", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--693cdbff-ea73-49c6-ac3f-91e7285c31d1", "created": "2022-03-30T13:59:50.479Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1623/001", "external_id": "T1623.001"}, {"source_name": "Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense", "description": "Samsung Knox Partner Program. (n.d.). Knox for Mobile Threat Defense. Retrieved March 30, 2022.", "url": "https://partner.samsungknox.com/mtd"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--6a3f6490-9c44-40de-b059-e5940f246673", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:33.158Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1437", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1437"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-29.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-29"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the mobile device, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the mobile device and server. \n\nAdversaries may utilize many different protocols, including those used for web browsing, transferring files, electronic mail, or DNS.", "modified": "2022-04-19T20:03:51.831Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Application Layer Protocol", "x_mitre_detection": "Abuse of standard application protocols can be difficult to detect as many legitimate mobile applications leverage such protocols for language-specific APIs. Enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"phase_name": "command-and-control", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "id": "attack-pattern--6b846ad0-cc20-4db6-aa34-91561397c5e2", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:11.861Z", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1431", "external_id": "T1431"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T01:05:10.699Z", "name": "App Delivered via Web Download", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"modified": "2023-08-08T16:23:41.271Z", "name": "Download New Code at Runtime", "description": "Adversaries may download and execute dynamic code not included in the original application package after installation. This technique is primarily used to evade static analysis checks and pre-publication scans in official app stores. In some cases, more advanced dynamic or behavioral analysis techniques could detect this behavior. However, in conjunction with [Execution Guardrails](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627) techniques, detecting malicious code downloaded after installation could be difficult.\n\nOn Android, dynamic code could include native code, Dalvik code, or JavaScript code that utilizes Android WebView\u2019s `JavascriptInterface` capability. \n\nOn iOS, dynamic code could be downloaded and executed through 3rd party libraries such as JSPatch. (Citation: FireEye-JSPatch) ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Existing network infrastructure may detect network calls to known malicious domains or the transfer of malicious payloads over the network. Mobile security products may provide URL inspection services that could determine if a domain being visited is malicious. Application vetting services could look for indications that the application downloads and executes new code at runtime (e.g., on Android, use of `DexClassLoader`, `System.load`, or the WebView `JavaScriptInterface` capability; on iOS, use of JSPatch or similar capabilities). Unfortunately, this is only a partial mitigation, as additional scrutiny would still need to be applied to applications that use these techniques. These techniques are often used without malicious intent, and  applications may employ other techniques to hide their use of these techniques.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.5", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:14.460Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1407", "external_id": "T1407"}, {"source_name": "FireEye-JSPatch", "description": "Jing Xie, Zhaofeng Chen, Jimmy Su. (2016, January 27). HOT OR NOT? THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF IOS REMOTE HOT PATCHING. Retrieved December 9, 2016.", "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/01/hot_or_not_the_bene.html"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-20.html", "external_id": "APP-20"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-12-05T22:14:54.813Z", "name": "Exploitation for Initial Access", "description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities to gain initial access to a mobile device. \n\nThis can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Vulnerabilities may be present in applications, services, the underlying operating system, or in the kernel itself. Several well-known mobile device exploits exist, including FORCEDENTRY, StageFright, and BlueBorne. Further, some exploits may be possible to exploit without any user interaction (zero-click), making them particularly dangerous. Mobile operating system vendors are typically very quick to patch such critical bugs, ensuring only a small window where they can be exploited. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "initial-access"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--6ecbc2eb-e85a-440a-ab68-4d98f8d56fbe", "created": "2023-12-05T22:14:54.813Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1664", "external_id": "T1664"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--6f86d346-f092-4abc-80df-8558a90c426a", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:21.023Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1468", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1468"}, {"source_name": "Krebs-Location", "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/05/tracking-firm-locationsmart-leaked-location-data-for-customers-of-all-major-u-s-mobile-carriers-in-real-time-via-its-web-site/", "description": "Brian Krebs. (2018, May 17). Tracking Firm LocationSmart Leaked Location Data for Customers of All Major U.S. Mobile Carriers Without Consent in Real Time Via Its Web Site. Retrieved November 8, 2018."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-5.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "ECO-5"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-7.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "EMM-7"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "An adversary who is able to obtain unauthorized access to or misuse authorized access to cloud services (e.g. Google's Android Device Manager or Apple iCloud's Find my iPhone) or to an enterprise mobility management (EMM) / mobile device management (MDM) server console could use that access to track mobile devices.(Citation: Krebs-Location)", "modified": "2022-04-05T19:40:25.068Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Remotely Track Device Without Authorization", "x_mitre_detection": "Google sends a notification to the device when Android Device Manager is used to locate it. Additionally, Google provides the ability for users to view their general account activity. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "remote-service-effects"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Without Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:51:04.432Z", "name": "System Checks", "description": "Adversaries may employ various system checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behavior after checking for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual environment or sandbox. If the adversary detects a virtual environment, they may alter their malware\u2019s behavior to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for virtualization artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. \n\nChecks could include generic system properties such as host/domain name and samples of network traffic. Adversaries may also check the network adapters addresses, CPU core count, and available memory/drive size. \n\nHardware checks, such as the presence of motion sensors, could also be used to gather evidence that can be indicative a virtual environment. Adversaries may also query for specific readings from these devices. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services could look for applications attempting to get `android.os.SystemProperties` or `getprop` with the runtime `exec()` commands. This could indicate some level of sandbox evasion, as Google recommends against using system properties within applications.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--6ffad4be-bfe0-424f-abde-4d9a84a800ad", "created": "2022-03-30T17:53:35.582Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633/001", "external_id": "T1633.001"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:53:16.029Z", "name": "Stored Application Data", "description": "Adversaries may try to access and collect application data resident on the device. Adversaries often target popular applications, such as Facebook, WeChat, and Gmail.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019) \n\n \n\nDue to mobile OS sandboxing, this technique is only possible in three scenarios: \n\n \n\n* An application stores files in unprotected external storage \n* An application stores files in its internal storage directory with insecure permissions (e.g. 777) \n* The adversary gains root permissions on the device ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services could detect when applications store data insecurely, for example, in unprotected external storage.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "3.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--702055ac-4e54-4ae9-9527-e23a38e0b160", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:15.402Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1409", "external_id": "T1409"}, {"source_name": "SWB Exodus March 2019", "description": "Security Without Borders. (2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019.", "url": "https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-0.html", "external_id": "AUT-0"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:57:43.022Z", "name": "Screen Capture", "description": "Adversaries may use screen capture to collect additional information about a target device, such as applications running in the foreground, user data, credentials, or other sensitive information. Applications running in the background can capture screenshots or videos of another application running in the foreground by using the Android `MediaProjectionManager` (generally requires the device user to grant consent).(Citation: Fortinet screencap July 2019)(Citation: Android ScreenCap1 2019) Background applications can also use Android accessibility services to capture screen contents being displayed by a foreground application.(Citation: Lookout-Monokle) An adversary with root access or Android Debug Bridge (adb) access could call the Android `screencap` or `screenrecord` commands.(Citation: Android ScreenCap2 2019)(Citation: Trend Micro ScreenCap July 2015) ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "The user can view a list of apps with accessibility service privileges in the device settings. Application vetting services can look for the use of the Android `MediaProjectionManager` class, applying extra scrutiny to applications that use the class.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.3", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--73c26732-6422-4081-8b63-6d0ae93d449e", "created": "2019-08-08T18:34:14.178Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1513", "external_id": "T1513"}, {"source_name": "Android ScreenCap2 2019", "description": "Android Developers. (n.d.). Android Debug Bridge (adb). Retrieved August 8, 2019.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb"}, {"source_name": "Android ScreenCap1 2019", "description": "Android Developers. (n.d.). Android MediaProjectionManager. Retrieved August 8, 2019.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/android/media/projection/MediaProjectionManager"}, {"source_name": "Lookout-Monokle", "description": "Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. (2019, July). Monokle: The Mobile Surveillance Tooling of the Special Technology Center. Retrieved September 4, 2019.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/lookout-discovers-monokle-threat-report.pdf"}, {"source_name": "Fortinet screencap July 2019", "description": "Dario Durando. (2019, July 3). BianLian: A New Wave Emerges. Retrieved September 4, 2019.", "url": "https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/new-wave-bianlian-malware.html"}, {"source_name": "Trend Micro ScreenCap July 2015", "description": "Zhang, V. (2015, July 21). Hacking Team RCSAndroid Spying Tool Listens to Calls; Roots Devices to Get In. Retrieved August 8, 2019.", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/hacking-team-rcsandroid-spying-tool-listens-to-calls-roots-devices-to-get-in/"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-40.html", "external_id": "APP-40"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:44:26.748Z", "name": "Transmitted Data Manipulation", "description": "Adversaries may alter data en route to storage or other systems in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. By manipulating transmitted data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, or decision making.\n\nManipulation may be possible over a network connection or between system processes where there is an opportunity to deploy a tool that will intercept and change information. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target transmission mechanism as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system, typically gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign, in order to have the desired impact.\n\nOne method to achieve [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001) is by modifying the contents of the device clipboard. Malicious applications may monitor clipboard activity through the `ClipboardManager.OnPrimaryClipChangedListener` interface on Android to determine when clipboard contents have changed. Listening to clipboard activity, reading clipboard contents, and modifying clipboard contents requires no explicit application permissions and can be performed by applications running in the background. However, this behavior has changed with the release of Android 10.\n\nAdversaries may use [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001) to replace text prior to being pasted. For example, replacing a copied Bitcoin wallet address with a wallet address that is under adversarial control.\n\n[Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001) was seen within the Android/Clipper.C trojan. This sample was detected by ESET in an application distributed through the Google Play Store targeting cryptocurrency wallet numbers.(Citation: ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Applications could be vetted for their use of the clipboard manager APIs with extra scrutiny given to application that make use of them.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--74e6003f-c7f4-4047-983b-708cc19b96b6", "created": "2022-04-06T13:39:39.779Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001", "external_id": "T1641.001"}, {"source_name": "ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019", "description": "ESET. (2019, February 11). First clipper malware discovered on Google Play.. Retrieved July 26, 2019.", "url": "https://www.eset.com/uk/about/newsroom/press-releases/first-clipper-malware-discovered-on-google-play-1/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--76c12fc8-a4eb-45d6-a3b7-e371a7248f69", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:07.460Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1452", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1452"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "An adversary could use access to a compromised device's credentials to attempt to manipulate app store rankings or ratings by triggering application downloads or posting fake reviews of applications. This technique likely requires privileged access (a rooted or jailbroken device).", "modified": "2022-04-06T13:57:24.726Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Manipulate App Store Rankings or Ratings", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--77e30eee-fd48-40b4-99ec-73e97c158b58", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:32.008Z", "x_mitre_version": "2.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1416", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1416"}, {"source_name": "Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/ios-url-scheme-susceptible-to-hijacking/", "description": "L. Wu, Y. Zhou, M. Li. (2019, July 12).  iOS URL Scheme Susceptible to Hijacking. Retrieved September 11, 2020."}, {"source_name": "IETF-PKCE", "url": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636", "description": "N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "Adversaries may register Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) to intercept sensitive data.\n\nApplications regularly register URIs with the operating system to act as a response handler for various actions, such as logging into an app using an external account via single sign-on. This allows redirections to that specific URI to be intercepted by the application. If a malicious application were to register for a URI that was already in use by a genuine application, the malicious application may be able to intercept data intended for the genuine application or perform a phishing attack against the genuine application. Intercepted data may include OAuth authorization codes or tokens that could be used by the malicious application to gain access to resources.(Citation: Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking)(Citation: IETF-PKCE)", "modified": "2022-04-01T15:17:21.508Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "URI Hijacking", "x_mitre_detection": "On Android, users may be presented with a popup to select the appropriate application to open the URI in. If the user sees an application they do not recognize, they can remove it.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T15:28:54.940Z", "name": "Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools", "description": "Adversaries may manipulate products or product delivery mechanisms prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Applications often depend on external software to function properly. Popular open source projects that are used as dependencies in many applications may be targeted as a means to add malicious code to users of the dependency.(Citation: Grace-Advertisement)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "initial-access"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries could be detected by application vetting services. Malicious software development tools could be detected by enterprises that deploy endpoint protection software on computers that are used to develop mobile apps. Application vetting could detect the usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--7827ced0-95e7-4d05-bdcf-0d8f2d37a3d3", "created": "2022-03-28T19:31:51.978Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474/001", "external_id": "T1474.001"}, {"source_name": "Grace-Advertisement", "description": "M. Grace et al. (2012, April 16-18). Unsafe exposure analysis of mobile in-app advertisements. Retrieved December 22, 2016.", "url": "https://www.csc2.ncsu.edu/faculty/xjiang4/pubs/WISEC12_ADRISK.pdf"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-6.html", "external_id": "APP-6"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-0.html", "external_id": "SPC-0"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-3.html", "external_id": "SPC-3"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-9.html", "external_id": "SPC-9"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-10.html", "external_id": "SPC-10"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-15.html", "external_id": "SPC-15"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--786f488c-cb1f-4602-89c5-86d982ee326b", "created": "2019-10-02T14:46:43.632Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1523", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1523"}, {"source_name": "Sophos Anti-emulation", "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2017/04/13/android-malware-anti-emulation-techniques/", "description": "Chen Yu et al. . (2017, April 13). Android malware anti-emulation techniques. Retrieved October 2, 2019."}, {"source_name": "Xiao-ZergHelper", "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/pirated-ios-app-stores-client-successfully-evaded-apple-ios-code-review/", "description": "Claud Xiao. (2016, February 21). Pirated iOS App Store\u2019s Client Successfully Evaded Apple iOS Code Review. Retrieved December 12, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Cyberscoop Evade Analysis January 2019", "url": "https://www.cyberscoop.com/android-malware-motion-detection-trend-micro/", "description": "Jeff Stone. (2019, January 18). Sneaky motion-detection feature found on Android malware. Retrieved October 2, 2019."}, {"source_name": "ThreatFabric Cerberus", "url": "https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html", "description": "ThreatFabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved September 18, 2019."}, {"source_name": "Github Anti-emulator", "url": "https://github.com/strazzere/anti-emulator", "description": "Tim Strazzere. (n.d.). Android Anti-Emulator. Retrieved October 2, 2019."}, {"source_name": "Talos Gustuff Apr 2019", "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/gustuff-targets-australia.html", "description": "Vitor Ventura. (2019, April 9).  Gustuff banking botnet targets Australia . Retrieved September 3, 2019."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "Malicious applications may attempt to detect their operating environment prior to fully executing their payloads. These checks are often used to ensure the application is not running within an analysis environment such as a sandbox used for application vetting, security research, or reverse engineering. \nAdversaries may use many different checks such as physical sensors, location, and system properties to fingerprint emulators and sandbox environments.(Citation: Talos Gustuff Apr 2019)(Citation: ThreatFabric Cerberus)(Citation: Xiao-ZergHelper)(Citation: Cyberscoop Evade Analysis January 2019) Adversaries may access `android.os.SystemProperties` via Java reflection to obtain specific system information.(Citation: Github Anti-emulator) Standard values such as phone number, IMEI, IMSI, device IDs, and device drivers may be checked against default signatures of common sandboxes.(Citation: Sophos Anti-emulation)\n", "modified": "2022-03-30T17:54:56.590Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Evade Analysis Environment", "x_mitre_detection": "Analysis Environment avoidance capabilities can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "discovery"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:43:49.443Z", "name": "URI Hijacking", "description": "Adversaries may register Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) to intercept sensitive data. \n\nApplications regularly register URIs with the operating system to act as a response handler for various actions, such as logging into an app using an external account via single sign-on. This allows redirections to that specific URI to be intercepted by the application. If an adversary were to register for a URI that was already in use by a genuine application, the adversary may be able to intercept data intended for the genuine application or perform a phishing attack against the genuine application. Intercepted data may include OAuth authorization codes or tokens that could be used by the adversary to gain access to protected resources.(Citation: Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking)(Citation: IETF-PKCE) ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Leo Zhang, Trend Micro", "Steven Du, Trend Micro"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "On Android, users may be presented with a popup to select the appropriate application to open the URI in. If the user sees an application they do not recognize, they can remove it. When vetting applications for potential security weaknesses, the vetting process could look for insecure use of Intents. Developers should be encouraged to use techniques to ensure that the intent can only be sent to an appropriate destination (e.g., use explicit rather than implicit intents, permission checking, checking of the destination app's signing certificate, or utilizing the App Links feature). For mobile applications using OAuth, encourage use of best practice. (Citation: IETF-OAuthNativeApps)(Citation: Android-AppLinks)", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--789ef15a-34d9-4b32-a779-8cbbc9eb32f5", "created": "2022-04-01T15:15:35.640Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1635/001", "external_id": "T1635.001"}, {"source_name": "Android-AppLinks", "description": "Android. (n.d.). Handling App Links. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/training/app-links/index.html"}, {"source_name": "Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking", "description": "L. Wu, Y. Zhou, M. Li. (2019, July 12).  iOS URL Scheme Susceptible to Hijacking. Retrieved September 11, 2020.", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/ios-url-scheme-susceptible-to-hijacking/"}, {"source_name": "IETF-PKCE", "description": "N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636"}, {"source_name": "IETF-OAuthNativeApps", "description": "W. Denniss and J. Bradley. (2017, October). IETF RFC 8252: OAuth 2.0 for Native Apps. Retrieved November 30, 2018.", "url": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8252"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:52:52.097Z", "name": "Subvert Trust Controls", "description": "Adversaries may undermine security controls that will either warn users of untrusted activity or prevent execution of untrusted applications. Operating systems and security products may contain mechanisms to identify programs or websites as possessing some level of trust. Examples of such features include: an app being allowed to run because it is signed by a valid code signing certificate; an OS prompt alerting the user that an app came from an untrusted source; or getting an indication that you are about to connect to an untrusted site. The method adversaries use will depend on the specific mechanism they seek to subvert. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "On Android, the user can use the device settings menu to view trusted CA certificates and look for unexpected or unknown certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies. Users can use the device settings menu to view which applications on the device are allowed to install unknown applications. \n\nOn iOS, the user can use the device settings menu to view installed Configuration Profiles and look for unexpected or unknown profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--79cb02f4-ac4e-4335-8b51-425c9573cce1", "created": "2022-03-30T18:05:46.795Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1632", "external_id": "T1632"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-7.html", "external_id": "STA-7"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--79eec66a-9bd0-4a3f-ac82-19159e94bd44", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:11.116Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1433", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1433"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-13"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "On Android, an adversary could call standard operating system APIs from a malicious application to gather call log data, or with escalated privileges could directly access files containing call log data.\n\nOn iOS, applications do not have access to the call log, so privilege escalation would be required in order to access the data.", "modified": "2022-04-01T13:14:43.174Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Access Call Log", "x_mitre_detection": "On Android 6.0 and up, the user can view which applications have permission to access call log information through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--8197f026-64da-4700-93b9-b55ba55f3b31", "created": "2020-09-11T15:04:14.532Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1581", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581"}, {"source_name": "Lookout eSurv", "url": "https://blog.lookout.com/esurv-research", "description": "A. Bauer. (2019, April 8). Lookout discovers phishing sites distributing new iOS and Android surveillanceware. Retrieved September 11, 2020."}, {"source_name": "Apple Location Services", "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/corelocation/requesting_authorization_for_location_services", "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Requesting Authorization for Location Services. Retrieved September 11, 2020."}, {"source_name": "Android Geofencing API", "url": "https://developer.android.com/training/location/geofencing", "description": "Google. (n.d.). Create and monitor geofences. Retrieved September 11, 2020."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "Adversaries may use a device\u2019s geographical location to limit certain malicious behaviors. For example, malware operators may limit the distribution of a second stage payload to certain geographic regions.(Citation: Lookout eSurv)\n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) is accomplished by persuading the user to grant the application permission to access location services. The application can then collect, process, and exfiltrate the device\u2019s location to perform location-based actions, such as ceasing malicious behavior or showing region-specific advertisements.\n\nOne method to accomplish [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) on Android is to use the built-in Geofencing API to automatically trigger certain behaviors when the device enters or exits a specified radius around a geographical location. Similar to other [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) methods, this requires that the user has granted the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` and `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permissions. The latter is only required if the application targets Android 10 (API level 29) or higher. However, Android 11 introduced additional permission controls that may restrict background location collection based on user permission choices at runtime. These additional controls include \u201cAllow only while using the app\u201d, which will effectively prohibit background location collection.(Citation: Android Geofencing API)\n\nSimilarly, on iOS, developers can use built-in APIs to setup and execute geofencing. Depending on the use case, the app will either need to call `requestWhenInUseAuthorization()` or `requestAlwaysAuthorization()`, depending on when access to the location services is required. Similar to Android, users also have the option to limit when the application can access the device\u2019s location, including one-time use and only when the application is running in the foreground.(Citation: Apple Location Services)\n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. For example, location data could be used to limit malware spread and/or capabilities, which could also potentially evade application analysis environments (ex: malware analysis outside of the target geographic area). Other malicious usages could include showing language-specific [Input Prompt](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1411)s and/or advertisements.", "modified": "2022-03-30T20:43:31.244Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Geofencing", "x_mitre_detection": "Users can review which applications have location permissions in the operating system\u2019s settings menu. On Android 10 and later, the system shows a notification to the user when an app has been accessing device location in the background.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--82f04b1e-5371-4a6f-be06-411f0f43b483", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:29.774Z", "x_mitre_version": "2.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1401", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1401"}, {"source_name": "Android DeviceAdminInfo", "url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DeviceAdminInfo", "description": "Google. (n.d.). DeviceAdminInfo. Retrieved November 20, 2020."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-22"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "Adversaries may request device administrator permissions to perform malicious actions.\n\nBy abusing the device administration API, adversaries can perform several nefarious actions, such as resetting the device\u2019s password for [Device Lockout](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1446), factory resetting the device to [Delete Device Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1447) and any traces of the malware, disabling all of the device\u2019s cameras, or make it more difficult to uninstall the app.(Citation: Android DeviceAdminInfo)\n\nDevice administrators must be approved by the user at runtime, with a system popup showing which of the actions have been requested by the app. In conjunction with other techniques, such as [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516), an app can programmatically grant itself administrator permissions without any user input.", "modified": "2022-04-01T16:52:36.965Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Device Administrator Permissions", "x_mitre_detection": "Users can see when an app requests device administrator permissions. Users can also view which apps have device administrator permissions in the settings menu.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "id": "attack-pattern--831e3269-da49-48ac-94dc-948008e8fd16", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:34.830Z", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1443", "external_id": "T1443"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T01:05:10.701Z", "name": "Remotely Install Application", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:45:39.362Z", "name": "Keychain", "description": "Adversaries may collect keychain data from an iOS device to acquire credentials. Keychains are the built-in way for iOS to keep track of users' passwords and credentials for many services and features such as Wi-Fi passwords, websites, secure notes, certificates, private keys, and VPN credentials. \n\nOn the device, the keychain database is stored outside of application sandboxes to prevent unauthorized access to the raw data. Standard iOS APIs allow applications access to their own keychain contained within the database. By utilizing a privilege escalation exploit or existing root access, adversaries can access the entire encrypted database.(Citation: Apple Keychain Services)(Citation: Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain) ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Mobile security products can potentially detect jailbroken devices. Application vetting services may be able to detect known privilege escalation exploits contained within applications, as well as searching application packages for strings that correlate to known password store locations.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--8605a0ec-b44a-4e98-a7fc-87d4bd3acb66", "created": "2022-04-01T15:01:32.169Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1634/001", "external_id": "T1634.001"}, {"source_name": "Apple Keychain Services", "description": "Apple, Inc.. (n.d.). Keychain Services. Retrieved June 24, 2020.", "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/keychain_services"}, {"source_name": "Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain", "description": "V. Katalov. (2018, December 18). Six Ways to Decrypt iPhone Passwords from the Keychain. Retrieved June 24, 2020.", "url": "https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2018/12/six-ways-to-decrypt-iphone-passwords-from-the-keychain/"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-11.html", "external_id": "AUT-11"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--88932a8c-3a17-406f-9431-1da3ff19f6d6", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:29.092Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1403", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1403"}, {"source_name": "Sabanal-ART", "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/asia-15/materials/asia-15-Sabanal-Hiding-Behind-ART-wp.pdf", "description": "Paul Sabanal. (2015). Hiding Behind ART. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "ART (the Android Runtime) compiles optimized code on the device itself to improve performance. An adversary may be able to use escalated privileges to modify the cached code in order to hide malicious behavior. Since the code is compiled on the device, it may not receive the same level of integrity checks that are provided to code running in the system partition.(Citation: Sabanal-ART)", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:46:29.338Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Modify Cached Executable Code", "x_mitre_detection": "Modifications to cached executable code can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversary behavior.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "persistence"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "attack-pattern--89fcd02f-62dc-40b9-a54b-9ac4b1baef05", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:28.456Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"external_id": "T1419", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1419", "source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}, {"url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build", "description": "Android. (n.d.). Build. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "source_name": "Android-Build"}], "modified": "2019-10-16T13:24:48.936Z", "name": "Device Type Discovery", "description": "On Android, device type information is accessible to apps through the android.os.Build class (Citation: Android-Build). Device information could be used to target privilege escalation exploits.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"phase_name": "discovery", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--8c7862ff-3449-4ac6-b0fd-ac1298a822a5", "created": "2020-05-04T13:49:34.706Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1576", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1576"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-43.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-43"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "Adversaries may include functionality in malware that uninstalls the malicious application from the device. This can be achieved by:\n\n* Abusing device owner permissions to perform silent uninstallation using device owner API calls.\n* Abusing root permissions to delete files from the filesystem.\n* Abusing the accessibility service. This requires an intent be sent to the system to request uninstallation, and then abusing the accessibility service to click the proper places on the screen to confirm uninstallation.", "modified": "2022-03-30T19:34:09.371Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Uninstall Malicious Application", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--8e27551a-5080-4148-a584-c64348212e4f", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:31.694Z", "x_mitre_version": "2.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1447", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1447"}, {"source_name": "Android DevicePolicyManager 2019", "url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html", "description": "Android Developers. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved September 22, 2019."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "Adversaries may wipe a device or delete individual files in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. An application must have administrator access to fully wipe the device, while individual files may not require special permissions to delete depending on their storage location. (Citation: Android DevicePolicyManager 2019)\n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The impact file deletion will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary, but can include deleting update files to evade detection or deleting attacker-specified files for impact.", "modified": "2022-03-30T19:50:37.727Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Delete Device Data", "x_mitre_detection": "Mobile security products can detect which applications can request device administrator permissions. Users can view applications with administrator access through the device settings, and may also notice if user data is inexplicably missing.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--8f0e39c6-82c9-41ec-9f93-5696c0f2e274", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:09.082Z", "x_mitre_version": "2.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1448", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1448"}, {"source_name": "Google Bread", "url": "https://security.googleblog.com/2020/01/pha-family-highlights-bread-and-friends.html", "description": "A. Guertin, V. Kotov, Android Security & Privacy Team. (2020, January 9). PHA Family Highlights: Bread (and Friends) . Retrieved April 27, 2020."}, {"source_name": "AndroidSecurity2014", "url": "https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/source.android.com/en//security/reports/Google_Android_Security_2014_Report_Final.pdf", "description": "Google. (2014). Android Security 2014 Year in Review. Retrieved December 12, 2016."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "A malicious app may trigger fraudulent charges on a victim\u2019s carrier billing statement in several different ways, including SMS toll fraud and SMS shortcodes that make purchases.\n\nPerforming SMS fraud relies heavily upon the fact that, when making SMS purchases, the carriers perform device verification but not user verification. This allows adversaries to make purchases on behalf of the user, with little or no user interaction.(Citation: Google Bread)\n\nMalicious applications may also perform toll billing, which occurs when carriers provide payment endpoints over a web page. The application connects to the web page over cellular data so the carrier can directly verify the number, or the application must retrieve a code sent via SMS and enter it into the web page.(Citation: Google Bread)\n\nOn iOS, apps cannot send SMS messages.\n\nOn Android, apps must hold the `SEND_SMS` permission to send SMS messages. Additionally, Android version 4.2 and above has mitigations against this threat by requiring user consent before allowing SMS messages to be sent to premium numbers (Citation: AndroidSecurity2014).", "modified": "2022-04-06T13:57:38.841Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Carrier Billing Fraud", "x_mitre_detection": "Starting with Android 4.2 the user is prompted and must provide consent before applications can send SMS messages to premium numbers.(Citation: AndroidSecurity2014)\n\nOn Android 6.0 and up, the user can view which applications have permission to send SMS messages through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "attack-pattern--8f142a25-f6c3-4520-bd50-2ae3ab50ed3e", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:17.533Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1415", "external_id": "T1415"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-10.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "AUT-10"}, {"source_name": "FireEye-Masque2", "description": "Hui Xue, Tao Wei, Yulong Zhang, Song Jin, Zhaofeng Chen. (2015, February 19). IOS MASQUE ATTACK REVIVED: BYPASSING PROMPT FOR TRUST AND APP URL SCHEME HIJACKING. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/02/ios_masque_attackre.html"}, {"source_name": "Dhanjani-URLScheme", "description": "Nitesh Dhanjani. (2010, November 8). Insecure Handling of URL Schemes in Apple\u2019s iOS. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "http://www.dhanjani.com/blog/2010/11/insecure-handling-of-url-schemes-in-apples-ios.html"}, {"source_name": "IETF-PKCE", "description": "N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636"}, {"source_name": "MobileIron-XARA", "description": "Michael T. Raggo. (2015, October 1). iOS URL Scheme Hijacking (XARA) Attack Analysis and Countermeasures. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://www.mobileiron.com/en/smartwork-blog/ios-url-scheme-hijacking-xara-attack-analysis-and-countermeasures"}], "modified": "2020-10-23T15:05:40.674Z", "name": "URL Scheme Hijacking", "description": "An iOS application may be able to maliciously claim a URL scheme, allowing it to intercept calls that are meant for a different application(Citation: FireEye-Masque2)(Citation: Dhanjani-URLScheme). This technique, for example, could be used to capture OAuth authorization codes(Citation: IETF-PKCE) or to phish user credentials(Citation: MobileIron-XARA).", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"modified": "2023-08-14T16:34:55.968Z", "name": "Bidirectional Communication", "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service channel as a means for sending commands to and receiving output from a compromised system. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems can then send the output from those commands back over that Web service channel. The return traffic may occur in a variety of ways, depending on the Web service being utilized. For example, the return traffic may take the form of the compromised system posting a comment on a forum, issuing a pull request to development project, updating a document hosted on a Web service, or by sending a Tweet. \n\n \n\nPopular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "command-and-control"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--939808a7-121d-467a-b028-4441ee8b7cee", "created": "2022-04-06T15:47:06.071Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481/002", "external_id": "T1481.002"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-09-08T19:21:40.736Z", "name": "Non-Standard Port", "description": "Adversaries may generate network traffic using a protocol and port pairing that are typically not associated. For example, HTTPS over port 8088 or port 587 as opposed to the traditional port 443. Adversaries may make changes to the standard port used by a protocol to bypass filtering or muddle analysis/parsing of network data.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "command-and-control"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting reports may show network communications performed by the application, including hosts, ports, protocols, and URLs. Further detection would most likely be at the enterprise level, through packet and/or netflow inspection. Many properly configured firewalls may also naturally block command and control traffic over non-standard ports.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "2.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--948a447c-d783-4ba0-8516-a64140fcacd5", "created": "2019-08-01T13:44:09.368Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1509", "external_id": "T1509"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T15:32:37.109Z", "name": "Compromise Software Supply Chain", "description": "Adversaries may manipulate application software prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Supply chain compromise of software can take place in a number of ways, including manipulation of the application source code, manipulation of the update/distribution mechanism for that software, or replacing compiled releases with a modified version.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "initial-access"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services can detect malicious code in applications. System partition integrity checking mechanisms can detect unauthorized or malicious code contained in the system partition.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--9558a84e-2d5e-4872-918e-d847494a8ffc", "created": "2022-03-28T19:25:17.596Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474/003", "external_id": "T1474.003"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-4.html", "external_id": "SPC-4"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-11.html", "external_id": "SPC-11"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-12.html", "external_id": "SPC-12"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-18.html", "external_id": "SPC-18"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-20.html", "external_id": "SPC-20"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-14T16:33:56.861Z", "name": "Dead Drop Resolver", "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service to host information that points to additional command and control (C2) infrastructure. Adversaries may post content, known as a dead drop resolver, on Web services with embedded (and often obfuscated/encoded) domains or IP addresses. Once infected, victims will reach out to and be redirected by these resolvers. \n\n \n\nPopular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. \n\n \n\nUse of a dead drop resolver may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis, or enable operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed). ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "command-and-control"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application. ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--986f80f7-ff0e-4f48-87bd-0394814bbce5", "created": "2022-04-06T15:41:03.914Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481/001", "external_id": "T1481.001"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:50:21.363Z", "name": "Location Tracking", "description": "Adversaries may track a device\u2019s physical location through use of standard operating system APIs via malicious or exploited applications on the compromised device. \n\n \n\nOn Android, applications holding the `ACCESS_COAURSE_LOCATION` or `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` permissions provide access to the device\u2019s physical location. On Android 10 and up, declaration of the `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permission in an application\u2019s manifest will allow applications to request location access even when the application is running in the background.(Citation: Android Request Location Permissions) Some adversaries have utilized integration of Baidu map services to retrieve geographical location once the location access permissions had been obtained.(Citation: PaloAlto-SpyDealer)(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox) \n\n \n\nOn iOS, applications must include the `NSLocationWhenInUseUsageDescription`, `NSLocationAlwaysAndWhenInUseUsageDescription`, and/or `NSLocationAlwaysUsageDescription` keys in their `Info.plist` file depending on the extent of requested access to location information.(Citation: Apple Requesting Authorization for Location Services) On iOS 8.0 and up, applications call `requestWhenInUseAuthorization()` to request access to location information when the application is in use or `requestAlwaysAuthorization()` to request access to location information regardless of whether the application is in use. With elevated privileges, an adversary may be able to access location data without explicit user consent with the `com.apple.locationd.preauthorized` entitlement key.(Citation: Google Project Zero Insomnia)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "discovery"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Android applications requesting the `ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION`, `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION`, or `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permissions and iOS applications including the `NSLocationWhenInUseUsageDescription`, `NSLocationAlwaysAndWhenInUseUsageDescription`, and/or `NSLocationAlwaysUsageDescription` keys in their `Info.plist` file could be scrutinized during the application vetting process. \n\n \n\nIn both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, users can view which applications have the permission to access the device location through the device settings screen and revoke permissions as necessary.  ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:12.267Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1430", "external_id": "T1430"}, {"source_name": "Palo Alto HenBox", "description": "A. Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019.", "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/"}, {"source_name": "Android Request Location Permissions", "description": "Android Developers. (2022, March 24). Request Location Permissions. Retrieved April 1, 2022.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/training/location/permissions"}, {"source_name": "Apple Requesting Authorization for Location Services", "description": "Apple Developers. (n.d.). Requesting Authorization for Location Services. Retrieved April 1, 2022.", "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/corelocation/requesting_authorization_for_location_services"}, {"source_name": "Google Project Zero Insomnia", "description": "I. Beer. (2019, August 29). Implant Teardown. Retrieved June 2, 2020.", "url": "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/08/implant-teardown.html"}, {"source_name": "PaloAlto-SpyDealer", "description": "Wenjun Hu, Cong Zheng and Zhi Xu. (2017, July 6). SpyDealer: Android Trojan Spying on More Than 40 Apps. Retrieved September 18, 2018.", "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/07/unit42-spydealer-android-trojan-spying-40-apps/"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-24.html", "external_id": "APP-24"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T15:56:34.537Z", "name": "Device Administrator Permissions", "description": "Adversaries may abuse Android\u2019s device administration API to obtain a higher degree of control over the device. By abusing the API, adversaries can perform several nefarious actions, such as resetting the device\u2019s password for [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1642), factory resetting the device for [File Deletion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/002) and to delete any traces of the malware, disabling all the device\u2019s cameras, or to make it more difficult to uninstall the app.\n\nDevice administrators must be approved by the user at runtime, with a system popup showing which actions have been requested by the app. In conjunction with other techniques, such as [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516), an app can programmatically grant itself administrator permissions without any user input.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Users are prompted for approval when an application requests device administrator permissions. Users can see which applications are registered as device administrators in the device settings. Application vetting services can check for the string `BIND_DEVICE_ADMIN` in the application\u2019s manifest. This indicates it can prompt the user for device administrator permissions.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--9c049d7b-c92a-4733-9381-27e2bd2ccadc", "created": "2022-04-01T15:59:05.830Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1626/001", "external_id": "T1626.001"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html", "external_id": "APP-22"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--9d7c32f4-ab39-49dc-8055-8106bc2294a1", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:17.886Z", "x_mitre_version": "2.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1446", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1446"}, {"source_name": "Xiao-KeyRaider", "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/08/keyraider-ios-malware-steals-over-225000-apple-accounts-to-create-free-app-utopia/", "description": "Claud Xiao. (2015, August 30). KeyRaider: iOS Malware Steals Over 225,000 Apple Accounts to Create Free App Utopia. Retrieved December 12, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Android resetPassword", "url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html#resetPassword(java.lang.String,%20int)", "description": "Google. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved October 1, 2019."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-28.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-28"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "An adversary may seek to lock the legitimate user out of the device, for example to inhibit user interaction or to obtain a ransom payment.\n\nOn Android versions prior to 7, apps can abuse Device Administrator access to reset the device lock passcode to prevent the user from unlocking the device. After Android 7, only device or profile owners (e.g. MDMs) can reset the device\u2019s passcode.(Citation: Android resetPassword)\n\nOn iOS devices, this technique does not work because mobile device management servers can only remove the screen lock passcode, they cannot set a new passcode. However, on jailbroken devices, malware has been discovered that can lock the user out of the device.(Citation: Xiao-KeyRaider)", "modified": "2022-04-01T18:49:51.039Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Device Lockout", "x_mitre_detection": "On Android, users can review which applications have device administrator access in the device settings, and revoke permission where appropriate.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:58:20.113Z", "name": "Remote Device Management Services", "description": "An adversary may use access to cloud services (e.g. Google's Android Device Manager or Apple iCloud's Find my iPhone) or to an enterprise mobility management (EMM)/mobile device management (MDM) server console to track the location of mobile devices managed by the service.(Citation: Krebs-Location) ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "discovery"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Google sends a notification to the device when Android Device Manager is used to locate it. Additionally, Google provides the ability for users to view their general account activity and alerts users when their credentials have been used on a new device. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity such as when credentials have been used. ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--9ef05e3d-52db-4c12-be4f-519214bbe91f", "created": "2022-04-05T19:37:15.984Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1430/001", "external_id": "T1430.001"}, {"source_name": "Krebs-Location", "description": "Brian Krebs. (2018, May 17). Tracking Firm LocationSmart Leaked Location Data for Customers of All Major U.S. Mobile Carriers Without Consent in Real Time Via Its Web Site. Retrieved November 8, 2018.", "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/05/tracking-firm-locationsmart-leaked-location-data-for-customers-of-all-major-u-s-mobile-carriers-in-real-time-via-its-web-site/"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-5.html", "external_id": "ECO-5"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-7.html", "external_id": "EMM-7"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-09-27T21:09:27.288Z", "name": "Data Destruction", "description": "Adversaries may destroy data and files on specific devices or in large numbers to interrupt availability to systems, services, and network resources. Data destruction is likely to render stored data irrecoverable by forensic techniques through overwriting files or data on local and remote drives.  \n\nTo achieve data destruction, adversaries may use the `pm uninstall` command to uninstall packages or the `rm` command to remove specific files. For example, adversaries may first use `pm uninstall` to uninstall non-system apps, and then use `rm (-f) <file(s)>` to delete specific files, further hiding malicious activity.(Citation: rootnik_rooting_tool)(Citation: abuse_native_linux_tools)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--9ef14445-6f35-4ed0-a042-5024f13a9242", "created": "2023-09-22T19:09:15.698Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1662", "external_id": "T1662"}, {"source_name": "rootnik_rooting_tool", "description": "Hu, W., et al. (2015, December 4). Rootnik Android Trojan Abuses Commercial Rooting Tool and Steals Private Information. Retrieved September 26, 2023.", "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/rootnik-android-trojan-abuses-commercial-rooting-tool-and-steals-private-information/"}, {"source_name": "abuse_native_linux_tools", "description": "Surana, N., et al. (2022, September 8). How Malicious Actors Abuse Native Linux Tools in Attacks. Retrieved September 26, 2023.", "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_za/research/22/i/how-malicious-actors-abuse-native-linux-tools-in-their-attacks.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--a0464539-e1b7-4455-a355-12495987c300", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:13.625Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1427", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1427"}, {"source_name": "ArsTechnica-PoisonTap", "url": "http://arstechnica.com/security/2016/11/meet-poisontap-the-5-tool-that-ransacks-password-protected-computers/", "description": "Dan Goodin. (2016, November 16). Meet PoisonTap, the $5 tool that ransacks password-protected computers. Retrieved December 22, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Wang-ExploitingUSB", "url": "http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1920314", "description": "Z. Wang and A. Stavrou. (2010, December 6-10). Exploiting smart-phone USB connectivity for fun and profit. Retrieved December 22, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/physical-threats/PHY-2.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "PHY-2"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "With escalated privileges, an adversary could program the mobile device to impersonate USB devices such as input devices (keyboard and mouse), storage devices, and/or networking devices in order to attack a physically connected PC(Citation: Wang-ExploitingUSB)(Citation: ArsTechnica-PoisonTap) This technique has been demonstrated on Android. We are unaware of any demonstrations on iOS.", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:39:14.695Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Attack PC via USB Connection", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "lateral-movement"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "id": "attack-pattern--a21a6a79-f9a1-4c87-aed9-ba2d79536881", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:05.928Z", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1441", "external_id": "T1441"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T01:05:10.700Z", "name": "Stolen Developer Credentials or Signing Keys", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--a5de0540-73e7-4c67-96da-4143afedc7ed", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:22.296Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1467", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1467"}, {"source_name": "Computerworld-Femtocell", "url": "http://www.computerworld.com/article/2484538/cybercrime-hacking/researchers-exploit-cellular-tech-flaws-to-intercept-phone-calls.html", "description": "Jaikumar Vijayan. (2013, August 1). Researchers exploit cellular tech flaws to intercept phone calls. Retrieved December 24, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-7.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "CEL-7"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "An adversary could set up a rogue cellular base station and then use it to eavesdrop on or manipulate cellular device communication. A compromised cellular femtocell could be used to carry out this technique(Citation: Computerworld-Femtocell).", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:52:41.578Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Rogue Cellular Base Station", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "network-effects"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Without Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Karim Hasanen, @_karimhasanen"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--a64a820a-cb21-471f-920c-506a2ff04fa5", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:20.329Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1451", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1451"}, {"source_name": "Betanews-Simswap", "url": "http://betanews.com/2016/02/12/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sim-swap-scams/", "description": "Alex Cambell. (2016, February 12). Everything you need to know about SIM swap scams. Retrieved December 12, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Krebs-SimSwap", "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/05/t-mobile-employee-made-unauthorized-sim-swap-to-steal-instagram-account/", "description": "Brian Krebs. (2018, May 18). T-Mobile Employee Made Unauthorized \u2018SIM Swap\u2019 to Steal Instagram Account. Retrieved November 8, 2018."}, {"source_name": "TechCrunch-SimSwap", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/23/i-was-hacked/", "description": "John Biggs. (2017, August 23). I was hacked. Retrieved November 8, 2018."}, {"source_name": "Motherboard-Simswap2", "url": "https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/3ky5a5/criminals-recruit-telecom-employees-sim-swapping-port-out-scam", "description": "Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai. (2018, August 3). How Criminals Recruit Telecom Employees to Help Them Hijack SIM Cards. Retrieved August 11, 2018."}, {"source_name": "Motherboard-Simswap1", "url": "https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/vbqax3/hackers-sim-swapping-steal-phone-numbers-instagram-bitcoin", "description": "Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai. (2018, July 17). The SIM Hijackers. Retrieved August 11, 2018."}, {"source_name": "Guardian-Simswap", "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/apr/16/sim-swap-fraud-mobile-banking-fraudsters", "description": "Miles Brignall. (2016, April 16). Sim-swap fraud claims another mobile banking victim. Retrieved December 12, 2016."}, {"source_name": "NYGov-Simswap", "url": "http://www.dos.ny.gov/consumerprotection/scams/att-sim.html", "description": "New York Department of State. (2016, February 12). AT&T SIM-Card Switch Scam. Retrieved August 23, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-22.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "STA-22"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "An adversary could convince the mobile network operator (e.g. through social networking, forged identification, or insider attacks performed by trusted employees) to issue a new SIM card and associate it with an existing phone number and account.(Citation: NYGov-Simswap)(Citation: Motherboard-Simswap2) The adversary could then obtain SMS messages or hijack phone calls intended for someone else.(Citation: Betanews-Simswap)\n\nOne use case is intercepting authentication messages or phone calls to obtain illicit access to online banking or other online accounts, as many online services allow account password resets by sending an authentication code over SMS to a phone number associated with the account.(Citation: Guardian-Simswap)(Citation: Motherboard-Simswap1)(Citation: Krebs-SimSwap)(Citation: TechCrunch-SimSwap)", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:53:54.872Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "SIM Card Swap", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "network-effects"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Without Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:44:36.145Z", "name": "Input Capture", "description": "Adversaries may use methods of capturing user input to obtain credentials or collect information. During normal device usage, users often provide credentials to various locations, such as login pages/portals or system dialog boxes. Input capture mechanisms may be transparent to the user (e.g. [Keylogging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/001)) or rely on deceiving the user into providing input into what they believe to be a genuine application prompt (e.g. [GUI Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/002)).", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services can look for applications requesting the permissions granting access to accessibility services or application overlay. Users can view and manage installed third-party keyboards.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "2.3", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--a8c31121-852b-46bd-9ba4-674ae5afe7ad", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:27.660Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417", "external_id": "T1417"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html", "external_id": "APP-31"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-13.html", "external_id": "AUT-13"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:57:17.144Z", "name": "Generate Traffic from Victim", "description": "Adversaries may generate outbound traffic from devices. This is typically performed to manipulate external outcomes, such as to achieve carrier billing fraud or to manipulate app store rankings or ratings. Outbound traffic is typically generated as SMS messages or general web traffic, but may take other forms as well.\n\nIf done via SMS messages, Android apps must hold the `SEND_SMS` permission. Additionally, sending an SMS message requires user consent if the recipient is a premium number. Applications cannot send SMS messages on iOS", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "On Android, users can review which applications can use premium SMS features in the \u201cSpecial access\u201d page within application settings. Application vetting services can detect when applications request the `SEND_SMS` permission, which should be infrequently used.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--a8e971b8-8dc7-4514-8249-ae95427ec467", "created": "2022-04-06T13:55:14.390Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1643", "external_id": "T1643"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-16.html", "external_id": "APP-16"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:18:29.556Z", "name": "Disguise Root/Jailbreak Indicators", "description": "An adversary could use knowledge of the techniques used by security software to evade detection.(Citation: Brodie)(Citation: Tan) For example, some mobile security products perform compromised device detection by searching for particular artifacts such as an installed \"su\" binary, but that check could be evaded by naming the binary something else. Similarly, polymorphic code techniques could be used to evade signature-based detection.(Citation: Rastogi)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Mobile security products can use attestation to detect compromised devices.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--a91262d5-b9ff-463f-b8d2-12e4ea1eb3c9", "created": "2022-04-08T16:29:30.087Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/003", "external_id": "T1630.003"}, {"source_name": "Brodie", "description": "Daniel Brodie. (2016). Practical Attacks against Mobile Device Management (MDM). Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://media.blackhat.com/eu-13/briefings/Brodie/bh-eu-13-lacoon-attacks-mdm-brodie-wp.pdf"}, {"source_name": "Rastogi", "description": "Vaibhav Rastogi, Yan Chen, and Xuxian Jiang. (2013, May). DroidChameleon: Evaluating Android Anti-malware against Transformation Attacks. Retrieved December 9, 2016.", "url": "http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~vrastogi/static/papers/rcj13b.pdf"}, {"source_name": "Tan", "description": "Vincent Tan. (2016, August). BAD FOR ENTERPRISE: ATTACKING BYOD ENTERPRISE MOBILE SECURITY SOLUTIONS. Retrieved February 4, 2017.", "url": "http://www.blackhat.com/us-16/briefings.html#bad-for-enterprise-attacking-byod-enterprise-mobile-security-solutions"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-5.html", "external_id": "EMM-5"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Alex Hinchliffe, Palo Alto Networks"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--a93ccb8f-3996-42e2-b7c7-bb599d4e205f", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:35.247Z", "x_mitre_version": "2.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1444", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1444"}, {"source_name": "Palo Alto HenBox", "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/", "description": "A. Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019."}, {"source_name": "Zhou", "url": "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6234407", "description": "Yajin Zhou and Xuxian Jiang. (2012, May). Dissecting Android Malware: Characterization and Evolution. Retrieved December 9, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-31"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-14.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-14"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "An adversary could distribute developed malware by masquerading the malware as a legitimate application. This can be done in two different ways: by embedding the malware in a legitimate application, or by pretending to be a legitimate application.\n\nEmbedding the malware in a legitimate application is done by downloading the application, disassembling it, adding the malicious code, and then re-assembling it.(Citation: Zhou) The app would appear to be the original app, but would contain additional malicious functionality. The adversary could then publish the malicious application to app stores or use another delivery method.\n\nPretending to be a legitimate application relies heavily on lack of scrutinization by the user. Typically, a malicious app pretending to be a legitimate one will have many similar details as the legitimate one, such as name, icon, and description.(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox)\n\nMalicious applications may also masquerade as legitimate applications when requesting access to the accessibility service in order to appear as legitimate to the user, increasing the likelihood that the access will be granted.", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:45:52.558Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Masquerade as Legitimate Application", "x_mitre_detection": "Users can detect malicious applications by watching for nuances that could indicate the application is not the intended one when it is being installed.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "initial-access"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "id": "attack-pattern--a9cab8f6-4c94-4c9b-9e7d-9d863ff53431", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:19.682Z", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1457", "external_id": "T1457"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T01:05:10.703Z", "name": "Malicious Media Content", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"modified": "2023-03-16T18:28:28.234Z", "name": "Calendar Entries", "description": "Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather calendar entry data. On Android, this can be accomplished using the Calendar Content Provider. On iOS, this can be accomplished using the `EventKit` framework. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access [Calendar Entries](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/001) without the user\u2019s knowledge or approval. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "On both Android and iOS, the user can manage which applications have permission to access calendar information through the device settings screen, revoke the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_CALENDAR` or `android.permission.WRITE_CALENDAR` in an Android application\u2019s manifest, or `NSCalendarsUsageDescription` in an iOS application\u2019s `Info.plist` file. Most applications do not need calendar access, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it. ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--a9fa0d30-a8ff-45bf-922e-7720da0b7922", "created": "2022-04-01T12:48:27.021Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/001", "external_id": "T1636.001"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html", "external_id": "APP-13"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:52:24.758Z", "name": "File Deletion", "description": "Adversaries may wipe a device or delete individual files in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. An application must have administrator access to fully wipe the device, while individual files may not require special permissions to delete depending on their storage location.(Citation: Android DevicePolicyManager 2019) \n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The impact file deletion will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary, but can include deleting update files to evade detection or deleting attacker-specified files for impact.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Mobile security products can detect which applications can request device administrator permissions. Users can view applications with administrator access through the device settings, and may also notice if user data is inexplicably missing. Application vetting services could be extra scrutinous of applications that request device administrator permissions.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--ab7400b7-3476-4776-9545-ef3fa373de63", "created": "2022-03-30T19:36:09.691Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/002", "external_id": "T1630.002"}, {"source_name": "Android DevicePolicyManager 2019", "description": "Android Developers. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved September 22, 2019.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:39:10.201Z", "name": "Device Lockout", "description": "An adversary may seek to inhibit user interaction by locking the legitimate user out of the device. This is typically accomplished by requesting device administrator permissions and then locking the screen using `DevicePolicyManager.lockNow()`. Other novel techniques for locking the user out of the device have been observed, such as showing a persistent overlay, using carefully crafted \u201ccall\u201d notification screens, and locking HTML pages in the foreground. These techniques can be very difficult to get around, and typically require booting the device into safe mode to uninstall the malware.(Citation: Microsoft MalLockerB)(Citation: Talos GPlayed)(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)\n\nPrior to Android 7, device administrators were able to reset the device lock passcode to prevent the user from unlocking the device. The release of Android 7 introduced updates that only allow device or profile owners (e.g. MDMs) to reset the device\u2019s passcode.(Citation: Android resetPassword)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Users can view a list of device administrators in device settings and revoke permission where appropriate. Applications that request device administrator permissions should be scrutinized further for malicious behavior.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--acf8fd2a-dc98-43b4-8d37-64e10728e591", "created": "2022-04-01T18:49:03.892Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629/002", "external_id": "T1629.002"}, {"source_name": "Microsoft MalLockerB", "description": "D. Venkatesan. (2020, October 8). Sophisticated new Android malware marks the latest evolution of mobile ransomware . Retrieved October 29, 2020.", "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/10/08/sophisticated-new-android-malware-marks-the-latest-evolution-of-mobile-ransomware/"}, {"source_name": "Android resetPassword", "description": "Google. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved October 1, 2019.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html#resetPassword(java.lang.String,%20int)"}, {"source_name": "securelist rotexy 2018", "description": "T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan \u2013 banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.", "url": "https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/"}, {"source_name": "Talos GPlayed", "description": "V. Ventura. (2018, October 11).  GPlayed Trojan - .Net playing with Google Market . Retrieved November 24, 2020.", "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/10/gplayedtrojan.html"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html", "external_id": "APP-22"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:48:39.936Z", "name": "Keylogging", "description": "Adversaries may log user keystrokes to intercept credentials or other information from the user as the user types them.\n\nSome methods of keylogging include:\n\n* Masquerading as a legitimate third-party keyboard to record user keystrokes.(Citation: Zeltser-Keyboard) On both Android and iOS, users must explicitly authorize the use of third-party keyboard apps. Users should be advised to use extreme caution before granting this authorization when it is requested.\n* Abusing accessibility features. On Android, adversaries may abuse accessibility features to record keystrokes by registering an `AccessibilityService` class, overriding the `onAccessibilityEvent` method, and listening for the `AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_TEXT_CHANGED` event type. The event object passed into the function will contain the data that the user typed. \n*Additional methods of keylogging may be possible if root access is available. \n", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "On Android, users can view and manage which applications have third-party keyboard access through the device settings in System -> Languages & input -> Virtual keyboard. On iOS, users can view and manage which applications have third-party keyboard access through the device settings in General -> Keyboard. \n\nApplication vetting services can look for applications requesting the `android.permission.BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE` permission in a service declaration. On Android, users can view and manage which applications can use accessibility services through the device settings in Accessibility. The exact device settings menu locations may vary between operating system versions.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47", "created": "2022-04-05T19:45:03.000Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/001", "external_id": "T1417.001"}, {"source_name": "Zeltser-Keyboard", "description": "Lenny Zeltser. (2016, July 30). Security of Third-Party Keyboard Apps on Mobile Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://zeltser.com/third-party-keyboards-security/"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-13.html", "external_id": "AUT-13"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:58:57.001Z", "name": "SMS Control", "description": "Adversaries may delete, alter, or send SMS messages without user authorization. This could be used to hide C2 SMS messages, spread malware, or various external effects.\n\nThis can be accomplished by requesting the `RECEIVE_SMS` or `SEND_SMS` permissions depending on what the malware is attempting to do. If the app is set as the default SMS handler on the device, the `SMS_DELIVER` broadcast intent can be registered, which allows the app to write to the SMS content provider. The content provider directly modifies the messaging database on the device, which could allow malicious applications with this ability to insert, modify, or delete arbitrary messages on the device.(Citation: SMS KitKat)(Citation: Android SmsProvider)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Users can view the default SMS handler in system settings.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b", "created": "2020-09-11T15:14:33.730Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1582", "external_id": "T1582"}, {"source_name": "Android SmsProvider", "description": "Google. (n.d.). SmsProvider.java. Retrieved September 11, 2020.", "url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/providers/TelephonyProvider/+/7e7c274/src/com/android/providers/telephony/SmsProvider.java"}, {"source_name": "SMS KitKat", "description": "S.Main, D. Braun. (2013, October 14).  Getting Your SMS Apps Ready for KitKat. Retrieved September 11, 2020.", "url": "https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2013/10/getting-your-sms-apps-ready-for-kitkat.html"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-16.html", "external_id": "APP-16"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-41.html", "external_id": "CEL-41"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--b332a960-3c04-495a-827f-f17a5daed3a6", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:14.003Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1408", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1408"}, {"source_name": "Brodie", "url": "https://media.blackhat.com/eu-13/briefings/Brodie/bh-eu-13-lacoon-attacks-mdm-brodie-wp.pdf", "description": "Daniel Brodie. (2016). Practical Attacks against Mobile Device Management (MDM). Retrieved December 21, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Rastogi", "url": "http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~vrastogi/static/papers/rcj13b.pdf", "description": "Vaibhav Rastogi, Yan Chen, and Xuxian Jiang. (2013, May). DroidChameleon: Evaluating Android Anti-malware against Transformation Attacks. Retrieved December 9, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Tan", "url": "http://www.blackhat.com/us-16/briefings.html#bad-for-enterprise-attacking-byod-enterprise-mobile-security-solutions", "description": "Vincent Tan. (2016, August). BAD FOR ENTERPRISE: ATTACKING BYOD ENTERPRISE MOBILE SECURITY SOLUTIONS. Retrieved February 4, 2017."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-5.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "EMM-5"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "An adversary could use knowledge of the techniques used by security software to evade detection(Citation: Brodie)(Citation: Tan). For example, some mobile security products perform compromised device detection by searching for particular artifacts such as an installed \"su\" binary, but that check could be evaded by naming the binary something else. Similarly, polymorphic code techniques could be used to evade signature-based detection(Citation: Rastogi).", "modified": "2022-04-08T16:29:55.321Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Disguise Root/Jailbreak Indicators", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--b3c2e5de-0941-4b57-ba61-af029eb5517a", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:27.307Z", "x_mitre_version": "2.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1438", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1438"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-30.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-30"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data over a different network medium than the command and control channel. If the command and control network is a standard Internet connection, the exfiltration may occur, for example, via Bluetooth, or another radio frequency (RF) channel. \n\nAdversaries may choose to do this if they have sufficient access or proximity, and the connection might not be secured or defended as well as the primary Internet-connected channel because it is not routed through the same enterprise network. ", "modified": "2022-04-18T19:46:02.529Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Exfiltration Over Other Network Medium", "x_mitre_detection": "Exfiltration over other network mediums can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"phase_name": "command-and-control", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "id": "attack-pattern--b765efd1-02e6-4e67-aebf-0fef5c37e54b", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:26.473Z", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1440", "external_id": "T1440"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T01:05:10.700Z", "name": "Detect App Analysis Environment", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:55:54.442Z", "name": "Process Injection", "description": "Adversaries may inject code into processes in order to evade process-based defenses or even elevate privileges. Process injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. Running code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via process injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. \n\nBoth Android and iOS have no legitimate way to achieve process injection. The only way this is possible is by abusing existing root access or exploiting a vulnerability.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services could look for misuse of dynamic libraries.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--b7c0e45f-0206-4f75-96e7-fe7edad3aaff", "created": "2022-03-30T18:50:43.393Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1631", "external_id": "T1631"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "id": "attack-pattern--b928b94a-4966-4e2a-9e61-36505b896ebc", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:24.905Z", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1462", "external_id": "T1462"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T01:05:10.704Z", "name": "Malicious Software Development Tools", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--bb4387ab-7a51-468b-bf5f-a9a8612f0303", "created": "2022-04-05T20:14:17.310Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1521.001", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/001"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Adversaries may employ a known symmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic, rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Symmetric encryption algorithms use the same key for plaintext encryption and ciphertext decryption. Common symmetric encryption algorithms include AES, Blowfish, and RC4.", "modified": "2022-04-05T20:14:17.310Z", "name": "Symmetric Cryptography", "x_mitre_detection": "Since data encryption is a common practice in many legitimate applications and uses standard programming language-specific APIs, encrypting data for command and control communication is regarded as undetectable to the user.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"phase_name": "command-and-control", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--bd4d32f5-eed4-4018-a649-40b229dd1d69", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:30.127Z", "x_mitre_version": "2.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1402", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1402"}, {"source_name": "Android Changes to System Broadcasts", "url": "https://developer.android.com/guide/components/broadcasts#changes-system-broadcasts", "description": "Google. (2019, December 27). Broadcasts Overview. Retrieved January 27, 2020."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "An intent is a message passed between Android application or system components. Applications can register to receive broadcast intents at runtime, which are system-wide intents delivered to each app when certain events happen on the device, such as network changes or the user unlocking the screen. Malicious applications can then trigger certain actions within the app based on which broadcast intent was received.\n\nFurther, malicious applications can register for intents broadcasted by other applications in addition to the Android system itself. This allows the malware to respond based on actions in other applications. This behavior typically indicates a more intimate knowledge, or potentially the targeting of specific devices, users, or applications.\n\nIn Android 8 (API level 26), broadcast intent behavior was changed, limiting the implicit intents that applications can register for in the manifest. In most cases, applications that register through the manifest will no longer receive the broadcasts. Now, applications must register context-specific broadcast receivers while the user is actively using the app.(Citation: Android Changes to System Broadcasts)", "modified": "2022-03-30T14:43:46.019Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Broadcast Receivers", "x_mitre_detection": "Broadcast intent receivers are part of standard OS-level APIs and are therefore typically undetectable to the end user.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "persistence"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "execution"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2024-02-21T20:44:44.404Z", "name": "Wi-Fi Discovery", "description": "Adversaries may search for information about Wi-Fi networks, such as network names and passwords, on compromised systems. Adversaries may use Wi-Fi information as part of [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0032) or [Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0031) activity to support both ongoing and future campaigns. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "discovery"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--be63612f-a48f-44f2-a7a6-1763509fcf80", "created": "2024-02-21T20:44:44.404Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422/002", "external_id": "T1422.002"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T15:21:12.603Z", "name": "Compromise Hardware Supply Chain", "description": "Adversaries may manipulate hardware components in products prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. By modifying hardware or firmware in the supply chain, adversaries can insert a backdoor into consumer networks that may be difficult to detect and give the adversary a high degree of control over the system. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "initial-access"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Integrity checking mechanisms can potentially detect unauthorized hardware modifications.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--c08366bb-8d11-4921-853f-f0a3b6a2a1da", "created": "2022-03-28T19:30:15.556Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474/002", "external_id": "T1474.002"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-1.html", "external_id": "SPC-1"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-2.html", "external_id": "SPC-2"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-4.html", "external_id": "SPC-4"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-5.html", "external_id": "SPC-5"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-6.html", "external_id": "SPC-6"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-7.html", "external_id": "SPC-7"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-8.html", "external_id": "SPC-8"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-13.html", "external_id": "SPC-13"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-16.html", "external_id": "SPC-16"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-17.html", "external_id": "SPC-17"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-21.html", "external_id": "SPC-21"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-16T18:33:20.042Z", "name": "Clipboard Data", "description": "Adversaries may abuse clipboard manager APIs to obtain sensitive information copied to the device clipboard. For example, passwords being copied and pasted from a password manager application could be captured by a malicious application installed on the device.(Citation: Fahl-Clipboard) \n\n \n\nOn Android, applications can use the `ClipboardManager.OnPrimaryClipChangedListener()` API to register as a listener and monitor the clipboard for changes. However, starting in Android 10, this can only be used if the application is in the foreground, or is set as the device\u2019s default input method editor (IME).(Citation: Github Capture Clipboard 2019)(Citation: Android 10 Privacy Changes) \n\n \n\nOn iOS, this can be accomplished by accessing the `UIPasteboard.general.string` field. However, starting in iOS 14, upon accessing the clipboard, the user will be shown a system notification if the accessed text originated in a different application. For example, if the user copies the text of an iMessage from the Messages application, the notification will read \u201capplication_name has pasted from Messages\u201d when the text was pasted in a different application.(Citation: UIPPasteboard)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services could detect usage of standard clipboard APIs.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "3.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--c4b96c0b-cb58-497a-a1c2-bb447d79d692", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:19.996Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1414", "external_id": "T1414"}, {"source_name": "Android 10 Privacy Changes", "description": "Android Developers. (n.d.). Privacy changes in Android 10. Retrieved September 11, 2019.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#clipboard-data"}, {"source_name": "UIPPasteboard", "description": "Apple Developer. (n.d.). UIPasteboard. Retrieved April 1, 2022.", "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uipasteboard"}, {"source_name": "Fahl-Clipboard", "description": "Fahl, S, et al.. (2013). Hey, You, Get Off of My Clipboard. Retrieved August 27, 2019.", "url": "http://saschafahl.de/static/paper/pwmanagers2013.pdf"}, {"source_name": "Github Capture Clipboard 2019", "description": "Pearce, G. (, January). Retrieved August 8, 2019.", "url": "https://github.com/grepx/android-clipboard-security"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-35.html", "external_id": "APP-35"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--c5089859-b21f-40a3-8be4-63e381b8b1c0", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:30.890Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1400", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1400"}, {"source_name": "Android-VerifiedBoot", "url": "https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/", "description": "Android. (n.d.). Verified Boot. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Apple-iOSSecurityGuide", "url": "https://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf", "description": "Apple. (2016, May). iOS Security. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-27"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "If an adversary can escalate privileges, he or she may be able to use those privileges to place malicious code in the device system partition, where it may persist after device resets and may not be easily removed by the device user.\n\nMany Android devices provide the ability to unlock the bootloader for development purposes. An unlocked bootloader may provide the ability for an adversary to modify the system partition. Even if the bootloader is locked, it may be possible for an adversary to escalate privileges and then modify the system partition.", "modified": "2022-03-30T15:18:21.242Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Modify System Partition", "x_mitre_detection": "Android devices with the Verified Boot capability (Citation: Android-VerifiedBoot) perform cryptographic checks of the integrity of the system partition.\n\nThe Android SafetyNet API's remote attestation capability could potentially be used to identify and respond to compromised devices.\n\nSamsung KNOX also provides a remote attestation capability on supported Samsung Android devices.\n\niOS devices will fail to boot or fail to allow device activation if unauthorized modifications are detected.(Citation: Apple-iOSSecurityGuide)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "persistence"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T15:55:32.497Z", "name": "Data Manipulation", "description": "Adversaries may insert, delete, or alter data in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. By manipulating data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, or decision making.\n\nThe type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target application, process, and the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system, typically gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign, in order to have the desired impact.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services could look for use of standard APIs (e.g. the clipboard API) that could indicate data manipulation is occurring.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--c548d8c4-a0a3-4a24-bb79-2a84abbc7b36", "created": "2022-04-06T13:34:46.021Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641", "external_id": "T1641"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:58:33.873Z", "name": "SMS Messages", "description": "Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather SMS messages. On Android, this can be accomplished using the SMS Content Provider. iOS provides no standard API to access SMS messages. \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access [SMS Messages](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/004) without the user\u2019s knowledge or approval. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "On Android, the user can manage which applications have permission to access SMS messages through the device settings screen, revoking the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_SMS` in an Android application\u2019s manifest. Most applications do not need access to SMS messages, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it. ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--c6421411-ae61-42bb-9098-73fddb315002", "created": "2022-04-01T13:25:30.923Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/004", "external_id": "T1636.004"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html", "external_id": "APP-13"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-14T16:31:37.317Z", "name": "Web Service", "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying data to/from a compromised system. Popular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. \n\n \n\nUse of Web services may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis, or enable operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed). \n\n ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "command-and-control"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.3", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--c6a146ae-9c63-4606-97ff-e261e76e8380", "created": "2019-02-01T17:29:43.503Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481", "external_id": "T1481"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-09-08T19:20:51.220Z", "name": "System Runtime API Hijacking", "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the way an operating system runs applications. Hijacking execution flow can be for the purposes of persistence since this hijacked execution may reoccur at later points in time. \n\n\nOn Android, adversaries may overwrite the standard OS API library with a malicious alternative to hook into core functions to achieve persistence. By doing this, the adversary\u2019s code will be executed every time the overwritten API function is called by an app on the infected device.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "persistence"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Mobile threat defense agents could detect unauthorized operating system modifications by using attestation. ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--c6e17ca2-08b5-4379-9786-89bd05241831", "created": "2022-03-30T15:07:51.646Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1625/001", "external_id": "T1625.001"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html", "external_id": "APP-27"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "id": "attack-pattern--c91c304a-975d-4501-9789-0db1c57afd3f", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:07.149Z", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1455", "external_id": "T1455"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T01:05:10.702Z", "name": "Exploit Baseband Vulnerability", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"modified": "2023-09-08T19:19:37.927Z", "name": "Credentials from Password Store", "description": "Adversaries may search common password storage locations to obtain user credentials. Passwords can be stored in several places on a device, depending on the operating system or application holding the credentials. There are also specific applications that store passwords to make it easier for users to manage and maintain. Once credentials are obtained, they can be used to perform lateral movement and access restricted information.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Mobile security products can potentially detect jailbroken devices. Application vetting services may be able to detect known privilege escalation exploits contained within applications, as well as searching application packages for strings that correlate to known password store locations.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--cc6e0637-76d2-4af3-a604-9d8d3ff8a6b3", "created": "2022-04-01T14:55:10.494Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1634", "external_id": "T1634"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-11.html", "external_id": "AUT-11"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "Hooking", "description": "Adversaries may utilize hooking to hide the presence of artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection. Hooking can be used to modify return values or data structures of system APIs and function calls. This process typically involves using 3rd party root frameworks, such as Xposed or Magisk, with either a system exploit or pre-existing root access. By including custom modules for root frameworks, adversaries can hook system APIs and alter the return value and/or system data structures to alter functionality/visibility of various aspects of the system.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_detection": "Hooking can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_contributors": ["J\u00f6rg Abraham, EclecticIQ"], "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--ccde43e4-78f9-4f32-b401-c081e7db71ea", "created": "2021-09-24T14:47:34.182Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1617", "external_id": "T1617"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--cde2cb84-455e-410c-8aa9-086f2788bcd2", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1478", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1478"}, {"source_name": "Talos-MDM", "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/07/Mobile-Malware-Campaign-uses-Malicious-MDM.html", "description": "Warren Mercer, Paul Rascagneres, Andrew Williams. (2018, July 12). Advanced Mobile Malware Campaign in India uses Malicious MDM. Retrieved September 24, 2018."}, {"source_name": "Symantec-iOSProfile", "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/malicious-profiles-sleeping-giant-ios-security", "description": "Yair Amit. (2013, March 12). Malicious Profiles \u2013 The Sleeping Giant of iOS Security. Retrieved September 24, 2018."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-7.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "STA-7"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "An adversary could attempt to install insecure or malicious configuration settings on the mobile device, through means such as phishing emails or text messages either directly containing the configuration settings as an attachment, or containing a web link to the configuration settings. The device user may be tricked into installing the configuration settings through social engineering techniques (Citation: Symantec-iOSProfile).\n\nFor example, an unwanted Certification Authority (CA) certificate could be placed in the device's trusted certificate store, increasing the device's susceptibility to adversary-in-the-middle network attacks seeking to eavesdrop on or manipulate the device's network communication ([Eavesdrop on Insecure Network Communication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1439) and [Manipulate Device Communication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1463)).\n\nOn iOS, malicious Configuration Profiles could contain unwanted Certification Authority (CA) certificates or other insecure settings such as unwanted proxy server or VPN settings to route the device's network traffic through an adversary's system. The device could also potentially be enrolled into a malicious Mobile Device Management (MDM) system (Citation: Talos-MDM).", "modified": "2022-03-30T18:18:15.903Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Install Insecure or Malicious Configuration", "x_mitre_detection": "On Android, the user can view trusted CA certificates through the device settings and look for unexpected certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies.\n\nOn iOS, the user can view installed Configuration Profiles through the device settings and look for unexpected profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"phase_name": "defense-evasion", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}, {"phase_name": "initial-access", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:53:35.087Z", "name": "File and Directory Discovery", "description": "Adversaries may enumerate files and directories or search in specific device locations for desired information within a filesystem. Adversaries may use the information from [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1420) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including deciding if the adversary should fully infect the target and/or attempt specific actions. \n\nOn Android, Linux file permissions and SELinux policies typically stringently restrict what can be accessed by apps without taking advantage of a privilege escalation exploit. The contents of the external storage directory are generally visible, which could present concerns if sensitive data is inappropriately stored there. iOS's security architecture generally restricts the ability to perform any type of [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1420) without use of escalated privileges. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "discovery"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "On Android, users are presented with a permissions popup when an application requests access to external device storage.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--cf28ca46-1fd3-46b4-b1f6-ec0b72361848", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:21.965Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1420", "external_id": "T1420"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-41.html", "external_id": "STA-41"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-09T14:38:34.859Z", "name": "Obfuscated Files or Information", "description": "Adversaries may attempt to make a payload or file difficult to discover or analyze by encrypting, encoding, or otherwise obfuscating its contents on the device or in transit. This is common behavior that can be used across different platforms and the network to evade defenses. \n \nPayloads may be compressed, archived, or encrypted in order to avoid detection. These payloads may be used during Initial Access or later to mitigate detection. Portions of files can also be encoded to hide the plaintext strings that would otherwise help defenders with discovery. Payloads may also be split into separate, seemingly benign files that only reveal malicious functionality when reassembled.(Citation: Microsoft MalLockerB) ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Dynamic analysis, when used in application vetting, may in some cases be able to identify malicious code in obfuscated or encrypted form by detecting the code at execution time (after it is deobfuscated or decrypted). Some application vetting techniques apply reputation analysis of the application developer and can alert to potentially suspicious applications without actual examination of application code.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "3.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--d13fa042-8f26-44e1-a2a8-af0bf8e2ac9a", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:32.328Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406", "external_id": "T1406"}, {"source_name": "Microsoft MalLockerB", "description": "D. Venkatesan. (2020, October 8). Sophisticated new Android malware marks the latest evolution of mobile ransomware . Retrieved October 29, 2020.", "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/10/08/sophisticated-new-android-malware-marks-the-latest-evolution-of-mobile-ransomware/"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-21.html", "external_id": "APP-21"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-08T22:50:32.775Z", "name": "Input Injection", "description": "A malicious application can inject input to the user interface to mimic user interaction through the abuse of Android's accessibility APIs.\n\n[Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516) can be achieved using any of the following methods:\n\n* Mimicking user clicks on the screen, for example to steal money from a user's PayPal account.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)\n* Injecting global actions, such as `GLOBAL_ACTION_BACK` (programatically mimicking a physical back button press), to trigger actions on behalf of the user.(Citation: Talos Gustuff Apr 2019)\n* Inserting input into text fields on behalf of the user. This method is used legitimately to auto-fill text fields by applications such as password managers.(Citation: bitwarden autofill logins)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160tefanko, ESET"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Users can view applications that have registered accessibility services in the accessibility menu within the device settings.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--d1f1337e-aea7-454c-86bd-482a98ffaf62", "created": "2019-09-15T15:26:22.356Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516", "external_id": "T1516"}, {"source_name": "bitwarden autofill logins", "description": "Bitwarden. (n.d.).  Auto-fill logins on Android . Retrieved September 15, 2019.", "url": "https://help.bitwarden.com/article/auto-fill-android/"}, {"source_name": "android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa", "description": "Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160tefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019.", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/"}, {"source_name": "Talos Gustuff Apr 2019", "description": "Vitor Ventura. (2019, April 9).  Gustuff banking botnet targets Australia . Retrieved September 3, 2019.", "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/gustuff-targets-australia.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:51:23.109Z", "name": "Network Denial of Service", "description": "Adversaries may perform Network Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to degrade or block the availability of targeted resources to users. Network DoS can be performed by exhausting the network bandwidth that services rely on, or by jamming the signal going to or coming from devices. \n\nA Network DoS will occur when an adversary is able to jam radio signals (e.g. Wi-Fi, cellular, GPS) around a device to prevent it from communicating. For example, to jam cellular signal, an adversary may use a handheld signal jammer, which jam devices within the jammer\u2019s operational range.(Citation: NIST-SP800187) \n\nUsage of cellular jamming has been documented in several arrests reported in the news.(Citation: CNET-Celljammer)(Citation: NYTimes-Celljam)(Citation: Digitaltrends-Celljam)(Citation: Arstechnica-Celljam)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Unexpected loss of radio signal could indicate that a device is being actively jammed.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.3", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--d2e112dc-f6d4-488d-b8df-ecbfb57a0a2d", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:25.740Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1464", "external_id": "T1464"}, {"source_name": "CNET-Celljammer", "description": "Chris Matyszczyk. (2014, May 1). FCC: Man used device to jam drivers' cell phone calls. Retrieved November 8, 2018.", "url": "https://www.cnet.com/news/man-put-cell-phone-jammer-in-car-to-stop-driver-calls-fcc-says/"}, {"source_name": "Arstechnica-Celljam", "description": "David Kravets. (2016, March 10). Man accused of jamming passengers\u2019 cell phones on Chicago subway. Retrieved November 8, 2018.", "url": "https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/03/man-accused-of-jamming-passengers-cell-phones-on-chicago-subway/"}, {"source_name": "NIST-SP800187", "description": "Jeffrey Cichonski, Joshua M Franklin, Michael Bartock. (2017, December). Guide to LTE Security. Retrieved January 20, 2017.", "url": "http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-187/sp800_187_draft.pdf"}, {"source_name": "NYTimes-Celljam", "description": "Matt Richtel. (2007, November 4). Devices Enforce Silence of Cellphones, Illegally. Retrieved November 8, 2018.", "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/technology/04jammer.html"}, {"source_name": "Digitaltrends-Celljam", "description": "Trevor Mogg. (2015, June 5). Florida teacher punished after signal-jamming his students\u2019 cell phones. Retrieved November 8, 2018.", "url": "https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/florida-teacher-punished-after-signal-jamming-his-students-cell-phones/"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-7.html", "external_id": "CEL-7"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-8.html", "external_id": "CEL-8"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/lan-pan-threats/LPN-5.html", "external_id": "LPN-5"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/gps-threats/GPS-0.html", "external_id": "GPS-0"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z", "name": "Compromise Application Executable", "description": "Adversaries may modify applications installed on a device to establish persistent access to a victim. These malicious modifications can be used to make legitimate applications carry out adversary tasks when these applications are in use.\n\nThere are multiple ways an adversary can inject malicious code into applications. One method is by taking advantages of device vulnerabilities, the most well-known being Janus, an Android vulnerability that allows adversaries to add extra bytes to APK (application) and DEX (executable) files without affecting the file's signature. By being able to add arbitrary bytes to valid applications, attackers can seamlessly inject code into genuine executables without the user's knowledge.(Citation: Guardsquare Janus)\n\nAdversaries may also rebuild applications to include malicious modifications. This can be achieved by decompiling the genuine application, merging it with the malicious code, and recompiling it.(Citation: CheckPoint Agent Smith)\n\nAdversaries may also take action to conceal modifications to application executables and bypass user consent. These actions include altering modifications to appear as an update or exploiting vulnerabilities that allow activities of the malicious application to run inside a system application.(Citation: CheckPoint Agent Smith)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "persistence"}], "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_detection": "This behavior is seamless to the user and is typically undetectable.", "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--d3bc5020-f6a2-41c0-8ccb-5e563101b60c", "created": "2020-05-07T15:24:49.068Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1577", "external_id": "T1577"}, {"source_name": "Guardsquare Janus", "description": "Guarsquare. (2017, November 13). New Android vulnerability allows attackers to modify apps without affecting their signatures. Retrieved May 7, 2020.", "url": "https://www.guardsquare.com/en/blog/new-android-vulnerability-allows-attackers-modify-apps-without-affecting-their-signatures"}, {"source_name": "CheckPoint Agent Smith", "description": "A. Hazum, F. He, I. Marom, B. Melnykov, A. Polkovnichenko. (2019, July 10). Agent Smith: A New Species of Mobile Malware. Retrieved May 7, 2020.", "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2019/agent-smith-a-new-species-of-mobile-malware/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:43:46.177Z", "name": "Event Triggered Execution", "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence using system mechanisms that trigger execution based on specific events. Mobile operating systems have means to subscribe to events such as receiving an SMS message, device boot completion, or other device activities. \n\nAdversaries may abuse these mechanisms as a means of maintaining persistent access to a victim via automatically and repeatedly executing malicious code. After gaining access to a victim\u2019s system, adversaries may create or modify event triggers to point to malicious content that will be executed whenever the event trigger is invoked. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "persistence"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services can detect which broadcast intents an application registers for and which permissions it requests. ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--d446b9f0-06a9-4a8d-97ee-298cfee84f14", "created": "2022-03-30T14:25:41.721Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1624", "external_id": "T1624"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2024-02-20T23:35:22.949Z", "name": "System Network Configuration Discovery", "description": "Adversaries may look for details about the network configuration and settings, such as IP and/or MAC addresses, of devices they access or through information discovery of remote systems. \n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Network Configuration Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining certain access within the target network and what actions to do next. \n\nOn Android, details of onboard network interfaces are accessible to apps through the `java.net.NetworkInterface` class.(Citation: NetworkInterface) Previously, the Android `TelephonyManager` class could be used to gather telephony-related device identifiers, information such as the IMSI, IMEI, and phone number. However, starting with Android 10, only preloaded, carrier, the default SMS, or device and profile owner applications can access the telephony-related device identifiers.(Citation: TelephonyManager) \n\n \n\nOn iOS, gathering network configuration information is not possible without root access. \n\n \n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Network Configuration Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining certain access within the target network and what actions to do next. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "discovery"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services could look for usage of the `READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE` Android permission. This could indicate that non-system apps are attempting to access information that they do not have access to.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "2.4", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:32.740Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422", "external_id": "T1422"}, {"source_name": "NetworkInterface", "description": "Android. (n.d.). NetworkInterface. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/java/net/NetworkInterface.html"}, {"source_name": "TelephonyManager", "description": "Android. (n.d.). TelephonyManager. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/android/telephony/TelephonyManager.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--d731c21e-f27d-4756-b418-0e2aaabd6d63", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:25.322Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1463", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1463"}, {"source_name": "FireEye-SSL", "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/08/ssl-vulnerabilities-who-listens-when-android-applications-talk.html", "description": "Adrian Mettler, Yulong Zhang, Vishwanath Raman. (2014, August 20). SSL VULNERABILITIES: WHO LISTENS WHEN ANDROID APPLICATIONS TALK?. Retrieved December 24, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-1.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-1"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "If network traffic between the mobile device and a remote server is not securely protected, then an attacker positioned on the network may be able to manipulate network communication without being detected. For example, FireEye researchers found in 2014 that 68% of the top 1,000 free applications in the Google Play Store had at least one Transport Layer Security (TLS) implementation vulnerability potentially opening the applications' network traffic to adversary-in-the-middle attacks (Citation: FireEye-SSL).", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:44:48.421Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Manipulate Device Communication", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "network-effects"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Without Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:38:27.848Z", "name": "Video Capture", "description": "An adversary can leverage a device\u2019s cameras to gather information by capturing video recordings. Images may also be captured, potentially in specified intervals, in lieu of video files.  \n\n \n\nMalware or scripts may interact with the device cameras through an available API provided by the operating system. Video or image files may be written to disk and exfiltrated later. This technique differs from [Screen Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1513) due to use of the device\u2019s cameras for video recording rather than capturing the victim\u2019s screen. \n\n \n\nIn Android, an application must hold the `android.permission.CAMERA` permission to access the cameras. In iOS, applications must include the `NSCameraUsageDescription` key in the `Info.plist` file. In both cases, the user must grant permission to the requesting application to use the camera. If the device has been rooted or jailbroken, an adversary may be able to access the camera without knowledge of the user.  ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "The user can view which applications have permission to use the camera through the device settings screen, where the user can then choose to revoke the permissions. During the vetting process, applications using the Android permission `android.permission.CAMERA`, or the iOS `NSCameraUsageDescription` plist entry could be given closer scrutiny. ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "2.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--d8940e76-f9c1-4912-bea6-e21c251370b6", "created": "2019-08-09T16:14:58.254Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1512", "external_id": "T1512"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-19.html", "external_id": "APP-19"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-14T16:35:55.739Z", "name": "One-Way Communication", "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service channel as a means for sending commands to a compromised system without receiving return output. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems may opt to send the output from those commands back over a different C2 channel, including to another distinct Web service. Alternatively, compromised systems may return no output at all in cases where adversaries want to send instructions to systems and do not want a response. \n\n \n\nPopular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "command-and-control"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--d916f176-a1ca-4a78-9fdd-4058bc28162e", "created": "2022-04-06T15:52:07.711Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481/003", "external_id": "T1481.003"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--d9db3d46-66ca-44b4-9daa-1ef97cb7465a", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1475", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1475"}, {"source_name": "Oberheide-Bouncer", "url": "https://jon.oberheide.org/files/summercon12-bouncer.pdf", "description": "Jon Oberheide and Charlie Miller. (2012). Dissecting the Android Bouncer. Retrieved December 12, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Oberheide-RemoteInstall", "url": "https://jon.oberheide.org/blog/2010/06/25/remote-kill-and-install-on-google-android/", "description": "Jon Oberheide. (2010, June 25). Remote Kill and Install on Google Android. Retrieved December 12, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Percoco-Bouncer", "url": "https://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-12/Briefings/Percoco/BH_US_12_Percoco_Adventures_in_Bouncerland_WP.pdf", "description": "Nicholas J. Percoco and Sean Schulte. (2012). Adventures in BouncerLand. Retrieved December 12, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Konoth", "url": "http://www.vvdveen.com/publications/BAndroid.pdf", "description": "Radhesh Krishnan Konoth, Victor van der Veen, and Herbert Bos. (n.d.). How Anywhere Computing Just Killed Your Phone-Based Two-Factor Authentication. Retrieved December 12, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Petsas", "url": "http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2592796", "description": "Thanasis Petsas, Giannis Voyatzis, Elias Athanasopoulos, Michalis Polychronakis, Sotiris Ioannidis. (2014, April). Rage Against the Virtual Machine: Hindering Dynamic Analysis of Android Malware. Retrieved December 12, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Wang", "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity13/technical-sessions/presentation/wang_tielei", "description": "Tielei Wang, Kangjie Lu, Long Lu, Simon Chung, and Wenke Lee. (2013, August). Jekyll on iOS: When Benign Apps Become Evil. Retrieved December 9, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-4.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "ECO-4"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-16.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "ECO-16"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-17.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "ECO-17"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-20.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-20"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-21.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-21"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-22.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "ECO-22"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "Malicious applications are a common attack vector used by adversaries to gain a presence on mobile devices. Mobile devices often are configured to allow application installation only from an authorized app store (e.g., Google Play Store or Apple App Store). An adversary may seek to place a malicious application in an authorized app store, enabling the application to be installed onto targeted devices.\n\nApp stores typically require developer registration and use vetting techniques to identify malicious applications. Adversaries may use these techniques against app store defenses:\n\n* [Download New Code at Runtime](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1407)\n* [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406)\n\nAdversaries may also seek to evade vetting by placing code in a malicious application to detect whether it is running in an app analysis environment and, if so, avoid performing malicious actions while under analysis. (Citation: Petsas) (Citation: Oberheide-Bouncer) (Citation: Percoco-Bouncer) (Citation: Wang)\n\nAdversaries may also use fake identities, payment cards, etc., to create developer accounts to publish malicious applications to app stores. (Citation: Oberheide-Bouncer)\n\nAdversaries may also use control of a target's Google account to use the Google Play Store's remote installation capability to install apps onto the Android devices associated with the Google account. (Citation: Oberheide-RemoteInstall) (Citation: Konoth) (Only applications that are available for download through the Google Play Store can be remotely installed using this technique.)", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:41:33.827Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Deliver Malicious App via Authorized App Store", "x_mitre_detection": "* An EMM/MDM or mobile threat defense solution can identify the presence of unwanted or known insecure or malicious apps on devices.\n* Developers can scan (or have a third party scan on their behalf) the app stores for presence of unauthorized apps that were submitted using the developer's identity.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "initial-access"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T15:55:09.397Z", "name": "Data Encrypted for Impact", "description": "An adversary may encrypt files stored on a mobile device to prevent the user from accessing them. This may be done in order to extract monetary compensation from a victim in exchange for decryption or a decryption key (ransomware) or to render data permanently inaccessible in cases where the key is not saved or transmitted.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services may be able to detect if an application attempts to encrypt files, although this may be benign behavior.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "3.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--d9e88203-2b5d-405f-a406-2933b1e3d7e4", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:10.285Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1471", "external_id": "T1471"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-28.html", "external_id": "APP-28"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-09-28T15:38:41.106Z", "name": "Prevent Application Removal", "description": "Adversaries may abuse the Android device administration API to prevent the user from uninstalling a target application. In earlier versions of Android, device administrator applications needed their administration capabilities explicitly deactivated by the user before the application could be uninstalled. This was later updated so the user could deactivate and uninstall the administrator application in one step.\n\nAdversaries may also abuse the device accessibility APIs to prevent removal. This set of APIs allows the application to perform certain actions on behalf of the user and programmatically determine what is being shown on the screen. The malicious application could monitor the device screen for certain modals (e.g., the confirmation modal to uninstall an application) and inject screen input or a back button tap to close the modal. For example, Android's `performGlobalAction(int)` API could be utilized to prevent the user from removing the malicious application from the device after installation. If the user wants to uninstall the malicious application, two cases may occur, both preventing the user from removing the application.\n\n* Case 1: If the integer argument passed to the API call is `2` or `GLOBAL_ACTION_HOME`, the malicious application may direct the user to the home screen from settings screen \n\n* Case 2: If the integer argument passed to the API call is `1` or `GLOBAL_ACTION_BACK`, the malicious application may emulate the back press event ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Shankar Raman, Gen Digital and Abhinand, Amrita University"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Users can view a list of device administrators and applications that have registered accessibility services in device settings. Users can typically visually see when an action happens that they did not initiate and can subsequently review installed applications for any out of place or unknown ones. Applications that register an accessibility service or request device administrator permissions should be scrutinized further for malicious behavior.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--dc01774a-d1c1-45fb-b506-0a5d1d6593d9", "created": "2022-04-01T18:44:32.808Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629/001", "external_id": "T1629.001"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html", "external_id": "APP-22"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--dd818ea5-adf5-41c7-93b5-f3b839a219fb", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:33.574Z", "x_mitre_version": "2.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1421", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1421"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of network connections to or from the compromised device they are currently accessing or from remote systems by querying for information over the network. \n\n \n\nThis is typically accomplished by utilizing device APIs to collect information about nearby networks, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular tower connections. On Android, this can be done by querying the respective APIs: \n\n \n\n* `WifiInfo` for information about the current Wi-Fi connection, as well as nearby Wi-Fi networks. Querying the `WiFiInfo` API requires the application to hold the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` permission. \n\n* `BluetoothAdapter` for information about Bluetooth devices, which also requires the application to hold several permissions granted by the user at runtime. \n\n* For Android versions prior to Q, applications can use the `TelephonyManager.getNeighboringCellInfo()` method. For Q and later, applications can use the `TelephonyManager.getAllCellInfo()` method. Both methods require the application hold the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` permission.", "modified": "2022-03-31T16:31:12.821Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "System Network Connections Discovery", "x_mitre_detection": "System Network Connections Discovery can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"phase_name": "discovery", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-09-29T19:45:39.608Z", "name": "Phishing", "description": "Adversaries may send malicious content to users in order to gain access to their mobile devices. All forms of phishing are electronically delivered social engineering. Adversaries can conduct both non-targeted phishing, such as in mass malware spam campaigns, as well as more targeted phishing tailored for a specific individual, company, or industry, known as \u201cspearphishing\u201d.  Phishing often involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source, as well as evasion techniques, such as removing or manipulating emails or metadata/headers from compromised accounts being abused to send messages.\n\nMobile phishing may take various forms. For example, adversaries may send emails containing malicious attachments or links, typically to deliver and then execute malicious code on victim devices. Phishing may also be conducted via third-party services, like social media platforms.  \n\nMobile devices are a particularly attractive target for adversaries executing phishing campaigns.  Due to their smaller form factor than traditional desktop endpoints, users may not be able to notice minor differences between genuine and phishing websites. Further, mobile devices have additional sensors and radios that allow adversaries to execute phishing attempts over several different vectors, such as: \n\n- SMS messages: Adversaries may send SMS messages (known as \u201csmishing\u201d) from compromised devices to potential targets to convince the target to, for example, install malware, navigate to a specific website, or enable certain insecure configurations on their device.\n- Quick Response (QR) Codes: Adversaries may use QR codes (known as \u201cquishing\u201d) to redirect users to a phishing website. For example, an adversary could replace a legitimate public QR Code with one that leads to a different destination, such as a phishing website. A malicious QR code could also be delivered via other means, such as SMS or email. In the latter case, an adversary could utilize a malicious QR code in an email to pivot from the user\u2019s desktop computer to their mobile device.\n- Phone Calls: Adversaries may call victims (known as \u201cvishing\u201d) to persuade them to perform an action, such as providing login credentials or navigating to a malicious website. This could also be used as a technique to perform the initial access on a mobile device, but then pivot to a computer/other network by having the victim perform an action on a desktop computer.\n", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "initial-access"}], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Vijay Lalwani", "Will Thomas, Equinix", "Adam Mashinchi", "Sam Seabrook, Duke Energy", "Naveen Devaraja, bolttech", "Brian Donohue"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--defc1257-4db1-4fb3-8ef5-bb77f63146df", "created": "2023-09-21T19:35:15.552Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1660", "external_id": "T1660"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-9.html", "external_id": "AUT-9"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2024-04-16T20:24:13.854Z", "name": "SSL Pinning", "description": "Adversaries may use [SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003)  to protect the C2 traffic from being intercepted and analyzed.\n\n[SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003)  is a technique commonly utilized by legitimate websites to ensure that encrypted communications are only allowed with a pre-defined certificate. If another certificate is presented, it could indicate device compromise, traffic interception, or another upstream issue. While benign usages are common, it is also possible for adversaries to abuse this technology to protect malicious C2 traffic.\n\nIn normal, not pinned SSL validation, when a client connects to a server using HTTPS, it typically checks whether the server\u2019s SSL/TLS certificate is signed by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA) in the device\u2019s trust store. If the certificate is valid and signed by a trusted CA, the connection is established. However, with [SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003) , the client is configured to trust a specific SSL/TLS certificate or public key, rather than relying on the device\u2019s trust store. This means that even if the server\u2019s certificate is signed by a trusted CA, the client will only establish the connection of the certificate or key is pinned.\n\nThere are two types of [SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003) :\n\n1.\tCertificate Pinning: The client stores a copy of the server\u2019s certificate and compares it with the certificate received during the SSL handshake. If the certificates match, then the client proceeds with the connection. This approach also works with self-signed certificates.\n\n2.\tPublic Key Pinning: Instead of pinning the entire certificate, the client pins just the public key extracted from the certificate. This is often more flexible, as it allows the server to renew its certificate without having to update the pinned certificate or breaking the SSL connection.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "command-and-control"}], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Takahashi Wataru, NEC Corporation", "Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India", "Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--dfafc230-5465-4993-8dc5-f51fa9fec002", "created": "2024-03-29T15:04:38.566Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003", "external_id": "T1521.003"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-10-16T16:23:05.146Z", "name": "Lockscreen Bypass", "description": "An adversary with physical access to a mobile device may seek to bypass the device\u2019s lockscreen. Several methods exist to accomplish this, including:\n\n* Biometric spoofing: If biometric authentication is used, an adversary could attempt to spoof a mobile device\u2019s biometric authentication mechanism. Both iOS and Android partly mitigate this attack by requiring the device\u2019s passcode rather than biometrics to unlock the device after every device restart, and after a set or random amount of time.(Citation: SRLabs-Fingerprint)(Citation: TheSun-FaceID)\n* Unlock code bypass: An adversary could attempt to brute-force or otherwise guess the lockscreen passcode (typically a PIN or password), including physically observing (\u201cshoulder surfing\u201d) the device owner\u2019s use of the lockscreen passcode. Mobile OS vendors partly mitigate this by implementing incremental backoff timers after a set number of failed unlock attempts, as well as a configurable full device wipe after several failed unlock attempts.\n* Vulnerability exploit: Techniques have been periodically demonstrated that exploit mobile devices to bypass the lockscreen. The vulnerabilities are generally patched by the device or OS vendor once disclosed.(Citation: Wired-AndroidBypass)(Citation: Kaspersky-iOSBypass)\n", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "initial-access"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Users can see if someone is watching them type in their device passcode.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.3", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--dfe29258-ce59-421c-9dee-e85cb9fa90cd", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:24.488Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1461", "external_id": "T1461"}, {"source_name": "Wired-AndroidBypass", "description": "Andy Greenberg. (2015, September 15). Hack Brief: Emergency Number Hack Bypasses Android Lock Screens. Retrieved December 23, 2016.", "url": "https://www.wired.com/2015/09/hack-brief-new-emergency-number-hack-easily-bypasses-android-lock-screens/"}, {"source_name": "Kaspersky-iOSBypass", "description": "Chris Brook. (2016, November 17). iOS 10 Passcode Bypass Can Access Photos, Contacts. Retrieved December 23, 2016.", "url": "https://threatpost.com/ios-10-passcode-bypass-can-access-photos-contacts/122033/"}, {"source_name": "TheSun-FaceID", "description": "Sean Keach. (2018, February 15). Brit mates BREAK Apple\u2019s face unlock and vow to never buy iPhone again. Retrieved September 18, 2018.", "url": "https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/5584082/iphone-x-face-unlock-tricked-broken/"}, {"source_name": "SRLabs-Fingerprint", "description": "SRLabs. (n.d.). Fingerprints are not fit for secure device unlocking. Retrieved December 23, 2016.", "url": "https://srlabs.de/bites/spoofing-fingerprints/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--e083305c-49e7-4c87-aae8-9689213bffbe", "created": "2020-12-16T20:16:07.673Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1605", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1605"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "Adversaries may use built-in command-line interfaces to interact with the device and execute commands. Android provides a bash shell that can be interacted with over the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) or programmatically using Java\u2019s `Runtime` package. On iOS, adversaries can interact with the underlying runtime shell if the device has been jailbroken.\n\nIf the device has been rooted or jailbroken, adversaries may locate and invoke a superuser binary to elevate their privileges and interact with the system as the root user. This dangerous level of permissions allows the adversary to run special commands and modify protected system files.", "modified": "2022-03-30T14:00:45.099Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Command-Line Interface", "x_mitre_detection": "Command-Line Interface execution can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "execution"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T15:40:11.937Z", "name": "Contact List", "description": "Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather contact list data. On Android, this can be accomplished using the Contacts Content Provider. On iOS, this can be accomplished using the `Contacts` framework. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access the [Contact List](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/003) without the user\u2019s knowledge or approval. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "On both Android and iOS, the user can manage which applications have permission to access the contact list through the device settings screen, revoking the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_CONTACTS` in an Android application\u2019s manifest, or `NSContactsUsageDescription` in an iOS application\u2019s `Info.plist` file. Most applications do not need contact list access, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["iOS", "Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--e0b9ecb8-a7d1-43c7-aa30-8e19c6a92c86", "created": "2022-04-01T13:17:52.740Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/003", "external_id": "T1636.003"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html", "external_id": "APP-13"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a", "created": "2019-10-10T15:12:42.790Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1533", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1533"}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-41.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "STA-41"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Adversaries may search local system sources, such as file systems or local databases, to find files of interest and sensitive data prior to exfiltration.  \n\n \n\nAccess to local system data, which includes information stored by the operating system, often requires escalated privileges. Examples of local system data include authentication tokens, the device keyboard cache, Wi-Fi passwords, and photos. On Android, adversaries may also attempt to access files from external storage which may require additional storage-related permissions. \n\n ", "modified": "2022-04-01T16:53:27.576Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Data from Local System", "x_mitre_detection": "Accessing data from the local system can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-15T16:34:51.917Z", "name": "Account Access Removal", "description": "Adversaries may interrupt availability of system and network resources by inhibiting access to accounts utilized by legitimate users. Accounts may be deleted, locked, or manipulated (ex: credentials changed) to remove access to accounts. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Application vetting services could closely scrutinize applications that request Device Administrator permissions.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--e2c2249a-eb82-4614-8dd4-9c514dde65e2", "created": "2022-04-06T13:29:47.590Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1640", "external_id": "T1640"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:19.265Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1426", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1426"}, {"source_name": "Android-Build", "url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build", "description": "Android. (n.d.). Build. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-12.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-12"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get detailed information about a device\u2019s operating system and hardware, including versions, patches, and architecture. Adversaries may use the information from [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1426) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not to fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. \n\n \n\nOn Android, much of this information is programmatically accessible to applications through the `android.os.Build` class. (Citation: Android-Build) iOS is much more restrictive with what information is visible to applications. Typically, applications will only be able to query the device model and which version of iOS it is running. ", "modified": "2022-04-11T19:21:34.776Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "System Information Discovery", "x_mitre_detection": "System information discovery can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"phase_name": "discovery", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "id": "attack-pattern--e30cc912-7ea1-4683-9219-543b86cbdec9", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:28.786Z", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1442", "external_id": "T1442"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T01:05:10.701Z", "name": "Fake Developer Accounts", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--e399430e-30b7-48c5-b70a-f44dc8c175cb", "created": "2019-07-26T14:15:31.451Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1510", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1510"}, {"source_name": "Android 10 Privacy Changes", "url": "https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#clipboard-data", "description": "Android Developers. (n.d.). Privacy changes in Android 10. Retrieved September 11, 2019."}, {"source_name": "Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin August 2018", "url": "https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=17517750", "description": "Dr.Webb. (2018, August 8). Android.Clipper.1.origin. Retrieved July 26, 2019."}, {"source_name": "Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin2 August 2018", "url": "https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=17517761", "description": "Dr.Webb. (2018, August 8). Android.Clipper.2.origin. Retrieved July 26, 2019."}, {"source_name": "ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019", "url": "https://www.eset.com/uk/about/newsroom/press-releases/first-clipper-malware-discovered-on-google-play-1/", "description": "ESET. (2019, February 11). First clipper malware discovered on Google Play.. Retrieved July 26, 2019."}, {"source_name": "Welivesecurity Clipboard Modification February 2019", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/02/08/first-clipper-malware-google-play/", "description": "Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160tefanko. (2019, February 8). First clipper malware discovered on Google Play. Retrieved July 26, 2019."}, {"source_name": "Syracuse Clipboard Modification 2014", "url": "http://www.cis.syr.edu/~wedu/Research/paper/clipboard_attack_dimva2014.pdf", "description": "Zhang, X; Du, W. (2014, January). Attacks on Android Clipboard. Retrieved July 26, 2019."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "Adversaries may abuse clipboard functionality to intercept and replace information in the Android device clipboard.(Citation: ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019)(Citation: Welivesecurity Clipboard Modification February 2019)(Citation: Syracuse Clipboard Modification 2014) Malicious applications may monitor the clipboard activity through the <code>ClipboardManager.OnPrimaryClipChangedListener</code> interface on Android to determine when the clipboard contents have changed.(Citation: Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin2 August 2018)(Citation: Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin August 2018) Listening to clipboard activity, reading the clipboard contents, and modifying the clipboard contents requires no explicit application permissions and can be performed by applications running in the background, however, this behavior has changed with the release of Android 10.(Citation: Android 10 Privacy Changes)\n\nAdversaries may use [Clipboard Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1510) to replace text prior to being pasted, for example, replacing a copied Bitcoin wallet address with a wallet address that is under adversarial control.\n\n[Clipboard Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1510) had been seen within the Android/Clipper.C trojan. This sample had been detected by ESET in an application distributed through the Google Play Store targeting cryptocurrency wallet numbers.(Citation: ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019)", "modified": "2022-04-06T13:41:17.512Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Clipboard Modification", "x_mitre_detection": "Modifying clipboard content can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec", "created": "2019-10-10T15:00:44.181Z", "x_mitre_version": "2.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1532", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1532"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Adversaries may compress and/or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration. Compressing data can help to obfuscate its contents and minimize use of network resources. Encryption can be used to hide information that is being exfiltrated from detection or make exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender. \n\n \n\nBoth compression and encryption are done prior to exfiltration, and can be performed using a utility, programming library, or custom algorithm.  ", "modified": "2022-04-01T15:01:02.140Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Archive Collected Data", "x_mitre_detection": "Many encryption mechanisms are built into standard application-accessible APIs and are therefore undetectable to the end user.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"phase_name": "collection", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:58:14.240Z", "name": "Geofencing", "description": "Adversaries may use a device\u2019s geographical location to limit certain malicious behaviors. For example, malware operators may limit the distribution of a second stage payload to certain geographic regions.(Citation: Lookout eSurv)\n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001)\u202fis accomplished by persuading the user to grant the application permission to access location services. The application can then collect, process, and exfiltrate the device\u2019s location to perform location-based actions, such as ceasing malicious behavior or showing region-specific advertisements. \n\nOne method to accomplish\u202f[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001)\u202fon Android is to use the built-in Geofencing API to automatically trigger certain behaviors when the device enters or exits a specified radius around a geographical location. Similar to  other\u202f[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001) methods, this requires that the user has granted the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` and `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permissions. The latter is only required if the application targets Android 10 (API level 29) or higher. However, Android 11 introduced additional permission controls that may restrict background location collection based on user permission choices at runtime. These additional controls include \"Allow only while using the app\", which will effectively prohibit background location collection.  \n\nSimilarly, on iOS, developers can use built-in APIs to setup and execute geofencing. Depending on the use case, the app will either need to call\u202f`requestWhenInUseAuthorization()`\u202for\u202f`requestAlwaysAuthorization()`, depending on when access to the location services is required. Similar to Android, users also have the option to limit when the application can access the device\u2019s location, including one-time use and only when the application is running in the foreground.  \n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001)\u202fcan be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. For example, location data could be used to limit malware spread and/or capabilities, which could also potentially evade application analysis environments (ex: malware analysis outside of the target geographic area). Other malicious usages could include showing language-specific input prompts and/or advertisements.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Users can review which applications have location permissions in the operating system\u2019s settings menu. On Android 10 and later, the system shows a notification to the user when an app has been accessing device location in the background. Application vetting services can detect unnecessary and potentially abused location permissions or API calls.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--e422b6fa-4739-46b9-992e-82f1b350c780", "created": "2022-03-30T20:36:03.177Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001", "external_id": "T1627.001"}, {"source_name": "Lookout eSurv", "description": "A. Bauer. (2019, April 8). Lookout discovers phishing sites distributing new iOS and Android surveillanceware. Retrieved September 11, 2020.", "url": "https://blog.lookout.com/esurv-research"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--e4c347e9-fb91-4bc5-83b8-391e389131e2", "created": "2019-07-10T15:18:16.753Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1507", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1507"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "Adversaries may use device sensors to collect information about nearby networks, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.", "modified": "2022-03-31T16:33:55.068Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Network Information Discovery", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--e8b4e1ec-8e3b-484c-9038-4459b1ed8060", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:15.920Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1412", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1412"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "A malicious application could capture sensitive data sent via SMS, including authentication credentials. SMS is frequently used to transmit codes used for multi-factor authentication.\n\nOn Android, a malicious application must request and obtain permission (either at app install time or run time) in order to receive SMS messages. Alternatively, a malicious application could attempt to perform an operating system privilege escalation attack to bypass the permission requirement.\n\nOn iOS, applications cannot access SMS messages in normal operation, so an adversary would need to attempt to perform an operating system privilege escalation attack to potentially be able to access SMS messages.", "modified": "2022-04-01T13:27:29.880Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Capture SMS Messages", "x_mitre_detection": "On Android, the user can view which applications have permission to access SMS messages through the device settings, and the user can choose to revoke the permission.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "collection"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2024-04-17T16:50:41.414Z", "name": "Conceal Multimedia Files", "description": "Adversaries may attempt to hide multimedia files from the user. By doing so, adversaries may conceal captured files, such as pictures, videos and/or screenshots, then later exfiltrate those files.  \n\nSpecific to Android devices, if the `.nomedia` file is present in a folder, multimedia files in that folder will not be visible to the user in the Gallery application. Additionally, other applications are asked not to scan the folder with the `.nomedia` file, effectively making the folder appear invisible to the user.  \n\nThis technique is often used by stalkerware and spyware applications.  ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Shankar Raman, Amrita University, Gen Digital, Traboda"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--ea132c68-b518-4478-ae8d-1763cda26ee3", "created": "2024-02-20T21:44:32.669Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628/003", "external_id": "T1628.003"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:41:56.376Z", "name": "Endpoint Denial of Service", "description": "Adversaries may perform Endpoint Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to degrade or block the availability of services to users.\n\nOn Android versions prior to 7, apps can abuse Device Administrator access to reset the device lock passcode, preventing the user from unlocking the device. After Android 7, only device or profile owners (e.g. MDMs) can reset the device\u2019s passcode.(Citation: Android resetPassword)\n\nOn iOS devices, this technique does not work because mobile device management servers can only remove the screen lock passcode; they cannot set a new passcode. However, on jailbroken devices, malware has been discovered that can lock the user out of the device.(Citation: Xiao-KeyRaider)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "On Android, users can review which applications have Device Administrator access in the device settings and revoke permission where appropriate. Application vetting services can detect and closely scrutinize applications that utilize Device Administrator access.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--eb6cf439-1bcb-4d10-bc68-1eed844ed7b3", "created": "2022-04-06T13:52:05.619Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1642", "external_id": "T1642"}, {"source_name": "Xiao-KeyRaider", "description": "Claud Xiao. (2015, August 30). KeyRaider: iOS Malware Steals Over 225,000 Apple Accounts to Create Free App Utopia. Retrieved December 12, 2016.", "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/08/keyraider-ios-malware-steals-over-225000-apple-accounts-to-create-free-app-utopia/"}, {"source_name": "Android resetPassword", "description": "Google. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved October 1, 2019.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html#resetPassword(java.lang.String,%20int)"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:53:59.025Z", "name": "Out of Band Data", "description": "Adversaries may communicate with compromised devices using out of band data streams. This could be done for a variety of reasons, including evading network traffic monitoring, as a backup method of command and control, or for data exfiltration if the device is not connected to any Internet-providing networks (i.e. cellular or Wi-Fi). Several out of band data streams exist, such as SMS messages, NFC, and Bluetooth. \n\n \n\nOn Android, applications can read push notifications to capture content from SMS messages, or other out of band data streams. This requires that the user manually grant notification access to the application via the settings menu. However, the application could launch an Intent to take the user directly there. \n\n \n\nOn iOS, there is no way to programmatically read push notifications. ", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "command-and-control"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "If a user sees a notification with text they do not recognize, they should review their list of installed applications.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "2.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--ec4c4baa-026f-43e8-8f56-58c36f3162dd", "created": "2022-04-06T15:27:34.300Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1644", "external_id": "T1644"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--ed2c05a1-4f81-4d97-9e1b-aff01c34ae84", "created": "2019-10-01T14:18:47.762Z", "x_mitre_version": "2.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1521", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Adversaries may explicitly employ a known encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if necessary secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.", "modified": "2022-04-05T20:11:35.852Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Encrypted Channel", "x_mitre_detection": "Since data encryption is a common practice in many legitimate applications and uses standard programming language-specific APIs, encrypting data for command and control communication is regarded as undetectable to the user.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "command-and-control"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--ef771e03-e080-43b4-a619-ac6f84899884", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:22.716Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1405", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1405"}, {"source_name": "EkbergTEE", "url": "https://usmile.at/symposium/program/2015/ekberg", "description": "Jan-Erik Ekberg. (2015, September 10). Android and trusted execution environments. Retrieved December 9, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Thomas-TrustZone", "url": "https://usmile.at/symposium/program/2015/thomas-holmes", "description": "Josh Thomas and Charles Holmes. (2015, September). An infestation of dragons: Exploring vulnerabilities in the ARM TrustZone architecture. Retrieved December 9, 2016."}, {"source_name": "QualcommKeyMaster", "url": "https://bits-please.blogspot.in/2016/06/extracting-qualcomms-keymaster-keys.html", "description": "laginimaineb. (2016, June). Extracting Qualcomm's KeyMaster Keys - Breaking Android Full Disk Encryption. Retrieved December 9, 2016."}, {"source_name": "laginimaineb-TEE", "url": "http://bits-please.blogspot.co.il/2016/05/war-of-worlds-hijacking-linux-kernel.html", "description": "laginimaineb. (2016, May). War of the Worlds - Hijacking the Linux Kernel from QSEE. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-27"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "A malicious app or other attack vector could be used to exploit vulnerabilities in code running within the Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) (Citation: Thomas-TrustZone). The adversary could then obtain privileges held by the TEE potentially including the ability to access cryptographic keys or other sensitive data (Citation: QualcommKeyMaster). Escalated operating system privileges may be first required in order to have the ability to attack the TEE (Citation: EkbergTEE). If not, privileges within the TEE can potentially be used to exploit the operating system (Citation: laginimaineb-TEE).", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:41:57.666Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Exploit TEE Vulnerability", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "credential-access"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:51:29.931Z", "name": "Suppress Application Icon", "description": "A malicious application could suppress its icon from being displayed to the user in the application launcher. This hides the fact that it is installed, and can make it more difficult for the user to uninstall the application. Hiding the application's icon programmatically does not require any special permissions. \n\nThis behavior has been seen in the BankBot/Spy Banker family of malware.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)(Citation: sunny-stolen-credentials)(Citation: bankbot-spybanker) \n\nBeginning in Android 10, changes were introduced to inhibit malicious applications\u2019 ability to hide their icon. If an app is a system app, requests no permissions, or does not have a launcher activity, the application\u2019s icon will be fully hidden. Further, if the device is fully managed or the application is in a work profile, the icon will be fully hidden. Otherwise, a synthesized activity is shown, which is a launcher icon that represents the app\u2019s details page in the system settings. If the user clicks the synthesized activity in the launcher, they are taken to the application\u2019s details page in the system settings.(Citation: Android 10 Limitations to Hiding App Icons)(Citation: LauncherApps getActivityList)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_contributors": ["Emily Ratliff, IBM"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "The user can examine the list of all installed applications, including those with a suppressed icon, in the device settings. If the user is redirected to the device settings when tapping an application\u2019s icon, they should inspect the application to ensure it is genuine. Application vetting services could potentially detect the usage of APIs intended for suppressing the application\u2019s icon.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--f05fc151-aa62-47e3-ae57-2d1b23d64bf6", "created": "2022-03-30T20:06:22.194Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628/001", "external_id": "T1628.001"}, {"source_name": "Android 10 Limitations to Hiding App Icons", "description": "Android. (n.d.). Android 10 Release Notes: Limitations to hiding app icons. Retrieved March 30, 2022.", "url": "https://source.android.com/setup/start/android-10-release#limitations_to_hiding_app_icons"}, {"source_name": "LauncherApps getActivityList", "description": "Android. (n.d.). LauncherApps: getActivityList. Retrieved March 30, 2022.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/reference/kotlin/android/content/pm/LauncherApps#getactivitylist"}, {"source_name": "sunny-stolen-credentials", "description": "Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160tefanko. (2017, February 22). Sunny with a chance of stolen credentials: Malicious weather app found on Google Play. Retrieved July 11, 2019.", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/02/22/sunny-chance-stolen-credentials-malicious-weather-app-found-google-play/"}, {"source_name": "android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa", "description": "Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160tefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019.", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/"}, {"source_name": "bankbot-spybanker", "description": "NJCCIC. (2017, March 2). BankBot/Spy Banker. Retrieved July 11, 2019.", "url": "https://www.cyber.nj.gov/threat-profiles/android-malware-variants/bankbot-spybanker"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--f1c3d071-0c24-483d-aca0-e8b8496ce468", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:18.583Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1399", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1399"}, {"source_name": "Apple-iOSSecurityGuide", "url": "https://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf", "description": "Apple. (2016, May). iOS Security. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Roth-Rootkits", "url": "https://hackinparis.com/data/slides/2013/Slidesthomasroth.pdf", "description": "Thomas Roth. (2013). Next generation mobile rootkits. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "APP-27"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "If an adversary can escalate privileges, he or she may be able to use those privileges to place malicious code in the device's Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) or other similar isolated execution environment where the code can evade detection, may persist after device resets, and may not be removable by the device user. Running code within the TEE may provide an adversary with the ability to monitor or tamper with overall device behavior.(Citation: Roth-Rootkits)", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:48:41.647Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Modify Trusted Execution Environment", "x_mitre_detection": "Devices may perform cryptographic integrity checks of code running within the TEE at boot time.\n\niOS devices will fail to boot if the software running within the Secure Enclave does not pass signature verification.(Citation: Apple-iOSSecurityGuide)", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}, {"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "persistence"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "id": "attack-pattern--f296fc9c-2ff5-43ee-941e-6b49c438270a", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:23.652Z", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1459", "external_id": "T1459"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T01:05:10.703Z", "name": "Device Unlock Code Guessing or Brute Force", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--f58cd69a-e548-478b-9248-8a9af881dc34", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:21.667Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1466", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1466"}, {"source_name": "NIST-SP800187", "url": "http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-187/sp800_187_draft.pdf", "description": "Jeffrey Cichonski, Joshua M Franklin, Michael Bartock. (2017, December). Guide to LTE Security. Retrieved January 20, 2017."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-3.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "CEL-3"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "An adversary could cause the mobile device to use less secure protocols, for example by jamming frequencies used by newer protocols such as LTE and only allowing older protocols such as GSM to communicate(Citation: NIST-SP800187). Use of less secure protocols may make communication easier to eavesdrop upon or manipulate.", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:50:42.480Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Downgrade to Insecure Protocols", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "network-effects"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Without Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-09-08T18:14:46.081Z", "name": "Masquerading", "description": "Adversaries may attempt to manipulate features of their artifacts to make them appear legitimate or benign to users and/or security tools. Masquerading occurs when the name, location, or appearance of an object, legitimate or malicious, is manipulated or abused for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may include manipulating file metadata, tricking users into misidentifying the file type, and giving legitimate task or service names.\n\nRenaming abusable system utilities to evade security monitoring is also a form of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1655)\n", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "\n", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--f856eaab-e84a-4265-a8a2-7bf37e5dc2fc", "created": "2023-07-12T20:29:48.758Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1655", "external_id": "T1655"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-14.html", "external_id": "APP-14"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html", "external_id": "APP-31"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--f981d199-2720-467e-9dc9-eea04dbe05cf", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:18.937Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1472", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1472"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "An adversary could seek to generate fraudulent advertising revenue from mobile devices, for example by triggering automatic clicks of advertising links without user involvement.", "modified": "2022-04-06T13:57:49.177Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Generate Fraudulent Advertising Revenue", "x_mitre_detection": "", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "impact"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "id": "attack-pattern--f9e4f526-ac9d-4df5-8949-833a82a1d2df", "type": "attack-pattern", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:09.446Z", "revoked": true, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1473", "external_id": "T1473"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T01:05:10.704Z", "name": "Malicious or Vulnerable Built-in Device Functionality", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--fa801609-ca8e-415e-815e-65f3826ff4df", "created": "2022-03-30T19:19:23.777Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1406.001", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406/001"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Adversaries may use steganography techniques in order to prevent the detection of hidden information. Steganographic techniques can be used to hide data in digital media such as images, audio tracks, video clips, or text files.", "modified": "2022-04-21T17:30:16.229Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Steganography", "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of steganography is difficult unless detectable artifacts with a known signature are left behind by the obfuscation process. Look for strings are other signatures left in system artifacts related to decoding steganography.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"phase_name": "defense-evasion", "kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--fb3fa94a-3aee-4ab0-b7e7-abdf0a51286d", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:06.524Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.2", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1449", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1449"}, {"source_name": "3GPP-Security", "url": "http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/wg3_security/_specs/33900-120.pdf", "description": "3GPP. (2000, January). A Guide to 3rd Generation Security. Retrieved December 19, 2016."}, {"source_name": "CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/files/csric5-wg10-finalreport031517pdf", "description": "Communications Security, Reliability, Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (2017, March). Working Group 10 Legacy Systems Risk Reductions Final Report. Retrieved May 24, 2017."}, {"source_name": "TheRegister-SS7", "url": "https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/05/03/hackers_fire_up_ss7_flaw/", "description": "Iain Thomson. (2017, May 3). After years of warnings, mobile network hackers exploit SS7 flaws to drain bank accounts. Retrieved November 8, 2018."}, {"source_name": "Positive-SS7", "url": "https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/ptcom/PT-SS7-AD-Data-Sheet-eng.pdf", "description": "Positive Technologies. (n.d.). SS7 Attack Discovery. Retrieved December 19, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Engel-SS7-2008", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0n5ySqbfdI", "description": "Tobias Engel. (2008, December). Locating Mobile Phones using SS7. Retrieved December 19, 2016."}, {"source_name": "Engel-SS7", "url": "https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf", "description": "Tobias Engel. (2014, December). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate.. Retrieved December 19, 2016."}, {"url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-37.html", "source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "external_id": "CEL-37"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": true, "revoked": false, "description": "An adversary could exploit signaling system vulnerabilities to redirect calls or text messages (SMS) to a phone number under the attacker's control. The adversary could then act as an adversary-in-the-middle to intercept or manipulate the communication. (Citation: Engel-SS7) (Citation: Engel-SS7-2008) (Citation: 3GPP-Security) (Citation: Positive-SS7) (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport) Interception of SMS messages could enable adversaries to obtain authentication codes used for multi-factor authentication(Citation: TheRegister-SS7).", "modified": "2022-04-06T15:53:27.032Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Exploit SS7 to Redirect Phone Calls/SMS", "x_mitre_detection": "Network carriers may be able to use firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), or Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) to detect and/or block SS7 exploitation as described by the Communications, Security, Reliability, and Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport) The CSRIC also suggests threat information sharing between telecommunications industry members.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "network-effects"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Without Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-20T18:59:57.485Z", "name": "Hide Artifacts", "description": "Adversaries may attempt to hide artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection. Mobile operating systems have features and developer APIs to hide various artifacts, such as an application\u2019s launcher icon. These APIs have legitimate usages, such as hiding an icon to avoid application drawer clutter when an application does not have a usable interface. Adversaries may abuse these features and APIs to hide artifacts from the user to evade detection.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "The user can examine the list of all installed applications in the device settings. Application vetting services could potentially detect the usage of APIs intended for artifact hiding.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--fc53309d-ebd5-4573-9242-57024ebdad4f", "created": "2022-03-30T20:00:12.654Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628", "external_id": "T1628"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-03-16T18:37:55.822Z", "name": "Code Signing Policy Modification", "description": "Adversaries may modify code signing policies to enable execution of applications signed with unofficial or unknown keys. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on an app from a developer, guaranteeing that the program has not been tampered with and comes from an official source. Security controls can include enforcement mechanisms to ensure that only valid, signed code can be run on a device. \n\nMobile devices generally enable these security controls by default, such as preventing the installation of unknown applications on Android. Adversaries may modify these policies in a number of ways, including [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516) or malicious configuration profiles.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "On Android, the user can use the device settings menu to view trusted CA certificates and look for unexpected or unknown certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies. Users can use the device settings menu to view which applications on the device are allowed to install unknown applications.\n\nOn iOS, the user can use the device settings menu to view installed Configuration Profiles and look for unexpected or unknown profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--fcb11f06-ce0e-490b-bcc1-04a1623579f0", "created": "2022-03-30T18:13:26.003Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1632/001", "external_id": "T1632.001"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-7.html", "external_id": "STA-7"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-14T16:19:54.832Z", "name": "Domain Generation Algorithms", "description": "Adversaries may use [Domain Generation Algorithms](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1637/001) (DGAs) to procedurally generate domain names for uses such as command and control communication   or malicious application distribution.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)\n\nDGAs increase the difficulty for defenders to block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there could potentially be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "command-and-control"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different DGA algorithms, constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There are a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) CDN domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, a more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names ", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--fd211238-f767-4599-8c0d-9dca36624626", "created": "2022-04-05T19:59:03.161Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1637/001", "external_id": "T1637.001"}, {"source_name": "Data Driven Security DGA", "description": "Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.", "url": "https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"}, {"source_name": "securelist rotexy 2018", "description": "T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan \u2013 banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.", "url": "https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2023-08-07T17:12:07.620Z", "name": "Drive-By Compromise", "description": "Adversaries may gain access to a system through a user visiting a website over the normal course of browsing. With this technique, the user's web browser is typically targeted for exploitation, but adversaries may also use compromised websites for non-exploitation behavior such as acquiring an [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001).\n\nMultiple ways of delivering exploit code to a browser exist, including:\n\n* A legitimate website is compromised where adversaries have injected some form of malicious code such as JavaScript, iFrames, and cross-site scripting.\n* Malicious ads are paid for and served through legitimate ad providers.\n* Built-in web application interfaces are leveraged for the insertion of any other kind of object that can be used to display web content or contain a script that executes on the visiting client (e.g. forum posts, comments, and other user controllable web content).\n\nOften the website used by an adversary is one visited by a specific community, such as government, a particular industry, or region, where the goal is to compromise a specific user or set of users based on a shared interest. This kind of targeted attack is referred to a strategic web compromise or watering hole attack. There are several known examples of this occurring.(Citation: Lookout-StealthMango)\n\nTypical drive-by compromise process:\n\n1. A user visits a website that is used to host the adversary controlled content.\n2. Scripts automatically execute, typically searching versions of the browser and plugins for a potentially vulnerable version. \n    * The user may be required to assist in this process by enabling scripting or active website components and ignoring warning dialog boxes.\n3. Upon finding a vulnerable version, exploit code is delivered to the browser.\n4. If exploitation is successful, then it will give the adversary code execution on the user's system unless other protections are in place.\n    * In some cases a second visit to the website after the initial scan is required before exploit code is delivered.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "initial-access"}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_detection": "Mobile security products can often alert the user if their device is vulnerable to known exploits.", "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_platforms": ["Android", "iOS"], "x_mitre_version": "2.2", "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--fd339382-bfec-4bf0-8d47-1caedc9e7e57", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:06.822Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1456", "external_id": "T1456"}, {"source_name": "Lookout-StealthMango", "description": "Lookout. (n.d.). Stealth Mango & Tangelo. Retrieved September 27, 2018.", "url": "https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/lookout-stealth-mango-srr-us.pdf"}, {"source_name": "NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue", "url": "https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-22.html", "external_id": "CEL-22"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"x_mitre_platforms": ["Android"], "x_mitre_domains": ["mobile-attack"], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "attack-pattern", "id": "attack-pattern--fd658820-cbba-4c95-8ac9-0fac6b1099e2", "created": "2019-07-11T18:09:42.039Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "external_id": "T1508", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1508"}, {"source_name": "sunny-stolen-credentials", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/02/22/sunny-chance-stolen-credentials-malicious-weather-app-found-google-play/", "description": "Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160tefanko. (2017, February 22). Sunny with a chance of stolen credentials: Malicious weather app found on Google Play. Retrieved July 11, 2019."}, {"source_name": "android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/", "description": "Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160tefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019."}, {"source_name": "bankbot-spybanker", "url": "https://www.cyber.nj.gov/threat-profiles/android-malware-variants/bankbot-spybanker", "description": "NJCCIC. (2017, March 2). BankBot/Spy Banker. Retrieved July 11, 2019."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": true, "description": "A malicious application could suppress its icon from being displayed to the user in the application launcher to hide the fact that it is installed, and to make it more difficult for the user to uninstall the application. Hiding the application's icon programmatically does not require any special permissions.\n\nThis behavior has been seen in the BankBot/Spy Banker family of malware.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)(Citation: sunny-stolen-credentials)(Citation: bankbot-spybanker)", "modified": "2022-03-30T20:07:33.279Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "name": "Suppress Application Icon", "x_mitre_detection": "The user can examine the list of all installed applications, including those with a suppressed icon, in the device settings.", "kill_chain_phases": [{"kill_chain_name": "mitre-mobile-attack", "phase_name": "defense-evasion"}], "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false, "x_mitre_tactic_type": ["Post-Adversary Device Access"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--0008005f-ca51-47c3-8369-55ee5de1c65a", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Zscaler-SpyNote", "description": "Shivang Desai. (2017, January 23). SpyNote RAT posing as Netflix app. Retrieved January 26, 2017.", "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/research/spynote-rat-posing-netflix-app"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T17:43:54.975Z", "description": "[SpyNote RAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0305) uses an Android broadcast receiver to automatically start when the device boots.(Citation: Zscaler-SpyNote)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--20dbaf05-59b8-4dc6-8777-0b17f4553a23", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3775a580-a1d1-46c4-8147-c614a715f2e9", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--006b3910-e9c3-4de8-ba49-dff36b1a3308", "created": "2023-02-06T19:04:33.224Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "lookout_abstractemu_1021", "description": "P Shunk, K Balaam. (2021, October 28). Rooting Malware Makes a Comeback: Lookout Discovers Global Campaign. 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(2023, April 13). Banking Trojan targeting mobile users in Australia and Poland. 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Retrieved September 11, 2020."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[Desert Scorpion](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0505) can be controlled using SMS messages.(Citation: Lookout Desert Scorpion)", "modified": "2022-04-19T14:25:41.669Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3271c107-92c4-442e-9506-e76d62230ee8", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ec4c4baa-026f-43e8-8f56-58c36f3162dd", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--05563777-5771-4bd6-a1af-3e244cf42372", "type": "relationship", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Xiao-KeyRaider", "description": "Claud Xiao. 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(2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. 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(2022, March 3). SharkBot: a \u201cnew\u201d generation Android banking Trojan being distributed on Google Play Store. Retrieved January 18, 2023.", "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2022/03/03/sharkbot-a-new-generation-android-banking-trojan-being-distributed-on-google-play-store/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-27T18:30:43.093Z", "description": "[SharkBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1055) can use the Android \u201cDirect Reply\u201d feature to spread the malware to other devices. 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Retrieved September 11, 2020."}, {"source_name": "Android App Links", "url": "https://developer.android.com/training/app-links/verify-site-associations", "description": "Google. (n.d.). Verify Android App Links. Retrieved September 11, 2020."}, {"source_name": "IETF-PKCE", "url": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636", "description": "N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Developers should use Android App Links(Citation: Android App Links) and iOS Universal Links(Citation: iOS Universal Links) to provide a secure binding between URIs and applications, preventing malicious applications from intercepting redirections. Additionally, for OAuth use cases, PKCE(Citation: IETF-PKCE) should be used to prevent use of stolen authorization codes. 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(2021, July 21). StrongPity APT Group Deploys Android Malware for the First Time. 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(2022, October 27). Drinik Malware Returns With Advanced Capabilities Targeting Indian Taxpayers. Retrieved January 18, 2023.", "url": "https://blog.cyble.com/2022/10/27/drinik-malware-returns-with-advanced-capabilities-targeting-indian-taxpayers/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-27T17:51:07.963Z", "description": "[Drinik](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1054) can steal incoming SMS messages and send SMS messages from compromised devices. 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Retrieved October 29, 2020."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[Android/AdDisplay.Ashas](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0525) can generate revenue by automatically displaying ads.(Citation: WeLiveSecurity AdDisplayAshas)", "modified": "2022-04-19T14:25:41.669Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f7e7b736-2cff-4c2a-9232-352cd383463a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a8e971b8-8dc7-4514-8249-ae95427ec467", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--08f1a4b1-96c9-44c2-bc5b-5a779541213b", "created": "2019-12-10T16:07:41.081Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "SecureList DVMap June 2017", "description": "R. Unuchek. (2017, June 8). 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The patched functions can only call `/system/bin/ip`, which was replaced with the malicious version.(Citation: SecureList DVMap June 2017)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--22b596a6-d288-4409-8520-5f2846f85514", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c6e17ca2-08b5-4379-9786-89bd05241831", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--09059576-658b-4944-9f7b-df003319fdaa", "created": "2024-02-21T00:00:40.770Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "SecurityIntelligence TrickMo", "description": "P. Asinovsky. (2020, March 24). TrickBot Pushing a 2FA Bypass App to Bank Customers in Germany. Retrieved April 24, 2020.", "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/trickbot-pushing-a-2fa-bypass-app-to-bank-customers-in-germany/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2024-02-21T00:00:40.770Z", "description": "[TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) can collect device network configuration information such as IMSI, IMEI, and Wi-Fi connection state.(Citation: SecurityIntelligence TrickMo)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--21170624-89db-4e99-bf27-58d26be07c3a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--45a5fe76-eda3-4d40-8f22-c186efd6278d", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--0972d3cf-717e-4ed2-a89d-9cbe61081956", "created": "2020-11-24T17:55:12.873Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Talos GPlayed", "description": "V. Ventura. (2018, October 11).  GPlayed Trojan - .Net playing with Google Market . 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Retrieved June 2, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-06-02T14:32:31.875Z", "description": "[INSOMNIA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0463) can collect the device\u2019s name, serial number, iOS version, total disk space, and free disk space.(Citation: Google Project Zero Insomnia) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--21b7e0b0-0dea-4ccc-8ad4-8da51fe3a901", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--09ad7d9f-d618-46c2-a9f3-e4a943245a72", "created": "2023-09-21T19:37:48.020Z", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-09-21T19:37:48.020Z", "description": "Users can be trained to identify social engineering techniques and phishing emails.", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--653492e3-27be-4a0e-b08c-938dd2b7e0e1", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--defc1257-4db1-4fb3-8ef5-bb77f63146df", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--09c55c29-ce4f-4d3e-a940-f3a4b6f07bca", "created": "2022-04-06T13:22:57.754Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "", "modified": "2022-04-06T13:22:57.754Z", "relationship_type": "subtechnique-of", "source_ref": "attack-pattern--37047267-3e56-453c-833e-d92b68118120", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3e091a89-a493-4a6c-8e88-d57be19bb98d", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--09c6bbd4-9058-4657-9d8e-656439637ac6", "created": "2023-03-16T18:32:47.895Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-10T22:15:16.326Z", "description": "Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_CALL_LOG` in an Android application\u2019s manifest. 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Retrieved September 11, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-09-11T14:54:16.650Z", "description": "[Desert Scorpion](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0505) has been distributed in multiple stages.(Citation: Lookout Desert Scorpion)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3271c107-92c4-442e-9506-e76d62230ee8", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--0b693e45-cc20-45a9-846f-2f5f4d3a3253", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-12-31T18:25:05.178Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "CYBERWARCON CHEMISTGAMES", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoNSbm1aX_w", "description": "B. Leonard, N. Mehta. (2019, November 21). The Secret Life of Sandworms. Retrieved December 31, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-31T18:25:05.178Z", "description": "[CHEMISTGAMES](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0555) has fingerprinted devices to uniquely identify them.(Citation: CYBERWARCON CHEMISTGAMES)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a0d774e4-bafc-4292-8651-3ec899391341", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--0bb6f851-4302-4936-a98e-d23feecb234d", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-06-02T14:32:31.777Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Volexity Insomnia", "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/04/21/evil-eye-threat-actor-resurfaces-with-ios-exploit-and-updated-implant/", "description": "A. Case, D. 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(Citation: Microsoft MalLockerB)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--9b86f8c3-33ab-44cf-a66d-c0fd6070e2ce", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3775a580-a1d1-46c4-8147-c614a715f2e9", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--0bc73d69-e769-4d0f-9d44-368c94225b6e", "created": "2020-07-15T20:20:59.200Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Bitdefender Mandrake", "description": "R. Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. 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On iOS, application vetting services could look for usage of the private API `LSApplicationWorkspace` and apply extra scrutiny to applications that employ it.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5ae32c6a-2d12-4b8f-81ca-f862f2be0962", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--0bcdeb29-6eed-4c96-a9ae-e56aadc4a5db", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-08-09T17:59:48.988Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"url": "https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/lookout-stealth-mango-srr-us.pdf", "description": "Lookout. (n.d.). Stealth Mango & Tangelo. Retrieved September 27, 2018.", "source_name": "Lookout-StealthMango"}], "modified": "2019-08-09T17:59:48.988Z", "description": "[Stealth Mango](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0328) can record and take pictures using the front and back cameras.(Citation: Lookout-StealthMango)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--085eb36d-697d-4d9a-bac3-96eb879fe73c", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d8940e76-f9c1-4912-bea6-e21c251370b6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--0c417238-738d-4bda-8359-d37d39414ebe", "created": "2023-08-04T18:30:41.599Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221", "description": "Apurva Kumar, Kristin Del Rosso. (2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. 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(2018, April 19). XLoader Android Spyware and Banking Trojan Distributed via DNS Spoofing. 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(2014, March 6). Dendroid malware can take over your camera, record audio, and sneak into Google Play. 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Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-07-15T20:20:59.377Z", "description": "[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) can collect all accounts stored on the device.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--52c994fa-b6c8-45a8-9586-a4275cf19307", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--702055ac-4e54-4ae9-9527-e23a38e0b160", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--27c8d474-f3f8-4a0e-a317-7e57b9de620c", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-07-27T14:14:56.954Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Google Security Zen", "url": "https://security.googleblog.com/2019/01/pha-family-highlights-zen-and-its.html", "description": "Siewierski, L. (2019, January 11). 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Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019.", "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T21:22:26.702Z", "description": "[HenBox](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0544) can run commands as root.(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--aef537ba-10c2-40ed-a57a-80b8508aada4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--693cdbff-ea73-49c6-ac3f-91e7285c31d1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--2836dc3d-cbea-493b-af31-5f1fa8279ec2", "created": "2020-04-24T17:46:31.589Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "SecurityIntelligence TrickMo", "description": "P. Asinovsky. (2020, March 24). TrickBot Pushing a 2FA Bypass App to Bank Customers in Germany. 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(2016, May 19). What's new in Android security (M and N Version). Retrieved December 9, 2016."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Changes were introduced in Android 7 to make abuse of device administrator permissions more difficult.(Citation: GoogleIO2016)", "modified": "2022-04-01T16:51:04.584Z", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--0beabf44-e8d8-4ae4-9122-ef56369a2564", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9c049d7b-c92a-4733-9381-27e2bd2ccadc", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--2908f0f6-2408-41a1-aaab-cf3e7db06aad", "created": "2020-12-24T21:55:56.752Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "description": "A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T21:26:16.282Z", "description": "[DoubleAgent](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0550) has used exploits to root devices and install additional malware on the system partition.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3d6c4389-3489-40a3-beda-c56e650b6f68", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4f14e30b-8b57-4a7b-9093-2c0778ea99cf", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--290a627d-172d-494d-a0cc-685f480a1034", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "forcepoint_bitter", "description": "Dela Paz, R. (2016, October 21). BITTER: a targeted attack against Pakistan. Retrieved March 1, 2024.", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220706125432/https://www.forcepoint.com/blog/x-labs/bitter-targeted-attack-against-pakistan"}, {"source_name": "Lookout-EnterpriseApps", "description": "Lookout. (2016, May 25). 5 active mobile threats spoofing enterprise apps. 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Guertin, V. Kotov, Android Security & Privacy Team. (2020, January 9). PHA Family Highlights: Bread (and Friends) . Retrieved April 27, 2020."}, {"source_name": "Check Point-Joker", "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2020/new-joker-variant-hits-google-play-with-an-old-trick/", "description": "Hazum, A., Melnykov, B., Wernik, I.. (2020, July 9). New Joker variant hits Google Play with an old trick. Retrieved July 20, 2020."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[Bread](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0432) uses various tricks to obfuscate its strings including standard and custom encryption, programmatically building strings at runtime, and splitting unencrypted strings with repeated delimiters to break up keywords. [Bread](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0432) has also abused Java and JavaScript features to obfuscate code. [Bread](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0432) payloads have hidden code in native libraries and encrypted JAR files in the data section of an ELF file. [Bread](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0432) has stored DEX payloads as base64-encoded strings in the Android manifest and internal Java classes.(Citation: Check Point-Joker)(Citation: Google Bread)", "modified": "2022-04-15T17:20:06.338Z", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--108b2817-bc01-404e-8e1b-8cdeec846326", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d13fa042-8f26-44e1-a2a8-af0bf8e2ac9a", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--295fab07-9f02-4504-9ae4-1a60c2e8c224", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-09-03T20:08:00.670Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "Vitor Ventura. (2019, April 9).  Gustuff banking botnet targets Australia . Retrieved September 3, 2019.", "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/gustuff-targets-australia.html", "source_name": "Talos Gustuff Apr 2019"}], "modified": "2019-10-10T15:19:47.960Z", "description": " [Gustuff](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0406) can capture files and photos from the compromised device.(Citation: Talos Gustuff Apr 2019) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--ff8e0c38-be47-410f-a2d3-a3d24a87c617", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--299931f0-4c60-4a9b-8a6a-4adb6362e590", "created": "2019-09-23T13:36:08.543Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "securelist rotexy 2018", "description": "T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan \u2013 banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.", "url": "https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T16:57:05.633Z", "description": "[Rotexy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0411) can access and upload the contacts list to the command and control server.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--0626c181-93cb-4860-9cb0-dff3b1c13063", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e0b9ecb8-a7d1-43c7-aa30-8e19c6a92c86", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--29dc105c-0b1b-4645-85ef-436c096bd3e2", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "FireEye-RuMMS", "description": "Wu Zhou, Deyu Hu, Jimmy Su, Yong Kang. (2016, April 26). RUMMS: THE LATEST FAMILY OF ANDROID MALWARE ATTACKING USERS IN RUSSIA VIA SMS PHISHING. Retrieved February 6, 2017.", "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/04/rumms-android-malware.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T20:24:38.256Z", "description": "[RuMMS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0313) uploads incoming SMS messages to a remote command and control server.(Citation: FireEye-RuMMS)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--936be60d-90eb-4c36-9247-4b31128432c4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c6421411-ae61-42bb-9098-73fddb315002", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--2a1d27a5-8149-4a6c-bbb7-6db83ce3a7ce", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-12-18T20:14:47.339Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "WhiteOps TERRACOTTA", "url": "https://www.whiteops.com/blog/terracotta-android-malware-a-technical-study", "description": "Satori Threat Intelligence and Research Team. (2020, August). TERRACOTTA Android Malware: A Technical Study. Retrieved December 18, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-18T20:14:47.339Z", "description": "[TERRACOTTA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0545) has used timer events in React Native to initiate the foreground service.(Citation: WhiteOps TERRACOTTA)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--e296b110-46d3-4f7a-894c-cc71ea50168c", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--00290ac5-551e-44aa-bbd8-c4b913488a6d", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--2a472430-c30e-4877-8933-2e75f1de9a01", "created": "2022-03-30T14:00:45.120Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "", "modified": "2022-03-30T14:00:45.120Z", "relationship_type": "revoked-by", "source_ref": "attack-pattern--e083305c-49e7-4c87-aae8-9689213bffbe", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--693cdbff-ea73-49c6-ac3f-91e7285c31d1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--2a5d081f-ba41-4dbe-873b-34b0efee1d92", "created": "2024-02-21T21:08:13.038Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "SecurityIntelligence TrickMo", "description": "P. Asinovsky. (2020, March 24). TrickBot Pushing a 2FA Bypass App to Bank Customers in Germany. Retrieved April 24, 2020.", "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/trickbot-pushing-a-2fa-bypass-app-to-bank-customers-in-germany/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2024-02-21T21:08:13.038Z", "description": "[TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) can collect device network configuration information such as IMSI, IMEI, and Wi-Fi connection state.(Citation: SecurityIntelligence TrickMo)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--21170624-89db-4e99-bf27-58d26be07c3a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--be63612f-a48f-44f2-a7a6-1763509fcf80", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--2a5f4f05-bd60-4571-bcce-f3b764a5b5a0", "created": "2023-02-28T20:30:01.082Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "proofpoint_flubot_0421", "description": "Crista Giering, F. Naves, Andrew Conway, Adam McNeil . (2021, April 27). FluBot Android Malware Spreading Rapidly Through Europe, May Hit U.S. Soon. 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Retrieved December 22, 2016.", "url": "https://securelist.com/mobile-malware-evolution-2013/58335/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T20:01:14.020Z", "description": "[Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.Agent.ao](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0307) uses Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) for command and control.(Citation: Kaspersky-MobileMalware)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a1867c56-8c86-455a-96ad-b0d5f7e2bc17", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2282a98b-5049-4f61-9381-55baca7c1add", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--322d0123-ea4c-4562-a718-672952c83d05", "created": "2023-03-20T18:55:54.372Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-08T15:35:51.271Z", "description": "Application vetting services could look for misuse of dynamic libraries.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5ae32c6a-2d12-4b8f-81ca-f862f2be0962", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b7c0e45f-0206-4f75-96e7-fe7edad3aaff", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--3230c032-17e0-49f7-b948-c157049aafe2", "created": "2017-10-25T14:48:53.742Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Users should ensure bootloaders are locked to prevent arbitrary operating system code from being flashed onto the device.", "modified": "2022-04-01T15:34:50.556Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--8ccd428d-39da-4e8f-a55b-d48ea1d56e58", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--667e5707-3843-4da8-bd34-88b922526f0d", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--3272111a-f31d-47d5-a266-1749255b5016", "created": "2019-09-23T13:36:08.335Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "securelist rotexy 2018", "url": "https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/", "description": "T. 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(2018, January 18). Dark Caracal: Cyber-espionage at a Global Scale. Retrieved April 11, 2018.", "source_name": "Lookout Dark Caracal Jan 2018"}], "modified": "2019-08-09T18:06:11.873Z", "description": "[Pallas](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0399) stores domain information and URL paths as hardcoded AES-encrypted, base64-encoded strings.(Citation: Lookout Dark Caracal Jan 2018)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--c41a8b7c-3e42-4eee-b87d-ad8a100ee878", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d13fa042-8f26-44e1-a2a8-af0bf8e2ac9a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--32be51e2-f74d-441f-aa0d-952697a76494", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-09-04T15:38:56.774Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "FortiGuard-FlexiSpy", "url": "https://d3gpjj9d20n0p3.cloudfront.net/fortiguard/research/Dig%20Deep%20into%20FlexiSpy%20for%20Android%28white%20paper%29_KaiLu.pdf", "description": "K. Lu. (n.d.). Deep Technical Analysis of the Spyware FlexiSpy for Android. Retrieved September 10, 2019."}], "modified": "2019-10-14T18:08:28.599Z", "description": "[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) uses a `FileObserver` object to monitor the Skype and WeChat database file and shared preferences to retrieve chat messages, account information, and profile pictures of the account owner and chat participants. 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[S.O.V.A.](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1062) can also abuse Accessibility Services to steal Google Authenticator tokens.(Citation: threatfabric_sova_0921)(Citation: cleafy_sova_1122)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--4b53eb01-57d7-47b4-b078-22766b002b36", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--702055ac-4e54-4ae9-9527-e23a38e0b160", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--33857221-2543-4a7f-8255-b0d140d70ad7", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-07-20T13:27:33.461Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Talos-WolfRAT", "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2020/05/the-wolf-is-back.html", "description": "W. Mercer, P. Rascagneres, V. Ventura. 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Retrieved November 24, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-11-24T17:55:12.885Z", "description": "[GPlayed](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0536) has used timers to enable Wi-Fi, ping the C2 server, register the device with the C2, and register wake locks on the system.(Citation: Talos GPlayed)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a993495c-9813-4372-b9ec-d168c7f7ec0a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--00290ac5-551e-44aa-bbd8-c4b913488a6d", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--373f33be-9b40-44f5-bfd3-db2a9f5fa72c", "type": "relationship", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "HackerNews-OldBoot", "description": "Sudhir K Bansal. (2014, January 28). 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(2021, September 23). TangleBot: New Advanced SMS Malware Targets Mobile Users Across U.S. and Canada with COVID-19 Lures. Retrieved February 28, 2023.", "url": "https://www.cloudmark.com/en/blog/malware/tanglebot-new-advanced-sms-malware-targets-mobile-users-across-us-and-canada-covid-19"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-29T21:25:52.302Z", "description": "[TangleBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1069) can request permission to view device contacts.(Citation: cloudmark_tanglebot_0921)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--68156e5a-4c3a-46dd-9c5e-c0bfdec6651f", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e0b9ecb8-a7d1-43c7-aa30-8e19c6a92c86", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--3857f790-6ea1-4f37-8d90-90904f175d63", "created": "2023-01-18T21:37:55.717Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "nccgroup_sharkbot_0322", "description": "RIFT: Research and Intelligence Fusion Team. (2022, March 3). SharkBot: a \u201cnew\u201d generation Android banking Trojan being distributed on Google Play Store. 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TianySpy Malware Uses Smishing Disguised as Message From Telco. 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Retrieved September 1, 2019."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "When using Samsung Knox, third-party keyboards must be explicitly added to an allow list in order to be available to the end-user.(Citation: Samsung Keyboards)", "modified": "2022-04-05T19:46:05.853Z", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--649f7268-4c12-483b-ac84-4b7bca9fe2ee", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--3bf5a566-986b-478c-b2da-e57caf261378", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-09-03T19:45:48.515Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "SWB Exodus March 2019", "url": "https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html", "description": "Security Without Borders. 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Retrieved September 3, 2019."}], "modified": "2019-09-11T13:25:19.216Z", "description": " [Exodus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0405) Two attempts to elevate privileges by using a modified version of the DirtyCow exploit.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3049b2f2-e323-4cdb-91cb-13b37b904cbb", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--351c0927-2fc1-4a2c-ad84-cbbee7eb8172", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--3c0b0763-78d2-4d6e-8e57-b4f27af7e414", "created": "2019-10-18T14:50:57.521Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Security updates frequently contain fixes for vulnerabilities that could be leveraged to modify protected operating system files. 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(2016, July 7). DroidJack Uses Side-Load\u2026It's Super Effective! Backdoored Pokemon GO Android App Found. 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Bao, J. Lu. (2020, April 14).  Coronavirus Update App Leads to Project Spy Android and iOS Spyware. Retrieved April 24, 2020.", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/coronavirus-update-app-leads-to-project-spy-android-and-ios-spyware/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T17:37:37.674Z", "description": "[Corona Updates](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0425) can collect the device\u2019s call log.(Citation: TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--366c800f-97a8-48d5-b0a6-79d00198252a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1d1b1558-c833-482e-aabb-d07ef6eae63d", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--3c90dc4c-8156-49ae-8144-76526268a6c1", "created": "2023-08-04T18:32:08.706Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221", "description": "Apurva Kumar, Kristin Del Rosso. (2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. Retrieved June 9, 2023.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-novel-confucius-apt-android-spyware-linked-to-india-pakistan-conflict"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-04T18:32:08.706Z", "description": "[Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) can request device administrator privileges. (Citation: lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--feae299d-e34f-4fc9-8545-486d0905bd41", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9c049d7b-c92a-4733-9381-27e2bd2ccadc", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--3ca284e7-062c-4f23-b95d-9f9c6a2d882a", "created": "2019-07-16T14:33:12.175Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Kaspersky Triada March 2016", "description": "Snow, J. (2016, March 3). Triada: organized crime on Android. 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(2023, October 25). Octo Tempest crosses boundaries to facilitate extortion, encryption, and destruction. 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Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[CarbonSteal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529) has performed rudimentary SSL certificate validation to verify C2 server authenticity before establishing a SSL connection.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "modified": "2022-04-18T16:02:42.303Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--16d73b64-5681-4ea0-9af4-4ad86f7c96e8", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--4159bc09-ddf3-4d88-9bf0-853ace9c8151", "created": "2023-12-18T18:50:27.381Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "securelist_brata_0819", "description": "Securelist. (2019, August 29). 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Retrieved December 12, 2016."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[Gooligan](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0290) can install adware to generate revenue.(Citation: Gooligan Citation)", "modified": "2022-04-19T14:25:41.669Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--20d56cd6-8dff-4871-9889-d32d254816de", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a8e971b8-8dc7-4514-8249-ae95427ec467", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--42f8d024-64a7-4bbf-8c05-2b0c7e667396", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-12-14T15:02:35.304Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Securelist Asacub", "url": "https://securelist.com/the-rise-of-mobile-banker-asacub/87591/", "description": "T. 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(n.d.). Handling App Links. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://developer.android.com/training/app-links/index.html"}, {"source_name": "IETF-OAuthNativeApps", "description": "W. Denniss and J. Bradley. (2017, October). IETF RFC 8252: OAuth 2.0 for Native Apps. Retrieved November 30, 2018.", "url": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8252"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-09T16:09:09.008Z", "description": "When vetting applications for potential security weaknesses, the vetting process could look for insecure use of Intents. Developers should be encouraged to use techniques to ensure that the intent can only be sent to an appropriate destination (e.g., use explicit rather than implicit intents, permission checking, checking of the destination app's signing certificate, or utilizing the App Links feature). For mobile applications using OAuth, encourage use of best practice. (Citation: IETF-OAuthNativeApps)(Citation: Android-AppLinks)", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5ae32c6a-2d12-4b8f-81ca-f862f2be0962", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--789ef15a-34d9-4b32-a779-8cbbc9eb32f5", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--4a608d3b-aa02-4563-8b6b-c64a491856f5", "created": "2023-03-03T16:26:20.400Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "paloalto_yispecter_1015", "description": "Claud Xiao. (2015, October 4). YiSpecter: First iOS Malware That Attacks Non-jailbroken Apple iOS Devices by Abusing Private APIs. Retrieved March 3, 2023.", "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/yispecter-first-ios-malware-attacks-non-jailbroken-ios-devices-by-abusing-private-apis/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-03T16:26:20.400Z", "description": "[YiSpecter](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0311) has collected information about running processes.(Citation: paloalto_yispecter_1015)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a15c9357-2be0-4836-beec-594f28b9b4a9", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1b51f5bc-b97a-498a-8dbd-bc6b1901bf19", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--4a67b14a-e489-4e8f-b545-5bdf134e146e", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-04-24T15:06:33.519Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/coronavirus-update-app-leads-to-project-spy-android-and-ios-spyware/", "description": "T. Bao, J. Lu. (2020, April 14).  Coronavirus Update App Leads to Project Spy Android and iOS Spyware. Retrieved April 24, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-04-24T15:06:33.519Z", "description": "[Corona Updates](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0425) can collect messages from GSM, WhatsApp, Telegram, Facebook, and Threema by reading the application\u2019s notification content.(Citation: TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--366c800f-97a8-48d5-b0a6-79d00198252a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--39dd7871-f59b-495f-a9a5-3cb8cc50c9b2", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--4a77c56b-ed2c-4e43-bd0f-7acf9cce1952", "created": "2020-04-24T17:46:31.564Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "SecurityIntelligence TrickMo", "description": "P. Asinovsky. (2020, March 24). TrickBot Pushing a 2FA Bypass App to Bank Customers in Germany. Retrieved April 24, 2020.", "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/trickbot-pushing-a-2fa-bypass-app-to-bank-customers-in-germany/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T20:25:55.378Z", "description": "[TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) can intercept SMS messages.(Citation: SecurityIntelligence TrickMo)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--21170624-89db-4e99-bf27-58d26be07c3a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c6421411-ae61-42bb-9098-73fddb315002", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--4a936488-526c-40c1-b2d5-490052cb0e73", "created": "2020-12-31T18:25:05.162Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "CYBERWARCON CHEMISTGAMES", "description": "B. Leonard, N. Mehta. (2019, November 21). The Secret Life of Sandworms. Retrieved December 31, 2020.", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoNSbm1aX_w"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T21:22:53.698Z", "description": "[CHEMISTGAMES](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0555) can run bash commands.(Citation: CYBERWARCON CHEMISTGAMES)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a0d774e4-bafc-4292-8651-3ec899391341", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--693cdbff-ea73-49c6-ac3f-91e7285c31d1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--4aae6ab8-2a67-4780-a69e-b15ecff7fc5d", "created": "2023-02-28T21:43:12.487Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "cloudmark_tanglebot_0921", "description": "Felipe Naves, Andrew Conway, W. Stuart Jones, Adam McNeil . (2021, September 23). TangleBot: New Advanced SMS Malware Targets Mobile Users Across U.S. and Canada with COVID-19 Lures. Retrieved February 28, 2023.", "url": "https://www.cloudmark.com/en/blog/malware/tanglebot-new-advanced-sms-malware-targets-mobile-users-across-us-and-canada-covid-19"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-02-28T21:43:12.487Z", "description": "[TangleBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1069) can make and block phone calls.(Citation: cloudmark_tanglebot_0921)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--68156e5a-4c3a-46dd-9c5e-c0bfdec6651f", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--4ab1867c-b924-4b0d-a332-c0e150a28d7d", "created": "2023-03-16T18:28:40.419Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-10T22:11:01.943Z", "description": "Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_CALENDAR` or `android.permission.WRITE_CALENDAR` in an Android application\u2019s manifest, or `NSCalendarsUsageDescription` in an iOS application\u2019s `Info.plist` file. Most applications do not need calendar access, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it. ", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a9fa0d30-a8ff-45bf-922e-7720da0b7922", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--4ad83f33-c64a-4ad6-ab6f-0548c9dde257", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-10-29T17:48:27.469Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Threat Fabric Exobot", "url": "https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/exobot_android_banking_trojan_on_the_rise.html", "description": "Threat Fabric. (2017, February). Exobot - Android banking Trojan on the rise. Retrieved October 29, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-10-29T17:48:27.469Z", "description": "[Exobot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0522) can forward SMS messages.(Citation: Threat Fabric Exobot)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--c91cec55-634c-4670-ba10-2dc7ceb28e98", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--4ae0c45f-4ff0-4296-aaf4-c3e0d2e355e3", "created": "2020-09-15T15:18:12.462Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Cybereason FakeSpy", "description": "O. Almkias. (2020, July 1). FakeSpy Masquerades as Postal Service Apps Around the World. Retrieved September 15, 2020.", "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/fakespy-masquerades-as-postal-service-apps-around-the-world"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T20:42:40.327Z", "description": "[FakeSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0509) can hide its icon if it detects that it is being run on an emulator.(Citation: Cybereason FakeSpy)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--838f647e-8ff8-48bd-bbd5-613cee7736cb", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f05fc151-aa62-47e3-ae57-2d1b23d64bf6", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--4aec0738-2c76-4dc7-af8a-87785e658193", "created": "2021-10-01T14:42:49.152Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "SecureList BusyGasper", "description": "Alexey Firsh. (2018, August 29). BusyGasper \u2013 the unfriendly spy. Retrieved October 1, 2021.", "url": "https://securelist.com/busygasper-the-unfriendly-spy/87627/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T17:26:18.801Z", "description": "[BusyGasper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0655) can run shell commands.(Citation: SecureList BusyGasper)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--e110f94a-e2c5-4f5f-ba78-9c2ab6d2d9e4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--693cdbff-ea73-49c6-ac3f-91e7285c31d1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--4af26643-880f-4c34-a4a8-23e89b950c9d", "created": "2019-09-04T15:38:56.883Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "CyberMerchants-FlexiSpy", "description": "Actis B. (2017, April 22). FlexSpy Application Analysis. Retrieved September 4, 2019.", "url": "http://www.cybermerchantsofdeath.com/blog/2017/04/22/FlexiSpy.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T20:18:38.582Z", "description": "[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) can collect the device calendars.(Citation: CyberMerchants-FlexiSpy)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "tool--1622fd3d-fcfc-4d02-ac49-f2d786f79b81", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a9fa0d30-a8ff-45bf-922e-7720da0b7922", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--4b16e681-9542-4f32-b23a-f1b0caf44b6a", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-12-24T21:55:56.726Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf", "description": "A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-24T21:55:56.726Z", "description": "[DoubleAgent](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0550) has downloaded additional code to root devices, such as TowelRoot.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3d6c4389-3489-40a3-beda-c56e650b6f68", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--4b3cfd7c-5e41-4d9e-8879-b126ba66eaf1", "created": "2021-10-01T14:42:49.176Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "SecureList BusyGasper", "url": "https://securelist.com/busygasper-the-unfriendly-spy/87627/", "description": "Alexey Firsh. (2018, August 29). BusyGasper \u2013 the unfriendly spy. Retrieved October 1, 2021."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[BusyGasper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0655) can collect every user screen tap and compare the input to a hardcoded list of coordinates to translate the input to a character.(Citation: SecureList BusyGasper)", "modified": "2022-04-15T17:33:49.565Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--e110f94a-e2c5-4f5f-ba78-9c2ab6d2d9e4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--4b68bcb1-a512-40f7-9aee-235b3668f022", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-01-27T17:05:58.271Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "E. Xu, G. Guo. (2019, June 28).  Mobile Cyberespionage Campaign \u2018Bouncing Golf\u2019 Affects Middle East. Retrieved January 27, 2020.", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/mobile-cyberespionage-campaign-bouncing-golf-affects-middle-east/", "source_name": "Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019"}], "modified": "2020-01-27T17:05:58.271Z", "description": "[GolfSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0421) can obtain clipboard contents.(Citation: Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--c19cfc89-5ac6-4d2d-a236-70d2b32e007c", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c4b96c0b-cb58-497a-a1c2-bb447d79d692", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--4b7e117b-0c82-49d0-bee6-119158b3355b", "created": "2023-02-28T20:32:37.800Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "proofpoint_flubot_0421", "description": "Crista Giering, F. Naves, Andrew Conway, Adam McNeil . (2021, April 27). FluBot Android Malware Spreading Rapidly Through Europe, May Hit U.S. Soon. Retrieved February 28, 2023.", "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/flubot-android-malware-spreading-rapidly-through-europe-may-hit-us-soon"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-02-28T20:32:50.168Z", "description": "[FluBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1067) can disable Google Play Protect to prevent detection.(Citation: proofpoint_flubot_0421)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f5ff006c-702f-4ded-8e60-ca6c540d91bc", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2aa78dfd-cb6f-4c70-9408-137cfd96be49", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--4b838636-bfa4-4592-b72f-3044946b8187", "created": "2020-09-14T14:13:45.236Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout eSurv", "description": "A. Bauer. (2019, April 8). Lookout discovers phishing sites distributing new iOS and Android surveillanceware. Retrieved September 11, 2020.", "url": "https://blog.lookout.com/esurv-research"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T17:53:16.656Z", "description": "[eSurv](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0507) can exfiltrate the device\u2019s contact list.(Citation: Lookout eSurv)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--680f680c-eef9-4f8a-b5f5-f451bf47e403", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e0b9ecb8-a7d1-43c7-aa30-8e19c6a92c86", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--4b8d027d-5da2-4a01-ad31-b6644a5cda61", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-04-24T15:06:33.495Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/coronavirus-update-app-leads-to-project-spy-android-and-ios-spyware/", "description": "T. Bao, J. Lu. (2020, April 14).  Coronavirus Update App Leads to Project Spy Android and iOS Spyware. Retrieved April 24, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-04-24T15:06:33.495Z", "description": "[Corona Updates](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0425) can track the device\u2019s location.(Citation: TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--366c800f-97a8-48d5-b0a6-79d00198252a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--4bdda427-2fff-428d-ba19-4bee5d2508e1", "type": "relationship", "created": "2021-02-08T16:36:20.801Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "BlackBerry Bahamut", "url": "https://www.blackberry.com/us/en/pdfviewer?file=/content/dam/blackberry-com/asset/enterprise/pdf/direct/report-spark-bahamut.pdf", "description": "The BlackBerry Research & Intelligence Team. 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(2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. Retrieved June 9, 2023.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-novel-confucius-apt-android-spyware-linked-to-india-pakistan-conflict"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-04T18:31:30.237Z", "description": "[Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) can access images stored on external storage.(Citation: lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--feae299d-e34f-4fc9-8545-486d0905bd41", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--506d657b-1634-442e-8179-7187f82feb3a", "created": "2020-12-24T21:55:56.691Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "description": "A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T17:38:17.926Z", "description": "[DoubleAgent](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0550) has accessed the call logs.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3d6c4389-3489-40a3-beda-c56e650b6f68", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1d1b1558-c833-482e-aabb-d07ef6eae63d", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--5088a10e-03d2-4643-8df8-b7b601c2cc24", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-01-27T17:05:58.267Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "E. Xu, G. Guo. (2019, June 28).  Mobile Cyberespionage Campaign \u2018Bouncing Golf\u2019 Affects Middle East. Retrieved January 27, 2020.", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/mobile-cyberespionage-campaign-bouncing-golf-affects-middle-east/", "source_name": "Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019"}], "modified": "2020-01-27T17:05:58.267Z", "description": "[GolfSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0421) can track the device\u2019s location.(Citation: Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--c19cfc89-5ac6-4d2d-a236-70d2b32e007c", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--50ad2a8c-ed45-4376-be31-8bafa26ba794", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-04-08T15:41:19.451Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Cofense Anubis", "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/", "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-04-08T15:41:19.451Z", "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can collect the device\u2019s ID.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a3c59d82-2c7c-44e5-a869-68e0a3e5935e", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--50bab448-fee6-49e9-a296-498fe06eacc7", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-11-21T16:42:48.490Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "SecureList - ViceLeaker 2019", "url": "https://securelist.com/fanning-the-flames-viceleaker-operation/90877/", "description": "GReAT. (2019, June 26).  ViceLeaker Operation: mobile espionage targeting Middle East. Retrieved November 21, 2019."}], "modified": "2019-11-21T16:42:48.490Z", "description": "[ViceLeaker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0418) can obtain a list of installed applications.(Citation: SecureList - ViceLeaker 2019)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--6fcaf9b0-b509-4644-9f93-556222c81ed2", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--50c81a85-8c70-48df-a338-8622d2debc74", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-StealthMango", "description": "Lookout. (n.d.). Stealth Mango & Tangelo. 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Android malware Escobar steals your Google Authenticator MFA codes. Retrieved September 28, 2023.", "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/android-malware-escobar-steals-your-google-authenticator-mfa-codes/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-09-28T17:20:00.981Z", "description": "[Escobar](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1092) can request coarse and fine location permissions to track the device.(Citation: Bleeipng Computer Escobar)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--ec13d292-6d8d-4c7a-b07c-a2bd2402569a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--50e3b570-2e9a-409b-973a-3ce91b9579d4", "created": "2024-03-28T18:32:05.099Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "welivesec_strongpity", "description": "Stefanko, L. (2023, January 10). StrongPity espionage campaign targeting Android users. 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Ventura. (2018, October 11).  GPlayed Trojan - .Net playing with Google Market . Retrieved November 24, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-11-24T17:55:12.820Z", "description": "[GPlayed](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0536) can collect a list of installed applications.(Citation: Talos GPlayed)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a993495c-9813-4372-b9ec-d168c7f7ec0a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--5107be8a-b5fc-4442-af0d-2c92e086a912", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-05-11T16:13:43.062Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "CheckPoint Agent Smith", "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2019/agent-smith-a-new-species-of-mobile-malware/", "description": "A. Hazum, F. He, I. Marom, B. Melnykov, A. Polkovnichenko. (2019, July 10). Agent Smith: A New Species of Mobile Malware. Retrieved May 7, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-05-11T16:13:43.062Z", "description": "[Agent Smith](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0440) checks if a targeted application is running in user-space prior to infection.(Citation: CheckPoint Agent Smith) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a6228601-03f6-4949-ae22-c1087627a637", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1b51f5bc-b97a-498a-8dbd-bc6b1901bf19", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--51457698-e98b-435a-88c2-75a82cdc2bda", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-StealthMango", "description": "Lookout. (n.d.). Stealth Mango & Tangelo. Retrieved September 27, 2018.", "url": "https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/lookout-stealth-mango-srr-us.pdf"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T17:38:56.380Z", "description": "[Stealth Mango](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0328) uploads call logs.(Citation: Lookout-StealthMango)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--085eb36d-697d-4d9a-bac3-96eb879fe73c", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1d1b1558-c833-482e-aabb-d07ef6eae63d", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--5151b976-cfcf-4771-a75a-995d49bcc1ab", "created": "2022-04-11T20:06:38.811Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Mobile security products that are part of the Samsung Knox for Mobile Threat Defense program could examine running applications while the device is idle, potentially detecting malicious applications that are running primarily when the device is not being used.", "modified": "2022-04-11T20:06:38.811Z", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--cf2cccb1-cab8-431a-8ecf-f7874d05f433", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--24a77e53-0751-46fc-b207-99378fb35c08", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--51757971-17ac-40c3-bae7-78365579db49", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "TrendMicro-Obad", "description": "Veo Zhang. (2013, June 13). Cybercriminals Improve Android Malware Stealth Routines with OBAD. Retrieved December 9, 2016.", "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/cybercriminals-improve-android-malware-stealth-routines-with-obad/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T17:02:27.188Z", "description": "[OBAD](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0286) abuses device administrator access to make it more difficult for users to remove the application.(Citation: TrendMicro-Obad)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--ca4f63b9-a358-4214-bb26-8c912318cfde", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--dc01774a-d1c1-45fb-b506-0a5d1d6593d9", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--51b0a4fb-a308-4694-9437-95702a50ebd5", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-09-11T16:22:03.231Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout ViperRAT", "url": "https://blog.lookout.com/viperrat-mobile-apt", "description": "M. Flossman. (2017, February 16). ViperRAT: The mobile APT targeting the Israeli Defense Force that should be on your radar. Retrieved September 11, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-09-11T16:22:03.231Z", "description": "[ViperRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0506) can take photos with the device camera.(Citation: Lookout ViperRAT)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f666e17c-b290-43b3-8947-b96bd5148fbb", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d8940e76-f9c1-4912-bea6-e21c251370b6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--51bd38a1-465b-49c0-9218-5984f391a51c", "created": "2023-12-18T19:03:44.550Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "welivesecurity_ahrat_0523", "description": "Lukas Stefanko. (2023, May 23). Android app breaking bad: From legitimate screen recording to file exfiltration within a year. Retrieved December 18, 2023.", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/05/23/android-app-breaking-bad-legitimate-screen-recording-file-exfiltration/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-12-18T19:03:44.550Z", "description": "[AhRat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1095) can register with the `BOOT_COMPLETED` broadcast to start when the device turns on.(Citation: welivesecurity_ahrat_0523)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--24c8f6db-71e0-41ef-a1dc-83399a5b17e5", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--46d818a5-67fa-4585-a7fc-ecf15376c8d5", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--51bf6ffc-85c7-4910-8821-9736a1ec60f1", "created": "2019-09-04T15:38:57.037Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "FlexiSpy-Features", "url": "https://www.flexispy.com/en/features-overview.htm", "description": "FlexiSpy. (n.d.). FlexiSpy Monitoring Features. Retrieved September 4, 2019."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) can record keystrokes and analyze them for keywords.(Citation: FlexiSpy-Features)", "modified": "2022-04-15T17:34:17.813Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "tool--1622fd3d-fcfc-4d02-ac49-f2d786f79b81", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--51d31e17-6c80-4ab3-9e8e-6231483e0999", "created": "2020-11-24T17:55:12.818Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Talos GPlayed", "description": "V. Ventura. (2018, October 11).  GPlayed Trojan - .Net playing with Google Market . 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Retrieved October 1, 2021."}], "modified": "2021-10-01T14:42:48.900Z", "description": "[BusyGasper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0655) can open a hidden menu when a specific phone number is called from the infected device.(Citation: SecureList BusyGasper)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--e110f94a-e2c5-4f5f-ba78-9c2ab6d2d9e4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--5b7c73d3-a983-456e-82fe-1c823a282eb0", "created": "2024-03-26T19:06:59.314Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "fb_arid_viper", "description": "Flossman, M., Scott, M. (2021, April). Technical Paper // Taking Action Against Arid Viper. Retrieved March 4, 2024.", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231126111812/https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Technical-threat-report-Arid-Viper-April-2021.pdf"}, {"source_name": "sentinelone_israel_hamas_war", "description": "Hegel, T., Milenkoski, A. (2023, October 24). The Israel-Hamas War | Cyber Domain State-Sponsored Activity of Interest. Retrieved March 4, 2024.", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240208234008/www.sentinelone.com/labs/the-israel-hamas-war-cyber-domain-state-sponsored-activity-of-interest/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2024-03-26T20:22:22.162Z", "description": "(Citation: sentinelone_israel_hamas_war)(Citation: fb_arid_viper)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "intrusion-set--8332952e-b86b-486b-acc3-1c2a85d39394", "target_ref": "malware--f97e2718-af50-41df-811f-215ebab45691", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--5b87bb01-9587-42bd-aa6b-30158ca8f55f", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-04-08T15:41:19.427Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Cofense Anubis", "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/", "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-09-11T15:42:15.628Z", "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can send, receive, and delete SMS messages.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a3c59d82-2c7c-44e5-a869-68e0a3e5935e", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--5b9a2c93-95bf-4f39-aeac-b2af051faca9", "created": "2023-08-23T22:50:55.591Z", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-23T22:50:55.591Z", "description": "Application vetting services may detect API calls to `performGlobalAction(int)`. 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Retrieved November 11, 2020."}], "modified": "2021-02-17T20:43:52.324Z", "description": "[FrozenCell](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0577) has collected phone metadata such as cell location, mobile country code (MCC), and mobile network code (MNC).(Citation: Lookout FrozenCell)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--96ea1e13-d50f-45f1-b0cf-4ac9bc5a2d62", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--5c447471-2b97-4d96-b75f-1cbb574b39cf", "created": "2023-03-20T15:46:49.646Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-09T15:39:37.117Z", "description": "Application vetting services may be able to detect known privilege escalation exploits contained within applications, as well as searching application packages for strings that correlate to known password store locations.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5ae32c6a-2d12-4b8f-81ca-f862f2be0962", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--cc6e0637-76d2-4af3-a604-9d8d3ff8a6b3", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--5c746ac8-4034-4ae3-98c3-66d89f5a6d6a", "created": "2020-07-27T14:14:56.996Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Google Security Zen", "description": "Siewierski, L. (2019, January 11). PHA Family Highlights: Zen and its cousins . Retrieved July 27, 2020.", "url": "https://security.googleblog.com/2019/01/pha-family-highlights-zen-and-its.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T21:19:00.199Z", "description": "[Zen](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0494) can inject code into the Setup Wizard at runtime to extract CAPTCHA images. [Zen](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0494) can inject code into the `libc` of running processes to infect them with the malware.(Citation: Google Security Zen)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--22faaa56-a8ac-4292-9be6-b571b255ee40", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1ff89c1b-7615-4fe8-b9cb-63aaf52e6dee", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--5c7508ae-5d05-49fd-a489-b944d3b45dd0", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-12-24T22:04:27.997Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf", "description": "A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-24T22:04:27.997Z", "description": "[GoldenEagle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0551) has tracked location.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--0b9c5d11-651a-4378-b129-5c584d0242c5", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--5ced57a7-b674-40d4-98b8-a090963a6ade", "type": "relationship", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/07/unit42-spydealer-android-trojan-spying-40-apps/", "description": "Wenjun Hu, Cong Zheng and Zhi Xu. (2017, July 6). SpyDealer: Android Trojan Spying on More Than 40 Apps. Retrieved September 18, 2018.", "source_name": "PaloAlto-SpyDealer"}], "modified": "2019-09-18T13:45:58.872Z", "description": "[SpyDealer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0324) abuses Accessibility features to steal messages from popular apps such as WeChat, Skype, Viber, and QQ.(Citation: PaloAlto-SpyDealer)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--86fc6f0c-86d9-473e-89f3-f50f3cb9319b", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--73c26732-6422-4081-8b63-6d0ae93d449e", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--5d0fdc8a-af17-4334-88e6-111aa290b22f", "created": "2023-03-20T18:43:14.051Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-08T21:18:54.014Z", "description": "The user can see a list of applications that can use accessibility services in the device settings.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--56c2b384-77f8-461f-a71a-76f7888ebfb6", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0cdd66ad-26ac-4338-a764-4972a1e17ee3", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--5d2a3a9f-2467-4ac6-ab64-ffe91ec584da", "type": "relationship", "created": "2021-09-24T14:52:41.308Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. 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Retrieved February 6, 2023.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-global-rooting-malware-campaign"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-27T17:14:02.866Z", "description": "[AbstractEmu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1061) can use HTTP to communicate with the C2 server.(Citation: lookout_abstractemu_1021)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--2aec175b-4429-4048-8e09-3ef6cbecfc64", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2282a98b-5049-4f61-9381-55baca7c1add", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--5dc4eaca-ff82-412a-a8dd-168de1857d8c", "created": "2023-01-18T21:38:58.113Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "nccgroup_sharkbot_0322", "description": "RIFT: Research and Intelligence Fusion Team. (2022, March 3). SharkBot: a \u201cnew\u201d generation Android banking Trojan being distributed on Google Play Store. Retrieved January 18, 2023.", "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2022/03/03/sharkbot-a-new-generation-android-banking-trojan-being-distributed-on-google-play-store/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-27T18:49:16.069Z", "description": "[SharkBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1055) can use input injection via Accessibility Services to simulate user touch inputs, prevent applications from opening, change device settings, and bypass MFA protections.(Citation: nccgroup_sharkbot_0322)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--9cd72f5c-bec0-4f7e-bb6d-296937116291", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d1f1337e-aea7-454c-86bd-482a98ffaf62", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--5dd9e0aa-e4dc-4776-9580-5a765c2cc08d", "created": "2023-02-06T18:52:40.543Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "lookout_abstractemu_1021", "description": "P Shunk, K Balaam. (2021, October 28). Rooting Malware Makes a Comeback: Lookout Discovers Global Campaign. Retrieved February 6, 2023.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-global-rooting-malware-campaign"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-27T17:14:41.449Z", "description": "[AbstractEmu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1061) can intercept SMS messages containing two factor authentication codes.(Citation: lookout_abstractemu_1021)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--2aec175b-4429-4048-8e09-3ef6cbecfc64", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c6421411-ae61-42bb-9098-73fddb315002", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--5de0caa8-81f8-453c-b70c-a74e7ea9e5c2", "created": "2022-03-30T19:12:31.481Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "", "modified": "2022-03-30T19:12:31.481Z", "relationship_type": "subtechnique-of", "source_ref": "attack-pattern--1ff89c1b-7615-4fe8-b9cb-63aaf52e6dee", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b7c0e45f-0206-4f75-96e7-fe7edad3aaff", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--5e360913-4986-4423-8d3c-46d3202b7787", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-09-04T14:28:15.471Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. (2019, July). Monokle: The Mobile Surveillance Tooling of the Special Technology Center. Retrieved September 4, 2019.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/lookout-discovers-monokle-threat-report.pdf", "source_name": "Lookout-Monokle"}], "modified": "2019-10-14T17:51:37.979Z", "description": "[Monokle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0407) can retrieve the salt used when storing the user\u2019s password, aiding an adversary in computing the user\u2019s plaintext password/PIN from the stored password hash. [Monokle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0407) can also capture the user\u2019s dictionary, user-defined shortcuts, and browser history, enabling profiling of the user and their activities.(Citation: Lookout-Monokle)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--6a7aaab1-3e0a-48bb-ba66-bbf7665c0a65", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--5e6cb0d7-6e82-450a-bcf5-e0113e7ad41e", "created": "2024-03-29T15:05:17.290Z", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2024-03-29T15:05:17.290Z", "description": "Users should be advised to not trust or install self-signed certificates.", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--653492e3-27be-4a0e-b08c-938dd2b7e0e1", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--dfafc230-5465-4993-8dc5-f51fa9fec002", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--5e74f4f8-5057-42f4-9796-aee60122cf6d", "created": "2019-09-23T13:36:08.451Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "securelist rotexy 2018", "url": "https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/", "description": "T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan \u2013 banker and ransomware. 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Retrieved June 2, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-06-02T14:32:31.910Z", "description": "[INSOMNIA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0463) can collect the device\u2019s phone number, ICCID, IMEI, and the currently active network interface (Wi-Fi or cellular).(Citation: Google Project Zero Insomnia)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--21b7e0b0-0dea-4ccc-8ad4-8da51fe3a901", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--6176a297-3097-42e2-b1c2-815e7fd8c81c", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-01-21T15:29:27.041Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "SecureList - ViceLeaker 2019", "url": "https://securelist.com/fanning-the-flames-viceleaker-operation/90877/", "description": "GReAT. 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Retrieved November 21, 2019."}], "modified": "2020-01-21T15:29:27.041Z", "description": "[ViceLeaker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0418) can download attacker-specified files.(Citation: SecureList - ViceLeaker 2019)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--6fcaf9b0-b509-4644-9f93-556222c81ed2", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2bb20118-e6c0-41dc-a07c-283ea4dd0fb8", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--6209cccd-2877-4941-ac0c-bec3ba7a5544", "created": "2022-04-05T19:40:25.071Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "", "modified": "2022-04-05T19:40:25.071Z", "relationship_type": "revoked-by", "source_ref": "attack-pattern--6f86d346-f092-4abc-80df-8558a90c426a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9ef05e3d-52db-4c12-be4f-519214bbe91f", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--62623afc-8222-4d59-b5d0-7bc1ccc7fadc", "created": "2023-02-06T19:41:40.104Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "threatfabric_sova_0921", "description": "ThreatFabric. 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(2019, January 11). PHA Family Highlights: Zen and its cousins . Retrieved July 27, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-08-10T22:18:20.782Z", "description": "[Zen](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0494) can dynamically load executable code from remote sources.(Citation: Google Security Zen)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--22faaa56-a8ac-4292-9be6-b571b255ee40", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--638f3d4b-f1d4-4c61-91a0-7c125ef8437a", "type": "relationship", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-Pegasus", "description": "Lookout. (2016). Technical Analysis of Pegasus Spyware. 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Retrieved February 18, 2019.", "url": "https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-14T16:19:54.684Z", "description": "Monitor for pseudo-randomly generated domain names based on frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) Additionally, check if the suspicious domain has been recently registered, if it has been rarely visited, or if the domain had a spike in activity after being dormant.(Citation: unit42_strat_aged_domain_det) Content delivery network (CDN) domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--764ee29e-48d6-4934-8e6b-7a606aaaafc0", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--fd211238-f767-4599-8c0d-9dca36624626", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--644a19d3-c94f-40d9-87ac-02ef20b14eda", "created": "2023-02-06T19:02:00.135Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "lookout_abstractemu_1021", "description": "P Shunk, K Balaam. (2021, October 28). Rooting Malware Makes a Comeback: Lookout Discovers Global Campaign. Retrieved February 6, 2023.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-global-rooting-malware-campaign"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-27T17:16:28.481Z", "description": "[AbstractEmu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1061) can grant itself microphone permissions.(Citation: lookout_abstractemu_1021)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--2aec175b-4429-4048-8e09-3ef6cbecfc64", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--64ddcf35-dbf0-4b9f-bf07-1e0bde8bbe65", "type": "relationship", "created": "2021-04-19T17:05:42.574Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf", "description": "A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2021-04-19T17:05:42.574Z", "description": "[DoubleAgent](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0550) has collected files from the infected device.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)\t", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3d6c4389-3489-40a3-beda-c56e650b6f68", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--6556536c-d5ea-4a3d-ae48-4016d4d762ff", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-09-04T14:28:16.478Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. (2019, July). Monokle: The Mobile Surveillance Tooling of the Special Technology Center. 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[Monokle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0407) can also abuse accessibility features to read the screen to capture data from a large number of popular applications.(Citation: Lookout-Monokle)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--6a7aaab1-3e0a-48bb-ba66-bbf7665c0a65", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--73c26732-6422-4081-8b63-6d0ae93d449e", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--657f1d8c-3982-4ee5-95dc-c8ec3164cb2e", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-07-15T20:20:59.382Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Bitdefender Mandrake", "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/329/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-Mandrake-creat4464-en-EN-interactive.pdf", "description": "R. Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-07-15T20:20:59.382Z", "description": "[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) has communicated with the C2 server over TCP port 7777.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--52c994fa-b6c8-45a8-9586-a4275cf19307", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--948a447c-d783-4ba0-8516-a64140fcacd5", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--65803bfa-7601-44ad-95ea-64d8bfd778a4", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-04-08T15:51:25.157Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "ThreatFabric Ginp", "url": "https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/ginp_a_malware_patchwork_borrowing_from_anubis.html", "description": "ThreatFabric. (2019, November). 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Banking Trojan targeting mobile users in Australia and Poland. Retrieved August 16, 2023.", "url": "https://cyble.com/blog/chameleon-a-new-android-malware-spotted-in-the-wild/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-16T16:35:21.853Z", "description": "[Chameleon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1083) can gather SMS messages.(Citation: cyble_chameleon_0423)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--2cf00c5a-857d-4cb6-8f03-82f15bee0f6f", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c6421411-ae61-42bb-9098-73fddb315002", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--65a24b75-4bb0-441a-8cb2-a34077b13f61", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-01-27T17:05:58.201Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "E. Xu, G. Guo. (2019, June 28).  Mobile Cyberespionage Campaign \u2018Bouncing Golf\u2019 Affects Middle East. Retrieved January 27, 2020.", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/mobile-cyberespionage-campaign-bouncing-golf-affects-middle-east/", "source_name": "Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019"}], "modified": "2020-03-26T20:50:07.154Z", "description": "[GolfSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0421) can collect local accounts on the device, pictures, bookmarks/histories of the default browser, and files stored on the SD card. [GolfSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0421) can list image, audio, video, and other files stored on the device. [GolfSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0421) can copy arbitrary files from the device.(Citation: Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--c19cfc89-5ac6-4d2d-a236-70d2b32e007c", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--65acbbe2-48e1-4fba-a781-39fb040a711d", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-09-03T19:45:48.505Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "SWB Exodus March 2019", "url": "https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html", "description": "Security Without Borders. (2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019."}], "modified": "2019-09-11T13:25:19.178Z", "description": " [Exodus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0405) One, after checking in, sends a POST request and then downloads  [Exodus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0405) Two, the second stage binaries.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3049b2f2-e323-4cdb-91cb-13b37b904cbb", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--65dc7cc1-e047-4087-8b2b-7d0d0f67576a", "created": "2023-08-16T16:34:14.088Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "cyble_chameleon_0423", "description": "Cyble Research & Intelligence Labs. (2023, April 13). Banking Trojan targeting mobile users in Australia and Poland. 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(2023, August 28). App hibernation. 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Doffman. (2019, August 16). Warning As Devious New Android Malware Hides In Fake Adobe Flash Player Installations (Updated). Retrieved June 26, 2020.", "url": "https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/08/16/dangerous-new-android-trojan-hides-from-malware-researchers-and-taunts-them-on-twitter/#1563fef26d9c"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-10-10T15:33:58.701Z", "description": "[Cerberus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0480) has pretended to be an Adobe Flash Player installer.(Citation: Forbes Cerberus)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--037f44f0-0c07-4c7f-b40e-0325b5b228a9", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--114fed8b-7eed-4136-8b9c-411c5c7fff4b", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--66132260-65d1-4bf5-8200-abdb2014be6f", "created": "2020-09-15T15:18:12.465Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Cybereason FakeSpy", "description": "O. Almkias. (2020, July 1). FakeSpy Masquerades as Postal Service Apps Around the World. Retrieved September 15, 2020.", "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/fakespy-masquerades-as-postal-service-apps-around-the-world"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T20:51:12.881Z", "description": "[FakeSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0509) can detect if it is running in an emulator and adjust its behavior accordingly.(Citation: Cybereason FakeSpy)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--838f647e-8ff8-48bd-bbd5-613cee7736cb", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6ffad4be-bfe0-424f-abde-4d9a84a800ad", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--6661823b-4fdd-4879-ad5d-64c9a4b12519", "created": "2022-04-05T17:03:53.457Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "", "modified": "2022-04-05T17:03:53.457Z", "relationship_type": "subtechnique-of", "source_ref": "attack-pattern--51636761-2e35-44bf-9e56-e337adf97174", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d13fa042-8f26-44e1-a2a8-af0bf8e2ac9a", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--66ba3094-7c14-41b9-b7c1-814d026156b9", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-09-11T15:58:40.846Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Talos-WolfRAT", "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2020/05/the-wolf-is-back.html", "description": "W. Mercer, P. Rascagneres, V. Ventura. (2020, May 19).  The wolf is back... . Retrieved July 20, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-09-11T15:58:40.846Z", "description": "[WolfRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0489) can delete and send SMS messages.(Citation: Talos-WolfRAT)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--dfdac962-9461-47f0-a212-36dfce2a97e6", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--66c7fdcf-b9ef-429e-81b2-e97e971cfb42", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-11-10T17:08:35.593Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf", "description": "A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-11-10T17:08:35.593Z", "description": "[CarbonSteal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529) has seen native libraries used in some reported samples (Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--52eff1c7-dd30-4121-b762-24ae6fa61bbb", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--66fb8a34-9d48-4599-a56e-19b057380030", "created": "2023-03-20T18:46:08.304Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-08T15:04:38.833Z", "description": "Mobile threat defense agents could detect unauthorized operating system modifications by using attestation. 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Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-11-10T17:08:35.624Z", "description": "[CarbonSteal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529) can dynamically load additional functionality.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--6faacfdd-d17d-4c6e-a33e-5fdea2cc3998", "created": "2020-04-08T15:41:19.385Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Cofense Anubis", "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/", "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). 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(2022, April). Adversarial Threat Report. 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(2017, July 6). SpyDealer: Android Trojan Spying on More Than 40 Apps. 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(2017, July 6). SpyDealer: Android Trojan Spying on More Than 40 Apps. Retrieved September 18, 2018.", "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/07/unit42-spydealer-android-trojan-spying-40-apps/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T21:26:35.443Z", "description": "[SpyDealer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0324) maintains persistence by installing an Android application package (APK) on the system partition.(Citation: PaloAlto-SpyDealer)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--86fc6f0c-86d9-473e-89f3-f50f3cb9319b", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4f14e30b-8b57-4a7b-9093-2c0778ea99cf", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--706c698c-aa8d-4fac-a6c1-2e047c3f965c", "type": "relationship", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-BrainTest", "description": "Chris Dehghanpoor. (2016, January 6). Brain Test re-emerges: 13 apps found in Google Play  Read more: Brain Test re-emerges: 13 apps found in Google Play. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2016/01/06/brain-test-re-emerges/"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "description": "Original samples of [BrainTest](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0293) download their exploit packs for rooting from a remote server after installation.(Citation: Lookout-BrainTest)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--e13d084c-382f-40fd-aa9a-98d69e20301e", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--70ec9e67-b755-41ee-a1db-71d250a90b4e", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-01-14T17:47:08.826Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "SecureList DVMap June 2017", "url": "https://securelist.com/dvmap-the-first-android-malware-with-code-injection/78648/", "description": "R. 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New Android Trojan \u201cXbot\u201d Phishes Credit Cards and Bank Accounts, Encrypts Devices for Ransom. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/new-android-trojan-xbot-phishes-credit-cards-and-bank-accounts-encrypts-devices-for-ransom/"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "description": "[Xbot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0298) can encrypt the victim's files in external storage (e.g., SD card) and then request a PayPal cash card as ransom.(Citation: PaloAlto-Xbot)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "tool--da21929e-40c0-443d-bdf4-6b60d15448b4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d9e88203-2b5d-405f-a406-2933b1e3d7e4", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--70fa8498-6117-4e15-ae3c-f53d63996826", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-06-26T15:32:25.050Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Threat Fabric Cerberus", "url": "https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html", "description": "Threat Fabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved June 26, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-06-26T15:32:25.050Z", "description": "[Cerberus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0480) can collect the device\u2019s location.(Citation: Threat Fabric Cerberus)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--037f44f0-0c07-4c7f-b40e-0325b5b228a9", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--71490fdb-e271-4a67-b932-5288924b1dae", "type": "relationship", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "PaloAlto-DualToy", "description": "Claud Xiao. (2016, September 13). DualToy: New Windows Trojan Sideloads Risky Apps to Android and iOS Devices. Retrieved January 24, 2017.", "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/dualtoy-new-windows-trojan-sideloads-risky-apps-to-android-and-ios-devices/"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "description": "[DualToy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0315) collects the connected iOS device\u2019s information including IMEI, IMSI, ICCID, serial number and phone number.(Citation: PaloAlto-DualToy)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--507fe748-5e4a-4b45-9e9f-8b1115f4e878", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--716f68ee-1e77-4254-8f67-d8f3c71db678", "type": "relationship", "created": "2021-09-20T13:59:00.498Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. (2019, July). Monokle: The Mobile Surveillance Tooling of the Special Technology Center. Retrieved September 4, 2019.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/lookout-discovers-monokle-threat-report.pdf", "source_name": "Lookout-Monokle"}], "modified": "2021-09-20T13:59:00.498Z", "description": "[Monokle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0407) can be controlled via phone call from a set of \"control phones.\"(Citation: Lookout-Monokle)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--6a7aaab1-3e0a-48bb-ba66-bbf7665c0a65", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--717feaf1-493b-4a3e-b886-40652f41168d", "created": "2024-03-28T18:31:04.700Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "welivesec_strongpity", "description": "Stefanko, L. (2023, January 10). StrongPity espionage campaign targeting Android users. Retrieved January 31, 2023.", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/01/10/strongpity-espionage-campaign-targeting-android-users/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2024-04-15T21:39:23.615Z", "description": "During [C0033](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0033), [PROMETHIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0056) used [StrongPity](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0491) to obtain a list of installed applications.(Citation: welivesec_strongpity) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "campaign--a82bc5ad-5f95-4c6a-9f25-aaf6f476a3c4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--718a612e-50c5-40ab-9081-b88cefeafcb6", "created": "2021-04-26T15:33:55.905Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "CitizenLab Circles", "url": "https://citizenlab.ca/2020/12/running-in-circles-uncovering-the-clients-of-cyberespionage-firm-circles/", "description": "Bill Marczak, John Scott-Railton, Siddharth Prakash Rao, Siena Anstis, and Ron Deibert. (2020, December 1). Running in Circles Uncovering the Clients of Cyberespionage Firm Circles. Retrieved December 23, 2020."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[Circles](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0602) can track the location of mobile devices.(Citation: CitizenLab Circles)", "modified": "2022-04-12T10:01:44.682Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--c6a07c89-a24c-4c7e-9e3e-6153cc595e24", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0f4fb01b-d57a-4375-b7a2-342c9d3248f7", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--71fbb52a-1808-45a1-8cc2-13b461376e4a", "created": "2024-02-20T23:53:09.490Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Trend Micro FlyTrap", "description": "Trend Micro. (2021, August 17). FlyTrap Android Malware Is Taking Over Facebook Accounts \u2014 Protect Yourself With a Malware Scanner. 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Bao, J. Lu. (2020, April 14).  Coronavirus Update App Leads to Project Spy Android and iOS Spyware. 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Mercer, P. Rascagneres, V. Ventura. (2020, May 19).  The wolf is back... . 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Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-09-11T15:52:12.520Z", "description": "[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) can block, forward, hide, and send SMS messages.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--52c994fa-b6c8-45a8-9586-a4275cf19307", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--73d22490-4043-42d7-ad25-74e4a642bf6a", "created": "2023-03-20T18:41:45.186Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport", "description": "Communications Security, Reliability, Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (2017, March). Working Group 10 Legacy Systems Risk Reductions Final Report. 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Implant Teardown. 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Retrieved April 24, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-04-24T17:46:31.613Z", "description": "[TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) can inject input to set itself as the default SMS handler, and to automatically click through pop-ups without giving the user any time to react.(Citation: SecurityIntelligence TrickMo)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--21170624-89db-4e99-bf27-58d26be07c3a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d1f1337e-aea7-454c-86bd-482a98ffaf62", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--746eaf98-bd95-4e9a-a4ed-0e3f20402276", "created": "2023-10-10T15:33:57.989Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-Dendroid", "description": "Marc Rogers. (2014, March 6). Dendroid malware can take over your camera, record audio, and sneak into Google Play. Retrieved December 22, 2016.", "url": "https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2014/03/06/dendroid/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-10-10T15:33:57.989Z", "description": "[Dendroid](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0301) can be bound to legitimate applications prior to installation on devices.(Citation: Lookout-Dendroid)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--317a2c10-d489-431e-b6b2-f0251fddc88e", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--114fed8b-7eed-4136-8b9c-411c5c7fff4b", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--749dcdbd-9be9-403b-850f-8ee5452b7aed", "created": "2023-03-20T18:58:56.347Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-08T16:30:21.044Z", "description": "Application vetting services can detect unnecessary and potentially abused location permissions.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e422b6fa-4739-46b9-992e-82f1b350c780", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--74a137c7-b3f8-421f-bc52-bf9f0785d0ba", "created": "2023-09-22T19:15:56.498Z", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-09-22T19:15:56.498Z", "description": "Command-line activities can potentially be detected through Mobile Threat Defense (MTD) integrations with lower-level OS APIs. 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Ginp - A malware patchwork borrowing from Anubis. Retrieved April 8, 2020."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[Ginp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0423) can use a multi-step phishing overlay to capture banking credentials and then credit card numbers after login.(Citation: ThreatFabric Ginp)", "modified": "2022-04-12T10:01:44.682Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--6146be90-470c-4049-bb3a-9986b8ffb65b", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--74c8c9e7-cd8b-4f3a-830d-a7e6e9668330", "created": "2022-04-01T15:01:53.321Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Mobile security products can take appropriate action when jailbroken devices are detected, potentially limiting the adversary\u2019s access to password stores.", "modified": "2022-04-01T15:01:53.321Z", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--cf2cccb1-cab8-431a-8ecf-f7874d05f433", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--8605a0ec-b44a-4e98-a7fc-87d4bd3acb66", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--74eb8469-1cce-40f8-8b6b-486338e8cfbe", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-07-15T20:20:59.282Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Bitdefender Mandrake", "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/329/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-Mandrake-creat4464-en-EN-interactive.pdf", "description": "R. Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-07-15T20:20:59.282Z", "description": "[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) can record the screen.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--52c994fa-b6c8-45a8-9586-a4275cf19307", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--73c26732-6422-4081-8b63-6d0ae93d449e", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--75400f2e-8a9a-4bc6-a40b-f860b38868b6", "created": "2023-03-16T13:31:29.822Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Android Privacy Indicators", "description": "Google. (n.d.). Privacy Indicators. Retrieved April 20, 2022.", "url": "https://source.android.com/devices/tech/config/privacy-indicators"}, {"source_name": "iOS Mic Spyware", "description": "ZecOps Research Team. (2021, November 4). How iOS Malware Can Spy on Users Silently. Retrieved April 1, 2022.", "url": "https://blog.zecops.com/research/how-ios-malware-can-spy-on-users-silently/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-10T21:08:37.537Z", "description": "In iOS 14 and up, an orange dot (or orange square if the Differentiate Without Color setting is enabled) appears in the status bar when the microphone is being used by an application. 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(n.d.). FlexiSpy Monitoring Features. Retrieved September 4, 2019.", "url": "https://www.flexispy.com/en/features-overview.htm", "source_name": "FlexiSpy-Features"}], "modified": "2019-10-14T18:08:28.666Z", "description": "[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) can monitor device photos and can also access browser history and bookmarks.(Citation: FlexiSpy-Features)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "tool--1622fd3d-fcfc-4d02-ac49-f2d786f79b81", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--75770898-93a7-45e3-bdb2-03172004a88f", "created": "2022-03-30T14:49:47.451Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Android-VerifiedBoot", "url": "https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/", "description": "Android. (n.d.). Verified Boot. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Android Verified Boot can detect unauthorized modifications made to the system partition, which could lead to execution flow hijacking.(Citation: Android-VerifiedBoot) ", "modified": "2022-03-30T14:49:47.451Z", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--7b1cf46f-784b-405a-a8dd-4624c19d8321", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--670a4d75-103b-4b14-8a9e-4652fa795edd", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--75989cf6-c023-4ed3-9d23-a83f55690186", "created": "2023-02-28T21:43:36.886Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "cloudmark_tanglebot_0921", "description": "Felipe Naves, Andrew Conway, W. Stuart Jones, Adam McNeil . (2021, September 23). TangleBot: New Advanced SMS Malware Targets Mobile Users Across U.S. and Canada with COVID-19 Lures. Retrieved February 28, 2023.", "url": "https://www.cloudmark.com/en/blog/malware/tanglebot-new-advanced-sms-malware-targets-mobile-users-across-us-and-canada-covid-19"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-02-28T21:43:36.886Z", "description": "[TangleBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1069) can read incoming text messages.(Citation: cloudmark_tanglebot_0921)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--68156e5a-4c3a-46dd-9c5e-c0bfdec6651f", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c6421411-ae61-42bb-9098-73fddb315002", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--759a2e09-32b6-4857-9b6d-adf5dcee142b", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-12-14T15:02:35.286Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Securelist Asacub", "url": "https://securelist.com/the-rise-of-mobile-banker-asacub/87591/", "description": "T. Shishkova. (2018, August 28).  The rise of mobile banker Asacub. Retrieved December 14, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-14T15:02:35.286Z", "description": "[Asacub](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0540) can collect various pieces of device network configuration information, such as mobile network operator.(Citation: Securelist Asacub)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a76b837b-93cc-417d-bf28-c47a6a284fa4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--75a8614f-bf92-455d-b2ef-7085aff9a64d", "created": "2023-08-16T16:33:56.014Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "cyble_chameleon_0423", "description": "Cyble Research & Intelligence Labs. (2023, April 13). Banking Trojan targeting mobile users in Australia and Poland. Retrieved August 16, 2023.", "url": "https://cyble.com/blog/chameleon-a-new-android-malware-spotted-in-the-wild/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-09-15T19:16:57.874Z", "description": "[Chameleon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1083) can log keystrokes and gather the lock screen password of an infected device by abusing Accessibility Services.(Citation: cyble_chameleon_0423)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--2cf00c5a-857d-4cb6-8f03-82f15bee0f6f", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--75ed2348-279f-4485-97a3-9a5ada27d799", "created": "2023-02-06T19:06:17.406Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "lookout_abstractemu_1021", "description": "P Shunk, K Balaam. (2021, October 28). Rooting Malware Makes a Comeback: Lookout Discovers Global Campaign. Retrieved February 6, 2023.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-global-rooting-malware-campaign"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-02-06T19:06:17.406Z", "description": "[AbstractEmu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1061) can disable Play Protect.(Citation: lookout_abstractemu_1021)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--2aec175b-4429-4048-8e09-3ef6cbecfc64", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2aa78dfd-cb6f-4c70-9408-137cfd96be49", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--760037f0-f027-41bb-adf8-1ced6c7085be", "created": "2023-10-10T15:33:59.225Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "WeLiveSecurity AdDisplayAshas", "description": "L. Stefanko. (2019, October 24). Tracking down the developer of Android adware affecting millions of users. Retrieved October 29, 2020.", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/10/24/tracking-down-developer-android-adware/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-10-10T15:33:59.225Z", "description": "[Android/AdDisplay.Ashas](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0525) has mimicked Facebook and Google icons on the \u201cRecent apps\u201d screen to avoid discovery and uses the `com.google.xxx` package name to avoid detection.(Citation: WeLiveSecurity AdDisplayAshas)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f7e7b736-2cff-4c2a-9232-352cd383463a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--114fed8b-7eed-4136-8b9c-411c5c7fff4b", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--760faa7b-06cb-48b7-9103-1c52f2ca408f", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-11-10T17:08:35.644Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf", "description": "A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-11-10T17:08:35.644Z", "description": "[CarbonSteal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529) has gathered device metadata, including model, manufacturer, SD card size, disk usage, memory, CPU, and serial number.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--764ba23e-9902-4a60-8ec3-e0ae1abf92ce", "created": "2023-09-22T19:16:35.609Z", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-09-22T19:16:35.609Z", "description": "The user is prompted for approval when an application requests device administrator permissions.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e2f72131-14d1-411f-8e8c-aa3453dd5456", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9ef14445-6f35-4ed0-a042-5024f13a9242", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--7657a4d4-1ba3-4b66-83f7-6db5eab14847", "created": "2022-04-06T13:30:03.526Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Users should be taught that Device Administrator permissions are very dangerous, and very few applications need it.", "modified": "2022-04-06T13:30:03.527Z", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--653492e3-27be-4a0e-b08c-938dd2b7e0e1", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e2c2249a-eb82-4614-8dd4-9c514dde65e2", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--7696b512-ba2f-4310-86e1-7c528529fc5e", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-09-15T15:18:12.425Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Cybereason FakeSpy", "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/fakespy-masquerades-as-postal-service-apps-around-the-world", "description": "O. 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YiSpecter: First iOS Malware That Attacks Non-jailbroken Apple iOS Devices by Abusing Private APIs. Retrieved March 3, 2023.", "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/yispecter-first-ios-malware-attacks-non-jailbroken-ios-devices-by-abusing-private-apis/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-03T16:23:20.764Z", "description": "[YiSpecter](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0311) has connected to the C2 server via HTTP.(Citation: paloalto_yispecter_1015)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a15c9357-2be0-4836-beec-594f28b9b4a9", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2282a98b-5049-4f61-9381-55baca7c1add", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--76f852f3-f218-40e2-8fa1-6fb15c4cbf98", "created": "2023-10-10T15:33:59.661Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Sophos Red Alert 2.0", "description": "J. Chandraiah. (2018, July 23). Red Alert 2.0: Android Trojan targets security-seekers. Retrieved December 14, 2020.", "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2018/07/23/red-alert-2-0-android-trojan-targets-security-seekers/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-10-10T15:33:59.661Z", "description": "[Red Alert 2.0](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0539) has masqueraded as legitimate media player, social media, and VPN applications.(Citation: Sophos Red Alert 2.0)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--6e282bbf-5f32-476a-b879-ba77eec463c8", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--114fed8b-7eed-4136-8b9c-411c5c7fff4b", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--7793a066-d72b-4a60-9579-e16369ea7185", "created": "2023-03-20T18:57:55.221Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-10T22:22:25.132Z", "description": "The user can view a list of apps with accessibility service privileges in the device settings.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--56c2b384-77f8-461f-a71a-76f7888ebfb6", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--73c26732-6422-4081-8b63-6d0ae93d449e", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--77efa84c-5ef0-4554-b774-2dbfcca74087", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-10-29T19:20:58.116Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "WeLiveSecurity AdDisplayAshas", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/10/24/tracking-down-developer-android-adware/", "description": "L. Stefanko. (2019, October 24). Tracking down the developer of Android adware affecting millions of users. Retrieved October 29, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-10-29T19:20:58.116Z", "description": "[Android/AdDisplay.Ashas](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0525) has checked to see how many apps are installed, and specifically if Facebook or FB Messenger are installed.(Citation: WeLiveSecurity AdDisplayAshas)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f7e7b736-2cff-4c2a-9232-352cd383463a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--7825f4b1-75ca-4377-b8f6-0dda9311d889", "created": "2023-08-04T18:30:58.116Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221", "description": "Apurva Kumar, Kristin Del Rosso. (2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. Retrieved June 9, 2023.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-novel-confucius-apt-android-spyware-linked-to-india-pakistan-conflict"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-04T18:30:58.116Z", "description": "[Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) can access a device\u2019s location.(Citation: lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--feae299d-e34f-4fc9-8545-486d0905bd41", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--78417fce-5aaa-4ad3-a2f1-279fa18bfe45", "created": "2023-02-06T19:47:26.528Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "threatfabric_sova_0921", "description": "ThreatFabric. (2021, September 9). S.O.V.A. - A new Android Banking trojan with fowl intentions. Retrieved February 6, 2023.", "url": "https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/sova-new-trojan-with-fowl-intentions.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-02-06T19:47:26.528Z", "description": "[S.O.V.A.](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1062) has been distributed in obfuscated and packed form.(Citation: threatfabric_sova_0921)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--4b53eb01-57d7-47b4-b078-22766b002b36", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--51636761-2e35-44bf-9e56-e337adf97174", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--7850d933-120b-4ae6-998d-8dc4dfd6d164", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-01-27T17:49:05.664Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "E. Xu, G. Guo. (2019, June 28).  Mobile Cyberespionage Campaign \u2018Bouncing Golf\u2019 Affects Middle East. Retrieved January 27, 2020.", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/mobile-cyberespionage-campaign-bouncing-golf-affects-middle-east/", "source_name": "Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019"}], "modified": "2020-01-27T17:49:05.664Z", "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "intrusion-set--049cef3b-22d5-4be6-b50c-9839c7a34fdd", "target_ref": "malware--c19cfc89-5ac6-4d2d-a236-70d2b32e007c", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--7863ef22-130a-4670-80c6-9bdeee58b8c9", "created": "2024-01-26T17:44:59.987Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "checkpoint_flixonline_0421", "description": "Aviran Hazum, Bodgan Melnykov, Israel Wenik. (2021, April 7). 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(2021, April). Technical Paper // Taking Action Against Arid Viper. Retrieved March 4, 2024.", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231126111812/https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Technical-threat-report-Arid-Viper-April-2021.pdf"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2024-03-26T19:04:53.270Z", "description": "[Phenakite](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1126) can collect and exfiltrate WhatsApp media, photos and files with specific extensions, such as .pdf and .doc.(Citation: fb_arid_viper)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f97e2718-af50-41df-811f-215ebab45691", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--789699c2-44f1-4280-bf86-ab23e6a13e84", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-StealthMango", "description": "Lookout. (n.d.). Stealth Mango & Tangelo. Retrieved September 27, 2018.", "url": "https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/lookout-stealth-mango-srr-us.pdf"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T20:18:51.813Z", "description": "[Stealth Mango](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0328) uploads calendar events and reminders.(Citation: Lookout-StealthMango)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--085eb36d-697d-4d9a-bac3-96eb879fe73c", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a9fa0d30-a8ff-45bf-922e-7720da0b7922", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--789cb76e-27b0-4762-a2f7-3ff32ce0762d", "type": "relationship", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-EnterpriseApps", "description": "Lookout. (2016, May 25). 5 active mobile threats spoofing enterprise apps. Retrieved December 19, 2016.", "url": "https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2016/05/25/spoofed-apps/"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "description": "[PJApps](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0291) has the capability to collect and leak the victim's phone number, mobile device unique identifier (IMEI).(Citation: Lookout-EnterpriseApps)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--c709da93-20c3-4d17-ab68-48cba76b2137", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--789dd0f9-527c-49b3-93b7-851ce4961f0f", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-09-03T19:45:48.492Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "SWB Exodus March 2019", "url": "https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html", "description": "Security Without Borders. (2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019."}], "modified": "2019-10-14T17:15:52.637Z", "description": " [Exodus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0405) One queries the device for its IMEI code and the phone number in order to validate the target of a new infection.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3049b2f2-e323-4cdb-91cb-13b37b904cbb", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--78cc0d6d-6347-45a4-a18c-ca76150aa7a9", "type": "relationship", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-BrainTest", "description": "Chris Dehghanpoor. (2016, January 6). Brain Test re-emerges: 13 apps found in Google Play  Read more: Brain Test re-emerges: 13 apps found in Google Play. 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Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan \u2013 banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.", "url": "https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T16:58:27.974Z", "description": "[Rotexy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0411) can communicate with the command and control server using JSON payloads sent in HTTP POST request bodies. 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Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. 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FlyTrap Android Malware Is Taking Over Facebook Accounts \u2014 Protect Yourself With a Malware Scanner. 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Retrieved September 18, 2018."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[SpyDealer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0324) enables remote control of the victim through SMS channels.(Citation: PaloAlto-SpyDealer)", "modified": "2022-04-19T14:25:41.669Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--86fc6f0c-86d9-473e-89f3-f50f3cb9319b", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ec4c4baa-026f-43e8-8f56-58c36f3162dd", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--9366529d-fba9-4ef6-b4ee-b6b41aa3b18c", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-07-10T15:35:43.631Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"url": "https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/Lookout_Dark-Caracal_srr_20180118_us_v.1.0.pdf", "description": "Blaich, A., et al. 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Retrieved February 8, 2021."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[Windshift](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0112) has included keylogging capabilities as part of Operation ROCK.(Citation: BlackBerry Bahamut)", "modified": "2022-04-15T17:35:26.197Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "intrusion-set--afec6dc3-a18e-4b62-b1a4-5510e1a498d1", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--98632824-9fe4-4992-aafe-31c5eac66ec1", "created": "2023-12-18T18:18:22.618Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "cleafy_brata_0122", "description": "Federico Valentini, Francesco Lubatti. (2022, January 24). 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Users should also protect their account credentials and enable multi-factor authentication options when available. ", "modified": "2022-04-01T17:06:06.950Z", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--653492e3-27be-4a0e-b08c-938dd2b7e0e1", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--9c302eb1-1810-48a5-b34d-6aae303d2097", "created": "2022-04-01T15:16:26.387Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Users should be instructed to not open links in applications they don\u2019t recognize.", "modified": "2022-04-01T15:16:26.387Z", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--653492e3-27be-4a0e-b08c-938dd2b7e0e1", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--789ef15a-34d9-4b32-a779-8cbbc9eb32f5", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--9c545cbb-4949-4695-8d6b-b480478d3e20", "created": "2023-12-18T18:08:42.383Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "securelist_brata_0819", "description": "Securelist. (2019, August 29). Fully equipped Spying Android RAT from Brazil: BRATA. Retrieved December 18, 2023.", "url": "https://securelist.com/spying-android-rat-from-brazil-brata/92775/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-12-18T18:08:42.383Z", "description": "[BRATA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1094) can turn off or fake turning off the screen while performing malicious activities.(Citation: securelist_brata_0819)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--5aff44ab-5a41-49bb-b5d1-b4876d0437f4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--24a77e53-0751-46fc-b207-99378fb35c08", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--9c7c302a-d5ba-4fc9-a4e5-e865fd7fb708", "type": "relationship", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Kaspersky-WUC", "description": "Costin Raiu, Denis Maslennikov, Kurt Baumgartner. (2013, March 26). Android Trojan Found in Targeted Attack. Retrieved December 23, 2016.", "url": "https://securelist.com/android-trojan-found-in-targeted-attack-58/35552/"}], "modified": "2019-10-15T19:54:10.284Z", "description": "[Android/Chuli.A](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0304) stole geo-location data.(Citation: Kaspersky-WUC)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--d05f7357-4cbe-47ea-bf83-b8604226d533", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--9c853c22-7607-4cbd-b114-08aaa4625c35", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-12-17T20:15:22.405Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Palo Alto HenBox", "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/", "description": "A. Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019."}], "modified": "2020-12-28T18:47:52.600Z", "description": "[HenBox](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0544) can collect device information and can check if the device is running MIUI on a Xiaomi device.(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--aef537ba-10c2-40ed-a57a-80b8508aada4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--9caf7cd5-fa15-45f0-8e1e-75917ea33af2", "created": "2023-03-20T18:50:32.580Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-09T16:45:40.815Z", "description": "Application vetting services could look for usage of the `READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE` Android permission. This could indicate that non-system apps are attempting to access information that they do not have access to.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--9cfc30de-3e68-4361-a213-3c37ce27b70e", "created": "2023-03-20T18:52:52.011Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-09T14:51:29.206Z", "description": "On Android, the user can use the device settings menu to view trusted CA certificates and look for unexpected or unknown certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies. Users can use the device settings menu to view which applications on the device are allowed to install unknown applications.\n\nOn iOS, the user can use the device settings menu to view installed Configuration Profiles and look for unexpected or unknown profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--56c2b384-77f8-461f-a71a-76f7888ebfb6", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--79cb02f4-ac4e-4335-8b51-425c9573cce1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--9cfcda7d-bb82-4122-a38b-fec4f5532856", "created": "2020-05-04T14:04:56.211Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Google Bread", "description": "A. Guertin, V. Kotov, Android Security & Privacy Team. (2020, January 9). PHA Family Highlights: Bread (and Friends) . Retrieved April 27, 2020.", "url": "https://security.googleblog.com/2020/01/pha-family-highlights-bread-and-friends.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T17:03:51.504Z", "description": "[Bread](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0432) communicates with the C2 server using HTTP requests.(Citation: Google Bread)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--108b2817-bc01-404e-8e1b-8cdeec846326", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2282a98b-5049-4f61-9381-55baca7c1add", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--9d264e84-27b2-4867-82c8-55486a969d7c", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-12-17T20:15:22.489Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Palo Alto HenBox", "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/", "description": "A. Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019."}], "modified": "2020-12-17T20:15:22.489Z", "description": "[HenBox](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0544) can obtain a list of running processes.(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--aef537ba-10c2-40ed-a57a-80b8508aada4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1b51f5bc-b97a-498a-8dbd-bc6b1901bf19", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--9d2a9348-5d0a-43b0-8776-e9bbddc659c7", "created": "2023-03-20T18:48:56.995Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-09T15:53:41.268Z", "description": "Application vetting services can look for applications requesting the `android.permission.BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE` permission in a service declaration. On Android, the user can view and manage which applications can use accessibility services through the device settings in Accessibility. The exact device settings menu locations may vary between operating system versions.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--9d4c1d68-3cc8-4cf9-b3ee-1525d0ce32de", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-10-14T20:49:24.571Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan \u2013 banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.", "url": "https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/", "source_name": "securelist rotexy 2018"}], "modified": "2019-10-14T20:49:24.571Z", "description": "[Rotexy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0411) collects information about running processes.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--0626c181-93cb-4860-9cb0-dff3b1c13063", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1b51f5bc-b97a-498a-8dbd-bc6b1901bf19", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--9d621873-6d3c-4660-be9a-57e2e8648236", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Proofpoint-Marcher", "description": "Proofpoint. (2017, November 3). Credential phishing and an Android banking Trojan combine in Austrian mobile attacks. Retrieved July 6, 2018.", "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/credential-phishing-and-android-banking-trojan-combine-austrian-mobile-attacks"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T21:24:29.502Z", "description": "[Marcher](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0317) requests Android Device Administrator access.(Citation: Proofpoint-Marcher)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f9854ba6-989d-43bf-828b-7240b8a65291", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9c049d7b-c92a-4733-9381-27e2bd2ccadc", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--9d72c60b-d5d1-4b50-a01f-3882ddb335d9", "created": "2019-09-04T14:28:15.316Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-Monokle", "description": "Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. (2019, July). Monokle: The Mobile Surveillance Tooling of the Special Technology Center. Retrieved September 4, 2019.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/lookout-discovers-monokle-threat-report.pdf"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T21:26:48.912Z", "description": "[Monokle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0407) can remount the system partition as read/write to install attacker-specified certificates.(Citation: Lookout-Monokle) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--6a7aaab1-3e0a-48bb-ba66-bbf7665c0a65", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4f14e30b-8b57-4a7b-9093-2c0778ea99cf", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--9dec6b2f-790a-4da9-86c9-1f4b7141c32c", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-09-04T15:38:56.562Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "K. Lu. (n.d.). Deep Technical Analysis of the Spyware FlexiSpy for Android. Retrieved September 10, 2019.", "url": "https://d3gpjj9d20n0p3.cloudfront.net/fortiguard/research/Dig%20Deep%20into%20FlexiSpy%20for%20Android%28white%20paper%29_KaiLu.pdf", "source_name": "FortiGuard-FlexiSpy"}], "modified": "2019-10-14T18:08:28.500Z", "description": "[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) can communicate with the command and control server over ports 12512 and 12514.(Citation: FortiGuard-FlexiSpy)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "tool--1622fd3d-fcfc-4d02-ac49-f2d786f79b81", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--948a447c-d783-4ba0-8516-a64140fcacd5", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--9e3921a8-a9e1-48c4-9b61-ff190c104f63", "type": "relationship", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/hacking-team-rcsandroid-spying-tool-listens-to-calls-roots-devices-to-get-in/", "description": "Veo Zhang. (2015, July 21). Hacking Team RCSAndroid Spying Tool Listens to Calls; Roots Devices to Get In. Retrieved December 22, 2016.", "source_name": "TrendMicro-RCSAndroid"}], "modified": "2019-08-09T17:53:48.793Z", "description": "[RCSAndroid](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0295) can monitor clipboard content.(Citation: TrendMicro-RCSAndroid)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--363bc05d-13cb-4e98-a5b7-e250f2bbdc2b", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c4b96c0b-cb58-497a-a1c2-bb447d79d692", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--9e458d77-c856-4b02-82a7-50947b232dc3", "type": "relationship", "created": "2021-10-01T14:42:49.183Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "SecureList BusyGasper", "url": "https://securelist.com/busygasper-the-unfriendly-spy/87627/", "description": "Alexey Firsh. (2018, August 29). BusyGasper \u2013 the unfriendly spy. Retrieved October 1, 2021."}], "modified": "2021-10-06T15:32:46.533Z", "description": "[BusyGasper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0655) can download a payload or updates from either its C2 server or email attachments in the adversary\u2019s inbox.(Citation: SecureList BusyGasper)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--e110f94a-e2c5-4f5f-ba78-9c2ab6d2d9e4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--9e66ec3b-cdd6-461c-bd84-e75316818e15", "type": "relationship", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "CrowdStrike-Android", "description": "CrowdStrike Global Intelligence Team. (2016). Use of Fancy Bear Android Malware in Tracking of Ukrainian FIeld Artillery Units. Retrieved February 6, 2017.", "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/wp-content/brochures/FancyBearTracksUkrainianArtillery.pdf"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "description": "[X-Agent for Android](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0314) was believed to have been used to obtain locational data of Ukrainian artillery forces.(Citation: CrowdStrike-Android)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--56660521-6db4-4e5a-a927-464f22954b7c", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--9e95ef68-0650-49eb-888f-47c211481be9", "created": "2023-03-20T18:51:40.217Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-09T17:16:36.672Z", "description": "Application vetting may be able to identify applications that perform [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0032) or utilize existing connectivity to remotely access hosts within an internal enterprise network. 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Retrieved January 18, 2023.", "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2022/03/03/sharkbot-a-new-generation-android-banking-trojan-being-distributed-on-google-play-store/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-27T18:49:35.020Z", "description": "[SharkBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1055) can hide and send SMS messages. [SharkBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1055) can also change which application is the device\u2019s default SMS handler.(Citation: nccgroup_sharkbot_0322)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--9cd72f5c-bec0-4f7e-bb6d-296937116291", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--9f9a0349-ca95-4bde-8d8d-af524ce19bc7", "created": "2022-04-15T16:00:43.483Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "SecureList DVMap June 2017", "description": "R. Unuchek. (2017, June 8). Dvmap: the first Android malware with code injection. 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Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. 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(2023, May 23). Android app breaking bad: From legitimate screen recording to file exfiltration within a year. 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This could indicate that non-system apps are attempting to access information that they do not have access to. 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Stefanko. (2019, October 24). Tracking down the developer of Android adware affecting millions of users. Retrieved October 29, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-10-29T19:21:23.235Z", "description": "[Android/AdDisplay.Ashas](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0525) has hidden the C2 server address using base-64 encoding. (Citation: WeLiveSecurity AdDisplayAshas)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f7e7b736-2cff-4c2a-9232-352cd383463a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d13fa042-8f26-44e1-a2a8-af0bf8e2ac9a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--a0464679-71b6-4ab4-a72d-0428e4d75d5e", "created": "2022-03-30T13:45:39.184Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Device attestation can often detect jailbroken or rooted devices.", "modified": "2022-03-30T13:45:39.184Z", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--ff4821f6-5afb-481b-8c0f-26c28c0d666c", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--29f1f56c-7b7a-4c14-9e39-59577ea2743c", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--a04ae7d7-1500-49c9-bada-1a75a8670f5c", "created": "2019-11-21T19:16:34.820Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "CheckPoint SimBad 2019", "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/simbad-a-rogue-adware-campaign-on-google-play/", "description": "Elena Root, Andrey Polkovnichenko. (2019, March 13). SimBad: A Rogue Adware Campaign On Google Play. Retrieved November 21, 2019."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[SimBad](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0419) generates fraudulent advertising revenue by displaying ads in the background and by opening the browser and displaying ads.(Citation: CheckPoint SimBad 2019)", "modified": "2022-04-19T14:25:41.669Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f79c01eb-2954-40d8-a819-00b342f47ce7", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a8e971b8-8dc7-4514-8249-ae95427ec467", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--a04dfb58-b7d3-4abe-9f4a-fad4f7158965", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-04-08T15:51:25.106Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "ThreatFabric Ginp", "url": "https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/ginp_a_malware_patchwork_borrowing_from_anubis.html", "description": "ThreatFabric. (2019, November). Ginp - A malware patchwork borrowing from Anubis. Retrieved April 8, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-04-08T15:51:25.106Z", "description": "[Ginp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0423) can obtain a list of installed applications.(Citation: ThreatFabric Ginp)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--6146be90-470c-4049-bb3a-9986b8ffb65b", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--a09f8daa-aa02-45f1-8dac-9bea355c9415", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-11-10T17:08:35.819Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf", "description": "A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-11-10T17:08:35.819Z", "description": "[CarbonSteal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529) can access the device\u2019s location and track the device over time.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--a1023a75-31cc-420a-9c59-b440f7fb27e6", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-11-21T16:42:48.501Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "GReAT. (2019, June 26).  ViceLeaker Operation: mobile espionage targeting Middle East. Retrieved November 21, 2019.", "url": "https://securelist.com/fanning-the-flames-viceleaker-operation/90877/", "source_name": "SecureList - ViceLeaker 2019"}, {"source_name": "Bitdefender - Triout 2018", "url": "https://labs.bitdefender.com/2018/08/triout-spyware-framework-for-android-with-extensive-surveillance-capabilities/", "description": "L. Arsene, C. Ochinca. (2018, August 20). Triout \u2013 Spyware Framework for Android with Extensive Surveillance Capabilities. Retrieved January 21, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-01-21T14:20:50.492Z", "description": "[ViceLeaker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0418) can collect location information, including GPS coordinates.(Citation: SecureList - ViceLeaker 2019)(Citation: Bitdefender - Triout 2018)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--6fcaf9b0-b509-4644-9f93-556222c81ed2", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--a111ab3c-97f2-4b17-b291-f141e9b7613f", "created": "2022-04-01T12:50:48.459Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "", "modified": "2022-04-01T12:50:48.459Z", "relationship_type": "revoked-by", "source_ref": "attack-pattern--62adb627-f647-498e-b4cc-41499361bacb", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a9fa0d30-a8ff-45bf-922e-7720da0b7922", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--a120ac54-32fa-43ad-a826-8325823b656d", "created": "2023-09-22T19:14:12.741Z", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-09-22T19:14:12.741Z", "description": "Users should be trained on what device administrator permission request prompts look like, and how to avoid granting permissions on phishing popups.", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--653492e3-27be-4a0e-b08c-938dd2b7e0e1", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9ef14445-6f35-4ed0-a042-5024f13a9242", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--a1814198-1f91-41d4-a413-d55e1a66c8e9", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-07-20T13:27:33.548Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Talos-WolfRAT", "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2020/05/the-wolf-is-back.html", "description": "W. 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Retrieved September 23, 2019."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[Rotexy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0411) can use phishing overlays to capture users' credit card information.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)", "modified": "2022-04-12T10:01:44.682Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--0626c181-93cb-4860-9cb0-dff3b1c13063", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--a25a0454-d6da-4448-a3c5-33648ee6675a", "created": "2023-07-21T19:36:50.262Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "lookout_bouldspy_0423", "description": "Kyle Schmittle, Alemdar Islamoglu, Paul Shunk, Justin Albrecht. (2023, April 27). 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Retrieved September 10, 2019.", "url": "https://d3gpjj9d20n0p3.cloudfront.net/fortiguard/research/Dig%20Deep%20into%20FlexiSpy%20for%20Android%28white%20paper%29_KaiLu.pdf", "source_name": "FortiGuard-FlexiSpy"}], "modified": "2019-09-10T14:59:25.979Z", "description": "[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) encrypts its configuration file using AES.(Citation: FortiGuard-FlexiSpy)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "tool--1622fd3d-fcfc-4d02-ac49-f2d786f79b81", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d13fa042-8f26-44e1-a2a8-af0bf8e2ac9a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--a290a8ca-e650-456c-b33e-03343fe5ea4e", "type": "relationship", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-Pegasus", "description": "Lookout. 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YiSpecter: First iOS Malware That Attacks Non-jailbroken Apple iOS Devices by Abusing Private APIs. Retrieved March 3, 2023.", "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/yispecter-first-ios-malware-attacks-non-jailbroken-ios-devices-by-abusing-private-apis/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-03T16:20:08.033Z", "description": "[YiSpecter](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0311) has used private APIs to download and install other pieces of itself, as well as other malicious apps. 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Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan \u2013 banker and ransomware. 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Retrieved April 11, 2022."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Android 11 introduced privacy enhancements to package visibility, filtering results that are returned from the package manager. iOS 12 removed the private API that could previously be used to list installed applications on non-app store applications.(Citation: Android Package Visibility)", "modified": "2022-04-11T19:19:34.658Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--0beabf44-e8d8-4ae4-9122-ef56369a2564", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1d44f529-6fe6-489f-8a01-6261ac43f05e", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--a93ee044-bd5d-48f3-972e-0abab780c35c", "created": "2023-02-08T20:05:06.786Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "trendmicro_tianyspy_0122", "description": "Trend Micro. (2022, January 25). TianySpy Malware Uses Smishing Disguised as Message From Telco. Retrieved January 11, 2023.", "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/22/a/tianyspy-malware-uses-smishing-disguised-as-message-from-telco.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-29T21:21:22.070Z", "description": "[TianySpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1056) can steal information via malicious JavaScript.(Citation: trendmicro_tianyspy_0122)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--fd6d56b2-d84e-4d2a-b37d-d4678d3e08a6", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--29f1f56c-7b7a-4c14-9e39-59577ea2743c", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--a95fe853-d1d1-47dc-a776-b905daacfe32", "created": "2020-06-26T20:16:32.181Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "ESET DEFENSOR ID", "description": "L. Stefanko. (2020, May 22). Insidious Android malware gives up all malicious features but one to gain stealth. 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(2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved June 26, 2020."}, {"source_name": "CheckPoint Cerberus", "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2020/mobile-as-attack-vector-using-mdm/", "description": "A. Hazum, B. Melnykov, C. Efrati, D. Golubenko, I. Wernik, L. Kuperman, O. Mana. (2020, April 29). First seen in the wild \u2013 Malware uses Corporate MDM as attack vector. 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(2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019."}], "modified": "2019-09-11T13:25:19.210Z", "description": "[Exodus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0405) Two attempts to connect to port 22011 to provide a remote reverse shell.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3049b2f2-e323-4cdb-91cb-13b37b904cbb", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--948a447c-d783-4ba0-8516-a64140fcacd5", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--ad723fb0-7439-407e-9bf5-1cb3fd7df8aa", "created": "2023-02-06T19:05:28.288Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "lookout_abstractemu_1021", "description": "P Shunk, K Balaam. (2021, October 28). Rooting Malware Makes a Comeback: Lookout Discovers Global Campaign. 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Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-24T22:04:28.010Z", "description": "[GoldenEagle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0551) can download new code to update itself.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--0b9c5d11-651a-4378-b129-5c584d0242c5", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--ade5c0c5-8b53-4bc5-9d81-0284be2e5fee", "created": "2023-07-21T19:51:55.111Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "kaspersky_fakecalls_0422", "description": "Igor Golovin. (2022, April 11). Fakecalls: a talking Trojan. 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It can also make outgoing calls and spoof incoming calls.(Citation: kaspersky_fakecalls_0422)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--429e1526-6293-495b-8808-af7f9a66c4be", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--ae5c93a8-fee8-42dc-b3cb-c6864481f025", "created": "2024-03-29T15:07:01.237Z", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2024-03-29T15:07:01.237Z", "description": "Application vetting services can detect certificate pinning by examining an application\u2019s `network_security_config.xml` file, although this behavior can be benign.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--613788f2-ad72-43f5-b5f7-a93e2adc70fa", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--dfafc230-5465-4993-8dc5-f51fa9fec002", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--ae8619a9-9142-4f0f-8778-09756341b472", "created": "2024-03-29T15:07:58.597Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout eSurv", "description": "A. Bauer. (2019, April 8). Lookout discovers phishing sites distributing new iOS and Android surveillanceware. 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This could indicate that non-system apps are attempting to access information that they do not have access to.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--be63612f-a48f-44f2-a7a6-1763509fcf80", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--af55d12a-5f58-4135-90d0-f465a66f7a3f", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-07-15T20:20:59.305Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Bitdefender Mandrake", "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/329/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-Mandrake-creat4464-en-EN-interactive.pdf", "description": "R. Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-07-15T20:20:59.305Z", "description": "[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) abuses the accessibility service to prevent removing administrator permissions, accessibility permissions, and to set itself as the default SMS handler.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--52c994fa-b6c8-45a8-9586-a4275cf19307", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d1f1337e-aea7-454c-86bd-482a98ffaf62", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--afba6b19-7486-4e5a-8fda-e91852b0b354", "type": "relationship", "created": "2021-09-20T13:42:21.104Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "modified": "2021-09-27T18:05:43.107Z", "description": "Users should be encouraged to be very careful with what applications they grant phone call-based permissions to. Further, users should not change their default call handler to applications they do not recognize.", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--653492e3-27be-4a0e-b08c-938dd2b7e0e1", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--afc0e8b2-2e85-4640-8517-fb2e16831082", "created": "2023-01-18T19:45:27.807Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "nccgroup_sharkbot_0322", "description": "RIFT: Research and Intelligence Fusion Team. (2022, March 3). SharkBot: a \u201cnew\u201d generation Android banking Trojan being distributed on Google Play Store. Retrieved January 18, 2023.", "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2022/03/03/sharkbot-a-new-generation-android-banking-trojan-being-distributed-on-google-play-store/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-27T18:56:03.190Z", "description": "[SharkBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1055) can use a WebView with a fake log in site to capture banking credentials.(Citation: nccgroup_sharkbot_0322)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--9cd72f5c-bec0-4f7e-bb6d-296937116291", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--afc0f502-39bb-41e3-b4fc-5b5bb1a1175b", "type": "relationship", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-StealthMango", "description": "Lookout. (n.d.). Stealth Mango & Tangelo. Retrieved September 27, 2018.", "url": "https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/lookout-stealth-mango-srr-us.pdf"}], "modified": "2019-10-10T15:27:22.110Z", "description": "[Tangelo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0329) contains functionality to record calls as well as the victim device's environment.(Citation: Lookout-StealthMango)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--35aae10a-97c5-471a-9c67-02c231a7a31a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--afe9e326-01f7-4296-a11b-09cfffd80120", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-07-27T14:14:56.962Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Google Security Zen", "url": "https://security.googleblog.com/2019/01/pha-family-highlights-zen-and-its.html", "description": "Siewierski, L. (2019, January 11). PHA Family Highlights: Zen and its cousins . Retrieved July 27, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-08-10T22:18:20.747Z", "description": "[Zen](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0494) can simulate user clicks on ads and system prompts to create new Google accounts.(Citation: Google Security Zen)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--22faaa56-a8ac-4292-9be6-b571b255ee40", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d1f1337e-aea7-454c-86bd-482a98ffaf62", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--b018fe06-740b-4864-b30a-f047598506b3", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-04-24T15:06:33.510Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/coronavirus-update-app-leads-to-project-spy-android-and-ios-spyware/", "description": "T. Bao, J. Lu. (2020, April 14).  Coronavirus Update App Leads to Project Spy Android and iOS Spyware. Retrieved April 24, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-04-24T15:06:33.510Z", "description": "[Corona Updates](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0425) can collect various pieces of device information, including OS version, phone model, and manufacturer.(Citation: TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--366c800f-97a8-48d5-b0a6-79d00198252a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b01f11f2-064b-4210-a8f2-f5c6360f64e4", "created": "2024-03-28T18:30:23.877Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "welivesec_strongpity", "description": "Stefanko, L. (2023, January 10). StrongPity espionage campaign targeting Android users. 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(2019, March 28). Group-IB uncovers Android Trojan named \u00abGustuff\u00bb capable of targeting more than 100 global banking apps, cryptocurrency and marketplace applications. Retrieved September 3, 2019.", "url": "https://www.group-ib.com/blog/gustuff"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T17:32:47.359Z", "description": "[Gustuff](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0406) hides its icon after installation.(Citation: Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--ff8e0c38-be47-410f-a2d3-a3d24a87c617", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f05fc151-aa62-47e3-ae57-2d1b23d64bf6", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b0fe69e0-d08f-488d-b1cf-3f0dbb28accc", "created": "2023-02-28T20:37:01.639Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "proofpoint_flubot_0421", "description": "Crista Giering, F. Naves, Andrew Conway, Adam McNeil . (2021, April 27). FluBot Android Malware Spreading Rapidly Through Europe, May Hit U.S. Soon. Retrieved February 28, 2023.", "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/flubot-android-malware-spreading-rapidly-through-europe-may-hit-us-soon"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-31T22:13:55.642Z", "description": "[FluBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1067) can use `locale.getLanguage()` to choose the language for notifications and avoid user detection.(Citation: proofpoint_flubot_0421)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f5ff006c-702f-4ded-8e60-ca6c540d91bc", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--24a77e53-0751-46fc-b207-99378fb35c08", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b110d919-acd4-4fe0-a46a-ac4819508667", "created": "2020-07-20T13:58:53.589Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "TrendMicro-XLoader-FakeSpy", "description": "Hiroaki, H., Wu, L., Wu, L.. 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(2019, August 29). Fully equipped Spying Android RAT from Brazil: BRATA. 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Stuart Jones, Adam McNeil . (2021, September 23). TangleBot: New Advanced SMS Malware Targets Mobile Users Across U.S. and Canada with COVID-19 Lures. Retrieved February 28, 2023.", "url": "https://www.cloudmark.com/en/blog/malware/tanglebot-new-advanced-sms-malware-targets-mobile-users-across-us-and-canada-covid-19"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-02-28T21:43:54.880Z", "description": "[TangleBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1069) can send text messages.(Citation: cloudmark_tanglebot_0921)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--68156e5a-4c3a-46dd-9c5e-c0bfdec6651f", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--b1e5bd2f-01e4-402d-a9b6-255110510a83", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-12-24T21:45:56.986Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf", "description": "A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-24T21:45:56.986Z", "description": "[SilkBean](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0549) can install new applications which are obtained from the C2 server.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--ddbe5657-e21e-4a89-8221-2f1362d397ec", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b2277deb-0ddb-45a7-9690-4a2168e1026b", "created": "2023-10-10T15:33:59.058Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout FrozenCell", "description": "Michael Flossman. (2017, October 5). FrozenCell: Multi-platform surveillance campaign against Palestinians. 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Retrieved April 11, 2022."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Android 11 introduced privacy enhancements to package visibility, filtering results that are returned from the package manager. iOS 12 removed the private API that could previously be used to list installed applications on non-app store applications.(Citation: Android Package Visibility)", "modified": "2022-04-11T19:19:52.562Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--0beabf44-e8d8-4ae4-9122-ef56369a2564", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b263e4e9-972d-4ba7-8be8-e55eb6a483c0", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "ArsTechnica-HummingWhale", "url": "http://arstechnica.com/security/2017/01/virulent-android-malware-returns-gets-2-million-downloads-on-google-play/", "description": "Dan Goodin. (2017, January 23). Virulent Android malware returns, gets >2 million downloads on Google Play. Retrieved January 24, 2017."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[HummingWhale](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0321) generates revenue by displaying fraudulent ads and automatically installing apps. When victims try to close the ads, [HummingWhale](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0321) runs in a virtual machine, creating a fake ID that allows the perpetrators to generate revenue.(Citation: ArsTechnica-HummingWhale)", "modified": "2022-04-19T14:25:41.669Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--6447e3a1-ef4d-44b1-99d5-6b1c4888674f", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a8e971b8-8dc7-4514-8249-ae95427ec467", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--b2896068-4d54-41e1-b0f2-db9385615112", "type": "relationship", "created": "2021-01-05T20:16:20.426Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Zscaler TikTok Spyware", "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/tiktok-spyware", "description": "S. 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Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2021-09-20T13:54:20.494Z", "description": "[CarbonSteal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529) can remotely capture device audio.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--b477afcb-7449-4fae-b4aa-c512c22d7500", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-09-15T15:18:12.394Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Cybereason FakeSpy", "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/fakespy-masquerades-as-postal-service-apps-around-the-world", "description": "O. Almkias. (2020, July 1). FakeSpy Masquerades as Postal Service Apps Around the World. Retrieved September 15, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-09-15T15:18:12.394Z", "description": "[FakeSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0509) can send SMS messages.(Citation: Cybereason FakeSpy)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--838f647e-8ff8-48bd-bbd5-613cee7736cb", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b49ecb71-92b3-4813-be4d-9f8c2aa67ccd", "created": "2021-02-08T16:36:20.707Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "BlackBerry Bahamut", "description": "The BlackBerry Research & Intelligence Team. (2020, October). BAHAMUT: Hack-for-Hire Masters of Phishing, Fake News, and Fake Apps. 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Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019."}], "modified": "2020-12-17T20:15:22.445Z", "description": "[HenBox](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0544) can access the device\u2019s camera.(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--aef537ba-10c2-40ed-a57a-80b8508aada4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d8940e76-f9c1-4912-bea6-e21c251370b6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b536f233-8c43-4671-b8e8-d72a4806946d", "created": "2022-04-05T17:14:23.789Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "", "modified": "2022-04-05T17:14:23.789Z", "relationship_type": "subtechnique-of", "source_ref": "attack-pattern--e0b9ecb8-a7d1-43c7-aa30-8e19c6a92c86", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--11c2c2b7-1fd4-408f-bc2e-fe772ef9df5e", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--b53d1c92-b71f-434e-aa4f-08b8db765248", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-07-10T15:25:57.604Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Dark Caracal Jan 2018", "description": "Blaich, A., et al. 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(2020, August). TERRACOTTA Android Malware: A Technical Study. Retrieved December 18, 2020."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[TERRACOTTA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0545) has used Firebase for C2 communication.(Citation: WhiteOps TERRACOTTA)", "modified": "2022-04-18T19:18:56.475Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--e296b110-46d3-4f7a-894c-cc71ea50168c", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--939808a7-121d-467a-b028-4441ee8b7cee", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--b5f3b110-fc66-4369-89f3-621c945d655f", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-04-27T16:52:49.444Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Google Triada June 2019", "url": "https://security.googleblog.com/2019/06/pha-family-highlights-triada.html", "description": "Lukasz Siewierski. (2019, June 6). PHA Family Highlights: Triada. Retrieved July 16, 2019."}], "modified": "2020-04-27T16:52:49.444Z", "description": "[Triada](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0424) encrypts data prior to exfiltration.(Citation: Google Triada June 2019) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f082fc59-0317-49cf-971f-a1b6296ebb52", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b610c587-576a-40cc-9f76-6362455c8ff4", "created": "2023-03-20T18:43:01.334Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-14T16:49:09.975Z", "description": "Application vetting services can detect and closely scrutinize applications that utilize Device Administrator access.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--eb6cf439-1bcb-4d10-bc68-1eed844ed7b3", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b6323cf4-8141-4910-8743-e42cd15b49e9", "created": "2023-07-21T19:53:59.148Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "kaspersky_fakecalls_0422", "description": "Igor Golovin. (2022, April 11). Fakecalls: a talking Trojan. Retrieved July 21, 2023.", "url": "https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/fakecalls-banking-trojan/44072/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-07-21T19:53:59.148Z", "description": "[Fakecalls](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1080) can send exfiltrated data back to the C2 server.(Citation: kaspersky_fakecalls_0422)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--429e1526-6293-495b-8808-af7f9a66c4be", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--32063d7f-0a39-440d-a4a3-2694488f96cc", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b641e5b8-5981-452a-99f0-3598c783e5ee", "created": "2019-08-07T15:57:13.443Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Kaspersky Riltok June 2019", "description": "Tatyana Shishkova. 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Retrieved September 11, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-09-11T16:22:03.296Z", "description": "[ViperRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0506) can collect network configuration data from the device, including phone number, SIM operator, and network operator.(Citation: Lookout ViperRAT)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f666e17c-b290-43b3-8947-b96bd5148fbb", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--b67f04d9-1cbd-49b4-9ec3-a33a41ac42ab", "type": "relationship", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "TrendMicro-Obad", "description": "Veo Zhang. (2013, June 13). 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Retrieved December 9, 2016.", "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/cybercriminals-improve-android-malware-stealth-routines-with-obad/"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "description": "[OBAD](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0286) contains encrypted code along with an obfuscated decryption routine to make it difficult to analyze.(Citation: TrendMicro-Obad)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--ca4f63b9-a358-4214-bb26-8c912318cfde", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d13fa042-8f26-44e1-a2a8-af0bf8e2ac9a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b697a198-8949-43e0-b2b8-23498373c920", "created": "2023-03-20T18:37:13.628Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-14T16:28:09.643Z", "description": "Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--764ee29e-48d6-4934-8e6b-7a606aaaafc0", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c6a146ae-9c63-4606-97ff-e261e76e8380", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b6feb018-65e3-46ff-b872-e4385b6f3b34", "created": "2023-08-23T22:48:11.931Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-23T22:50:11.248Z", "description": "[Gustuff](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0406) may prevent application removal by abusing Android\u2019s ` performGlobalAction(int)` API call. 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Retrieved January 24, 2017.", "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/dualtoy-new-windows-trojan-sideloads-risky-apps-to-android-and-ios-devices/"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "description": "[DualToy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0315) side loads malicious or risky apps to both Android and iOS devices via a USB connection.(Citation: PaloAlto-DualToy)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--507fe748-5e4a-4b45-9e9f-8b1115f4e878", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--667e5707-3843-4da8-bd34-88b922526f0d", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--b7652f27-1cf6-4310-bf6b-5fb99c4fd725", "type": "relationship", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-Pegasus", "description": "Lookout. (2016). Technical Analysis of Pegasus Spyware. Retrieved December 12, 2016.", "url": "https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/lookout-pegasus-technical-analysis.pdf"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "description": "[Pegasus for iOS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0289) has the ability to record audio.(Citation: Lookout-Pegasus)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--33d9d91d-aad9-49d5-a516-220ce101ac8a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b7a31a11-6c84-4c28-a548-4751e4d71134", "created": "2020-05-04T14:04:56.158Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Google Bread", "url": "https://security.googleblog.com/2020/01/pha-family-highlights-bread-and-friends.html", "description": "A. Guertin, V. Kotov, Android Security & Privacy Team. (2020, January 9). PHA Family Highlights: Bread (and Friends) . Retrieved April 27, 2020."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[Bread](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0432) can perform SMS fraud on older versions of the malware, and toll fraud on newer versions.(Citation: Google Bread)", "modified": "2022-04-19T14:25:41.669Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--108b2817-bc01-404e-8e1b-8cdeec846326", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a8e971b8-8dc7-4514-8249-ae95427ec467", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b7c8abf7-d4e4-40a4-aa2a-ee995a6f4f10", "created": "2023-03-03T15:36:15.840Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "lookout_abstractemu_1021", "description": "P Shunk, K Balaam. (2021, October 28). Rooting Malware Makes a Comeback: Lookout Discovers Global Campaign. Retrieved February 6, 2023.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-global-rooting-malware-campaign"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-03T15:36:15.840Z", "description": "[AbstractEmu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1061) can access device call logs.(Citation: lookout_abstractemu_1021)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--2aec175b-4429-4048-8e09-3ef6cbecfc64", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1d1b1558-c833-482e-aabb-d07ef6eae63d", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--b7cf1c31-8722-4eeb-ae59-66936c15fa87", "type": "relationship", "created": "2021-01-05T20:16:20.495Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Zscaler TikTok Spyware", "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/tiktok-spyware", "description": "S. 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Retrieved September 18, 2018."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "A Linux kernel distributed by [Allwinner](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0319) reportedly contained an simple backdoor that could be used to obtain root access. It was believed to have been left in the kernel by mistake by the authors.(Citation: HackerNews-Allwinner)", "modified": "2022-04-15T15:16:35.892Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--08784a9d-09e9-4dce-a839-9612398214e8", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9558a84e-2d5e-4872-918e-d847494a8ffc", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b81f9698-b9d1-4a6a-b836-f7e29232693a", "created": "2023-09-28T17:26:10.893Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "kaspersky_fakecalls_0422", "description": "Igor Golovin. (2022, April 11). Fakecalls: a talking Trojan. Retrieved July 21, 2023.", "url": "https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/fakecalls-banking-trojan/44072/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-09-28T17:26:10.893Z", "description": "[Fakecalls](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1080) can manipulate a device\u2019s call log, including deleting incoming calls.(Citation: kaspersky_fakecalls_0422)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--429e1526-6293-495b-8808-af7f9a66c4be", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ab7400b7-3476-4776-9545-ef3fa373de63", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b8606318-8c12-4381-ba33-5b2321772ea0", "created": "2022-03-30T20:31:57.183Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Users should be advised to be extra scrutinous of applications that request location or sensitive phone information permissions, and to deny any permissions requests for applications they do not recognize.", "modified": "2022-03-30T20:31:57.183Z", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--653492e3-27be-4a0e-b08c-938dd2b7e0e1", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--498e7b81-238d-404c-aa5e-332904d63286", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b96e8699-4bd2-4793-8f9c-88d6e4c50e98", "created": "2023-09-28T17:39:35.622Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Trend Micro FlyTrap", "description": "Trend Micro. (2021, August 17). FlyTrap Android Malware Is Taking Over Facebook Accounts \u2014 Protect Yourself With a Malware Scanner. Retrieved September 28, 2023.", "url": "https://news.trendmicro.com/2021/08/17/flytrap-android-malware-is-taking-over-facebook-accounts-protect-yourself-with-a-malware-scanner/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-09-28T17:39:35.622Z", "description": "[FlyTrap](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1093) has used infected applications with Facebook login prompts to steal credentials.(Citation: Trend Micro FlyTrap)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--8338393c-cb2e-4ee6-b944-34672499c785", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--b98fa6ef-a5f2-4867-8108-8daf8534cc3c", "created": "2022-04-01T16:51:20.688Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Users should scrutinize every device administration permission request. 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(2019, August 29). Implant Teardown. Retrieved June 2, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-06-24T18:24:35.795Z", "description": "[INSOMNIA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0463) can collect application database files, including Gmail, Hangouts, device photos, and container directories of third-party apps.(Citation: Google Project Zero Insomnia)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--21b7e0b0-0dea-4ccc-8ad4-8da51fe3a901", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--b9b9ce86-89f6-41ea-8ba1-9520985acb49", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-12-24T22:04:28.004Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf", "description": "A. 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Red Alert 2.0: Android Trojan targets security-seekers. Retrieved December 14, 2020.", "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2018/07/23/red-alert-2-0-android-trojan-targets-security-seekers/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T20:12:27.624Z", "description": "[Red Alert 2.0](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0539) has communicated with the C2 using HTTP.(Citation: Sophos Red Alert 2.0)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--6e282bbf-5f32-476a-b879-ba77eec463c8", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2282a98b-5049-4f61-9381-55baca7c1add", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--ba116807-ef1c-4621-84c8-9921fa7b735e", "created": "2023-09-28T17:19:21.499Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Bleeipng Computer Escobar", "description": "B. Toulas. (2022, March 12). Android malware Escobar steals your Google Authenticator MFA codes. Retrieved September 28, 2023.", "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/android-malware-escobar-steals-your-google-authenticator-mfa-codes/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-09-28T17:19:21.499Z", "description": "[Escobar](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1092) can request the `GET_ACCOUNTS` permission to get the list of accounts on the device, and can collect media files.(Citation: Bleeipng Computer Escobar)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--ec13d292-6d8d-4c7a-b07c-a2bd2402569a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--702055ac-4e54-4ae9-9527-e23a38e0b160", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--ba5fc090-d420-4006-9dc0-57b75260b5f6", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-07-15T20:20:59.296Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Bitdefender Mandrake", "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/329/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-Mandrake-creat4464-en-EN-interactive.pdf", "description": "R. Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-07-15T20:20:59.296Z", "description": "[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) can collect the device\u2019s location.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--52c994fa-b6c8-45a8-9586-a4275cf19307", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--ba8735ad-b9c6-4b35-9fac-d4747ab0b2ae", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-11-10T17:08:35.746Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf", "description": "A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). 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Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-01T19:48:44.878Z", "description": "[CarbonSteal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529) has searched device storage for various files, including .amr files (audio recordings) and superuser binaries.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--cf28ca46-1fd3-46b4-b1f6-ec0b72361848", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--baa82c0a-b51c-4d4a-ae1d-6d6fd637f78d", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-07-15T20:20:59.294Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Bitdefender Mandrake", "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/329/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-Mandrake-creat4464-en-EN-interactive.pdf", "description": "R. Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-07-15T20:20:59.294Z", "description": "[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) can obtain a list of installed applications.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--52c994fa-b6c8-45a8-9586-a4275cf19307", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--baad8ab8-f05f-4e31-9671-44c009ae3ecf", "created": "2023-08-09T14:38:34.721Z", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-09T14:38:34.721Z", "description": "Dynamic analysis, when used in application vetting, may in some cases be able to identify malicious code in obfuscated or encrypted form by detecting the code at execution time (after it is deobfuscated or decrypted). 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Chandraiah. (2018, July 23). Red Alert 2.0: Android Trojan targets security-seekers. 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Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. 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Dark Caracal: Cyber-espionage at a Global Scale. Retrieved April 11, 2018.", "url": "https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/Lookout_Dark-Caracal_srr_20180118_us_v.1.0.pdf"}], "modified": "2019-08-12T17:30:07.568Z", "description": "[FinFisher](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0182) comes packaged with ExynosAbuse, an Android exploit that can gain root privileges.(Citation: Lookout Dark Caracal Jan 2018)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a5528622-3a8a-4633-86ce-8cdaf8423858", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--351c0927-2fc1-4a2c-ad84-cbbee7eb8172", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--be526f3a-480f-4ede-b772-2b29b8a3ca2b", "created": "2024-03-28T18:33:20.803Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "welivesec_strongpity", "description": "Stefanko, L. (2023, January 10). StrongPity espionage campaign targeting Android users. Retrieved January 31, 2023.", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/01/10/strongpity-espionage-campaign-targeting-android-users/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2024-04-15T21:40:12.349Z", "description": "During [C0033](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0033), [PROMETHIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0056) used [StrongPity](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0491) to exfiltrate encrypted data to the C2 server.(Citation: welivesec_strongpity) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "campaign--a82bc5ad-5f95-4c6a-9f25-aaf6f476a3c4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--be7c3f83-b164-4d53-bfac-65f7437dabec", "created": "2023-03-20T18:54:36.266Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-08T17:13:28.972Z", "description": "The user can view a list of device administrators and applications that have registered accessibility services in device settings. The user can typically visually see when an action happens that they did not initiate and can subsequently review installed applications for any out of place or unknown ones. Applications that register an accessibility service or request device administrator permissions should be scrutinized further for malicious behavior.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--56c2b384-77f8-461f-a71a-76f7888ebfb6", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--dc01774a-d1c1-45fb-b506-0a5d1d6593d9", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--be8d0cd6-be77-456e-bcfb-6325cb8ba137", "created": "2023-09-28T17:20:15.010Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Bleeipng Computer Escobar", "description": "B. Toulas. (2022, March 12). Android malware Escobar steals your Google Authenticator MFA codes. Retrieved September 28, 2023.", "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/android-malware-escobar-steals-your-google-authenticator-mfa-codes/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-09-28T17:20:15.010Z", "description": "[Escobar](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1092) can access external storage.(Citation: Bleeipng Computer Escobar)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--ec13d292-6d8d-4c7a-b07c-a2bd2402569a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--cf28ca46-1fd3-46b4-b1f6-ec0b72361848", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--bed52256-e5d2-4f15-8c4c-27f709e10c6c", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-06-26T14:55:13.380Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Cybereason EventBot", "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/eventbot-a-new-mobile-banking-trojan-is-born", "description": "D. Frank, L. Rochberger, Y. Rimmer, A. Dahan. (2020, April 30). EventBot: A New Mobile Banking Trojan is Born. Retrieved June 26, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-06-26T14:55:13.380Z", "description": "[EventBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0478) dynamically loads its malicious functionality at runtime from an RC4-encrypted TTF file. [EventBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0478) also utilizes ProGuard to obfuscate the generated APK file.(Citation: Cybereason EventBot)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--aecc0097-c9f8-4786-9b39-e891ff173f54", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d13fa042-8f26-44e1-a2a8-af0bf8e2ac9a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--bee6407a-1f05-4f91-b6e7-a8f8b58fa421", "type": "relationship", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "CheckPoint-Charger", "description": "Oren Koriat and Andrey Polkovnichenko. (2017, January 24). Charger Malware Calls and Raises the Risk on Google Play. Retrieved January 24, 2017.", "url": "http://blog.checkpoint.com/2017/01/24/charger-malware/"}], "modified": "2019-10-09T14:51:42.827Z", "description": "[Charger](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0323) encodes strings into binary arrays to make it difficult to inspect them. It also loads code from encrypted resources dynamically and includes meaningless commands that mask the actual commands passing through.(Citation: CheckPoint-Charger)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--d1c600f8-0fb6-4367-921b-85b71947d950", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d13fa042-8f26-44e1-a2a8-af0bf8e2ac9a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--bee919a6-c488-49a0-9848-fff19aa2c276", "type": "relationship", "created": "2021-09-24T14:47:34.449Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "modified": "2021-10-04T20:08:48.556Z", "description": "Mobile security products can often detect rooted devices.", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--cf2cccb1-cab8-431a-8ecf-f7874d05f433", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ccde43e4-78f9-4f32-b401-c081e7db71ea", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--bef936d5-736e-491a-9c30-37b8362a5d96", "created": "2023-07-21T19:33:48.439Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "lookout_bouldspy_0423", "description": "Kyle Schmittle, Alemdar Islamoglu, Paul Shunk, Justin Albrecht. (2023, April 27). Lookout Discovers Android Spyware Tied to Iranian Police Targeting Minorities: BouldSpy. Retrieved July 21, 2023.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/blog/iranian-spyware-bouldspy"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-07-21T19:33:48.439Z", "description": "[BOULDSPY](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1079) can access device call logs.(Citation: lookout_bouldspy_0423)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a2ee7d2d-fb45-44f3-8f67-9921c7810db1", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1d1b1558-c833-482e-aabb-d07ef6eae63d", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--befa3b5a-e4f4-4ed3-ada1-860a034284d2", "created": "2023-09-28T17:19:51.110Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Bleeipng Computer Escobar", "description": "B. Toulas. (2022, March 12). Android malware Escobar steals your Google Authenticator MFA codes. Retrieved September 28, 2023.", "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/android-malware-escobar-steals-your-google-authenticator-mfa-codes/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-09-28T17:19:51.110Z", "description": "[Escobar](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1092) can access the device\u2019s call log.(Citation: Bleeipng Computer Escobar)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--ec13d292-6d8d-4c7a-b07c-a2bd2402569a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1d1b1558-c833-482e-aabb-d07ef6eae63d", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--bf19207a-ac71-436d-8ef4-4ab059b533c8", "created": "2019-09-04T15:38:56.721Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "FortiGuard-FlexiSpy", "description": "K. Lu. (n.d.). Deep Technical Analysis of the Spyware FlexiSpy for Android. Retrieved September 10, 2019.", "url": "https://d3gpjj9d20n0p3.cloudfront.net/fortiguard/research/Dig%20Deep%20into%20FlexiSpy%20for%20Android%28white%20paper%29_KaiLu.pdf"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T17:48:43.225Z", "description": "[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) uses root access to establish reboot hooks to re-install the application from `/data/misc/adn`.(Citation: FortiGuard-FlexiSpy) At boot, [FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) spawns daemons for process monitoring, call monitoring, call managing, and system.(Citation: FortiGuard-FlexiSpy)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "tool--1622fd3d-fcfc-4d02-ac49-f2d786f79b81", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3775a580-a1d1-46c4-8147-c614a715f2e9", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--bf2ea132-c8f3-4ea0-8c4c-bdc95923c3b1", "type": "relationship", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Zscaler-SpyNote", "description": "Shivang Desai. (2017, January 23). SpyNote RAT posing as Netflix app. Retrieved January 26, 2017.", "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/research/spynote-rat-posing-netflix-app"}], "modified": "2019-10-10T15:24:09.355Z", "description": "[SpyNote RAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0305) can activate the victim's microphone.(Citation: Zscaler-SpyNote)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--20dbaf05-59b8-4dc6-8777-0b17f4553a23", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--bf33711d-a4d2-4957-9b1f-49c5b83958db", "created": "2023-09-21T22:51:40.666Z", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-09-21T22:51:40.666Z", "description": "[Pegasus for iOS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0289) can compromise iPhones running iOS 16.6 without any user interaction.", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--33d9d91d-aad9-49d5-a516-220ce101ac8a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--5abfc5e6-3c56-49e7-ad72-502d01acf28b", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--bf901bab-3caa-4d05-a859-d9fb4d838304", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-10-10T15:27:22.091Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"url": "https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/lookout-stealth-mango-srr-us.pdf", "description": "Lookout. (n.d.). Stealth Mango & Tangelo. Retrieved September 27, 2018.", "source_name": "Lookout-StealthMango"}], "modified": "2019-10-10T15:27:22.091Z", "description": "[Tangelo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0329) accesses browser history, pictures, and videos.(Citation: Lookout-StealthMango)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--35aae10a-97c5-471a-9c67-02c231a7a31a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--bfad064a-0a49-44e3-b283-94653edc12af", "created": "2023-08-07T17:13:04.270Z", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-07T17:13:04.270Z", "description": "Mobile security products can often alert the user if their device is vulnerable to known exploits.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--667e5707-3843-4da8-bd34-88b922526f0d", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--bfd0d9cb-27e2-42a2-9207-764bb1491962", "created": "2022-03-30T19:54:07.548Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "Device attestation could detect devices with unauthorized or unsafe modifications. ", "modified": "2022-03-30T19:54:07.548Z", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--ff4821f6-5afb-481b-8c0f-26c28c0d666c", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4f14e30b-8b57-4a7b-9093-2c0778ea99cf", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--bff3f22c-660d-4ceb-b1bb-dbd064d363c0", "created": "2023-03-15T16:39:32.117Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-10T21:00:59.182Z", "description": "Application vetting services should look for applications that request VPN access. These applications should be heavily scrutinized since VPN functionality is not very common. 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Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-24T21:55:56.657Z", "description": "[DoubleAgent](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0550) has used an AES encrypted file in the assets folder with an unsuspecting name (e.g. \u2018GoogleMusic.png\u2019) for holding configuration and C2 information.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3d6c4389-3489-40a3-beda-c56e650b6f68", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d13fa042-8f26-44e1-a2a8-af0bf8e2ac9a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--ca4eb452-4a2f-41d7-a015-81f43e96737e", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-09-23T13:36:08.386Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan \u2013 banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.", "url": "https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/", "source_name": "securelist rotexy 2018"}], "modified": "2019-09-23T13:36:08.386Z", "description": "[Rotexy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0411) collects the device's IMEI and sends it to the command and control server.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--0626c181-93cb-4860-9cb0-dff3b1c13063", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--ca568149-9971-4d15-b3db-ff7dabd49695", "created": "2023-07-21T19:37:16.030Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "lookout_bouldspy_0423", "description": "Kyle Schmittle, Alemdar Islamoglu, Paul Shunk, Justin Albrecht. 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(2017, February). Exobot - Android banking Trojan on the rise. Retrieved October 29, 2020."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[Exobot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0522) has used web injects to capture users\u2019 credentials.(Citation: Threat Fabric Exobot)", "modified": "2022-04-15T17:39:22.154Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--c91cec55-634c-4670-ba10-2dc7ceb28e98", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--ca9e5e50-49e9-44cc-a0a4-4ec8633a9506", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-11-20T16:37:28.567Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Symantec GoldenCup", "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/expert-perspectives/goldencup-new-cyber-threat-targeting-world-cup-fans", "description": "R. 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Retrieved September 28, 2023.", "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/android-malware-escobar-steals-your-google-authenticator-mfa-codes/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-09-28T17:21:45.855Z", "description": "[Escobar](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1092) can monitor a device\u2019s notifications.(Citation: Bleeipng Computer Escobar)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--ec13d292-6d8d-4c7a-b07c-a2bd2402569a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--39dd7871-f59b-495f-a9a5-3cb8cc50c9b2", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--cc345ae4-0d60-4f21-98b3-596c15118745", "created": "2023-02-06T19:42:46.814Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "threatfabric_sova_0921", "description": "ThreatFabric. 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Retrieved November 21, 2019.", "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/simbad-a-rogue-adware-campaign-on-google-play/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T20:45:42.081Z", "description": "[SimBad](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0419) hides its icon from the application launcher.(Citation: CheckPoint SimBad 2019)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f79c01eb-2954-40d8-a819-00b342f47ce7", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f05fc151-aa62-47e3-ae57-2d1b23d64bf6", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--cc3e1864-0b7b-4ca1-b123-d9c7553f3398", "created": "2024-02-20T23:48:31.513Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates", "description": "T. Bao, J. Lu. (2020, April 14).  Coronavirus Update App Leads to Project Spy Android and iOS Spyware. Retrieved April 24, 2020.", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/coronavirus-update-app-leads-to-project-spy-android-and-ios-spyware/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2024-02-20T23:48:31.513Z", "description": "[Corona Updates](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0425) can collect device network configuration information, such as Wi-Fi SSID and IMSI.(Citation: TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--366c800f-97a8-48d5-b0a6-79d00198252a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--45a5fe76-eda3-4d40-8f22-c186efd6278d", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--cc49561f-8364-4908-9111-ad3a6dcd922c", "type": "relationship", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "relationship_type": "revoked-by", "source_ref": "attack-pattern--11bd699b-f2c2-4e48-bf46-fb3f8acd9799", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0d95940f-9583-4e0f-824c-a42c1be47fad", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--cc4ae06f-0258-4fe9-b63a-334d283e766d", "type": "relationship", "created": "2021-02-08T16:36:20.774Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "BlackBerry Bahamut", "url": "https://www.blackberry.com/us/en/pdfviewer?file=/content/dam/blackberry-com/asset/enterprise/pdf/direct/report-spark-bahamut.pdf", "description": "The BlackBerry Research & Intelligence Team. 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(2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. 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New Wormable Android Malware Spreads by Creating Auto-Replies to Messages in WhatsApp. Retrieved January 26, 2024.", "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/new-wormable-android-malware-spreads-by-creating-auto-replies-to-messages-in-whatsapp/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2024-03-19T18:33:11.697Z", "description": "[FlixOnline](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1103) requests overlay permissions, which can allow it to create fake Login screens for other apps.(Citation: checkpoint_flixonline_0421)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--0ec9593f-3221-49b1-b597-37f307c19f13", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--cce5d90f-edff-454d-bafa-caf33b71ed6c", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-12-10T16:07:41.078Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "SecureList DVMap June 2017", "url": "https://securelist.com/dvmap-the-first-android-malware-with-code-injection/78648/", "description": "R. 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Retrieved December 10, 2019."}], "modified": "2019-12-10T16:07:41.078Z", "description": "[Dvmap](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0420) attempts to gain root access by using local exploits.(Citation: SecureList DVMap June 2017)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--22b596a6-d288-4409-8520-5f2846f85514", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--351c0927-2fc1-4a2c-ad84-cbbee7eb8172", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--cce82a76-5390-473d-9e7c-9450d1509d1d", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-07-15T20:20:59.314Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Bitdefender Mandrake", "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/329/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-Mandrake-creat4464-en-EN-interactive.pdf", "description": "R. Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-07-15T20:20:59.314Z", "description": "[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) can download its second (Loader) and third (Core) stages after the dropper is installed.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--52c994fa-b6c8-45a8-9586-a4275cf19307", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--ccfffa97-17fd-4826-9a16-c9d8174fb8ac", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-01-27T17:05:58.237Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "E. Xu, G. Guo. (2019, June 28).  Mobile Cyberespionage Campaign \u2018Bouncing Golf\u2019 Affects Middle East. 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(2017, July 6). SpyDealer: Android Trojan Spying on More Than 40 Apps. 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Xu, G. Guo. (2019, June 28).  Mobile Cyberespionage Campaign \u2018Bouncing Golf\u2019 Affects Middle East. 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Additionally, Google provides the ability for users to view their general account activity and alerts users when their credentials have been used on a new device. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity such as when credentials have been used. 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Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-24T22:04:28.015Z", "description": "[GoldenEagle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0551) has collected a list of installed application names.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--0b9c5d11-651a-4378-b129-5c584d0242c5", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--cdb9788e-7d16-482e-92b6-cbde0b3de357", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-12-17T20:15:22.408Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Palo Alto HenBox", "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/", "description": "A. Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. 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Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-24T21:45:56.981Z", "description": "[SilkBean](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0549) has access to the device\u2019s location.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--ddbe5657-e21e-4a89-8221-2f1362d397ec", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--d0c21324-62e3-46e5-823b-ea0c03a4885d", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-01-21T15:30:39.335Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-Monokle", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/lookout-discovers-monokle-threat-report.pdf", "description": "Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. (2019, July). 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Retrieved October 1, 2021."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[BusyGasper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0655) can perform actions when one of two hardcoded magic SMS strings is received.(Citation: SecureList BusyGasper)", "modified": "2022-04-19T14:25:41.669Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--e110f94a-e2c5-4f5f-ba78-9c2ab6d2d9e4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ec4c4baa-026f-43e8-8f56-58c36f3162dd", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--d13724d0-a5e2-433b-86bf-ead04359edec", "created": "2022-04-01T15:13:10.022Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "external_references": [{"source_name": "iOS Universal Links", "url": "https://developer.apple.com/ios/universal-links/", "description": "Apple. 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Pirated iOS App Store\u2019s Client Successfully Evaded Apple iOS Code Review. Retrieved December 12, 2016.", "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/pirated-ios-app-stores-client-successfully-evaded-apple-ios-code-review/"}], "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "description": "[ZergHelper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0287) attempts to extend its capabilities via dynamic updating of its code.(Citation: Xiao-ZergHelper)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3c3b55a6-c3e9-4043-8aae-283fe96220c0", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--d54d3475-19ee-4ac5-98b0-ec1ae9336dfb", "created": "2023-03-20T18:58:14.140Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-08T17:06:44.919Z", "description": "The user can review which applications have location permissions in the operating system\u2019s settings menu.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--56c2b384-77f8-461f-a71a-76f7888ebfb6", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e422b6fa-4739-46b9-992e-82f1b350c780", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--d5533ca1-d57e-4bbf-bf0c-d114e4b79078", "created": "2023-08-04T18:32:39.763Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221", "description": "Apurva Kumar, Kristin Del Rosso. (2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. Retrieved June 9, 2023.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-novel-confucius-apt-android-spyware-linked-to-india-pakistan-conflict"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-04T18:32:39.763Z", "description": "[Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) can access a device\u2019s camera and take photos.(Citation: lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--feae299d-e34f-4fc9-8545-486d0905bd41", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d8940e76-f9c1-4912-bea6-e21c251370b6", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--d562ed4d-ac4d-476b-872e-9e228c580889", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-11-20T16:37:28.506Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Symantec GoldenCup", "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/expert-perspectives/goldencup-new-cyber-threat-targeting-world-cup-fans", "description": "R. Iarchy, E. Rynkowski. (2018, July 5). GoldenCup: New Cyber Threat Targeting World Cup Fans. Retrieved October 29, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-11-20T16:37:28.506Z", "description": "[Golden Cup](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0535) can obtain a list of installed applications.(Citation: Symantec GoldenCup)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f3975cc0-72bc-4308-836e-ac701b83860e", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--d5928f73-c4ba-4eb1-bf8a-e75ff6806a4a", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-11-10T17:08:35.713Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf", "description": "A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. 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ViceLeaker Operation: mobile espionage targeting Middle East. Retrieved November 21, 2019.", "url": "https://securelist.com/fanning-the-flames-viceleaker-operation/90877/"}, {"source_name": "Bitdefender - Triout 2018", "description": "L. Arsene, C. Ochinca. (2018, August 20). Triout \u2013 Spyware Framework for Android with Extensive Surveillance Capabilities. 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(2015, October 4). YiSpecter: First iOS Malware That Attacks Non-jailbroken Apple iOS Devices by Abusing Private APIs. 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Retrieved November 24, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-11-24T17:55:12.897Z", "description": "[GPlayed](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0536) can collect the user\u2019s browser cookies.(Citation: Talos GPlayed)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a993495c-9813-4372-b9ec-d168c7f7ec0a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--d63de13b-0253-42f4-b13d-34bccf76ad94", "created": "2023-03-20T18:54:50.323Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-08T15:01:30.483Z", "description": "Applications could be vetted for their use of the `startForeground()` API, and could be further scrutinized if usage is found.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5ae32c6a-2d12-4b8f-81ca-f862f2be0962", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--648f8051-1a35-46d3-b1d8-3a3f5cf2cc8e", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--d63f27cf-95a3-42bb-86dd-dc18e22cb898", "created": "2019-09-04T14:28:16.414Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-Monokle", "description": "Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. 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Retrieved April 24, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-04-24T17:46:31.603Z", "description": "[TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) can steal pictures from the device.(Citation: SecurityIntelligence TrickMo)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--21170624-89db-4e99-bf27-58d26be07c3a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--d7007bf2-fcd6-4327-9ffb-bdee5bdeb383", "created": "2022-04-05T20:17:46.149Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "", "modified": "2022-04-05T20:17:46.149Z", "relationship_type": "revoked-by", "source_ref": "attack-pattern--393e8c12-a416-4575-ba90-19cc85656796", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--08e22979-d320-48ed-8711-e7bf94aabb13", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--d700c625-d0b6-4570-a538-0ba57bd7bda5", "created": "2023-03-20T18:50:21.296Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-09T16:32:32.957Z", "description": "Android applications requesting the `ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION`, `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION`, or `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permissions and iOS applications including the `NSLocationWhenInUseUsageDescription`, `NSLocationAlwaysAndWhenInUseUsageDescription`, and/or `NSLocationAlwaysUsageDescription` keys in their `Info.plist` file could be scrutinized during the application vetting process. 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Retrieved December 31, 2020."}], "modified": "2021-03-25T16:39:40.200Z", "description": "(Citation: CYBERWARCON CHEMISTGAMES)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "intrusion-set--381fcf73-60f6-4ab2-9991-6af3cbc35192", "target_ref": "malware--a0d774e4-bafc-4292-8651-3ec899391341", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--dfdf329f-8fc3-4dcb-89b4-c3f1095cd77a", "created": "2023-12-18T18:14:41.248Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mcafee_brata_0421", "description": "Fernando Ruiz. (2021, April 12). BRATA Keeps Sneaking into Google Play, Now Targeting USA and Spain. 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Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-24T22:04:27.919Z", "description": "[GoldenEagle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0551) has extracted messages from chat programs, such as WeChat.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--0b9c5d11-651a-4378-b129-5c584d0242c5", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--702055ac-4e54-4ae9-9527-e23a38e0b160", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--e29d91f0-ebee-481d-9344-702c90775109", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-05-07T15:33:32.928Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "CheckPoint Agent Smith", "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2019/agent-smith-a-new-species-of-mobile-malware/", "description": "A. Hazum, F. He, I. Marom, B. Melnykov, A. 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Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[CarbonSteal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529) has used specially crafted SMS messages to control the target device.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign) ", "modified": "2022-04-19T14:25:41.669Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ec4c4baa-026f-43e8-8f56-58c36f3162dd", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--e34c8c23-be8f-4da9-b051-5246e5f16ba8", "created": "2023-03-01T22:18:19.004Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "proofpoint_flubot_0421", "description": "Crista Giering, F. Naves, Andrew Conway, Adam McNeil . 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Retrieved February 6, 2023.", "url": "https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/sova-new-trojan-with-fowl-intentions.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-02-06T19:46:43.041Z", "description": "[S.O.V.A.](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1062) has included adversary-in-the-middle capabilities.(Citation: threatfabric_sova_0921)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--4b53eb01-57d7-47b4-b078-22766b002b36", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--08e22979-d320-48ed-8711-e7bf94aabb13", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--e4f90a20-f1c6-4820-8c3e-751c79cc82e8", "created": "2023-03-20T18:56:24.246Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-09T15:54:20.664Z", "description": "Application vetting services can look for applications requesting the `android.permission.SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission in the list of permissions in the app manifest. 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Retrieved March 1, 2024.", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220706125432/https://www.forcepoint.com/blog/x-labs/bitter-targeted-attack-against-pakistan"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2024-03-26T16:19:01.439Z", "description": "[AndroRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0292) can make phone calls.(Citation: forcepoint_bitter) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a3dad2be-ce62-4440-953b-00fbce7aba93", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--e5113d45-05bd-499f-a2e0-9edc6d7c03b6", "created": "2020-09-14T13:35:45.911Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "ESET-Twitoor", "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/08/24/first-twitter-controlled-android-botnet-discovered/", "description": "ESET. (2016, August 24). First Twitter-controlled Android botnet discovered. Retrieved December 22, 2016."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[Twitoor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0302) can be controlled via Twitter.(Citation: ESET-Twitoor)", "modified": "2022-04-20T17:56:24.292Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--41e3fd01-7b83-471f-835d-d2b1dc9a770c", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d916f176-a1ca-4a78-9fdd-4058bc28162e", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--e5922453-d9b1-472b-b947-b1eaa426a32e", "created": "2024-02-20T23:46:46.698Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "description": "A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2024-02-20T23:46:46.698Z", "description": "[CarbonSteal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529) has gathered device metadata, including model, manufacturer, SD card size, disk usage, memory, CPU, and serial number.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--45a5fe76-eda3-4d40-8f22-c186efd6278d", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--e5ccc5c7-11ee-4357-8dd4-bf23ce2111bb", "created": "2020-12-24T22:04:28.024Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "description": "A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T17:41:54.548Z", "description": "[GoldenEagle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0551) has collected call logs.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--0b9c5d11-651a-4378-b129-5c584d0242c5", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1d1b1558-c833-482e-aabb-d07ef6eae63d", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--e5e4567e-05a3-4d79-beab-191efc336473", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-01-27T17:05:58.333Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "E. Xu, G. Guo. (2019, June 28).  Mobile Cyberespionage Campaign \u2018Bouncing Golf\u2019 Affects Middle East. Retrieved January 27, 2020.", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/mobile-cyberespionage-campaign-bouncing-golf-affects-middle-east/", "source_name": "Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019"}], "modified": "2020-03-26T20:50:07.266Z", "description": "[GolfSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0421) encrypts data using a simple XOR operation with a pre-configured key prior to exfiltration.(Citation: Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--c19cfc89-5ac6-4d2d-a236-70d2b32e007c", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--e723d78f-b6c3-4ba5-8946-b44e651834e3", "created": "2023-03-16T13:32:02.290Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-10T21:06:58.988Z", "description": "Android applications using the `RECORD_AUDIO` permission and iOS applications using `RequestRecordPermission` should be carefully reviewed and monitored. If the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission is found in a third-party Android application, the application should be heavily scrutinized.\n\nIn both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, the user can review which applications have the permission to access the microphone through the device settings screen and revoke permissions as necessary. 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Retrieved July 6, 2018."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[Marcher](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0317) attempts to overlay itself on top of legitimate banking apps in an effort to capture user credentials. [Marcher](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0317) also attempts to overlay itself on top of legitimate apps such as the Google Play Store in an effort to capture user credit card information.(Citation: Proofpoint-Marcher)", "modified": "2022-04-12T10:01:44.682Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f9854ba6-989d-43bf-828b-7240b8a65291", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--e767fc9e-5211-4e7c-b628-5dd03a24af39", "created": "2020-12-14T15:02:35.294Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Securelist Asacub", "description": "T. Shishkova. (2018, August 28).  The rise of mobile banker Asacub. Retrieved December 14, 2020.", "url": "https://securelist.com/the-rise-of-mobile-banker-asacub/87591/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T20:32:42.890Z", "description": "[Asacub](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0540) can collect SMS messages as they are received.(Citation: Securelist Asacub)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a76b837b-93cc-417d-bf28-c47a6a284fa4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c6421411-ae61-42bb-9098-73fddb315002", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--e78b2cd9-ef73-45d9-9477-e2e95454e208", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-07-20T13:27:33.546Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Talos-WolfRAT", "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2020/05/the-wolf-is-back.html", "description": "W. Mercer, P. Rascagneres, V. Ventura. (2020, May 19).  The wolf is back... . Retrieved July 20, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-08-10T21:57:54.537Z", "description": "[WolfRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0489) can receive system notifications.(Citation: Talos-WolfRAT)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--dfdac962-9461-47f0-a212-36dfce2a97e6", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--39dd7871-f59b-495f-a9a5-3cb8cc50c9b2", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--e7af5be1-721f-40c5-b647-659243a0a14b", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-04-08T15:41:19.321Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Cofense Anubis", "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/", "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."}], "modified": "2021-09-20T13:50:02.057Z", "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can record phone calls and audio.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a3c59d82-2c7c-44e5-a869-68e0a3e5935e", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--e7b33eb5-6c2e-4743-ac8d-c27d5e7121ac", "created": "2020-06-26T15:32:25.060Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Threat Fabric Cerberus", "description": "Threat Fabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved June 26, 2020.", "url": "https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T20:35:13.005Z", "description": "[Cerberus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0480) can uninstall itself from a device on command.(Citation: Threat Fabric Cerberus)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--037f44f0-0c07-4c7f-b40e-0325b5b228a9", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0cdd66ad-26ac-4338-a764-4972a1e17ee3", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--e7b7e813-4867-46fe-bf86-6f367553d765", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-11-21T16:42:48.456Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "GReAT. (2019, June 26).  ViceLeaker Operation: mobile espionage targeting Middle East. Retrieved November 21, 2019.", "url": "https://securelist.com/fanning-the-flames-viceleaker-operation/90877/", "source_name": "SecureList - ViceLeaker 2019"}, {"source_name": "Bitdefender - Triout 2018", "url": "https://labs.bitdefender.com/2018/08/triout-spyware-framework-for-android-with-extensive-surveillance-capabilities/", "description": "L. Arsene, C. Ochinca. (2018, August 20). Triout \u2013 Spyware Framework for Android with Extensive Surveillance Capabilities. Retrieved January 21, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-01-21T14:20:50.455Z", "description": "[ViceLeaker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0418) can copy arbitrary files from the device to the C2 server, can exfiltrate browsing history, can exfiltrate the SD card structure, and can exfiltrate pictures as the user takes them.(Citation: SecureList - ViceLeaker 2019)(Citation: Bitdefender - Triout 2018)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--6fcaf9b0-b509-4644-9f93-556222c81ed2", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--e84ad4b0-9f7a-48a5-89ae-33804b11eb56", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-PegasusAndroid", "description": "Mike Murray. (2017, April 3). Pegasus for Android: the other side of the story emerges. Retrieved April 16, 2017.", "url": "https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2017/04/03/pegasus-android/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T17:12:22.002Z", "description": "[Pegasus for Android](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0316) accesses contact list information.(Citation: Lookout-PegasusAndroid)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--93799a9d-3537-43d8-b6f4-17215de1657c", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e0b9ecb8-a7d1-43c7-aa30-8e19c6a92c86", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--e8768455-4d0c-4e3c-a901-1fc871227745", "created": "2022-03-30T17:54:56.603Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "", "modified": "2022-03-30T17:54:56.603Z", "relationship_type": "revoked-by", "source_ref": "attack-pattern--786f488c-cb1f-4602-89c5-86d982ee326b", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6ffad4be-bfe0-424f-abde-4d9a84a800ad", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--e87aa0d6-241f-4f72-bdb6-54e8d5584ae2", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "NYTimes-BackDoor", "description": "Matt Apuzzo and Michael S. Schmidt. (2016, November 15). Secret Back Door in Some U.S. Phones Sent Data to China, Analysts Say. Retrieved February 6, 2017.", "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/16/us/politics/china-phones-software-security.html"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T17:42:14.121Z", "description": "[Adups](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0309) transmitted call logs.(Citation: NYTimes-BackDoor)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--f6ac21b6-2592-400c-8472-10d0e2f1bfaf", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1d1b1558-c833-482e-aabb-d07ef6eae63d", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--e889782a-f66b-448e-a466-e55b1bce7b64", "created": "2023-02-28T20:38:25.598Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "proofpoint_flubot_0421", "description": "Crista Giering, F. Naves, Andrew Conway, Adam McNeil . (2021, April 27). 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Retrieved September 9, 2019."}], "modified": "2020-12-17T20:15:22.444Z", "description": "[HenBox](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0544) can load additional Dalvik code while running.(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--aef537ba-10c2-40ed-a57a-80b8508aada4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--e9b262ba-1c32-40b3-8622-121b30d6df50", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-10-10T15:14:57.378Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "SWB Exodus March 2019", "url": "https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html", "description": "Security Without Borders. (2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019."}], "modified": "2019-10-10T15:14:57.378Z", "description": "[Exodus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0405) Two can extract information on pictures from the Gallery, Chrome and SBrowser bookmarks, and the connected WiFi network's password.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3049b2f2-e323-4cdb-91cb-13b37b904cbb", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--e9c5deb9-30d4-4bc3-98ca-6089d4b74b1e", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-12-24T21:55:56.745Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf", "description": "A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-24T21:55:56.745Z", "description": "[DoubleAgent](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0550) has accessed the list of installed apps.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3d6c4389-3489-40a3-beda-c56e650b6f68", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--e9cbc901-38cb-4895-9dfb-7a4fe10ba6d7", "type": "relationship", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"url": "https://www.wandera.com/reddrop-malware/", "description": "Nell Campbell. (2018, February 27). RedDrop: the blackmailing mobile malware family lurking in app stores. 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Retrieved November 10, 2020.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-10-10T15:33:57.735Z", "description": "[DoubleAgent](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0550) has been embedded into trojanized versions of applications such as Voxer, TalkBox, and Amaq News.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3d6c4389-3489-40a3-beda-c56e650b6f68", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--114fed8b-7eed-4136-8b9c-411c5c7fff4b", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--efd35b6f-7a61-4998-97ff-608547e40f66", "created": "2019-10-01T14:23:44.054Z", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "external_references": [{"source_name": "securelist rotexy 2018", "url": "https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/", "description": "T. 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The `DevicePolicyManager.setApplicationHidden` method can be used to disable notification access for unwanted applications, but this method would also block that entire application from running.(Citation: Android Notification Listeners) ", "modified": "2022-04-01T14:50:28.686Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--649f7268-4c12-483b-ac84-4b7bca9fe2ee", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--39dd7871-f59b-495f-a9a5-3cb8cc50c9b2", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--f517a7ce-dfdc-4f42-84c1-fef136e2ea19", "created": "2020-09-24T15:26:15.607Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "TrendMicro-XLoader-FakeSpy", "description": "Hiroaki, H., Wu, L., Wu, L.. (2019, April 2). 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Retrieved July 20, 2020.", "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/new-version-of-xloader-that-disguises-as-android-apps-and-an-ios-profile-holds-new-links-to-fakespy/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T20:41:01.468Z", "description": "[XLoader for iOS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0490) has exfiltrated data using HTTP requests.(Citation: TrendMicro-XLoader-FakeSpy)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--29944858-da52-4d3d-b428-f8a6eb8dde6f", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--32063d7f-0a39-440d-a4a3-2694488f96cc", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--f5196775-2c99-4dc5-b173-6a10af503c6e", "created": "2023-09-25T19:55:13.827Z", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-09-25T19:55:13.827Z", "description": "Users should be encouraged to be very careful with granting dangerous permissions, such as device administrator or access to device accessibility.", "relationship_type": "mitigates", "source_ref": "course-of-action--653492e3-27be-4a0e-b08c-938dd2b7e0e1", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0b761f2b-197a-40f2-b100-8152cb957c0c", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--f552ee2f-5e6a-47a1-b6a5-d5e5594feb0d", "type": "relationship", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"url": "https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/lookout-stealth-mango-srr-us.pdf", "description": "Lookout. 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Hazum, F. He, I. Marom, B. Melnykov, A. Polkovnichenko. (2019, July 10). Agent Smith: A New Species of Mobile Malware. Retrieved May 7, 2020."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[Agent Smith](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0440)\u2019s core malware is disguised as a JPG file, and encrypted with an XOR cipher.(Citation: CheckPoint Agent Smith)", "modified": "2022-04-15T16:44:17.145Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a6228601-03f6-4949-ae22-c1087627a637", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--fa801609-ca8e-415e-815e-65f3826ff4df", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--f5e9afdc-1aeb-472f-b267-46e7978f9d78", "created": "2023-03-20T18:54:09.674Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-09T15:58:57.985Z", "description": "On Android, users may be presented with a popup to select the appropriate application to open a URI in. If the user sees an application they do not recognize, they can remove it.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--bf0ff551-a5a7-40e5-bff9-f9405011b1f4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--233fe2c0-cb41-4765-b454-e0087597fbce", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--f5fab17b-43e7-46ff-bdea-eb8c52a0c6c3", "type": "relationship", "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout-PegasusAndroid", "description": "Mike Murray. (2017, April 3). Pegasus for Android: the other side of the story emerges. 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Retrieved April 16, 2017."}], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "[Pegasus for Android](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0316) uses SMS for command and control.(Citation: Lookout-PegasusAndroid)", "modified": "2022-04-19T14:25:41.669Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--93799a9d-3537-43d8-b6f4-17215de1657c", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ec4c4baa-026f-43e8-8f56-58c36f3162dd", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--f622a267-7a58-4082-a3f5-10e9bb549a5e", "created": "2022-03-30T20:43:31.249Z", "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "revoked": false, "description": "", "modified": "2022-03-30T20:43:31.249Z", "relationship_type": "revoked-by", "source_ref": "attack-pattern--8197f026-64da-4700-93b9-b55ba55f3b31", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e422b6fa-4739-46b9-992e-82f1b350c780", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--f62e0aaf-e52f-40b9-a059-001f298a0660", "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Kaspersky-Skygofree", "description": "Nikita Buchka and Alexey Firsh. 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Retrieved September 24, 2018.", "url": "https://securelist.com/skygofree-following-in-the-footsteps-of-hackingteam/83603/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T17:19:00.168Z", "description": "[Skygofree](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0327) can be controlled via HTTP, XMPP, FirebaseCloudMessaging, or GoogleCloudMessaging in older versions.(Citation: Kaspersky-Skygofree)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3a913bac-4fae-4d0e-bca8-cae452f1599b", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2282a98b-5049-4f61-9381-55baca7c1add", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--f632b0bb-69ce-4678-bc3c-9ddff5a38794", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-11-21T16:42:48.488Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "GReAT. (2019, June 26).  ViceLeaker Operation: mobile espionage targeting Middle East. Retrieved November 21, 2019.", "url": "https://securelist.com/fanning-the-flames-viceleaker-operation/90877/", "source_name": "SecureList - ViceLeaker 2019"}, {"source_name": "Bitdefender - Triout 2018", "url": "https://labs.bitdefender.com/2018/08/triout-spyware-framework-for-android-with-extensive-surveillance-capabilities/", "description": "L. Arsene, C. Ochinca. (2018, August 20). Triout \u2013 Spyware Framework for Android with Extensive Surveillance Capabilities. Retrieved January 21, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-01-21T14:20:50.474Z", "description": "[ViceLeaker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0418) can record audio from the device\u2019s microphone and can record phone calls together with the caller ID.(Citation: SecureList - ViceLeaker 2019)(Citation: Bitdefender - Triout 2018)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--6fcaf9b0-b509-4644-9f93-556222c81ed2", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--f6417788-0c6e-4172-9010-f20870ec2278", "created": "2023-06-09T19:16:07.193Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221", "description": "Apurva Kumar, Kristin Del Rosso. (2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. Retrieved June 9, 2023.", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-novel-confucius-apt-android-spyware-linked-to-india-pakistan-conflict"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-06-09T19:16:07.193Z", "description": "[Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) can request device administrator privileges.(Citation: lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--15d78a95-af6a-4b06-8dae-76bedb0ec5a1", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9c049d7b-c92a-4733-9381-27e2bd2ccadc", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--f65087b4-adf2-4292-a711-7ae829e91397", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-09-04T14:28:16.385Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"description": "Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. 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Retrieved September 3, 2019."}], "modified": "2019-09-11T13:25:19.179Z", "description": " [Exodus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0405) Two can take screenshots of any application in the foreground.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3049b2f2-e323-4cdb-91cb-13b37b904cbb", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--73c26732-6422-4081-8b63-6d0ae93d449e", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--fb51161a-ef2e-41a4-b5f9-bd1f64f95674", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-12-24T22:04:28.025Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Uyghur Campaign", "url": "https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf", "description": "A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-24T22:04:28.025Z", "description": "[GoldenEagle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0551) has retrieved .doc, .txt, .gif, .apk, .jpg, .png, .mp3, and .db files from external storage.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--0b9c5d11-651a-4378-b129-5c584d0242c5", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--fb587f81-1300-438d-a33b-f8d08530788b", "created": "2019-07-10T15:35:43.704Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout Dark Caracal Jan 2018", "description": "Blaich, A., et al. (2018, January 18). Dark Caracal: Cyber-espionage at a Global Scale. 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(2017, February). Exobot - Android banking Trojan on the rise. Retrieved October 29, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-12-07T14:28:32.141Z", "description": "[Exobot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0522) can open a SOCKS proxy connection through the compromised device.(Citation: Threat Fabric Exobot)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--c91cec55-634c-4670-ba10-2dc7ceb28e98", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--5ca3c7ec-55b2-4587-9376-cf6c96f8047a", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--fbeef07b-7aa1-461c-884a-d3c4f730d5f7", "created": "2023-09-28T17:22:27.968Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Bleeipng Computer Escobar", "description": "B. Toulas. (2022, March 12). Android malware Escobar steals your Google Authenticator MFA codes. Retrieved September 28, 2023.", "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/android-malware-escobar-steals-your-google-authenticator-mfa-codes/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-09-28T17:22:27.968Z", "description": "[Escobar](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1092) can collect credentials using phishing overlays.(Citation: Bleeipng Computer Escobar)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--ec13d292-6d8d-4c7a-b07c-a2bd2402569a", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--fc22c1f0-6888-43c0-ac7e-ee3d21feafc4", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-09-03T19:45:48.485Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "SWB Exodus March 2019", "url": "https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html", "description": "Security Without Borders. (2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019."}], "modified": "2019-09-11T13:25:19.117Z", "description": " [Exodus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0405) Two can obtain a list of installed applications.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019) ", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--3049b2f2-e323-4cdb-91cb-13b37b904cbb", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--fc7639c8-0e52-4f6f-9cf3-7840be81ad55", "created": "2023-03-03T16:23:56.031Z", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "paloalto_yispecter_1015", "description": "Claud Xiao. (2015, October 4). YiSpecter: First iOS Malware That Attacks Non-jailbroken Apple iOS Devices by Abusing Private APIs. Retrieved March 3, 2023.", "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/yispecter-first-ios-malware-attacks-non-jailbroken-ios-devices-by-abusing-private-apis/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-03-03T16:23:56.031Z", "description": "[YiSpecter](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0311) has collected the device UUID.(Citation: paloalto_yispecter_1015)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--a15c9357-2be0-4836-beec-594f28b9b4a9", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--fc816ddc-199d-47b0-93af-c81305d0919f", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-06-02T14:32:31.767Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Volexity Insomnia", "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/04/21/evil-eye-threat-actor-resurfaces-with-ios-exploit-and-updated-implant/", "description": "A. Case, D. Lassalle, M. Meltzer, S. Koessel, et al.. (2020, April 21). Evil Eye Threat Actor Resurfaces with iOS Exploit and Updated Implant. Retrieved June 2, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-06-02T14:32:31.767Z", "description": "[INSOMNIA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0463) has utilized malicious JavaScript and iframes to exploit WebKit running on vulnerable iOS 12 devices.(Citation: Volexity Insomnia)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--21b7e0b0-0dea-4ccc-8ad4-8da51fe3a901", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--fd339382-bfec-4bf0-8d47-1caedc9e7e57", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--fcb3a139-f644-45c9-8123-dfea0455143a", "type": "relationship", "created": "2019-08-09T17:56:05.588Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/07/unit42-spydealer-android-trojan-spying-40-apps/", "description": "Wenjun Hu, Cong Zheng and Zhi Xu. (2017, July 6). SpyDealer: Android Trojan Spying on More Than 40 Apps. Retrieved September 18, 2018.", "source_name": "PaloAlto-SpyDealer"}], "modified": "2019-08-09T17:56:05.588Z", "description": "[SpyDealer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0324) can record video and take photos via front and rear cameras.(Citation: PaloAlto-SpyDealer)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--86fc6f0c-86d9-473e-89f3-f50f3cb9319b", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d8940e76-f9c1-4912-bea6-e21c251370b6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--fcc42341-ec3a-4e24-a374-46bed72d061f", "type": "relationship", "created": "2021-10-01T14:42:49.191Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "SecureList BusyGasper", "url": "https://securelist.com/busygasper-the-unfriendly-spy/87627/", "description": "Alexey Firsh. (2018, August 29). BusyGasper \u2013 the unfriendly spy. Retrieved October 1, 2021."}], "modified": "2021-10-01T14:42:49.191Z", "description": "[BusyGasper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0655) can collect data from messaging applications, including WhatsApp, Viber, and Facebook.(Citation: SecureList BusyGasper)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--e110f94a-e2c5-4f5f-ba78-9c2ab6d2d9e4", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--702055ac-4e54-4ae9-9527-e23a38e0b160", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--fcda686d-0c3a-457a-a34d-6dcfb28f54bd", "created": "2020-06-26T14:55:13.333Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "Cybereason EventBot", "description": "D. Frank, L. Rochberger, Y. Rimmer, A. Dahan. (2020, April 30). EventBot: A New Mobile Banking Trojan is Born. Retrieved June 26, 2020.", "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/eventbot-a-new-mobile-banking-trojan-is-born"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-04-05T17:49:38.924Z", "description": "[EventBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0478) registers for the `BOOT_COMPLETED` intent to auto-start after the device boots.(Citation: Cybereason EventBot)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--aecc0097-c9f8-4786-9b39-e891ff173f54", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3775a580-a1d1-46c4-8147-c614a715f2e9", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--fcdc2f1f-9787-4faa-86bf-2ed73f15a576", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-09-14T14:13:45.294Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "Lookout eSurv", "url": "https://blog.lookout.com/esurv-research", "description": "A. Bauer. (2019, April 8). Lookout discovers phishing sites distributing new iOS and Android surveillanceware. Retrieved September 11, 2020."}], "modified": "2020-09-14T15:39:17.961Z", "description": "[eSurv](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0507)\u2019s Android version is distributed in three stages: the dropper, the second stage payload, and the third stage payload which is [Exodus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0405).(Citation: Lookout eSurv)", "relationship_type": "uses", "source_ref": "malware--680f680c-eef9-4f8a-b5f5-f451bf47e403", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6", "x_mitre_version": "1.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"type": "relationship", "id": "relationship--fd50cda0-66d4-4ae1-864e-9345d8124ce2", "created": "2023-08-08T16:14:27.679Z", "revoked": false, "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "modified": "2023-08-08T16:14:27.679Z", "description": "Application vetting services may potentially determine if an application contains suspicious code and/or metadata.", "relationship_type": "detects", "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5ae32c6a-2d12-4b8f-81ca-f862f2be0962", "target_ref": "attack-pattern--114fed8b-7eed-4136-8b9c-411c5c7fff4b", "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "0.1", "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "id": "relationship--fd5b3d4b-5d56-4d66-8b57-f858bc139901", "type": "relationship", "created": "2020-04-24T17:46:31.607Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "external_references": [{"source_name": "SecurityIntelligence TrickMo", "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/trickbot-pushing-a-2fa-bypass-app-to-bank-customers-in-germany/", "description": "P. Asinovsky. (2020, March 24). TrickBot Pushing a 2FA Bypass App to Bank Customers in Germany. 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Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. 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(2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. 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Retrieved June 30, 2023.", "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/analysis-of-intrusion-campaign-targeting-telecom-and-bpo-companies/"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_domains": ["enterprise-attack", "mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2024-04-04T19:07:48.903Z", "name": "APT28", "description": "[APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) is a threat group that has been attributed to Russia's General Staff Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) 85th Main Special Service Center (GTsSS) military unit 26165.(Citation: NSA/FBI Drovorub August 2020)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021) This group has been active since at least 2004.(Citation: DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)(Citation: FireEye APT28)(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)(Citation: FireEye APT28 January 2017)(Citation: GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR)(Citation: Sofacy DealersChoice)(Citation: Palo Alto Sofacy 06-2018)(Citation: Symantec APT28 Oct 2018)(Citation: ESET Zebrocy May 2019)\n\n[APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) reportedly compromised the Hillary Clinton campaign, the Democratic National Committee, and the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee in 2016 in an attempt to interfere with the U.S. presidential election.(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016) In 2018, the US indicted five GRU Unit 26165 officers associated with [APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) for cyber operations (including close-access operations) conducted between 2014 and 2018 against the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), the US Anti-Doping Agency, a US nuclear facility, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the Spiez Swiss Chemicals Laboratory, and other organizations.(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018) Some of these were conducted with the assistance of GRU Unit 74455, which is also referred to as [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034). ", "aliases": ["APT28", "IRON TWILIGHT", "SNAKEMACKEREL", "Swallowtail", "Group 74", "Sednit", "Sofacy", "Pawn Storm", "Fancy Bear", "STRONTIUM", "Tsar Team", "Threat Group-4127", "TG-4127", "Forest Blizzard", "FROZENLAKE"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "5.0", "x_mitre_contributors": ["S\u00e9bastien Ruel, CGI", "Drew Church, Splunk", "Emily Ratliff, IBM", "Richard Gold, Digital Shadows"], "type": "intrusion-set", "id": "intrusion-set--bef4c620-0787-42a8-a96d-b7eb6e85917c", "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:48.664Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007", "external_id": "G0007"}, {"source_name": "SNAKEMACKEREL", "description": "(Citation: Accenture SNAKEMACKEREL Nov 2018)"}, {"source_name": "Fancy Bear", "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3)(Citation: Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)(Citation: Symantec APT28 Oct 2018)(Citation: Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021)"}, {"source_name": "Tsar Team", "description": "(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3)(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)"}, {"source_name": "APT28", "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT28) (Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127) (Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016) (Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy) (Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3) (Citation: Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)(Citation: Symantec APT28 Oct 2018)(Citation: Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021)"}, {"source_name": "STRONTIUM", "description": "(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3)(Citation: Microsoft STRONTIUM Aug 2019)(Citation: Microsoft STRONTIUM New Patterns Cred Harvesting Sept 2020)(Citation: TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021)"}, {"source_name": "FROZENLAKE", "description": "(Citation: Leonard TAG 2023)"}, {"source_name": "Forest Blizzard", "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"}, {"source_name": "IRON TWILIGHT", "description": "(Citation: Secureworks IRON TWILIGHT Profile)(Citation: Secureworks IRON TWILIGHT Active Measures March 2017)"}, {"source_name": "Threat Group-4127", "description": "(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)"}, {"source_name": "TG-4127", "description": "(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)"}, {"source_name": "Pawn Storm", "description": "(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3)(Citation: TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020) "}, {"source_name": "Swallowtail", "description": "(Citation: Symantec APT28 Oct 2018)"}, {"source_name": "Group 74", "description": "(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)"}, {"source_name": "Accenture SNAKEMACKEREL Nov 2018", "description": "Accenture Security. (2018, November 29). SNAKEMACKEREL. Retrieved April 15, 2019.", "url": "https://www.accenture.com/t20181129T203820Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-90/Accenture-snakemackerel-delivers-zekapab-malware.pdf#zoom=50"}, {"source_name": "Crowdstrike DNC June 2016", "description": "Alperovitch, D.. (2016, June 15). Bears in the Midst: Intrusion into the Democratic National Committee. Retrieved August 3, 2016.", "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/bears-midst-intrusion-democratic-national-committee/"}, {"source_name": "Leonard TAG 2023", "description": "Billy Leonard. (2023, April 19). Ukraine remains Russia\u2019s biggest cyber focus in 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.", "url": "https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/ukraine-remains-russias-biggest-cyber-focus-in-2023/"}, {"source_name": "US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018", "description": "Brady, S . (2018, October 3). Indictment - United States vs Aleksei Sergeyevich Morenets, et al.. Retrieved October 1, 2020.", "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1098481/download"}, {"source_name": "GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR", "description": "Department of Homeland Security and Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016, December 29). GRIZZLY STEPPE \u2013 Russian Malicious Cyber Activity. Retrieved January 11, 2017.", "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/publications/JAR_16-20296A_GRIZZLY%20STEPPE-2016-1229.pdf"}, {"source_name": "ESET Zebrocy May 2019", "description": "ESET Research. (2019, May 22). A journey to Zebrocy land. Retrieved June 20, 2019.", "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/22/journey-zebrocy-land/"}, {"source_name": "ESET Sednit Part 3", "description": "ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 3: A Mysterious Downloader. Retrieved November 21, 2016.", "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/eset-sednit-part3.pdf"}, {"source_name": "Sofacy DealersChoice", "description": "Falcone, R. (2018, March 15). Sofacy Uses DealersChoice to Target European Government Agency. Retrieved June 4, 2018.", "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/03/unit42-sofacy-uses-dealerschoice-target-european-government-agency/"}, {"source_name": "FireEye APT28 January 2017", "description": "FireEye iSIGHT Intelligence. (2017, January 11). APT28: At the Center of the Storm. Retrieved January 11, 2017.", "url": "https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/848-DID-242/images/APT28-Center-of-Storm-2017.pdf"}, {"source_name": "FireEye APT28", "description": "FireEye. (2015). APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA\u2019S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS?. Retrieved August 19, 2015.", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151022204649/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-apt28.pdf"}, {"source_name": "Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018", "description": "Gallagher, S. (2018, July 27). How they did it (and will likely try again): GRU hackers vs. US elections. Retrieved September 13, 2018.", "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/07/from-bitly-to-x-agent-how-gru-hackers-targeted-the-2016-presidential-election/"}, {"source_name": "TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020", "description": "Hacquebord, F., Remorin, L. (2020, December 17). Pawn Storm\u2019s Lack of Sophistication as a Strategy. Retrieved January 13, 2021.", "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/l/pawn-storm-lack-of-sophistication-as-a-strategy.html"}, {"source_name": "Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018", "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2018, February 20). A Slice of 2017 Sofacy Activity. Retrieved November 27, 2018.", "url": "https://securelist.com/a-slice-of-2017-sofacy-activity/83930/"}, {"source_name": "Kaspersky Sofacy", "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, December 4). Sofacy APT hits high profile targets with updated toolset. Retrieved December 10, 2015.", "url": "https://securelist.com/sofacy-apt-hits-high-profile-targets-with-updated-toolset/72924/"}, {"source_name": "Palo Alto Sofacy 06-2018", "description": "Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, June 06). Sofacy Group\u2019s Parallel Attacks. Retrieved June 18, 2018.", "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/06/unit42-sofacy-groups-parallel-attacks/"}, {"source_name": "Talos Seduploader Oct 2017", "description": "Mercer, W., et al. (2017, October 22). \"Cyber Conflict\" Decoy Document Used in Real Cyber Conflict. Retrieved November 2, 2018.", "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/10/cyber-conflict-decoy-document.html"}, {"source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023", "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.", "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"}, {"source_name": "Microsoft STRONTIUM New Patterns Cred Harvesting Sept 2020", "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC). (2020, September 10). STRONTIUM: Detecting new patterns in credential harvesting. Retrieved September 11, 2020.", "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/09/10/strontium-detecting-new-patters-credential-harvesting/"}, {"source_name": "Microsoft STRONTIUM Aug 2019", "description": "MSRC Team. (2019, August 5). Corporate IoT \u2013 a path to intrusion. Retrieved August 16, 2019.", "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2019/08/05/corporate-iot-a-path-to-intrusion/"}, {"source_name": "DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018", "description": "Mueller, R. (2018, July 13). Indictment - United States of America vs. VIKTOR BORISOVICH NETYKSHO, et al. Retrieved September 13, 2018.", "url": "https://www.justice.gov/file/1080281/download"}, {"source_name": "Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021", "description": "NSA, CISA, FBI, NCSC. (2021, July). Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments. Retrieved July 26, 2021.", "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/01/2002753896/-1/-1/1/CSA_GRU_GLOBAL_BRUTE_FORCE_CAMPAIGN_UOO158036-21.PDF"}, {"source_name": "NSA/FBI Drovorub August 2020", "description": "NSA/FBI. (2020, August). Russian GRU 85th GTsSS Deploys Previously Undisclosed Drovorub Malware. Retrieved August 25, 2020.", "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2020/Aug/13/2002476465/-1/-1/0/CSA_DROVORUB_RUSSIAN_GRU_MALWARE_AUG_2020.PDF"}, {"source_name": "SecureWorks TG-4127", "description": "SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2016, June 16). Threat Group-4127 Targets Hillary Clinton Presidential Campaign. 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Retrieved November 14, 2018.", "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/election-security/apt28-espionage-military-government"}, {"source_name": "Sednit", "description": "This designation has been used in reporting both to refer to the threat group and its associated malware [JHUHUGIT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0044).(Citation: FireEye APT28 January 2017)(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018)"}, {"source_name": "Sofacy", "description": "This designation has been used in reporting both to refer to the threat group and its associated malware.(Citation: FireEye APT28)(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3)(Citation: Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)"}], "object_marking_refs": ["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"], "x_mitre_domains": ["enterprise-attack", "mobile-attack"], "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0", "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"}, {"modified": "2024-04-11T02:52:27.131Z", "name": "BITTER", "description": "[BITTER](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1002) is a suspected South Asian cyber espionage threat group that has been active since at least 2013. [BITTER](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1002) has targeted government, energy, and engineering organizations in Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, and Saudi Arabia.(Citation: Cisco Talos Bitter Bangladesh May 2022)(Citation: Forcepoint BITTER Pakistan Oct 2016)", "aliases": ["BITTER", "T-APT-17"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "1.1", "type": "intrusion-set", "id": "intrusion-set--7f848c02-4d1e-4808-a4ae-4670681370a9", "created": "2022-06-01T20:26:53.880Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1002", "external_id": "G1002"}, {"source_name": "T-APT-17", "description": "(Citation: Cisco Talos Bitter Bangladesh May 2022)"}, {"source_name": "Forcepoint BITTER Pakistan Oct 2016", "description": "Dela Paz, R. (2016, October 21). BITTER: a targeted attack against Pakistan. 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[Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) has targeted organizations in Australia, China, Hong Kong, Mongolia, Nepal, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, the United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, Germany, France, and the United States. Targets included government institutions, news media outlets, gambling companies, educational institutions, COVID-19 research organizations, telecommunications companies, religious movements banned in China, and cryptocurrency trading platforms; security researchers assess some [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) operations may be financially motivated.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)\n\n[Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) has used malware commonly used by other Chinese threat groups, including [APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) and the [Winnti Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0044) cluster, however security researchers assess [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006)'s techniques and infrastructure are separate.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)", "aliases": ["Earth Lusca", "TAG-22", "Charcoal Typhoon", "CHROMIUM", "ControlX"], "x_mitre_deprecated": false, "x_mitre_version": "2.0", "type": "intrusion-set", "id": "intrusion-set--cc613a49-9bfa-4e22-98d1-15ffbb03f034", "created": "2022-07-01T20:12:30.184Z", "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5", "revoked": false, "external_references": [{"source_name": "mitre-attack", "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006", "external_id": "G1006"}, {"source_name": "Charcoal Typhoon", "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"}, {"source_name": "ControlX", "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"}, {"source_name": "CHROMIUM", "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023) (Citation: Recorded Future RedHotel August 2023)"}, {"source_name": "TAG-22", "description": "(Citation: Recorded Future TAG-22 July 2021)"}, {"source_name": "TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022", "description": "Chen, J., et al. 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Apple intends to mandate use of App Transport Security  (Citation: TechCrunch-ATS) for all apps in the Apple App Store unless appropriate justification is given.\n\nAndroid's Network Security Configuration feature similarly can be used by app developers to help ensure that all of their application network traffic is appropriately protected  (Citation: Android-NetworkSecurityConfig).\n\nUse of Virtual Private Network (VPN) tunnels, e.g. using the IPsec protocol, can help mitigate some types of network attacks as well.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"course-of-action--8ccd428d-39da-4e8f-a55b-d48ea1d56e58","type":"course-of-action","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:49.554Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1003","external_id":"M1003"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","name":"Lock Bootloader","description":"On devices that provide the capability to unlock the bootloader (hence allowing any operating system code to be flashed onto the device), perform periodic checks to ensure that the bootloader is locked.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"course-of-action--bcecd036-f40e-4916-9f8e-fd0ccf0ece8d","type":"course-of-action","created":"2019-10-18T12:51:36.488Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"M1001","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1001"}],"modified":"2019-10-18T14:56:15.631Z","name":"Security Updates","description":"Install security updates in response to discovered vulnerabilities.\n\nPurchase devices with a vendor and/or mobile carrier commitment to provide security updates in a prompt manner for a set period of time.\n\nDecommission devices that will no longer receive security updates.\n\nLimit or block access to enterprise resources from devices that have not installed recent security updates.\n\nOn Android devices, access can be controlled based on each device's security patch level. On iOS devices, access can be controlled based on the iOS version.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"course-of-action--cf2cccb1-cab8-431a-8ecf-f7874d05f433","type":"course-of-action","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:52.601Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1010","external_id":"M1010"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","name":"Deploy Compromised Device Detection Method","description":"A variety of methods exist that can be used to enable enterprises to identify compromised (e.g. rooted/jailbroken) devices, whether using security mechanisms built directly into the device, third-party mobile security applications, enterprise mobility management (EMM)/mobile device management (MDM) capabilities, or other methods. Some methods may be trivial to evade while others may be more sophisticated.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-15T15:06:03.428Z","name":"Interconnection Filtering","description":"In order to mitigate Signaling System 7 (SS7) exploitation, the Communications, Security, Reliability, and Interoperability Council (CSRIC) describes filtering interconnections between network operators to block inappropriate requests (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport).","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"course-of-action","id":"course-of-action--e829ee51-1caf-4665-ba15-7f8979634124","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:50.181Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1014","external_id":"M1014"},{"source_name":"CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport","description":"Communications Security, Reliability, Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (2017, March). Working Group 10 Legacy Systems Risk Reductions Final Report. 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Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}],"modified":"2021-09-20T13:54:19.819Z","name":"CarbonSteal","description":"[CarbonSteal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529) is one of a family of four surveillanceware tools that share a common C2 infrastructure. [CarbonSteal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529) primarily deals with audio surveillance. (Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)","x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_contributors":["Aviran Hazum, Check Point","Sergey Persikov, Check Point"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Cerberus"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--037f44f0-0c07-4c7f-b40e-0325b5b228a9","type":"malware","created":"2020-06-26T15:32:24.569Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0480","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0480"},{"source_name":"Threat Fabric Cerberus","url":"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html","description":"Threat Fabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved June 26, 2020."}],"modified":"2020-09-11T15:43:49.079Z","name":"Cerberus","description":"[Cerberus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0480) is a banking trojan whose usage can be rented on underground forums and marketplaces. Prior to being available to rent, the authors of [Cerberus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0480) claim was used in private operations for two years.(Citation: Threat Fabric Cerberus)","x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["DroidJack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--05c4f87c-be8f-46ea-8d9a-2a0aad8f52c1","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:40.571Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"S0320","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0320"},{"source_name":"DroidJack","description":"(Citation: Zscaler-SuperMarioRun) (Citation: Proofpoint-Droidjack)"},{"source_name":"Proofpoint-Droidjack","url":"https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/droidjack-uses-side-load-backdoored-pokemon-go-android-app","description":"Proofpoint. (2016, July 7). DroidJack Uses Side-Load…It's Super Effective! Backdoored Pokemon GO Android App Found. Retrieved January 20, 2017."},{"source_name":"Zscaler-SuperMarioRun","url":"https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/super-mario-run-malware-2-droidjack-rat","description":"Viral Gandhi. (2017, January 12). Super Mario Run Malware #2 – DroidJack RAT. Retrieved January 20, 2017."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"[DroidJack](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0320) is an Android remote access tool that has been observed posing as legitimate applications including the Super Mario Run and Pokemon GO games. (Citation: Zscaler-SuperMarioRun) (Citation: Proofpoint-Droidjack)","modified":"2022-05-20T17:13:16.506Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"DroidJack","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Rotexy"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--0626c181-93cb-4860-9cb0-dff3b1c13063","type":"malware","created":"2019-09-23T13:36:07.816Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0411","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0411"},{"source_name":"securelist rotexy 2018","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/","description":"T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan – banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019."}],"modified":"2020-09-11T15:53:38.216Z","name":"Rotexy","description":"[Rotexy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0411) is an Android banking malware that has evolved over several years. It was originally an SMS spyware Trojan first spotted in October 2014, and since then has evolved to contain more features, including ransomware functionality.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)","x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Stealth Mango","description":"[Stealth Mango](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0328) is Android malware that has reportedly been used to successfully compromise the mobile devices of government officials, members of the military, medical professionals, and civilians. The iOS malware known as [Tangelo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0329) is believed to be from the same developer. (Citation: Lookout-StealthMango)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.3","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["Stealth Mango"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--085eb36d-697d-4d9a-bac3-96eb879fe73c","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0328","external_id":"S0328"},{"source_name":"Stealth Mango","description":"(Citation: Lookout-StealthMango)"},{"source_name":"Lookout-StealthMango","description":"Lookout. (n.d.). Stealth Mango & Tangelo. Retrieved September 27, 2018.","url":"https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/lookout-stealth-mango-srr-us.pdf"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Allwinner","description":"[Allwinner](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0319) is a company that supplies processors used in Android tablets and other devices. A Linux kernel distributed by [Allwinner](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0319) for use on these devices reportedly contained a backdoor. (Citation: HackerNews-Allwinner)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","type":"malware","id":"malware--08784a9d-09e9-4dce-a839-9612398214e8","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0319","external_id":"S0319"},{"source_name":"Allwinner","description":"(Citation: HackerNews-Allwinner)"},{"source_name":"HackerNews-Allwinner","description":"Mohit Kumar. (2016, May 11). Kernel Backdoor found in Gadgets Powered by Popular Chinese ARM Maker. Retrieved September 18, 2018.","url":"https://thehackernews.com/2016/05/android-kernal-exploit.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["GoldenEagle"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--0b9c5d11-651a-4378-b129-5c584d0242c5","type":"malware","created":"2020-12-24T22:04:27.667Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0551","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0551"},{"source_name":"Lookout Uyghur Campaign","url":"https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf","description":"A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}],"modified":"2021-03-25T16:20:28.165Z","name":"GoldenEagle","description":"[GoldenEagle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0551) is a piece of Android malware that has been used in targeting of Uyghurs, Muslims, Tibetans, individuals in Turkey, and individuals in China. Samples have been found as early as 2012.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-03-19T18:32:01.207Z","name":"FlixOnline","description":"[FlixOnline](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1103) is an Android malware, first detected in early 2021, believed to target users of WhatsApp. [FlixOnline](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1103) primarily spreads via automatic replies to a device’s incoming WhatsApp messages.(Citation: checkpoint_flixonline_0421) ","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["FlixOnline"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--0ec9593f-3221-49b1-b597-37f307c19f13","created":"2024-01-26T17:30:31.022Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1103","external_id":"S1103"},{"source_name":"checkpoint_flixonline_0421","description":"Aviran Hazum, Bodgan Melnykov, Israel Wenik. (2021, April 7). New Wormable Android Malware Spreads by Creating Auto-Replies to Messages in WhatsApp. Retrieved January 26, 2024.","url":"https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/new-wormable-android-malware-spreads-by-creating-auto-replies-to-messages-in-whatsapp/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-04-21T18:53:30.817Z","name":"Bread","description":"[Bread](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0432) was a large-scale billing fraud malware family known for employing many different cloaking and obfuscation techniques in an attempt to continuously evade Google Play Store’s malware detection. 1,700 unique Bread apps were detected and removed from the Google Play Store before being downloaded by users.(Citation: Google Bread)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_contributors":["Sergey Persikov, Check Point","Jonathan Shimonovich, Check Point","Aviran Hazum, Check Point"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Bread","Joker"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--108b2817-bc01-404e-8e1b-8cdeec846326","created":"2020-05-04T14:04:55.823Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0432","external_id":"S0432"},{"source_name":"Joker","description":"(Citation: Google Bread)"},{"source_name":"Google Bread","description":"A. Guertin, V. Kotov, Android Security & Privacy Team. (2020, January 9). PHA Family Highlights: Bread (and Friends) . Retrieved April 27, 2020.","url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2020/01/pha-family-highlights-bread-and-friends.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-10-07T21:29:43.845Z","name":"Hornbill","description":"[Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) is one of two mobile malware families known to be used by the APT [Confucius](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0142). Analysis suggests that [Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) was first active in early 2018. While [Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) and [Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) overlap in core capabilities, [Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) has tools and behaviors suggesting more passive reconnaissance.(Citation: lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["Hornbill"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--15d78a95-af6a-4b06-8dae-76bedb0ec5a1","created":"2023-06-09T19:07:18.101Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077","external_id":"S1077"},{"source_name":"lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221","description":"Apurva Kumar, Kristin Del Rosso. (2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. Retrieved June 9, 2023.","url":"https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-novel-confucius-apt-android-spyware-linked-to-india-pakistan-conflict"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Judy","description":"[Judy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0325) is auto-clicking adware that was distributed through multiple apps in the Google Play Store. (Citation: CheckPoint-Judy)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","type":"malware","id":"malware--172444ab-97fc-4d94-b142-179452bfb760","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0325","external_id":"S0325"},{"source_name":"Judy","description":"(Citation: CheckPoint-Judy)"},{"source_name":"CheckPoint-Judy","description":"CheckPoint. (2017, May 25). The Judy Malware: Possibly the largest malware campaign found on Google Play. Retrieved September 18, 2018.","url":"https://blog.checkpoint.com/2017/05/25/judy-malware-possibly-largest-malware-campaign-found-google-play/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"OldBoot","description":"[OldBoot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0285) is an Android malware family. (Citation: HackerNews-OldBoot)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","type":"malware","id":"malware--2074b2ad-612e-4758-adce-7901c1b49bbc","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:45.155Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0285","external_id":"S0285"},{"source_name":"OldBoot","description":"(Citation: HackerNews-OldBoot)"},{"source_name":"HackerNews-OldBoot","description":"Sudhir K Bansal. (2014, January 28). First widely distributed Android bootkit Malware infects more than 350,000 Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"http://thehackernews.com/2014/01/first-widely-distributed-android.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Gooligan","description":"[Gooligan](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0290) is a malware family that runs privilege escalation exploits on Android devices and then uses its escalated privileges to steal authentication tokens that can be used to access data from many Google applications. [Gooligan](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0290) has been described as part of the Ghost Push Android malware family. (Citation: Gooligan Citation) (Citation: Ludwig-GhostPush) (Citation: Lookout-Gooligan)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["Gooligan","Ghost Push"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--20d56cd6-8dff-4871-9889-d32d254816de","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:43.242Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0290","external_id":"S0290"},{"source_name":"Gooligan","description":"(Citation: Gooligan Citation) (Citation: Ludwig-GhostPush) (Citation: Lookout-Gooligan)"},{"source_name":"Ghost Push","description":"Gooligan has been described as being part of the Ghost Push Android malware family. (Citation: Ludwig-GhostPush) (Citation: Lookout-Gooligan)"},{"source_name":"Gooligan Citation","description":"Check Point Research Team. (2016, November 30). More Than 1 Million Google Accounts Breached by Gooligan. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"http://blog.checkpoint.com/2016/11/30/1-million-google-accounts-breached-gooligan/"},{"source_name":"Ludwig-GhostPush","description":"Adrian Ludwig. (2016, November 29). The fight against Ghost Push continues. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"https://plus.google.com/+AdrianLudwig/posts/GXzJ8vaAFsi"},{"source_name":"Lookout-Gooligan","description":"Lookout. (2016, December 1). Ghost Push and Gooligan: One and the same. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2016/12/01/ghost-push-gooligan/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"SpyNote RAT","description":"[SpyNote RAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0305) (Remote Access Trojan) is a family of malicious Android apps. The [SpyNote RAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0305) builder tool can be used to develop malicious apps with the malware's functionality. (Citation: Zscaler-SpyNote)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["SpyNote RAT"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--20dbaf05-59b8-4dc6-8777-0b17f4553a23","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:45.794Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0305","external_id":"S0305"},{"source_name":"SpyNote RAT","description":"(Citation: Zscaler-SpyNote)"},{"source_name":"Zscaler-SpyNote","description":"Shivang Desai. (2017, January 23). SpyNote RAT posing as Netflix app. Retrieved January 26, 2017.","url":"https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/research/spynote-rat-posing-netflix-app"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_contributors":["Ohad Mana, Check Point","Aviran Hazum, Check Point","Sergey Persikov, Check Point"],"x_mitre_aliases":["TrickMo"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--21170624-89db-4e99-bf27-58d26be07c3a","type":"malware","created":"2020-04-24T17:46:31.111Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0427","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427"},{"source_name":"SecurityIntelligence TrickMo","url":"https://securityintelligence.com/posts/trickbot-pushing-a-2fa-bypass-app-to-bank-customers-in-germany/","description":"P. Asinovsky. (2020, March 24). TrickBot Pushing a 2FA Bypass App to Bank Customers in Germany. Retrieved April 24, 2020."}],"modified":"2020-09-11T15:57:37.561Z","name":"TrickMo","description":"[TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) a 2FA bypass mobile banking trojan, most likely being distributed by [TrickBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266). [TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) has been primarily targeting users located in Germany.(Citation: SecurityIntelligence TrickMo)\n\n[TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) is designed to steal transaction authorization numbers (TANs), which are typically used as one-time passwords.(Citation: SecurityIntelligence TrickMo) ","x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["INSOMNIA"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--21b7e0b0-0dea-4ccc-8ad4-8da51fe3a901","type":"malware","created":"2020-06-02T14:32:31.461Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0463","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0463"},{"source_name":"Volexity Insomnia","url":"https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/04/21/evil-eye-threat-actor-resurfaces-with-ios-exploit-and-updated-implant/","description":"A. Case, D. Lassalle, M. Meltzer, S. Koessel, et al.. (2020, April 21). Evil Eye Threat Actor Resurfaces with iOS Exploit and Updated Implant. 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Retrieved December 10, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/dvmap-the-first-android-malware-with-code-injection/78648/","source_name":"SecureList DVMap June 2017"}],"modified":"2020-01-22T22:17:23.015Z","name":"Dvmap","description":"[Dvmap](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0420) is rooting malware that injects malicious code into system runtime libraries. It is credited with being the first malware that performs this type of code injection.(Citation: SecureList DVMap June 2017)","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Zen"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--22faaa56-a8ac-4292-9be6-b571b255ee40","type":"malware","created":"2020-07-27T14:14:56.729Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0494","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0494"},{"source_name":"Google Security Zen","url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2019/01/pha-family-highlights-zen-and-its.html","description":"Siewierski, L. (2019, January 11). PHA Family Highlights: Zen and its cousins . Retrieved July 27, 2020."}],"modified":"2020-08-11T14:23:15.002Z","name":"Zen","description":"[Zen](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0494) is Android malware that was first seen in 2013.(Citation: Google Security Zen)","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"NotCompatible","description":"[NotCompatible](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0299) is an Android malware family that was used between at least 2014 and 2016. It has multiple variants that have become more sophisticated over time. (Citation: Lookout-NotCompatible)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","type":"malware","id":"malware--23040c15-e7d8-47b5-8c16-8fd3e0e297fe","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:36.707Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0299","external_id":"S0299"},{"source_name":"NotCompatible","description":"(Citation: Lookout-NotCompatible)"},{"source_name":"Lookout-NotCompatible","description":"Tim Strazzere. (2014, November 19). The new NotCompatible: Sophisticated and evasive threat harbors the potential to compromise enterprise networks. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2014/11/19/notcompatible/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2024-04-16T15:46:27.358Z","name":"AhRat","description":"[AhRat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1095) is an Android remote access tool based on the open-source AhMyth remote access tool. [AhRat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1095) initially spread in August 2022 on the Google Play Store via an update containing malicious code to the previously benign application, “iRecorder – Screen Recorder”, which itself was released in September 2021.(Citation: welivesecurity_ahrat_0523)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Edward Stevens","BT Security"],"x_mitre_aliases":["AhRat"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--24c8f6db-71e0-41ef-a1dc-83399a5b17e5","created":"2023-12-18T19:00:02.259Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1095","external_id":"S1095"},{"source_name":"welivesecurity_ahrat_0523","description":"Lukas Stefanko. (2023, May 23). Android app breaking bad: From legitimate screen recording to file exfiltration within a year. Retrieved December 18, 2023.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/05/23/android-app-breaking-bad-legitimate-screen-recording-file-exfiltration/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"XLoader for Android","description":"[XLoader for Android](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0318) is a malicious Android app first observed targeting Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong in 2018. It has more recently been observed targeting South Korean users as a pornography application.(Citation: TrendMicro-XLoader-FakeSpy)(Citation: TrendMicro-XLoader) It is tracked separately from the [XLoader for iOS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0490).","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"2.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["XLoader for Android"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--2740eaf6-2db2-4a40-a63f-f5b166c7059c","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0318","external_id":"S0318"},{"source_name":"XLoader for Android","description":"(Citation: TrendMicro-XLoader)"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro-XLoader-FakeSpy","description":"Hiroaki, H., Wu, L., Wu, L.. (2019, April 2). XLoader Disguises as Android Apps, Has FakeSpy Links. Retrieved July 20, 2020.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/new-version-of-xloader-that-disguises-as-android-apps-and-an-ios-profile-holds-new-links-to-fakespy/"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro-XLoader","description":"Lorin Wu. (2018, April 19). XLoader Android Spyware and Banking Trojan Distributed via DNS Spoofing. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/xloader-android-spyware-and-banking-trojan-distributed-via-dns-spoofing/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.FakeInst.a","description":"[Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.FakeInst.a](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0306) is Android malware. 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Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"https://securelist.com/mobile-malware-evolution-2013/58335/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["XLoader for iOS"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--29944858-da52-4d3d-b428-f8a6eb8dde6f","type":"malware","created":"2020-07-20T13:58:53.422Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0490","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0490"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro-XLoader-FakeSpy","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/new-version-of-xloader-that-disguises-as-android-apps-and-an-ios-profile-holds-new-links-to-fakespy/","description":"Hiroaki, H., Wu, L., Wu, L.. (2019, April 2). XLoader Disguises as Android Apps, Has FakeSpy Links. Retrieved July 20, 2020."}],"modified":"2021-12-07T14:46:08.852Z","name":"XLoader for iOS","description":"[XLoader for iOS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0490) is a malicious iOS application that is capable of gathering system information.(Citation: TrendMicro-XLoader-FakeSpy) It is tracked separately from the [XLoader for Android](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0318).","x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-04-13T22:33:55.061Z","name":"AbstractEmu","description":"[AbstractEmu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1061) is mobile malware that was first seen in Google Play and other third-party stores in October 2021. It was discovered in 19 Android applications, of which at least 7 abused known Android exploits for obtaining root permissions. [AbstractEmu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1061) was observed primarily impacting users in the United States, however victims are believed to be across a total of 17 countries.(Citation: lookout_abstractemu_1021)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["AbstractEmu"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--2aec175b-4429-4048-8e09-3ef6cbecfc64","created":"2023-02-06T18:48:41.442Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1061","external_id":"S1061"},{"source_name":"lookout_abstractemu_1021","description":"P Shunk, K Balaam. (2021, October 28). Rooting Malware Makes a Comeback: Lookout Discovers Global Campaign. Retrieved February 6, 2023.","url":"https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-global-rooting-malware-campaign"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-26T13:30:33.039Z","name":"Chameleon","description":"[Chameleon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1083) is an Android banking trojan that can leverage Android’s Accessibility Services to perform malicious activities. Believed to have been first active in January 2023, [Chameleon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1083) has been observed targeting users in Australia and Poland by masquerading as official apps.(Citation: cyble_chameleon_0423)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Yasuhito Kawanishi, NEC Corporation","Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India","Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Chameleon"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--2cf00c5a-857d-4cb6-8f03-82f15bee0f6f","created":"2023-08-16T16:30:44.598Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1083","external_id":"S1083"},{"source_name":"cyble_chameleon_0423","description":"Cyble Research & Intelligence Labs. (2023, April 13). Banking Trojan targeting mobile users in Australia and Poland. 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Retrieved September 24, 2018.","url":"https://securelist.com/skygofree-following-in-the-footsteps-of-hackingteam/83603/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"KeyRaider","description":"[KeyRaider](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0288) is malware that steals Apple account credentials and other data from jailbroken iOS devices. It also has ransomware functionality. 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Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/08/keyraider-ios-malware-steals-over-225000-apple-accounts-to-create-free-app-utopia/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"ZergHelper","description":"[ZergHelper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0287) is iOS riskware that was unique due to its apparent evasion of Apple's App Store review process. No malicious functionality was identified in the app, but it presents security risks. 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Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/pirated-ios-app-stores-client-successfully-evaded-apple-ios-code-review/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["DoubleAgent"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--3d6c4389-3489-40a3-beda-c56e650b6f68","type":"malware","created":"2020-12-24T21:50:02.027Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0550","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0550"},{"source_name":"Lookout Uyghur Campaign","url":"https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf","description":"A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). 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Retrieved November 10, 2020."}],"modified":"2021-04-19T17:05:42.253Z","name":"DoubleAgent","description":"[DoubleAgent](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0550) is a family of RAT malware dating back to 2013, known to target groups with contentious relationships with the Chinese government.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Twitoor","description":"[Twitoor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0302) is a dropper application capable of receiving commands from social media.(Citation: ESET-Twitoor)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"2.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["Twitoor"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--41e3fd01-7b83-471f-835d-d2b1dc9a770c","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:42.313Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0302","external_id":"S0302"},{"source_name":"Twitoor","description":"(Citation: ESET-Twitoor)"},{"source_name":"ESET-Twitoor","description":"ESET. (2016, August 24). First Twitter-controlled Android botnet discovered. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"http://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/08/24/first-twitter-controlled-android-botnet-discovered/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2023-10-11T14:36:39.396Z","name":"Fakecalls","description":"[Fakecalls](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1080) is an Android trojan, first detected in January 2021, that masquerades as South Korean banking apps. It has capabilities to intercept calls to banking institutions and even maintain realistic dialogues with the victim using pre-recorded audio snippets.(Citation: kaspersky_fakecalls_0422) ","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India","Hiroki Nagahama, NEC Corporation","Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Fakecalls"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--429e1526-6293-495b-8808-af7f9a66c4be","created":"2023-07-21T19:49:44.577Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1080","external_id":"S1080"},{"source_name":"kaspersky_fakecalls_0422","description":"Igor Golovin. (2022, April 11). Fakecalls: a talking Trojan. 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Originating in Brazil, [BRATA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1094) was later also found in the UK, Poland, Italy, Spain, and USA, where it is believed to have targeted financial institutions such as banks. There are currently three known variants of [BRATA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1094).(Citation: securelist_brata_0819)(Citation: cleafy_brata_0122)(Citation: mcafee_brata_0421)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India"],"x_mitre_aliases":["BRATA"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--5aff44ab-5a41-49bb-b5d1-b4876d0437f4","created":"2023-12-18T18:06:22.975Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1094","external_id":"S1094"},{"source_name":"cleafy_brata_0122","description":"Federico Valentini, Francesco Lubatti. (2022, January 24). How BRATA is monitoring your bank account. 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[TangleBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1069) has used SMS text message lures about COVID-19 regulations and vaccines to trick mobile users into downloading the malware, similar to [FluBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1067) Android malware campaigns.(Citation: cloudmark_tanglebot_0921)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["TangleBot"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--68156e5a-4c3a-46dd-9c5e-c0bfdec6651f","created":"2023-02-28T21:39:52.744Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1069","external_id":"S1069"},{"source_name":"cloudmark_tanglebot_0921","description":"Felipe Naves, Andrew Conway, W. Stuart Jones, Adam McNeil . (2021, September 23). TangleBot: New Advanced SMS Malware Targets Mobile Users Across U.S. and Canada with COVID-19 Lures. Retrieved February 28, 2023.","url":"https://www.cloudmark.com/en/blog/malware/tanglebot-new-advanced-sms-malware-targets-mobile-users-across-us-and-canada-covid-19"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_contributors":["Jörg Abraham, EclecticIQ"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Monokle"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--6a7aaab1-3e0a-48bb-ba66-bbf7665c0a65","type":"malware","created":"2019-09-04T14:28:14.181Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0407","source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"S0407"},{"description":"Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. 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Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-04-16T21:01:50.792Z","name":"AndroRAT","description":"[AndroRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0292) is an open-source remote access tool for Android devices. [AndroRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0292) is capable of collecting data, such as device location, call logs, etc., and is capable of executing actions, such as sending SMS messages and taking pictures.(Citation: Lookout-EnterpriseApps)(Citation: github_androrat)(Citation: Forcepoint BITTER Pakistan Oct 2016) It is originally available through the `The404Hacking` Github repository.(Citation: github_androrat)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_aliases":["AndroRAT"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--a3dad2be-ce62-4440-953b-00fbce7aba93","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:47.363Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0292","external_id":"S0292"},{"source_name":"Forcepoint BITTER Pakistan Oct 2016","description":"Dela Paz, R. (2016, October 21). 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(Citation: FinFisher Citation) (Citation: Microsoft SIR Vol 21) (Citation: FireEye FinSpy Sept 2017) (Citation: Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017) (Citation: Microsoft FinFisher March 2018)","x_mitre_platforms":["Windows","Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["enterprise-attack","mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.4","x_mitre_aliases":["FinFisher","FinSpy"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--a5528622-3a8a-4633-86ce-8cdaf8423858","created":"2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0182","external_id":"S0182"},{"source_name":"FinFisher","description":"(Citation: FinFisher Citation) (Citation: Microsoft SIR Vol 21) (Citation: FireEye FinSpy Sept 2017) (Citation: Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017)"},{"source_name":"FinSpy","description":"(Citation: FireEye FinSpy Sept 2017) (Citation: Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017)"},{"source_name":"Microsoft FinFisher March 2018","description":"Allievi, A.,Flori, E. (2018, March 01). FinFisher exposed: A researcher’s tale of defeating traps, tricks, and complex virtual machines. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","url":"https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/microsoftsecure/2018/03/01/finfisher-exposed-a-researchers-tale-of-defeating-traps-tricks-and-complex-virtual-machines/"},{"source_name":"Microsoft SIR Vol 21","description":"Anthe, C. et al. (2016, December 14). Microsoft Security Intelligence Report Volume 21. Retrieved November 27, 2017.","url":"http://download.microsoft.com/download/E/B/0/EB0F50CC-989C-4B66-B7F6-68CD3DC90DE3/Microsoft_Security_Intelligence_Report_Volume_21_English.pdf"},{"source_name":"FinFisher Citation","description":"FinFisher. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2024.","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050934/http://www.finfisher.com/FinFisher/index.html"},{"source_name":"FireEye FinSpy Sept 2017","description":"Jiang, G., et al. (2017, September 12). FireEye Uncovers CVE-2017-8759: Zero-Day Used in the Wild to Distribute FINSPY. Retrieved February 15, 2018.","url":"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/09/zero-day-used-to-distribute-finspy.html"},{"source_name":"Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017","description":"Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2017, October 16). BlackOasis APT and new targeted attacks leveraging zero-day exploit. 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Frank, L. Rochberger, Y. Rimmer, A. Dahan. (2020, April 30). EventBot: A New Mobile Banking Trojan is Born. 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Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019."}],"modified":"2021-04-12T03:02:06.792Z","name":"HenBox","description":"[HenBox](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0544) is Android malware that attempts to only execute on Xiaomi devices running the MIUI operating system. [HenBox](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0544) has primarily been used to target Uyghurs, a minority Turkic ethnic group.(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox)","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Riltok"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--c0efbaae-9e7d-4716-a92d-68373aac7424","type":"malware","created":"2019-08-07T15:57:12.877Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0403","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0403"},{"description":"Tatyana Shishkova. (2019, June 25). Riltok mobile Trojan: A banker with global reach. 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Circles has reportedly been linked to the NSO Group.(Citation: CitizenLab Circles)","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Tiktok Pro"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--c6abcaf8-1765-41f8-9fe5-03d42fd0f6c0","type":"malware","created":"2021-01-05T20:16:19.968Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0558","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0558"},{"source_name":"Zscaler TikTok Spyware","url":"https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/tiktok-spyware","description":"S. Desai. (2020, September 8). TikTok Spyware. 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While [Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) and [Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) overlap in core capabilities, [Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) has a more extensive set of malicious features.(Citation: lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["Sunbird"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--feae299d-e34f-4fc9-8545-486d0905bd41","created":"2023-08-04T18:27:24.614Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082","external_id":"S1082"},{"source_name":"lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221","description":"Apurva Kumar, Kristin Del Rosso. (2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. 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Deep Technical Analysis of the Spyware FlexiSpy for Android. Retrieved September 10, 2019.","url":"https://d3gpjj9d20n0p3.cloudfront.net/fortiguard/research/Dig%20Deep%20into%20FlexiSpy%20for%20Android%28white%20paper%29_KaiLu.pdf","source_name":"FortiGuard-FlexiSpy"},{"source_name":"CyberMerchants-FlexiSpy","url":"http://www.cybermerchantsofdeath.com/blog/2017/04/22/FlexiSpy.html","description":"Actis B. (2017, April 22). FlexSpy Application Analysis. Retrieved September 4, 2019."},{"source_name":"FlexiSpy-Website","url":"https://www.flexispy.com/","description":"FlexiSpy. (n.d.). FlexiSpy. Retrieved September 4, 2019."}],"modified":"2019-10-14T18:08:28.349Z","name":"FlexiSpy","description":"[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) is sophisticated surveillanceware for iOS and Android. Publicly-available, comprehensive analysis has only been found for the Android version.(Citation: FortiGuard-FlexiSpy)(Citation: CyberMerchants-FlexiSpy)\n\n[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) markets itself as a parental control and employee monitoring application.(Citation: FlexiSpy-Website)","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Xbot","description":"[Xbot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0298) is an Android malware family that was observed in 2016 primarily targeting Android users in Russia and Australia. (Citation: PaloAlto-Xbot)","labels":["tool"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","type":"tool","id":"tool--da21929e-40c0-443d-bdf4-6b60d15448b4","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:48.609Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0298","external_id":"S0298"},{"source_name":"Xbot","description":"(Citation: PaloAlto-Xbot)"},{"source_name":"PaloAlto-Xbot","description":"Cong Zheng, Claud Xiao and Zhi Xu. (2016, February 18). New Android Trojan “Xbot” Phishes Credit Cards and Bank Accounts, Encrypts Devices for Ransom. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/new-android-trojan-xbot-phishes-credit-cards-and-bank-accounts-encrypts-devices-for-ransom/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--0a93fd8e-4a83-4c15-8203-db290e5f2ac6","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0027","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0027","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:02:36.744Z","name":"Initial Access","description":"The adversary is trying to get into your device.\n\nThe initial access tactic represents the vectors adversaries use to gain an initial foothold onto a mobile device.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"initial-access"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--10fa8d8d-1b04-4176-917e-738724239981","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0036","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0036","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:06:42.009Z","name":"Exfiltration","description":"The adversary is trying to steal data.\n\nExfiltration refers to techniques and attributes that result or aid in the adversary removing files and information from the targeted mobile device.\n\nIn the mobile environment, mobile devices are frequently connected to networks outside enterprise control such as cellular networks or public Wi-Fi networks. Adversaries could attempt to evade detection by communicating on these networks, and potentially even by using non-Internet Protocol mechanisms such as Short Message Service (SMS). However, cellular networks often have data caps and/or extra data charges that could increase the potential for adversarial communication to be detected.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"exfiltration"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--363bbeff-bb2a-4734-ac74-d6d37202fe54","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0028","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0028","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:03:15.455Z","name":"Persistence","description":" The adversary is trying to maintain their foothold.\n\nPersistence is any access, action, or configuration change to a mobile device that gives an attacker a persistent presence on the device. Attackers often will need to maintain access to mobile devices through interruptions such as device reboots and potentially even factory data resets.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"persistence"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--3e962de5-3280-43b7-bc10-334fbc1d6fa8","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0029","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0029","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:03:49.343Z","name":"Privilege Escalation","description":" The adversary is trying to gain higher-level permissions.\n\nPrivilege escalation includes techniques that allow an attacker to obtain a higher level of permissions on the mobile device. Attackers may enter the mobile device with very limited privileges and may be required to take advantage of a device weakness to obtain higher privileges necessary to successfully carry out their mission objectives.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"privilege-escalation"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--3f660805-fa2e-42e8-8851-57f9e9b653e3","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0037","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0037","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:06:59.132Z","name":"Command and Control","description":"The adversary is trying to communicate with compromised devices to control them.\n\nThe command and control tactic represents how adversaries communicate with systems under their control within a target network. There are many ways an adversary can establish command and control with various levels of covertness, depending on system configuration and network topology. Due to the wide degree of variation available to the adversary at the network level, only the most common factors were used to describe the differences in command and control. There are still a great many specific techniques within the documented methods, largely due to how easy it is to define new protocols and use existing, legitimate protocols and network services for communication. \n\nThe resulting breakdown should help convey the concept that detecting intrusion through command and control protocols without prior knowledge is a difficult proposition over the long term. Adversaries' main constraints in network-level defense avoidance are testing and deployment of tools to rapidly change their protocols, awareness of existing defensive technologies, and access to legitimate Web services that, when used appropriately, make their tools difficult to distinguish from benign traffic.\n\nAdditionally, in the mobile environment, mobile devices are frequently connected to networks outside enterprise control such as cellular networks or public Wi-Fi networks. Adversaries could attempt to evade detection by communicating on these networks, and potentially even by using non-Internet Protocol mechanisms such as Short Message Service (SMS). However, cellular networks often have data caps and/or extra data charges that could increase the potential for adversarial communication to be detected.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"command-and-control"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--4a800987-a3a8-4d56-a1bd-0d7171431756","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2020-01-27T14:00:49.089Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0041","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0041"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:00:49.089Z","name":"Execution","description":"The adversary is trying to run malicious code.\n\nExecution consists of techniques that result in adversary-controlled code running on a mobile device. Techniques that run malicious code are often paired with techniques from all other tactics to achieve broader goals, like exploring a network or stealing data.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"execution"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--6ebce653-294a-444a-bffb-14c04c8d137e","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0034","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0034","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T16:09:15.308Z","name":"Impact","description":"The adversary is trying to manipulate, interrupt, or destroy your devices and data.\n\nThe impact tactic consists of techniques used by the adversary to execute his or her mission objectives but that do not cleanly fit into another category such as Collection. Mission objectives vary based on each adversary's goals, but examples include toll fraud, destruction of device data, or locking the user out of his or her device until a ransom is paid.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"impact"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--6fcb36b8-3776-483b-8699-42215714fb10","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0031","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0031","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:05:02.718Z","name":"Credential Access","description":"The adversary is trying to steal account names, passwords, or other secrets that enable access to resources.\n\nCredential access represents techniques that can be used by adversaries to obtain access to or control over passwords, tokens, cryptographic keys, or other values that could be used by an adversary to gain unauthorized access to resources. Credential access allows the adversary to assume the identity of an account, with all of that account's permissions on the system and network, and makes it harder for defenders to detect the adversary. With sufficient access within a network, an adversary can create accounts for later use within the environment.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"credential-access"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--7a0d25d3-f0c0-40bf-bf90-c743871b19ba","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0035","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0035","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:06:10.915Z","name":"Collection","description":"The adversary is trying to gather data of interest to their goal.\n\nCollection consists of techniques used to identify and gather information, such as sensitive files, from a target network prior to exfiltration. This category also covers locations on a system or network where the adversary may look for information to exfiltrate.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"collection"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--7be441c2-0095-4b1e-8125-fa8ffda29b0f","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0033","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0033","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:05:37.854Z","name":"Lateral Movement","description":"The adversary is trying to move through your environment.\n\nLateral movement consists of techniques that enable an adversary to access and control remote systems on a network and could, but does not necessarily, include execution of tools on remote systems. The lateral movement techniques could allow an adversary to gather information from a system without needing additional tools, such as a remote access tool.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"lateral-movement"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--987cda6d-eb77-406b-bf68-bcb5f3d2e1df","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0030","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0030","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:04:46.497Z","name":"Defense Evasion","description":" The adversary is trying to avoid being detected.\n\nDefense evasion consists of techniques an adversary may use to evade detection or avoid other defenses. Sometimes these actions are the same as or variations of techniques in other categories that have the added benefit of subverting a particular defense or mitigation. Defense evasion may be considered a set of attributes the adversary applies to all other phases of the operation.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"defense-evasion"},{"modified":"2022-11-07T21:01:17.781Z","name":"Network Effects","description":"The adversary is trying to intercept or manipulate network traffic to or from a device.\n\nThis category refers to network-based techniques that an adversary may be able to use to fulfill his or her objectives without access to the mobile device itself. These include techniques to intercept or manipulate network traffic to and from the mobile device.","x_mitre_deprecated":true,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_shortname":"network-effects","type":"x-mitre-tactic","id":"x-mitre-tactic--9eb4c21e-4fa8-44c9-b167-dbfc455f9210","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0038","external_id":"TA0038"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.0.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--d418cdeb-1b9f-4a6b-a15d-2f89f549f8c1","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0032","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0032","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T16:09:00.466Z","name":"Discovery","description":"The adversary is trying to figure out your environment.\n\nDiscovery consists of techniques that allow the adversary to gain knowledge about the characteristics of the mobile device and potentially other networked systems. When adversaries gain access to a new system, they must orient themselves to what they now have control of and what benefits operating from that system give to their current objective or overall goals during the intrusion. The operating system may provide capabilities that aid in this post-compromise information-gathering phase.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"discovery"},{"modified":"2022-11-07T21:01:36.112Z","name":"Remote Service Effects","description":"The adversary is trying to control or monitor the device using remote services.\n\nThis category refers to techniques involving remote services, such as vendor-provided cloud services (e.g. Google Drive, Google Find My Device, or Apple iCloud), or enterprise mobility management (EMM)/mobile device management (MDM) services that an adversary may be able to use to fulfill his or her objectives without access to the mobile device itself.","x_mitre_deprecated":true,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_shortname":"remote-service-effects","type":"x-mitre-tactic","id":"x-mitre-tactic--e78d7d60-41b5-49b7-b0a9-5c5d4cbabe17","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0039","external_id":"TA0039"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.0.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Scheduled Task/Job","description":"Adversaries may abuse task scheduling functionality to facilitate initial or recurring execution of malicious code. On Android and iOS, APIs and libraries exist to facilitate scheduling tasks to execute at a specified date, time, or interval.\n\nOn Android, the `WorkManager` API allows asynchronous tasks to be scheduled with the system. `WorkManager` was introduced to unify task scheduling on Android, using `JobScheduler`, `GcmNetworkManager`, and `AlarmManager` internally. `WorkManager` offers a lot of flexibility for scheduling, including periodically, one time, or constraint-based (e.g. only when the device is charging).(Citation: Android WorkManager)\n\nOn iOS, the `NSBackgroundActivityScheduler` API allows asynchronous tasks to be scheduled with the system. The tasks can be scheduled to be repeating or non-repeating, however, the system chooses when the tasks will be executed. The app can choose the interval for repeating tasks, or the delay between scheduling and execution for one-time tasks.(Citation: Apple NSBackgroundActivityScheduler)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_detection":"Scheduling tasks/jobs can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Lorin Wu, Trend Micro"],"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--00290ac5-551e-44aa-bbd8-c4b913488a6d","created":"2020-11-04T16:43:31.619Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1603","external_id":"T1603"},{"source_name":"Android WorkManager","description":"Google. (n.d.). Schedule tasks with WorkManager. Retrieved November 4, 2020.","url":"https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/workmanager"},{"source_name":"Apple NSBackgroundActivityScheduler","description":"Apple. (n.d.). NSBackgroundActivityScheduler. Retrieved November 4, 2020.","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nsbackgroundactivityscheduler"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--039bc59c-ecc7-4997-b2b4-4ab728bd91aa","created":"2019-10-30T15:37:55.029Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1540","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1540"},{"source_name":"Fadeev Code Injection Aug 2018","url":"https://fadeevab.com/shared-library-injection-on-android-8/","description":"Alexandr Fadeev. (2018, August 26). Shared Library Injection on Android 8.0. Retrieved October 30, 2019."},{"source_name":"Google Triada June 2019","url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2019/06/pha-family-highlights-triada.html","description":"Lukasz Siewierski. (2019, June 6). PHA Family Highlights: Triada. Retrieved July 16, 2019."},{"source_name":"Shunix Code Injection Mar 2016","url":"https://shunix.com/shared-library-injection-in-android/","description":"Shunix . (2016, March 22). Shared Library Injection in Android. Retrieved October 30, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may use code injection attacks to implant arbitrary code into the address space of a running application. Code is then executed or interpreted by that application. Adversaries utilizing this technique may exploit capabilities to load code in at runtime through dynamic libraries.\n\nWith root access, `ptrace` can be used to target specific applications and load shared libraries into its process memory.(Citation: Shunix Code Injection Mar 2016)(Citation: Fadeev Code Injection Aug 2018) By injecting code, an adversary may be able to gain access to higher permissions held by the targeted application by executing as the targeted application. In addition, the adversary may be able to evade detection or enable persistent access to a system under the guise of the application’s process.(Citation: Google Triada June 2019)\n","modified":"2022-03-30T19:14:20.369Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Code Injection","x_mitre_detection":"Code injection can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-02-07T18:10:46.887Z","name":"Adversary-in-the-Middle","description":"Adversaries may attempt to position themselves between two or more networked devices to support follow-on behaviors such as [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002) or [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1642).  \n\n \n\n[Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1638) can be achieved through several mechanisms. For example, a malicious application may register itself as a VPN client, effectively redirecting device traffic to adversary-owned resources. Registering as a VPN client requires user consent on both Android and iOS; additionally, a special entitlement granted by Apple is needed for iOS devices. Alternatively, a malicious application with escalation privileges may utilize those privileges to gain access to network traffic.   \n\n\n Specific to Android devices, adversary-in-the-disk is a type of AiTM attack where adversaries monitor and manipulate data that is exchanged between applications and external storage.(Citation: mitd_kaspersky)(Citation: mitd_checkpoint)(Citation: mitd_checkpoint_research) To accomplish this, a malicious application firsts requests for access to multimedia files on the device (`READ_EXTERNAL STORAGE` and `WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE`), then the application reads data on the device and/or writes malware to the device. Though the request for access is common, when used maliciously, adversaries may access files and other sensitive data due to abusing the permission. Multiple applications were shown to be vulnerable against this attack; however, scrutiny of permissions and input validations may mitigate this attack.    \n\nOutside of a mobile device, adversaries may be able to capture traffic by employing a rogue base station or Wi-Fi access point. These devices will allow adversaries to capture network traffic after it has left the device, while it is flowing to its destination. On a local network, enterprise techniques could be used, such as [ARP Cache Poisoning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/002) or [DHCP Spoofing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/003).  \n\n \n\nIf applications properly encrypt their network traffic, sensitive data may not be accessible to adversaries, depending on the point of capture. For example, properly implementing Apple’s Application Transport Security (ATS) and Android’s Network Security Configuration (NSC) may prevent sensitive data leaks.(Citation: NSC_Android)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services should look for applications that request VPN access. These applications should be heavily scrutinized since VPN functionality is not very common. Mobile security products can potentially detect rogue Wi-Fi access points if the adversary is attempting to decrypt traffic using an untrusted SSL certificate. \n\n \n\nOn both Android and iOS, users must grant consent to an application to act as a VPN. Both platforms also provide visual context to the user in the top status bar when a VPN connection is active. Users can see registered VPN services in the device settings. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--08e22979-d320-48ed-8711-e7bf94aabb13","created":"2022-04-05T20:11:08.894Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1638","external_id":"T1638"},{"source_name":"mitd_checkpoint","description":"Check Point Research Team. (2018, August 12). Man-in-the-Disk: A New Attack Surface for Android Apps. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","url":"https://blog.checkpoint.com/security/man-in-the-disk-a-new-attack-surface-for-android-apps/"},{"source_name":"mitd_kaspersky","description":"Drozhzhin, A. (2018, August 27). Man-in-the-Disk: A new and dangerous way to hack Android. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","url":"https://usa.kaspersky.com/blog/man-in-the-disk/16089/"},{"source_name":"NSC_Android","description":"Lee, A., Ramirez, T. (2018, August 15). A Security Analyst’s Guide to Network Security Configuration in Android P . Retrieved February 7, 2024.","url":"https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2018/08/15/a-security-analysts-guide-to-network-security-configuration-in-android-p/"},{"source_name":"mitd_checkpoint_research","description":"Makkaveev, S. (2018, August 12). Man-in-the-Disk: Android Apps Exposed via External Storage. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","url":"https://research.checkpoint.com/androids-man-in-the-disk/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-3.html","external_id":"CEL-3"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-0.html","external_id":"APP-0"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-1.html","external_id":"APP-1"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-8.html","external_id":"APP-8"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-12.html","external_id":"ECO-12"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-15T16:23:59.281Z","name":"Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism","description":"Adversaries may circumvent mechanisms designed to control elevated privileges to gain higher-level permissions. Most modern systems contain native elevation control mechanisms that are intended to limit privileges that a user can gain on a machine. Authorization has to be granted to specific users in order to perform tasks that are designated as higher risk. An adversary can use several methods to take advantage of built-in control mechanisms in order to escalate privileges on a system. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"When an application requests administrator permission, users are presented with a popup and the option to grant or deny the request. Application vetting services can detect when an application requests administrator permission. Extra scrutiny could be applied to applications that do","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--08ea902d-ecb5-47ed-a453-2798057bb2d3","created":"2022-04-01T15:54:05.633Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1626","external_id":"T1626"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","external_id":"APP-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-25T19:53:07.406Z","name":"Remote Access Software","description":"Adversaries may use legitimate remote access software, such as `VNC`, `TeamViewer`, `AirDroid`, `AirMirror`, etc., to establish an interactive command and control channel to target mobile devices.  \n\nRemote access applications may be installed and used post-compromise as an alternate communication channel for redundant access or as a way to establish an interactive remote session with the target device. They may also be used as a component of malware to establish a reverse connection to an adversary-controlled system or service. Installation of remote access tools may also include persistence.  ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0b761f2b-197a-40f2-b100-8152cb957c0c","created":"2023-09-25T19:53:07.406Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1663","external_id":"T1663"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--0bcc4ec1-a897-49a9-a9ff-c00df1d1209d","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:08.155Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1454","external_id":"T1454"}],"modified":"2019-04-29T19:35:30.985Z","name":"Malicious SMS Message","description":"Test","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0c71033e-401e-4b97-9309-7a7c95e43a5d","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:18.237Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1470","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1470"},{"source_name":"Elcomsoft-EPPB","url":"https://www.elcomsoft.com/eppb.html","description":"Elcomsoft. (n.d.). Elcomsoft Phone Breaker. Retrieved December 29, 2016."},{"source_name":"Elcomsoft-WhatsApp","url":"https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2017/07/extract-and-decrypt-whatsapp-backups-from-icloud/","description":"Oleg Afonin. (2017, July 20). Extract and Decrypt WhatsApp Backups from iCloud. Retrieved July 6, 2018."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-0.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-0"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-1.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-1"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"An adversary who is able to obtain unauthorized access to or misuse authorized access to cloud backup services (e.g. Google's Android backup service or Apple's iCloud) could use that access to obtain sensitive data stored in device backups. For example, the Elcomsoft Phone Breaker product advertises the ability to retrieve iOS backup data from Apple's iCloud (Citation: Elcomsoft-EPPB). Elcomsoft also describes (Citation: Elcomsoft-WhatsApp) obtaining WhatsApp communication histories from backups stored in iCloud.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:54:11.189Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Obtain Device Cloud Backups","x_mitre_detection":"Google provides the ability for users to view their account activity. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"remote-service-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:43:03.218Z","name":"Uninstall Malicious Application","description":"Adversaries may include functionality in malware that uninstalls the malicious application from the device. This can be achieved by: \n \n* Abusing device owner permissions to perform silent uninstallation using device owner API calls. \n* Abusing root permissions to delete files from the filesystem. \n* Abusing the accessibility service. This requires sending an intent to the system to request uninstallation, and then abusing the accessibility service to click the proper places on the screen to confirm uninstallation.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can see a list of applications that can use accessibility services in the device settings. Application vetting services could look for use of the accessibility service or features that typically require root access.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0cdd66ad-26ac-4338-a764-4972a1e17ee3","created":"2022-03-30T19:31:31.855Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/001","external_id":"T1630.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-43.html","external_id":"APP-43"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:42:18.121Z","name":"Indicator Removal on Host","description":"Adversaries may delete, alter, or hide generated artifacts on a device, including files, jailbreak status, or the malicious application itself. These actions may interfere with event collection, reporting, or other notifications used to detect intrusion activity. This may compromise the integrity of mobile security solutions by causing notable events or information to go unreported.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can detect which applications can request device administrator permissions. Users can view applications with administrator access through the device settings, and may also notice if user data is inexplicably missing. Users can see a list of applications that can use accessibility services in the device settings. Application vetting services could look for use of APIs that could indicate the application is trying to hide activity.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS","Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0d4e3bbb-7af5-4c88-a215-0c0906bc1e8d","created":"2022-03-30T19:28:25.541Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630","external_id":"T1630"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-43.html","external_id":"APP-43"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:52:29.947Z","name":"Supply Chain Compromise","description":"Adversaries may manipulate products or product delivery mechanisms prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise.\n\nSupply chain compromise can take place at any stage of the supply chain including:\n\n* Manipulation of development tools\n* Manipulation of a development environment\n* Manipulation of source code repositories (public or private)\n* Manipulation of source code in open-source dependencies\n* Manipulation of software update/distribution mechanisms\n* Compromised/infected system images\n* Replacement of legitimate software with modified versions\n* Sales of modified/counterfeit products to legitimate distributors\n* Shipment interdiction\n\nWhile supply chain compromise can impact any component of hardware or software, attackers looking to gain execution have often focused on malicious additions to legitimate software in software distribution or update channels. Targeting may be specific to a desired victim set or malicious software may be distributed to a broad set of consumers but only move on to additional tactics on specific victims.  Popular open source projects that are used as dependencies in many applications may also be targeted as a means to add malicious code to users of the dependency, specifically with the widespread usage of third-party advertising libraries.(Citation: Grace-Advertisement)(Citation: NowSecure-RemoteCode)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries could be detected by application vetting services. Malicious software development tools could be detected by enterprises that deploy endpoint protection software on computers that are used to develop mobile apps. Application vetting could detect the usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0d95940f-9583-4e0f-824c-a42c1be47fad","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474","external_id":"T1474"},{"source_name":"Grace-Advertisement","description":"M. Grace et al. (2012, April 16-18). Unsafe exposure analysis of mobile in-app advertisements. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"https://www.csc2.ncsu.edu/faculty/xjiang4/pubs/WISEC12_ADRISK.pdf"},{"source_name":"NowSecure-RemoteCode","description":"Ryan Welton. (2015, June 15). A Pattern for Remote Code Execution using Arbitrary File Writes and MultiDex Applications. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2015/06/15/a-pattern-for-remote-code-execution-using-arbitrary-file-writes-and-multidex-applications/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-6.html","external_id":"APP-6"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-0.html","external_id":"SPC-0"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-1.html","external_id":"SPC-1"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-2.html","external_id":"SPC-2"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-3.html","external_id":"SPC-3"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-4.html","external_id":"SPC-4"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-5.html","external_id":"SPC-5"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-6.html","external_id":"SPC-6"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-7.html","external_id":"SPC-7"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-8.html","external_id":"SPC-8"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-9.html","external_id":"SPC-9"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-10.html","external_id":"SPC-10"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-11.html","external_id":"SPC-11"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-12.html","external_id":"SPC-12"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-13.html","external_id":"SPC-13"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-14.html","external_id":"SPC-14"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-15.html","external_id":"SPC-15"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-16.html","external_id":"SPC-16"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-17.html","external_id":"SPC-17"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-18.html","external_id":"SPC-18"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-19.html","external_id":"SPC-19"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-20.html","external_id":"SPC-20"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-21.html","external_id":"SPC-21"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-15T15:06:03.427Z","name":"Impersonate SS7 Nodes","description":"Adversaries may exploit the lack of authentication in signaling system network nodes to track the to track the location of mobile devices by impersonating a node.(Citation: Engel-SS7)(Citation: Engel-SS7-2008)(Citation: 3GPP-Security)(Citation: Positive-SS7)(Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport) \n\n \n\nBy providing the victim’s MSISDN (phone number) and impersonating network internal nodes to query subscriber information from other nodes, adversaries may use data collected from each hop to eventually determine the device’s geographical cell area or nearest cell tower.(Citation: Engel-SS7)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Network carriers may be able to use firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), or Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) to detect and/or block SS7 exploitation.(Citation: CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport) The CSRIC also suggests threat information sharing between telecommunications industry members.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0f4fb01b-d57a-4375-b7a2-342c9d3248f7","created":"2022-04-05T19:49:58.938Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1430/002","external_id":"T1430.002"},{"source_name":"3GPP-Security","description":"3GPP. (2000, January). A Guide to 3rd Generation Security. Retrieved December 19, 2016.","url":"http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/wg3_security/_specs/33900-120.pdf"},{"source_name":"CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport","description":"Communications Security, Reliability, Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (2017, March). Working Group 10 Legacy Systems Risk Reductions Final Report. Retrieved May 24, 2017.","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200330012714/https://www.fcc.gov/files/csric5-wg10-finalreport031517pdf"},{"source_name":"CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport","description":"CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport"},{"source_name":"Positive-SS7","description":"Positive Technologies. (n.d.). SS7 Attack Discovery. Retrieved December 19, 2016.","url":"https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/ptcom/PT-SS7-AD-Data-Sheet-eng.pdf"},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7-2008","description":"Tobias Engel. (2008, December). Locating Mobile Phones using SS7. Retrieved December 19, 2016.","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0n5ySqbfdI"},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7","description":"Tobias Engel. (2014, December). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate.. Retrieved December 19, 2016.","url":"https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-38.html","external_id":"CEL-38"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-08T18:15:15.902Z","name":"Match Legitimate Name or Location","description":"Adversaries may match or approximate the name or location of legitimate files or resources when naming/placing them. This is done for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may be done by giving artifacts the name and icon of a legitimate, trusted application (i.e., Settings), or using a package name that matches legitimate, trusted applications (i.e., `com.google.android.gm`). \n\nAdversaries may also use the same icon of the file or application they are trying to mimic.\n","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Ford Qin, Trend Micro","Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--114fed8b-7eed-4136-8b9c-411c5c7fff4b","created":"2023-07-12T20:45:14.704Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1655/001","external_id":"T1655.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-14.html","external_id":"APP-14"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","external_id":"APP-31"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--11bd699b-f2c2-4e48-bf46-fb3f8acd9799","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:30.462Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1425","external_id":"T1425"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.699Z","name":"Insecure Third-Party Libraries","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:56:20.270Z","name":"Protected User Data","description":"Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to collect data from permission-backed data stores on a device, such as the calendar or contact list. These permissions need to be declared ahead of time. On Android, they must be included in the application’s manifest. On iOS, they must be included in the application’s `Info.plist` file.  \n\n \n\nIn almost all cases, the user is required to grant access to the data store that the application is trying to access. In recent OS versions, vendors have introduced additional privacy controls for users, such as the ability to grant permission to an application only while the application is being actively used by the user. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access [Protected User Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636) without the user’s knowledge or approval. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view permissions granted to an application in device settings. Application vetting services typically flag permissions requested by an application, which can be reviewed by an administrator. Certain dangerous permissions, such as `RECEIVE_SMS`, could receive additional scrutiny.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--11c2c2b7-1fd4-408f-bc2e-fe772ef9df5e","created":"2022-04-01T12:36:41.507Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636","external_id":"T1636"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","external_id":"APP-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--16d73b64-5681-4ea0-9af4-4ad86f7c96e8","created":"2022-04-05T20:15:43.636Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1521.002","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/002"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may employ a known asymmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic, rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Asymmetric cryptography, also known as public key cryptography, uses a keypair per party: one public that can be freely distributed, and one private that should not be distributed. Due to how asymmetric algorithms work, the sender encrypts data with the receiver’s public key and the receiver decrypts the data with their private key. This ensures that only the intended recipient can read the encrypted data. Common public key encryption algorithms include RSA, ElGamal, and ECDSA.\n\nFor efficiency, many protocols (including SSL/TLS) use symmetric cryptography once a connection is established, but use asymmetric cryptography to establish or transmit a key. As such, these protocols are classified as [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/002).","modified":"2022-04-05T20:16:21.324Z","name":"Asymmetric Cryptography","x_mitre_detection":"Since data encryption is a common practice in many legitimate applications and uses standard programming language-specific APIs, encrypting data for command and control communication is regarded as undetectable to the user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"command-and-control","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:55:03.477Z","name":"Software Discovery","description":"Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of applications that are installed on a device. Adversaries may use the information from [Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not to fully infect the target and/or attempts specific actions. \n\n \n\nAdversaries may attempt to enumerate applications for a variety of reasons, such as figuring out what security measures are present or to identify the presence of target applications. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for the Android permission `android.permission.QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES`, and apply extra scrutiny to applications that request it. On iOS, application vetting services could look for usage of the private API `LSApplicationWorkspace` and apply extra scrutiny to applications that employ it.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:28.067Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418","external_id":"T1418"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-12.html","external_id":"APP-12"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:55:23.702Z","name":"Process Discovery","description":"Adversaries may attempt to get information about running processes on a device. Information obtained could be used to gain an understanding of common software/applications running on devices within a network. Adversaries may use the information from [Process Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1424) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. \n\n \n\nRecent Android security enhancements have made it more difficult to obtain a list of running processes. On Android 7 and later, there is no way for an application to obtain the process list without abusing elevated privileges. This is due to the Android kernel utilizing the `hidepid` mount feature. Prior to Android 7, applications could utilize the `ps` command or examine the `/proc` directory on the device.(Citation: Android-SELinuxChanges) \n\n \n\nIn iOS, applications have previously been able to use the `sysctl` command to obtain a list of running processes. This functionality has been removed in later iOS versions. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can typically detect rooted devices, which is an indication that Process Discovery is possible. Application vetting could potentially detect when applications attempt to abuse root access or root the system itself. Further, application vetting services could look for attempted usage of legacy process discovery mechanisms, such as the usage of `ps` or inspection of the `/proc` directory.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--1b51f5bc-b97a-498a-8dbd-bc6b1901bf19","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:33.926Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1424","external_id":"T1424"},{"source_name":"Android-SELinuxChanges","description":"Various. (2016, March 31). Overly restrictive SELinux filesystem permissions in Android N. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=205565"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-16T18:32:30.150Z","name":"Call Log","description":"Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather call log data. On Android, this can be accomplished using the Call Log Content Provider. iOS provides no standard API to access the call log. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access the [Call Log](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/002) without the user’s knowledge or approval. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can manage which applications have permission to access the call log through the device settings screen, revoking the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_CALL_LOG` in an Android application’s manifest. Most applications do not need call log access, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it.  ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--1d1b1558-c833-482e-aabb-d07ef6eae63d","created":"2022-04-01T13:12:23.522Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/002","external_id":"T1636.002"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","external_id":"APP-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:55:33.642Z","name":"Security Software Discovery","description":"Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of security applications and configurations that are installed on a device. This may include things such as mobile security products. Adversaries may use the information from [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418/001) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not to fully infect the target and/or attempt specific actions. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for the Android permission `android.permission.QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES`, and apply extra scrutiny to applications that request it. On iOS, application vetting services could look for usage of the private API `LSApplicationWorkspace` and apply extra scrutiny to applications that employ it.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--1d44f529-6fe6-489f-8a01-6261ac43f05e","created":"2022-03-31T19:50:45.752Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418/001","external_id":"T1418.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-12.html","external_id":"APP-12"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--1f96d624-8409-4472-ad8a-30618ee6b2e2","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:10.699Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1434","external_id":"T1434"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.699Z","name":"App Delivered via Email Attachment","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:57:40.571Z","name":"Ptrace System Calls","description":"Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via ptrace (process trace) system calls in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Ptrace system call injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process.  \n\nPtrace system call injection involves attaching to and modifying a running process. The ptrace system call enables a debugging process to observe and control another process (and each individual thread), including changing memory and register values.(Citation: PTRACE man) Ptrace system call injection is commonly performed by writing arbitrary code into a running process (e.g., by using `malloc`) then invoking that memory with `PTRACE_SETREGS` to set the register containing the next instruction to execute. Ptrace system call injection can also be done with `PTRACE_POKETEXT`/`PTRACE_POKEDATA`, which copy data to a specific address in the target process's memory (e.g., the current address of the next instruction).(Citation: PTRACE man)(Citation: Medium Ptrace JUL 2018)  \n\nPtrace system call injection may not be possible when targeting processes with high-privileges, and on some systems those that are non-child processes.(Citation: BH Linux Inject)  \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via ptrace system call injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for misuse of dynamic libraries.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--1ff89c1b-7615-4fe8-b9cb-63aaf52e6dee","created":"2022-03-30T19:05:17.048Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1631/001","external_id":"T1631.001"},{"source_name":"BH Linux Inject","description":"Colgan, T. (2015, August 15). Linux-Inject. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","url":"https://github.com/gaffe23/linux-inject/blob/master/slides_BHArsenal2015.pdf"},{"source_name":"Medium Ptrace JUL 2018","description":"Jain, S. (2018, July 25). Code injection in running process using ptrace. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","url":"https://medium.com/@jain.sm/code-injection-in-running-process-using-ptrace-d3ea7191a4be"},{"source_name":"PTRACE man","description":"Kerrisk, M. (2020, February 9). PTRACE(2) - Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","url":"http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/ptrace.2.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:59:55.849Z","name":"Impair Defenses","description":"Adversaries may maliciously modify components of a victim environment in order to hinder or disable defensive mechanisms. This not only involves impairing preventative defenses, such as anti-virus, but also detection capabilities that defenders can use to audit activity and identify malicious behavior. This may span both native defenses as well as supplemental capabilities installed by users or mobile endpoint administrators.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products integrated with Samsung Knox for Mobile Threat Defense can monitor processes to see if security tools are killed or stop running. Application vetting can detect many techniques associated with impairing device defenses.(Citation: Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense)","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--20b0931a-8952-42ca-975f-775bad295f1a","created":"2022-04-01T18:42:22.117Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629","external_id":"T1629"},{"source_name":"Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense","description":"Samsung Knox Partner Program. (n.d.). Knox for Mobile Threat Defense. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","url":"https://partner.samsungknox.com/mtd"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","external_id":"APP-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_contributors":["Lukáš Štefanko, ESET"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"attack-pattern--2204c371-6100-4ae0-82f3-25c07c29772a","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:08.613Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","external_id":"T1453","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1453"},{"url":"https://www.skycure.com/blog/accessibility-clickjacking/","description":"Yair Amit. (2016, March 3). “Accessibility Clickjacking” – The Next Evolution in Android Malware that Impacts More Than 500 Million Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","source_name":"Skycure-Accessibility"},{"description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/","source_name":"android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa"},{"source_name":"banking-trojans-google-play","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/10/24/banking-trojans-continue-surface-google-play/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, October 24). Banking Trojans continue to surface on Google Play. Retrieved July 11, 2019."}],"modified":"2020-03-30T14:03:43.761Z","name":"Abuse Accessibility Features","description":"**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417), [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516), and [Input Prompt](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1411) where appropriate.**\n\nA malicious app could abuse Android's accessibility features to capture sensitive data or perform other malicious actions.(Citation: Skycure-Accessibility)\n\nAdversaries may abuse accessibility features on Android to emulate a user's clicks, for example to steal money from a user's bank account.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)(Citation: banking-trojans-google-play)\n\nAdversaries may abuse accessibility features on Android devices to evade defenses by repeatedly clicking the \"Back\" button when a targeted app manager or mobile security app is launched, or when strings suggesting uninstallation are detected in the foreground. This effectively prevents the malicious application from being uninstalled.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"x_mitre_version":"2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:51:07.651Z","name":"Exploitation of Remote Services","description":"Adversaries may exploit remote services of enterprise servers, workstations, or other resources to gain unauthorized access to internal systems once inside of a network. Adversaries may exploit remote services by taking advantage of a mobile device’s access to an internal enterprise network through local connectivity or through a Virtual Private Network (VPN). Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. A common goal for post-compromise exploitation of remote services is for lateral movement to enable access to a remote system. \n\nAn adversary may need to determine if the remote system is in a vulnerable state, which may be done through [Network Service Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1423) or other Discovery methods. These look for common, vulnerable software that may be deployed in the network, the lack of certain patches that may indicate vulnerabilities, or security software that may be used to detect or contain remote exploitation. Servers are likely a high value target for lateral movement exploitation, but endpoint systems may also be at risk if they provide an advantage or access to additional resources.\n\nDepending on the permissions level of the vulnerable remote service, an adversary may achieve [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1404) as a result of lateral movement exploitation as well. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"lateral-movement"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Detecting software exploitation initiated by a mobile device may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash.\n\nNetwork traffic analysis could reveal patterns of compromise if devices attempt to access unusual targets or resources. \n\nApplication vetting may be able to identify applications that perform Discovery or utilize existing connectivity to remotely access hosts within an internal enterprise network. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--22379609-a99f-4a01-bd7e-70f3e105859d","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:13.259Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1428","external_id":"T1428"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-32.html","external_id":"APP-32"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2282a98b-5049-4f61-9381-55baca7c1add","created":"2022-04-01T19:06:27.177Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1437.001","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1437/001"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-29.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-29"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with web protocols traffic to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to remote mobile devices, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the mobile client and server. \n\nWeb protocols such as HTTP and HTTPS are used for web traffic as well as well as notification services native to mobile messaging services such as Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) and newly, Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM), (GCM/FCM: two-way communication) and Apple Push Notification Service (APNS; one-way server-to-device).  Such notification services leverage HTTP/S via the respective API and are commonly abused on Android and iOS respectively in order blend in with routine device traffic making it difficult for enterprises to inspect. ","modified":"2022-04-06T13:07:45.661Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Web Protocols","x_mitre_detection":"Abuse of standard application protocols can be difficult to detect as many legitimate mobile applications leverage such protocols for language-specific APIs. Enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"command-and-control","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-12-26T19:17:13.294Z","name":"Steal Application Access Token","description":"Adversaries can steal user application access tokens as a means of acquiring credentials to access remote systems and resources. This can occur through social engineering or URI hijacking and typically requires user action to grant access, such as through a system “Open With” dialogue.  \n\nApplication access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).(Citation: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019) OAuth is one commonly implemented framework used to issue tokens to users for access to systems. An application desiring access to cloud-based services or protected APIs can gain entry through OAuth 2.0 using a variety of authorization protocols. An example of a commonly-used sequence is Microsoft's Authorization Code Grant flow.(Citation: Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019)(Citation: Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019) An OAuth access token enables a third-party application to interact with resources containing user data in the ways requested without requiring user credentials.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users may be presented with a popup to select the appropriate application to open a URI in. If the user sees an application they do not recognize, they can remove it. When vetting applications for potential security weaknesses, the vetting process could look for insecure use of Intents. Developers should be encouraged to use techniques to ensure that the intent can only be sent to an appropriate destination (e.g., use explicit rather than implicit intents, permission checking, checking of the destination app's signing certificate, or utilizing the App Links feature). For mobile applications using OAuth, encourage use of best practice.(Citation: IETF-OAuthNativeApps)(Citation: Android-AppLinks)","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--233fe2c0-cb41-4765-b454-e0087597fbce","created":"2022-04-01T15:12:50.740Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1635","external_id":"T1635"},{"source_name":"Android-AppLinks","description":"Android. (n.d.). Handling App Links. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://developer.android.com/training/app-links/index.html"},{"source_name":"Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019","description":"Auth0. (n.d.). Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs. Retrieved September 12, 2019.","url":"https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/"},{"source_name":"Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019","description":"Microsoft. (n.d.). Microsoft identity platform and OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow. Retrieved September 12, 2019.","url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/v2-oauth2-auth-code-flow"},{"source_name":"Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019","description":"Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2019.","url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/active-directory-v2-protocols"},{"source_name":"IETF-OAuthNativeApps","description":"W. Denniss and J. Bradley. (2017, October). IETF RFC 8252: OAuth 2.0 for Native Apps. Retrieved November 30, 2018.","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8252"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--24a77e53-0751-46fc-b207-99378fb35c08","created":"2022-04-11T20:05:56.069Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1628.002","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628/002"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to avoid detection by hiding malicious behavior from the user. By doing this, an adversary’s modifications would most likely remain installed on the device for longer, allowing the adversary to continue to operate on that device. \n\nWhile there are many ways this can be accomplished, one method is by using the device’s sensors. By utilizing the various motion sensors on a device, such as accelerometer or gyroscope, an application could detect that the device is being interacted with. That way, the application could continue to run while the device is not in use but cease operating while the user is using the device, hiding anything that would indicate malicious activity was ongoing. Accessing the sensors in this way does not require any permissions from the user, so it would be completely transparent.","modified":"2022-04-11T20:05:56.069Z","name":"User Evasion","x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products may be able to detect some forms of user evasion. Otherwise, the act of hiding malicious activity could be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"defense-evasion","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:37:57.884Z","name":"Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion","description":"Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors after checking for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware’s behavior to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the payload. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping further payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors. \n\nAdversaries may use several methods to accomplish [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633) such as checking for system artifacts associated with analysis or virtualization. Adversaries may also check for legitimate user activity to help determine if it is in an analysis environment. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for applications attempting to get `android.os.SystemProperties` or `getprop` with the runtime `exec()` commands. This could indicate some level of sandbox evasion, as Google recommends against using system properties within applications.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--27d18e87-8f32-4be1-b456-39b90454360f","created":"2022-03-30T17:51:29.550Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633","external_id":"T1633"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--27f483c6-6666-44fa-8532-ffd5fc7dab38","created":"2020-06-24T17:33:49.778Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1579","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1579"},{"source_name":"Apple Keychain Services","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/keychain_services","description":"Apple, Inc.. (n.d.). Keychain Services. Retrieved June 24, 2020."},{"source_name":"Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain","url":"https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2018/12/six-ways-to-decrypt-iphone-passwords-from-the-keychain/","description":"V. Katalov. (2018, December 18). Six Ways to Decrypt iPhone Passwords from the Keychain. Retrieved June 24, 2020."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-11.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"AUT-11"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may collect the keychain storage data from an iOS device to acquire credentials. Keychains are the built-in way for iOS to keep track of users' passwords and credentials for many services and features such as Wi-Fi passwords, websites, secure notes, certificates, private keys, and VPN credentials.\n\nOn the device, the keychain database is stored outside of application sandboxes to prevent unauthorized access to the raw data. Standard iOS APIs allow applications access to their own keychain contained within the database. By utilizing a privilege escalation exploit or existing root access, an adversary can access the entire encrypted database.(Citation: Apple Keychain Services)(Citation: Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain)","modified":"2022-04-01T15:02:43.470Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Keychain","x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can potentially detect jailbroken devices and perform further actions as necessary.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-28T15:36:11.282Z","name":"Application Versioning","description":"An adversary may push an update to a previously benign application to add malicious code. This can be accomplished by pushing an initially benign, functional application to a trusted application store, such as the Google Play Store or the Apple App Store. This allows the adversary to establish a trusted userbase that may grant permissions to the application prior to the introduction of malicious code. Then, an application update could be pushed to introduce malicious code.(Citation: android_app_breaking_bad)\n\nThis technique could also be accomplished by compromising a developer’s account. This would allow an adversary to take advantage of an existing userbase without having to establish the userbase themselves. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Edward Stevens, BT Security","Adam Lichters"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--28fdd23d-aee3-4afe-bc3f-5f1f52929258","created":"2023-09-21T22:16:38.002Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1661","external_id":"T1661"},{"source_name":"android_app_breaking_bad","description":"Stefanko, L. (2023, May 23). Android app breaking bad: From legitimate screen recording to file exfiltration within a year. Retrieved August 28, 2023.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/05/23/android-app-breaking-bad-legitimate-screen-recording-file-exfiltration/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-20.html","external_id":"SPC-20"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--29e07491-8947-43a3-8d4e-9a787c45f3d3","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:17.176Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1413","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1413"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-3.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-3"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-13"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"On versions of Android prior to 4.1, an adversary may use a malicious application that holds the READ_LOGS permission to obtain private keys, passwords, other credentials, or other sensitive data stored in the device's system log. On Android 4.1 and later, an adversary would need to attempt to perform an operating system privilege escalation attack to be able to access the log.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:37:34.463Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Access Sensitive Data in Device Logs","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-07T22:15:34.693Z","name":"Command and Scripting Interpreter","description":"Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries. These interfaces and languages provide ways of interacting with computer systems and are a common feature across many different platforms. Most systems come with some built-in command-line interface and scripting capabilities, for example, Android is a UNIX-like OS and includes a basic [Unix Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1623/001) that can be accessed via the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) or Java’s `Runtime` package.\n\nAdversaries may abuse these technologies in various ways as a means of executing arbitrary commands. Commands and scripts can be embedded in [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0027) payloads delivered to victims as lure documents or as secondary payloads downloaded from an existing C2. Adversaries may also execute commands through interactive terminals/shells. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Command-line activities can potentially be detected through Mobile Threat Defense integrations with lower-level OS APIs. This could grant the MTD agents access to running processes and their parameters, potentially detecting unwanted or malicious shells.\n\nApplication vetting services could detect the invocations of methods that could be used to execute shell commands.(Citation: Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense)","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--29f1f56c-7b7a-4c14-9e39-59577ea2743c","created":"2022-03-30T13:40:37.259Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1623","external_id":"T1623"},{"source_name":"Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense","description":"Samsung Knox Partner Program. (n.d.). Knox for Mobile Threat Defense. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","url":"https://partner.samsungknox.com/mtd"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:40:12.912Z","name":"Disable or Modify Tools","description":"Adversaries may disable security tools to avoid potential detection of their tools and activities. This can take the form of disabling security software, modifying SELinux configuration, or other methods to interfere with security tools scanning or reporting information. This is typically done by abusing device administrator permissions or using system exploits to gain root access to the device to modify protected system files.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view a list of active device administrators in the device settings.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2aa78dfd-cb6f-4c70-9408-137cfd96be49","created":"2022-04-01T18:51:13.963Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629/003","external_id":"T1629.003"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:21:05.728Z","name":"Ingress Tool Transfer","description":"Adversaries may transfer tools or other files from an external system onto a compromised device to facilitate follow-on actions. Files may be copied from an external adversary-controlled system through the command and control channel  or through alternate protocols with another tool such as FTP.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for connections to unknown domains or IP addresses. Application vetting services may indicate precisely what content was requested during application execution.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2bb20118-e6c0-41dc-a07c-283ea4dd0fb8","created":"2020-01-21T15:27:30.182Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1544","external_id":"T1544"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:19:34.225Z","name":"Dynamic Resolution","description":"Adversaries may dynamically establish connections to command and control infrastructure to evade common detections and remediations. This may be achieved by using malware that shares a common algorithm with the infrastructure the adversary uses to receive the malware's communications. This algorithm can be used to dynamically adjust parameters such as the domain name, IP address, or port number the malware uses for command and control.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs), constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There are a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) Content delivery network (CDN) domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, a more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names or rarely visited domains.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2ccc3d39-9598-4d32-9657-42e1c7095d26","created":"2022-04-05T19:57:15.734Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1637","external_id":"T1637"},{"source_name":"Data Driven Security DGA","description":"Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","url":"https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2d646840-f6f5-4619-a5a8-29c8316bbac5","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1477","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1477"},{"source_name":"Forbes-iPhoneSMS","url":"http://www.forbes.com/2009/07/28/hackers-iphone-apple-technology-security-hackers.html","description":"Andy Greenberg. (2009, July 28). How to Hijack 'Every iPhone In The World'. Retrieved December 23, 2016."},{"source_name":"Register-BaseStation","url":"http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/11/12/mobile_pwn2own1/","description":"D. Pauli. (2015, November 12). Samsung S6 calls open to man-in-the-middle base station snooping. Retrieved December 23, 2016."},{"source_name":"ProjectZero-BroadcomWiFi","url":"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/04/over-air-exploiting-broadcoms-wi-fi_4.html","description":"Gal Beniamini. (2017, April 4). Over The Air: Exploiting Broadcom's Wi-Fi Stack. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"Weinmann-Baseband","url":"https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/woot12/woot12-final24.pdf","description":"R. Weinmann. (2012, August 6-7). Baseband Attacks: Remote Exploitation of Memory Corruptions in Cellular Protocol Stacks. Retrieved December 23, 2016."},{"source_name":"SRLabs-SIMCard","url":"https://srlabs.de/bites/rooting-sim-cards/","description":"SRLabs. (n.d.). SIM cards are prone to remote hacking. Retrieved December 23, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"The mobile device may be targeted for exploitation through its interface to cellular networks or other radio interfaces.\n\n### Baseband Vulnerability Exploitation\n\nA message sent over a radio interface (typically cellular, but potentially Bluetooth, GPS, NFC, Wi-Fi(Citation: ProjectZero-BroadcomWiFi) or other) to the mobile device could exploit a vulnerability in code running on the device(Citation: Register-BaseStation)(Citation: Weinmann-Baseband).\n\n### Malicious SMS Message\n\nAn SMS message could contain content designed to exploit vulnerabilities in the SMS parser on the receiving device(Citation: Forbes-iPhoneSMS). An SMS message could also contain a link to a web site containing malicious content designed to exploit the device web browser. Vulnerable SIM cards may be remotely exploited and reprogrammed via SMS messages(Citation: SRLabs-SIMCard).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:42:13.444Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Exploit via Radio Interfaces","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2de38279-043e-47e8-aaad-1b07af6d0790","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:26.890Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1423","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1423"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of services running on remote hosts, including those that may be vulnerable to remote software exploitation. Methods to acquire this information include port scans and vulnerability scans from the mobile device. This technique may take advantage of the mobile device's access to an internal enterprise network either through local connectivity or through a Virtual Private Network (VPN).","modified":"2022-04-11T19:12:38.451Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Network Service Scanning","x_mitre_detection":"Network service scanning can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"discovery","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2f0e8d80-4b8b-4f4a-b5cc-132afe7e057d","created":"2021-09-30T18:18:52.285Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1618","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1618"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to avoid detection by hiding malicious behavior from the user. By doing this, an adversary’s modifications would most likely remain installed on the device for longer, allowing the adversary to continue to operate on that device. \n\nWhile there are many ways this can be accomplished, one method is by using the device’s sensors. By utilizing the various motion sensors on a device, such as accelerometer or gyroscope, an application could detect that the device is being interacted with. That way, the application could continue to run while the device is not in use but cease operating while the user is using the device, hiding anything that would indicate malicious activity was ongoing. Accessing the sensors in this way does not require any permissions from the user, so it would be completely transparent.","modified":"2022-04-11T20:06:56.032Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"User Evasion","x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products may be able to detect some forms of user evasion. Otherwise, the act of hiding malicious activity could be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:41:52.000Z","name":"Exfiltration Over C2 Channel","description":"Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an existing command and control channel. Stolen data is encoded into the normal communications channel using the same protocol as command and control communications.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"exfiltration"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"[Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1646) can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--32063d7f-0a39-440d-a4a3-2694488f96cc","created":"2022-04-01T15:43:45.913Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1646","external_id":"T1646"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-29.html","external_id":"APP-29"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-08T19:20:13.836Z","name":"Exploitation for Privilege Escalation","description":"Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in order to elevate privileges. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in an application, service, within the operating system software, or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. Security constructions, such as permission levels, will often hinder access to information and use of certain techniques. Adversaries will likely need to perform privilege escalation to include use of software exploitation to circumvent those restrictions. \n\nWhen initially gaining access to a device, an adversary may be operating within a lower privileged process which will prevent them from accessing certain resources on the system. Vulnerabilities may exist, usually in operating system components and applications running at higher permissions, that can be exploited to gain higher levels of access on the system. This could enable someone to move from unprivileged or user- level permission to root permissions depending on the component that is vulnerable. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can potentially utilize device APIs to determine if a device has been rooted or jailbroken.  Application vetting services could potentially determine if an application contains code designed to exploit vulnerabilities.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--351c0927-2fc1-4a2c-ad84-cbbee7eb8172","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:29.405Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1404","external_id":"T1404"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-26.html","external_id":"APP-26"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-10T21:57:52.009Z","name":"Call Control","description":"Adversaries may make, forward, or block phone calls without user authorization. This could be used for adversary goals such as audio surveillance, blocking or forwarding calls from the device owner, or C2 communication.\n\nSeveral permissions may be used to programmatically control phone calls, including:\n\n* `ANSWER_PHONE_CALLS` - Allows the application to answer incoming phone calls(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `CALL_PHONE` - Allows the application to initiate a phone call without going through the Dialer interface(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS` - Allows the application to see the number being dialed during an outgoing call with the option to redirect the call to a different number or abort the call altogether(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `MANAGE_OWN_CALLS` - Allows a calling application which manages its own calls through the self-managed `ConnectionService` APIs(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `BIND_TELECOM_CONNECTION_SERVICE` - Required permission when using a `ConnectionService`(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `WRITE_CALL_LOG` - Allows an application to write to the device call log, potentially to hide malicious phone calls(Citation: Android Permissions)\n\nWhen granted some of these permissions, an application can make a phone call without opening the dialer first. However, if an application desires to simply redirect the user to the dialer with a phone number filled in, it can launch an Intent using `Intent.ACTION_DIAL`, which requires no specific permissions. This then requires the user to explicitly initiate the call or use some form of [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516) to programmatically initiate it.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Gaetan van Diemen, ThreatFabric"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view their default phone app in device settings. Users can review available call logs for irregularities, such as missing or unrecognized calls.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69","created":"2021-09-20T13:42:20.824Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1616","external_id":"T1616"},{"source_name":"Android Permissions","description":"Google. (2021, August 11). Manifest.permission. Retrieved September 22, 2021.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-41.html","external_id":"APP-41"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-42.html","external_id":"CEL-42"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-36.html","external_id":"CEL-36"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-18.html","external_id":"CEL-18"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:40:40.166Z","name":"Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol","description":"Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an un-encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server.\n\nAdversaries may opt to obfuscate this data, without the use of encryption, within network protocols that are natively unencrypted (such as HTTP, FTP, or DNS). Adversaries may employ custom or publicly available encoding/compression algorithms (such as base64) or embed data within protocol headers and fields.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"exfiltration"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"[Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639/001)s can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--37047267-3e56-453c-833e-d92b68118120","created":"2022-04-06T13:22:57.683Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639/001","external_id":"T1639.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-30.html","external_id":"APP-30"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-16T18:27:42.752Z","name":"Broadcast Receivers","description":"Adversaries may establish persistence using system mechanisms that trigger execution based on specific events. Mobile operating systems have means to subscribe to events such as receiving an SMS message, device boot completion, or other device activities. \n\nAn intent is a message passed between Android applications or system components. Applications can register to receive broadcast intents at runtime, which are system-wide intents delivered to each app when certain events happen on the device, such as network changes or the user unlocking the screen. Malicious applications can then trigger certain actions within the app based on which broadcast intent was received. \n\nIn addition to Android system intents, malicious applications can register for intents broadcasted by other applications. This allows the malware to respond based on actions in other applications. This behavior typically indicates a more intimate knowledge, or potentially the targeting of specific devices, users, or applications. \n\nIn Android 8 (API level 26), broadcast intent behavior was changed, limiting the implicit intents that applications can register for in the manifest. In most cases, applications that register through the manifest will no longer receive the broadcasts. Now, applications must register context-specific broadcast receivers while the user is actively using the app.(Citation: Android Changes to System Broadcasts) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Alex Hinchliffe, Palo Alto Networks"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services can detect which broadcast intents an application registers for and which permissions it requests. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--3775a580-a1d1-46c4-8147-c614a715f2e9","created":"2022-03-30T14:41:00.672Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1624/001","external_id":"T1624.001"},{"source_name":"Android Changes to System Broadcasts","description":"Google. (2019, December 27). Broadcasts Overview. Retrieved January 27, 2020.","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/broadcasts#changes-system-broadcasts"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--3911658a-6506-4deb-9ab4-595a51ae71ad","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:16.650Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1436","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1436"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may communicate over a commonly used port to bypass firewalls or network detection systems and to blend with normal network activity to avoid more detailed inspection. \n\nThey may use commonly open ports such as\n\n* TCP:80 (HTTP)\n* TCP:443 (HTTPS)\n* TCP:25 (SMTP)\n* TCP/UDP:53 (DNS)\n\nThey may use the protocol associated with the port or a completely different protocol.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:40:47.556Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Commonly Used Port","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"exfiltration"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--393e8c12-a416-4575-ba90-19cc85656796","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:26.104Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1439","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1439"},{"source_name":"mHealth","url":"https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/security-concerns-in-android-mhealth-apps","description":"D. He et al.. (2014). Security Concerns in Android mHealth Apps. Retrieved December 24, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-0.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-0"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-1.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-1"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"If network traffic between the mobile device and remote servers is unencrypted or is encrypted in an insecure manner, then an adversary positioned on the network can eavesdrop on communication.(Citation: mHealth)","modified":"2022-04-05T20:17:46.147Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Eavesdrop on Insecure Network Communication","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-15T16:26:05.050Z","name":"Access Notifications","description":"Adversaries may collect data within notifications sent by the operating system or other applications. Notifications may contain sensitive data such as one-time authentication codes sent over SMS, email, or other mediums. In the case of Credential Access, adversaries may attempt to intercept one-time code sent to the device. Adversaries can also dismiss notifications to prevent the user from noticing that the notification has arrived and can trigger action buttons contained within notifications.(Citation: ESET 2FA Bypass) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services can look for applications requesting the `BIND_NOTIFICATION_LISTENER_SERVICE` permission in a service declaration. Users can also inspect and modify the list of applications that have notification access through the device settings (e.g. Apps & notification -> Special app access -> Notification access). ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--39dd7871-f59b-495f-a9a5-3cb8cc50c9b2","created":"2019-09-15T15:26:08.183Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1517","external_id":"T1517"},{"source_name":"ESET 2FA Bypass","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2019, June 17). Malware sidesteps Google permissions policy with new 2FA bypass technique. Retrieved September 15, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/06/17/malware-google-permissions-2fa-bypass/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--3b0b604f-10db-41a0-b54c-493124d455b9","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:14.982Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1410","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1410"},{"source_name":"Skycure-Profiles","url":"https://www.skycure.com/blog/malicious-profiles-the-sleeping-giant-of-ios-security/","description":"Yair Amit. (2013, March 12). Malicious Profiles - The Sleeping Giant of iOS Security. Retrieved December 22, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary may capture network traffic to and from the device to obtain credentials or other sensitive data, or redirect network traffic to flow through an adversary-controlled gateway to do the same.\n\nA malicious app could register itself as a VPN client on Android or iOS to gain access to network packets. However, on both platforms, the user must grant consent to the app to act as a VPN client, and on iOS the app requires a special entitlement that must be granted by Apple.\n\nAlternatively, if a malicious app is able to escalate operating system privileges, it may be able to use those privileges to gain access to network traffic.\n\nAn adversary could redirect network traffic to an adversary-controlled gateway by establishing a VPN connection or by manipulating the device's proxy settings. For example, Skycure (Citation: Skycure-Profiles) describes the ability to redirect network traffic by installing a malicious iOS Configuration Profile.\n\nIf applications encrypt their network traffic, sensitive data may not be accessible to an adversary, depending on the point of capture.","modified":"2022-04-15T17:52:24.123Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Network Traffic Capture or Redirection","x_mitre_detection":"On both Android and iOS the user must grant consent to an app to act as a VPN. Both platforms also provide visual context to the user in the top status bar when a VPN connection is in place.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--3dd58c80-4c2e-458c-9503-1b2cd273c4d2","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:34.407Z","x_mitre_version":"2.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1411","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1411"},{"source_name":"Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices","url":"http://w2spconf.com/2011/papers/felt-mobilephishing.pdf","description":"A.P. Felt and D. Wagner. (2011, May 26). Phishing on Mobile Devices. Retrieved August 25, 2016."},{"source_name":"Android Background","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities/background-starts","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Restrictions on starting activities from the background. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"Android-getRunningTasks","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/ActivityManager.html#getRunningTasks%28int%29","description":"Android. (n.d.). ActivityManager getRunningTasks documentation. Retrieved January 19, 2017."},{"source_name":"Cloak and Dagger","url":"http://cloak-and-dagger.org/","description":"Fratantonio, Y., et al.. (2017). Cloak & Dagger. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019","url":"https://www.group-ib.com/blog/gustuff","description":"Group-IB. (2019, March 28). Group-IB uncovers Android Trojan named «Gustuff» capable of targeting more than 100 global banking apps, cryptocurrency and marketplace applications. Retrieved September 3, 2019."},{"source_name":"eset-finance","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/09/19/fake-finance-apps-google-play-target-around-world/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2016, July 7). Fake finance apps on Google Play target users from around the world. Retrieved September 24, 2018."},{"source_name":"Hassell-ExploitingAndroid","url":"https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2011kul/materials/D1T1%20-%20Riley%20Hassell%20-%20Exploiting%20Androids%20for%20Fun%20and%20Profit.pdf","description":"R. Hassell. (2011, October 12-13). Exploiting Androids for Fun and Profit. Retrieved October 10, 2019."},{"source_name":"XDA Bubbles","url":"https://www.xda-developers.com/android-q-system-alert-window-deprecate-bubbles/","description":"Rahman, M.. (2019, May 8). Bubbles in Android Q will fully replace the overlay API in a future Android version. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"NowSecure Android Overlay","url":"https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2017/05/25/android-overlay-malware-system-alert-window-permission/","description":"Ramirez, T.. (2017, May 25). ‘SAW’-ing through the UI: Android overlay malware and the System Alert Window permission explained. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"ThreatFabric Cerberus","url":"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html","description":"ThreatFabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"StackOverflow-getRunningAppProcesses","url":"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30619349/android-5-1-1-and-above-getrunningappprocesses-returns-my-application-packag","description":"Various. (n.d.). Android 5.1.1 and above - getRunningAppProcesses() returns my application package only. Retrieved January 19, 2017."},{"source_name":"Skycure-Accessibility","url":"https://www.skycure.com/blog/accessibility-clickjacking/","description":"Yair Amit. (2016, March 3). “Accessibility Clickjacking” – The Next Evolution in Android Malware that Impacts More Than 500 Million Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-31"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"The operating system and installed applications often have legitimate needs to prompt the user for sensitive information such as account credentials, bank account information, or Personally Identifiable Information (PII). Adversaries may mimic this functionality to prompt users for sensitive information.\n\nCompared to traditional PCs, the constrained display size of mobile devices may impair the ability to provide users with contextual information, making users more susceptible to this technique’s use.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)\n\nSpecific approaches to this technique include:\n\n### Impersonate the identity of a legitimate application\n\nA malicious application could impersonate the identity of a legitimate application (e.g. use the same application name and/or icon) and get installed on the device. The malicious app could then prompt the user for sensitive information.(Citation: eset-finance)\n\n### Display a prompt on top of a running legitimate application\n\nA malicious application could display a prompt on top of a running legitimate application to trick users into entering sensitive information into the malicious application rather than the legitimate application. Typically, the malicious application would need to know when the targeted application (and individual activity within the targeted application) is running in the foreground, so that the malicious application knows when to display its prompt. Android 5.0 and 5.1.1, respectively, increased the difficulty of determining the current foreground application through modifications to the `ActivityManager` API.(Citation: Android-getRunningTasks)(Citation: StackOverflow-getRunningAppProcesses). A malicious application can still abuse Android’s accessibility features to determine which application is currently in the foreground.(Citation: ThreatFabric Cerberus) Approaches to display a prompt include:\n\n* A malicious application could start a new activity on top of a running legitimate application.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)(Citation: Hassell-ExploitingAndroid) Android 10 places new restrictions on the ability for an application to start a new activity on top of another application, which may make it more difficult for adversaries to utilize this technique.(Citation: Android Background)\n* A malicious application could create an application overlay window on top of a running legitimate application. Applications must hold the `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission to create overlay windows. This permission is handled differently than typical Android permissions, and at least under certain conditions is automatically granted to applications installed from the Google Play Store.(Citation: Cloak and Dagger)(Citation: NowSecure Android Overlay)(Citation: Skycure-Accessibility) The `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission and its associated ability to create application overlay windows are expected to be deprecated in a future release of Android in favor of a new API.(Citation: XDA Bubbles)\n\n### Fake device notifications\n\nA malicious application could send fake device notifications to the user. Clicking on the device notification could trigger the malicious application to display an input prompt.(Citation: Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019)","modified":"2022-04-05T19:52:32.190Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Input Prompt","x_mitre_detection":"The user can view and manage which applications hold the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission to create overlay windows on top of other apps through the device settings in Apps & notifications -> Special app access -> Display over other apps (the exact menu location may vary between Android versions).","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:39:22.707Z","name":"Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol","description":"Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over a different protocol than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. \n\nAlternate protocols include FTP, SMTP, HTTP/S, DNS, SMB, or any other network protocol not being used as the main command and control channel. Different protocol channels could also include Web services such as cloud storage. Adversaries may opt to also encrypt and/or obfuscate these alternate channels. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"exfiltration"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"[Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639)s can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--3e091a89-a493-4a6c-8e88-d57be19bb98d","created":"2022-04-06T13:19:33.785Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639","external_id":"T1639"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-30.html","external_id":"APP-30"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-02-20T23:39:08.047Z","name":"Internet Connection Discovery","description":"Adversaries may check for Internet connectivity on compromised systems. This may be performed during automated discovery and can be accomplished in numerous ways such as using `adb shell netstat` for Android.(Citation: adb_commands)\n\nAdversaries may use the results and responses from these requests to determine if the mobile devices are capable of communicating with adversary-owned C2 servers before attempting to connect to them. The results may also be used to identify routes, redirectors, and proxy servers.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--45a5fe76-eda3-4d40-8f22-c186efd6278d","created":"2024-02-20T23:39:08.047Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422/001","external_id":"T1422.001"},{"source_name":"adb_commands","description":"Pulimet. (2017, September 11). AdbCommands. Retrieved December 14, 2023.","url":"https://gist.github.com/Pulimet/5013acf2cd5b28e55036c82c91bd56d8"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--45dcbc83-4abc-4de1-b643-e528d1e9df09","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:24.069Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1460","external_id":"T1460"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.703Z","name":"Biometric Spoofing","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-16T18:26:46.043Z","name":"Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts","description":"Adversaries may use scripts automatically executed at boot or logon initialization to establish persistence. Initialization scripts are part of the underlying operating system and are not accessible to the user unless the device has been rooted or jailbroken. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, Verified Boot can detect unauthorized modifications to the system partition.(Citation: Android-VerifiedBoot) Android's SafetyNet API provides remote attestation capabilities, which could potentially be used to identify and respond to compromise devices. Samsung Knox provides a similar remote attestation capability on supported Samsung devices. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--46d818a5-67fa-4585-a7fc-ecf15376c8d5","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:31.294Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1398","external_id":"T1398"},{"source_name":"Android-VerifiedBoot","description":"Android. (n.d.). Verified Boot. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-26.html","external_id":"APP-26"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","external_id":"APP-27"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:44:26.317Z","name":"Execution Guardrails","description":"Adversaries may use execution guardrails to constrain execution or actions based on adversary supplied and environment specific conditions that are expected to be present on the target. Guardrails ensure that a payload only executes against an intended target and reduces collateral damage from an adversary’s campaign. Values an adversary can provide about a target system or environment to use as guardrails may include environment information such as location.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019)\n\nGuardrails can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. This use of guardrails is distinct from typical [System Checks](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633/001). While use of [System Checks](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633/001) may involve checking for known sandbox values and continuing with execution only if there is no match, the use of guardrails will involve checking for an expected target-specific value and only continuing with execution if there is such a match.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Detecting the use of guardrails may be difficult depending on the implementation. Users can review which applications have location and sensitive phone information permissions in the operating system’s settings menu. Application vetting services can detect unnecessary and potentially permissions or API calls.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--498e7b81-238d-404c-aa5e-332904d63286","created":"2022-03-30T20:31:16.624Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627","external_id":"T1627"},{"source_name":"SWB Exodus March 2019","description":"Security Without Borders. (2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019.","url":"https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-09-12T15:20:41.834Z","name":"GUI Input Capture","description":"Adversaries may mimic common operating system GUI components to prompt users for sensitive information with a seemingly legitimate prompt. The operating system and installed applications often have legitimate needs to prompt the user for sensitive information such as account credentials, bank account information, or Personally Identifiable Information (PII). Compared to traditional PCs, the constrained display size of mobile devices may impair the ability to provide users with contextual information, making users more susceptible to this technique’s use.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)\n\nThere are several approaches adversaries may use to mimic this functionality. Adversaries may impersonate the identity of a legitimate application (e.g. use the same application name and/or icon) and, when installed on the device, may prompt the user for sensitive information.(Citation: eset-finance) Adversaries may also send fake device notifications to the user that may trigger the display of an input prompt when clicked.(Citation: Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019) \n\nAdditionally, adversaries may display a prompt on top of a running, legitimate application to trick users into entering sensitive information into a malicious application rather than the legitimate application. Typically, adversaries need to know when the targeted application and the individual activity within the targeted application is running in the foreground to display the prompt at the proper time. Adversaries can abuse Android’s accessibility features to determine which application is currently in the foreground.(Citation: ThreatFabric Cerberus) Two known approaches to displaying a prompt include:\n\n* Adversaries start a new activity on top of a running legitimate application.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)(Citation: Hassell-ExploitingAndroid) Android 10 places new restrictions on the ability for an application to start a new activity on top of another application, which may make it more difficult for adversaries to utilize this technique.(Citation: Android Background)\n* Adversaries create an application overlay window on top of a running legitimate application. Applications must hold the `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission to create overlay windows. This permission is handled differently than typical Android permissions and, at least under certain conditions, is automatically granted to applications installed from the Google Play Store.(Citation: Cloak and Dagger)(Citation: NowSecure Android Overlay)(Citation: Skycure-Accessibility) The `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission and its associated ability to create application overlay windows are expected to be deprecated in a future release of Android in favor of a new API.(Citation: XDA Bubbles)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Android users can view and manage which applications hold the `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission through the device settings in Apps & notifications -> Special app access -> Display over other apps (the exact menu location may vary between Android versions). \n\nApplication vetting services can look for applications requesting the `android.permission.SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission in the list of permissions in the app manifest. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512","created":"2022-04-05T19:48:31.195Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/002","external_id":"T1417.002"},{"source_name":"Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices","description":"A.P. Felt and D. Wagner. (2011, May 26). Phishing on Mobile Devices. Retrieved August 25, 2016.","url":"http://w2spconf.com/2011/papers/felt-mobilephishing.pdf"},{"source_name":"Android Background","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Restrictions on starting activities from the background. Retrieved September 18, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities/background-starts"},{"source_name":"Cloak and Dagger","description":"Fratantonio, Y., et al.. (2017). Cloak & Dagger. Retrieved September 12, 2024.","url":"https://cloak-and-dagger.org/"},{"source_name":"Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019","description":"Group-IB. (2019, March 28). Group-IB uncovers Android Trojan named «Gustuff» capable of targeting more than 100 global banking apps, cryptocurrency and marketplace applications. Retrieved September 3, 2019.","url":"https://www.group-ib.com/blog/gustuff"},{"source_name":"eset-finance","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2016, July 7). Fake finance apps on Google Play target users from around the world. Retrieved September 24, 2018.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/09/19/fake-finance-apps-google-play-target-around-world/"},{"source_name":"Hassell-ExploitingAndroid","description":"R. Hassell. (2011, October 12-13). Exploiting Androids for Fun and Profit. Retrieved October 10, 2019.","url":"https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2011kul/materials/D1T1%20-%20Riley%20Hassell%20-%20Exploiting%20Androids%20for%20Fun%20and%20Profit.pdf"},{"source_name":"XDA Bubbles","description":"Rahman, M.. (2019, May 8). Bubbles in Android Q will fully replace the overlay API in a future Android version. Retrieved September 18, 2019.","url":"https://www.xda-developers.com/android-q-system-alert-window-deprecate-bubbles/"},{"source_name":"NowSecure Android Overlay","description":"Ramirez, T.. (2017, May 25). ‘SAW’-ing through the UI: Android overlay malware and the System Alert Window permission explained. Retrieved September 18, 2019.","url":"https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2017/05/25/android-overlay-malware-system-alert-window-permission/"},{"source_name":"ThreatFabric Cerberus","description":"ThreatFabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved September 18, 2019.","url":"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html"},{"source_name":"Skycure-Accessibility","description":"Yair Amit. (2016, March 3). “Accessibility Clickjacking” – The Next Evolution in Android Malware that Impacts More Than 500 Million Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://www.skycure.com/blog/accessibility-clickjacking/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","external_id":"APP-31"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--4e6620ac-c30c-4f6d-918e-fa20cae7c1ce","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:11.535Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1432","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1432"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-13"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could call standard operating system APIs from a malicious application to gather contact list (i.e., address book) data, or with escalated privileges could directly access files containing contact list data.","modified":"2022-04-01T13:19:41.180Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Access Contact List","x_mitre_detection":"On both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, the user can view which applications have permission to access contact list information through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"collection","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:20:11.752Z","name":"Compromise Client Software Binary","description":"Adversaries may modify system software binaries to establish persistent access to devices. System software binaries are used by the underlying operating system and users over adb or terminal emulators. \n\nAdversaries may make modifications to client software binaries to carry out malicious tasks when those binaries are executed. For example, malware may come with a pre-compiled malicious binary intended to overwrite the genuine one on the device. Since these binaries may be routinely executed by the system or user, the adversary can leverage this for persistent access to the device. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Verified Boot can detect unauthorized modifications to the system partition.(Citation: Android-VerifiedBoot) Android’s SafetyNet API provides remote attestation capabilities, which could potentially be used to identify and respond to compromised devices. Samsung Knox provides a similar remote attestation capability on supported Samsung devices. Application vetting services could detect applications trying to modify files in protected parts of the operating system.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--4f14e30b-8b57-4a7b-9093-2c0778ea99cf","created":"2022-03-30T19:53:27.791Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1645","external_id":"T1645"},{"source_name":"Android-VerifiedBoot","description":"Android. (n.d.). Verified Boot. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","external_id":"APP-27"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:54:40.501Z","name":"Software Packing","description":"Adversaries may perform software packing to conceal their code. Software packing is a method of compressing or encrypting an executable. Packing an executable changes the file signature in an attempt to avoid signature-based detection. Most decompression techniques decompress the executable code in memory. \n\nUtilities used to perform software packing are called packers. An example packer is FTT. A more comprehensive list of known packers is available, but adversaries may create their own packing techniques that do not leave the same artifacts as well-known packers to evade defenses.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for known software packers or artifacts of packing techniques. Packing is not a definitive indicator of malicious activity, because as legitimate software may use packing techniques to reduce binary size or to protect proprietary code.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS","Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--51636761-2e35-44bf-9e56-e337adf97174","created":"2022-03-30T19:20:37.864Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406/002","external_id":"T1406.002"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--51aedbd6-2837-4d15-aeb0-cb09f2bf22ac","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:16.288Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1445","external_id":"T1445"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.701Z","name":"Abuse of iOS Enterprise App Signing Key","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--52651225-0b3a-482d-aa7e-10618fd063b5","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:09.864Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1450","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1450"},{"source_name":"3GPP-Security","url":"http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/wg3_security/_specs/33900-120.pdf","description":"3GPP. (2000, January). A Guide to 3rd Generation Security. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport","url":"https://www.fcc.gov/files/csric5-wg10-finalreport031517pdf","description":"Communications Security, Reliability, Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (2017, March). Working Group 10 Legacy Systems Risk Reductions Final Report. Retrieved May 24, 2017."},{"source_name":"CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport","description":"CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport"},{"source_name":"Positive-SS7","url":"https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/ptcom/PT-SS7-AD-Data-Sheet-eng.pdf","description":"Positive Technologies. (n.d.). SS7 Attack Discovery. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7-2008","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0n5ySqbfdI","description":"Tobias Engel. (2008, December). Locating Mobile Phones using SS7. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7","url":"https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf","description":"Tobias Engel. (2014, December). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate.. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-38.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"CEL-38"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could exploit signaling system vulnerabilities to track the location of mobile devices. (Citation: Engel-SS7) (Citation: Engel-SS7-2008) (Citation: 3GPP-Security) (Citation: Positive-SS7) (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport)","modified":"2022-04-05T19:54:12.657Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Exploit SS7 to Track Device Location","x_mitre_detection":"Network carriers may be able to use firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), or Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) to detect and/or block SS7 exploitation.(Citation: CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport) The CSRIC also suggests threat information sharing between telecommunications industry members.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--52eff1c7-dd30-4121-b762-24ae6fa61bbb","created":"2020-04-28T14:35:37.309Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1575","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1575"},{"source_name":"Google NDK Getting Started","url":"https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides","description":"Google. (2019, December 27). Getting Started with the NDK. Retrieved April 28, 2020."},{"source_name":"MITRE App Vetting Effectiveness","url":"https://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/publications/pr-16-4772-analyzing-effectiveness-mobile-app-vetting-tools-report.pdf","description":"M. Peck, C. Northern. (2016, August 22). Analyzing the Effectiveness of App Vetting Tools in the Enterprise. Retrieved April 28, 2020."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may use Android’s Native Development Kit (NDK) to write native functions that can achieve execution of binaries or functions. Like system calls on a traditional desktop operating system, native code achieves execution on a lower level than normal Android SDK calls.\n\nThe NDK allows developers to write native code in C or C++ that is compiled directly to machine code, avoiding all intermediate languages and steps in compilation that higher level languages, like Java, typically have. The Java Native Interface (JNI) is the component that allows Java functions in the Android app to call functions in a native library.(Citation: Google NDK Getting Started)\n\nAdversaries may also choose to use native functions to execute malicious code since native actions are typically much more difficult to analyze than standard, non-native behaviors.(Citation: MITRE App Vetting Effectiveness)","modified":"2022-04-08T15:46:24.495Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Native API","x_mitre_detection":"This is abuse of standard OS-level APIs and are therefore typically undetectable to the end user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--53263a67-075e-48fa-974b-91c5b5445db7","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1476","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1476"},{"source_name":"IBTimes-ThirdParty","url":"https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/danger-lurks-third-party-android-app-stores-1544861","description":"A Prasad. (2016, February 19). Danger lurks in third-party Android app stores. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"TrendMicro-RootingMalware","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/user-beware-rooting-malware-found-in-3rd-party-app-stores/","description":"Jordan Pan. (2016, February 10). User Beware: Rooting Malware Found in 3rd Party App Stores. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019."},{"source_name":"TrendMicro-FlappyBird","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/flappy-bird-and-third-party-app-stores/","description":"Veo Zhang. (2014, February 18). Flappy Bird and Third-Party App Stores. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-9.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"AUT-9"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-13.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-13"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-21.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-21"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"Malicious applications are a common attack vector used by adversaries to gain a presence on mobile devices. This technique describes installing a malicious application on targeted mobile devices without involving an authorized app store (e.g., Google Play Store or Apple App Store). Adversaries may wish to avoid placing malicious applications in an authorized app store due to increased potential risk of detection or other reasons. However, mobile devices often are configured to allow application installation only from an authorized app store which would prevent this technique from working.\n\nDelivery methods for the malicious application include:\n\n* [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) - Including the mobile app package as an attachment to an email message.\n* [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002) - Including a link to the mobile app package within an email, text message (e.g. SMS, iMessage, Hangouts, WhatsApp, etc.), web site, QR code, or other means.\n* Third-Party App Store - Installed from a third-party app store (as opposed to an authorized app store that the device implicitly trusts as part of its default behavior), which may not apply the same level of scrutiny to apps as applied by an authorized app store.(Citation: IBTimes-ThirdParty)(Citation: TrendMicro-RootingMalware)(Citation: TrendMicro-FlappyBird)\n\nSome Android malware comes with functionality to install additional applications, either automatically or when the adversary instructs it to.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)","modified":"2022-04-06T15:41:16.863Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Deliver Malicious App via Other Means","x_mitre_detection":"* An EMM/MDM or mobile threat defense solution may be able to identify the presence of apps installed from sources other than an authorized app store. \n* An EMM/MDM or mobile threat defense solution may be able to identify Android devices configured to allow apps to be installed from \"Unknown Sources\".\n* Enterprise email security solutions can identify the presence of Android or iOS application packages within email messages.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--537ea573-8a1c-468c-956b-d16d2ed9d067","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:07.827Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1469","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1469"},{"source_name":"Honan-Hacking","url":"https://www.wired.com/2012/08/apple-amazon-mat-honan-hacking/","description":"Mat Honan. (2012, August 6). How Apple and Amazon Security Flaws Led to My Epic Hacking. Retrieved December 29, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-5.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-5"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-7.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"EMM-7"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"An adversary who is able to obtain unauthorized access to or misuse authorized access to cloud services (e.g. Google's Android Device Manager or Apple iCloud's Find my iPhone) or to an EMM console could use that access to wipe enrolled devices (Citation: Honan-Hacking).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:54:28.187Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Remotely Wipe Data Without Authorization","x_mitre_detection":"Google provides the ability for users to view their general account activity. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"remote-service-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-28T17:02:58.893Z","name":"Exploitation for Client Execution","description":"Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in client applications to execute code. Vulnerabilities can exist in software due to insecure coding practices that can lead to unanticipated behavior. Adversaries may take advantage of certain vulnerabilities through targeted exploitation for the purpose of arbitrary code execution. Oftentimes the most valuable exploits to an offensive toolkit are those that can be used to obtain code execution on a remote system because they can be used to gain access to that system. Users will expect to see files related to the applications they commonly used to do work, so they are a useful target for exploit research and development because of their high utility. \n\nAdversaries may use device-based zero-click exploits for code execution. These exploits are powerful because there is no user interaction required for code execution. \n\n### SMS/iMessage Delivery  \n\nSMS and iMessage in iOS are common targets through [Drive-By Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1456), [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1660), etc. Adversaries may use embed malicious links, files, etc. in SMS messages or iMessages. Mobile devices may be compromised through one-click exploits, where the victim must interact with a text message, or zero-click exploits, where no user interaction is required. \n\n### AirDrop \n\nUnique to iOS, AirDrop is a network protocol that allows iOS users to transfer files between iOS devices. Before patches from Apple were released, on iOS 13.4 and earlier, adversaries may force the Apple Wireless Direct Link (AWDL) interface to activate, then exploit a buffer overflow to gain access to the device and run as root without interaction from the user.  ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Giorgi Gurgenidze, ISAC"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--5abfc5e6-3c56-49e7-ad72-502d01acf28b","created":"2023-08-23T22:13:27.313Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1658","external_id":"T1658"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:57:14.285Z","name":"Proxy Through Victim","description":"Adversaries may use a compromised device as a proxy server to the Internet. By utilizing a proxy, adversaries hide the true IP address of their C2 server and associated infrastructure from the destination of the network traffic. This masquerades an adversary’s traffic as legitimate traffic originating from the compromised device, which can evade IP-based restrictions and alerts on certain services, such as bank accounts and social media websites.(Citation: Threat Fabric Exobot)\n\nThe most common type of proxy is a SOCKS proxy. It can typically be implemented using standard OS-level APIs and 3rd party libraries with no indication to the user. On Android, adversaries can use the `Proxy` API to programmatically establish a SOCKS proxy connection, or lower-level APIs to interact directly with raw sockets.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Enterprises may be able to detect anomalous traffic originating from mobile devices, which could indicate compromise.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--5ca3c7ec-55b2-4587-9376-cf6c96f8047a","created":"2020-11-30T14:26:07.728Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1604","external_id":"T1604"},{"source_name":"Threat Fabric Exobot","description":"Threat Fabric. (2017, February). Exobot - Android banking Trojan on the rise. Retrieved October 29, 2020.","url":"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/exobot_android_banking_trojan_on_the_rise.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--60623164-ccd8-4508-a141-b5a34820b3de","created":"2019-09-23T13:11:43.694Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1520","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1520"},{"source_name":"Data Driven Security DGA","url":"https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/","description":"Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"securelist rotexy 2018","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/","description":"T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan – banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may use [Domain Generation Algorithms](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1520) (DGAs) to procedurally generate domain names for command and control communication, and other uses such as malicious application distribution.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)\n\nDGAs increase the difficulty for defenders to block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there potentially could be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.","modified":"2022-04-05T20:03:46.788Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Domain Generation Algorithms","x_mitre_detection":"Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different DGA algorithms, constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There is a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) CDN domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, another more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names or for rarely visited domains.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--62adb627-f647-498e-b4cc-41499361bacb","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:20.727Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1435","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1435"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-13"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could call standard operating system APIs from a malicious application to gather calendar entry data, or with escalated privileges could directly access files containing calendar data.","modified":"2022-04-01T12:50:48.453Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Access Calendar Entries","x_mitre_detection":"On both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, the user can view which applications have permission to access calendar information through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"collection","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--633baf01-6de4-4963-bb54-ff6c6357bed3","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:21.354Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1465","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1465"},{"source_name":"Kaspersky-DarkHotel","url":"https://blog.kaspersky.com/darkhotel-apt/6613/","description":"Alex Drozhzhin. (2014, November 10). Darkhotel: a spy campaign in luxury Asian hotels. Retrieved December 24, 2016."},{"source_name":"NIST-SP800153","url":"http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-153.pdf","description":"M. Souppaya and K. Scarfone. (2012, February). NIST SP 800-153 Guidelines for Securing Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). Retrieved December 24, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/lan-pan-threats/LPN-0.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"LPN-0"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could set up unauthorized Wi-Fi access points or compromise existing access points and, if the device connects to them, carry out network-based attacks such as eavesdropping on or modifying network communication(Citation: NIST-SP800153)(Citation: Kaspersky-DarkHotel).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:51:11.938Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Rogue Wi-Fi Access Points","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:54:25.564Z","name":"Foreground Persistence","description":"Adversaries may abuse Android's `startForeground()` API method to maintain continuous sensor access. Beginning in Android 9, idle applications running in the background no longer have access to device sensors, such as the camera, microphone, and gyroscope.(Citation: Android-SensorsOverview) Applications can retain sensor access by running in the foreground, using Android’s `startForeground()` API method. This informs the system that the user is actively interacting with the application, and it should not be killed. The only requirement to start a foreground service is showing a persistent notification to the user.(Citation: Android-ForegroundServices)\n\nMalicious applications may abuse the `startForeground()` API method to continue running in the foreground, while presenting a notification to the user pretending to be a genuine application. This would allow unhindered access to the device’s sensors, assuming permission has been previously granted.(Citation: BlackHat Sutter Android Foreground 2019)\n\nMalicious applications may also abuse the `startForeground()` API to inform the Android system that the user is actively interacting with the application, thus preventing it from being killed by the low memory killer.(Citation: TrendMicro-Yellow Camera)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Lorin Wu, Trend Micro"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can see persistent notifications in their notification drawer and can subsequently uninstall applications that do not belong. Applications could be vetted for their use of the `startForeground()` API, and could be further scrutinized if usage is found.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--648f8051-1a35-46d3-b1d8-3a3f5cf2cc8e","created":"2019-11-19T17:32:20.373Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1541","external_id":"T1541"},{"source_name":"Android-SensorsOverview","description":"Google. (n.d.). Sensors Overview. Retrieved November 19, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/sensors/sensors_overview#sensors-practices"},{"source_name":"Android-ForegroundServices","description":"Google. (n.d.). Services overview. Retrieved November 19, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/services.html#Foreground"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro-Yellow Camera","description":"Song Wang. (2019, October 18). Fake Photo Beautification Apps on Google Play can Read SMS Verification Code to Trigger Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)/Carrier Billing. Retrieved November 19, 2019.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/fake-photo-beautification-apps-on-google-play-can-read-sms-verification-code-to-trigger-wireless-application-protocol-wap-carrier-billing/"},{"source_name":"BlackHat Sutter Android Foreground 2019","description":"Thomas Sutter. (2019, December). Simple Spyware Androids Invisible Foreground Services and How to (Ab)use Them. Retrieved December 26, 2019.","url":"https://i.blackhat.com/eu-19/Thursday/eu-19-Sutter-Simple-Spyware-Androids-Invisible-Foreground-Services-And-How-To-Abuse-Them.pdf"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-19.html","external_id":"APP-19"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-07T17:13:04.396Z","name":"Replication Through Removable Media","description":"Adversaries may move onto devices by exploiting or copying malware to devices connected via USB. In the case of Lateral Movement, adversaries may utilize the physical connection of a device to a compromised or malicious charging station or PC to bypass application store requirements and install malicious applications directly.(Citation: Lau-Mactans) In the case of Initial Access, adversaries may attempt to exploit the device via the connection to gain access to data stored on the device.(Citation: Krebs-JuiceJacking) Examples of this include: \n \n* Exploiting insecure bootloaders in a Nexus 6 or 6P device over USB and gaining the ability to perform actions including intercepting phone calls, intercepting network traffic, and obtaining the device physical location.(Citation: IBM-NexusUSB) \n* Exploiting weakly-enforced security boundaries in Android devices such as the Google Pixel 2 over USB.(Citation: GoogleProjectZero-OATmeal) \n* Products from Cellebrite and Grayshift purportedly that can exploit some iOS devices using physical access to the data port to unlock the passcode.(Citation: Computerworld-iPhoneCracking) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"lateral-movement"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--667e5707-3843-4da8-bd34-88b922526f0d","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:23.233Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1458","external_id":"T1458"},{"source_name":"Krebs-JuiceJacking","description":"Brian Krebs. (2011, August 17). Beware of Juice-Jacking. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","url":"http://krebsonsecurity.com/2011/08/beware-of-juice-jacking/"},{"source_name":"GoogleProjectZero-OATmeal","description":"Jann Horn. (2018, September 10). OATmeal on the Universal Cereal Bus: Exploiting Android phones over USB. Retrieved September 18, 2018.","url":"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/09/oatmeal-on-universal-cereal-bus.html"},{"source_name":"Lau-Mactans","description":"Lau et al.. (2013). Mactans: Injecting Malware Into iOS Devices Via Malicious Chargers. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","url":"https://media.blackhat.com/us-13/US-13-Lau-Mactans-Injecting-Malware-into-iOS-Devices-via-Malicious-Chargers-WP.pdf"},{"source_name":"Computerworld-iPhoneCracking","description":"Lucas Mearian. (2018, May 9). Two vendors now sell iPhone cracking technology – and police are buying. Retrieved September 21, 2018.","url":"https://www.computerworld.com/article/3268729/apple-ios/two-vendors-now-sell-iphone-cracking-technology-and-police-are-buying.html"},{"source_name":"IBM-NexusUSB","description":"Roee Hay. (2017, January 5). Android Vulnerabilities: Attacking Nexus 6 and 6P Custom Boot Modes. Retrieved January 11, 2017.","url":"https://securityintelligence.com/android-vulnerabilities-attacking-nexus-6-and-6p-custom-boot-modes/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/physical-threats/PHY-1.html","external_id":"PHY-1"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/physical-threats/PHY-2.html","external_id":"PHY-2"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-6.html","external_id":"STA-6"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-16T13:31:29.924Z","name":"Audio Capture","description":"Adversaries may capture audio to collect information by leveraging standard operating system APIs of a mobile device. Examples of audio information adversaries may target include user conversations, surroundings, phone calls, or other sensitive information. \n\n \n\nAndroid and iOS, by default, require that applications request device microphone access from the user.  \n\n \n\nOn Android devices, applications must hold the `RECORD_AUDIO` permission to access the microphone or the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission to access audio output. Because Android does not allow third-party applications to hold the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission by default, only privileged applications, such as those distributed by Google or the device vendor, can access audio output.(Citation: Android Permissions) However, adversaries may be able to gain this access after successfully elevating their privileges. With the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission, adversaries may pass the `MediaRecorder.AudioSource.VOICE_CALL` constant to `MediaRecorder.setAudioOutput`, allowing capture of both voice call uplink and downlink.(Citation: Manifest.permission) \n\n \n\nOn iOS devices, applications must include the `NSMicrophoneUsageDescription` key in their `Info.plist` file to access the microphone.(Citation: Requesting Auth-Media Capture)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"In iOS 14 and up, an orange dot (or orange square if the Differentiate Without Color setting is enabled) appears in the status bar when the microphone is being used by an application. However, there have been demonstrations indicating it may still be possible to access the microphone in the background without triggering this visual indicator by abusing features that natively access the microphone or camera but do not trigger the visual indicators.(Citation: iOS Mic Spyware)\n\n\nIn Android 12 and up, a green dot appears in the status bar when the microphone is being used by an application.(Citation: Android Privacy Indicators)\n \n\nAndroid applications using the `RECORD_AUDIO` permission and iOS applications using `RequestRecordPermission` should be carefully reviewed and monitored. If the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission is found in a third-party Android application, the application should be heavily scrutinized. \n\n \n\nIn both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, users can review which applications have the permission to access the microphone through the device settings screen and revoke permissions as necessary. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"3.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:12.913Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1429","external_id":"T1429"},{"source_name":"Manifest.permission","description":"Android Developers. (2022, March 17). Voice Call. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/media/MediaRecorder.AudioSource#VOICE_CALL"},{"source_name":"Requesting Auth-Media Capture","description":"Apple Developers. (n.d.). Requesting Authorization for Media Capture on iOS. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/avfoundation/cameras_and_media_capture/requesting_authorization_for_media_capture_on_ios"},{"source_name":"Android Permissions","description":"Google. (2021, August 11). Manifest.permission. Retrieved September 22, 2021.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission"},{"source_name":"Android Privacy Indicators","description":"Google. (n.d.). Privacy Indicators. Retrieved April 20, 2022.","url":"https://source.android.com/devices/tech/config/privacy-indicators"},{"source_name":"iOS Mic Spyware","description":"ZecOps Research Team. (2021, November 4). How iOS Malware Can Spy on Users Silently. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://blog.zecops.com/research/how-ios-malware-can-spy-on-users-silently/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-19.html","external_id":"APP-19"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:59:46.686Z","name":"Hijack Execution Flow","description":"Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the way operating systems run applications. Hijacking execution flow can be for the purposes of persistence since this hijacked execution may reoccur over time. \n\nThere are many ways an adversary may hijack the flow of execution. A primary way is by manipulating how the operating system locates programs to be executed. How the operating system locates libraries to be used by a program can also be intercepted. Locations where the operating system looks for programs or resources, such as file directories, could also be poisoned to include malicious payloads.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile threat defense agents could detect unauthorized operating system modifications by using attestation.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--670a4d75-103b-4b14-8a9e-4652fa795edd","created":"2022-03-30T14:49:18.650Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1625","external_id":"T1625"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","external_id":"APP-27"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-07T22:48:30.418Z","name":"Unix Shell","description":"Adversaries may abuse Unix shell commands and scripts for execution. Unix shells are the underlying command prompts on Android and iOS devices. Unix shells can control every aspect of a system, with certain commands requiring elevated privileges that are only accessible if the device has been rooted or jailbroken. \n\nUnix shells also support scripts that enable sequential execution of commands as well as other typical programming operations such as conditionals and loops. Common uses of shell scripts include long or repetitive tasks, or the need to run the same set of commands on multiple systems. \n\nAdversaries may abuse Unix shells to execute various commands or payloads. Interactive shells may be accessed through command and control channels or during lateral movement such as with SSH. Adversaries may also leverage shell scripts to deliver and execute multiple commands on victims or as part of payloads used for persistence. \n\nIf the device has been rooted or jailbroken, adversaries may locate and invoke a superuser binary to elevate their privileges and interact with the system as the root user. This dangerous level of permissions allows the adversary to run special commands and modify protected system files.  ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Command-line activities can potentially be detected through Mobile Threat Defense integrations with lower-level OS APIs. This could grant the MTD agents access to running processes and their parameters, potentially detecting unwanted or malicious shells.\n\nApplication vetting services could detect the invocations of methods that could be used to execute shell commands.(Citation: Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense)","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--693cdbff-ea73-49c6-ac3f-91e7285c31d1","created":"2022-03-30T13:59:50.479Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1623/001","external_id":"T1623.001"},{"source_name":"Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense","description":"Samsung Knox Partner Program. (n.d.). Knox for Mobile Threat Defense. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","url":"https://partner.samsungknox.com/mtd"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6a3f6490-9c44-40de-b059-e5940f246673","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:33.158Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1437","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1437"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-29.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-29"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the mobile device, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the mobile device and server. \n\nAdversaries may utilize many different protocols, including those used for web browsing, transferring files, electronic mail, or DNS.","modified":"2022-04-19T20:03:51.831Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Application Layer Protocol","x_mitre_detection":"Abuse of standard application protocols can be difficult to detect as many legitimate mobile applications leverage such protocols for language-specific APIs. Enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"command-and-control","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--6b846ad0-cc20-4db6-aa34-91561397c5e2","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:11.861Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1431","external_id":"T1431"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.699Z","name":"App Delivered via Web Download","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-08-08T16:23:41.271Z","name":"Download New Code at Runtime","description":"Adversaries may download and execute dynamic code not included in the original application package after installation. This technique is primarily used to evade static analysis checks and pre-publication scans in official app stores. In some cases, more advanced dynamic or behavioral analysis techniques could detect this behavior. However, in conjunction with [Execution Guardrails](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627) techniques, detecting malicious code downloaded after installation could be difficult.\n\nOn Android, dynamic code could include native code, Dalvik code, or JavaScript code that utilizes Android WebView’s `JavascriptInterface` capability. \n\nOn iOS, dynamic code could be downloaded and executed through 3rd party libraries such as JSPatch. (Citation: FireEye-JSPatch) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Existing network infrastructure may detect network calls to known malicious domains or the transfer of malicious payloads over the network. Mobile security products may provide URL inspection services that could determine if a domain being visited is malicious. Application vetting services could look for indications that the application downloads and executes new code at runtime (e.g., on Android, use of `DexClassLoader`, `System.load`, or the WebView `JavaScriptInterface` capability; on iOS, use of JSPatch or similar capabilities). Unfortunately, this is only a partial mitigation, as additional scrutiny would still need to be applied to applications that use these techniques. These techniques are often used without malicious intent, and  applications may employ other techniques to hide their use of these techniques.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.5","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:14.460Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1407","external_id":"T1407"},{"source_name":"FireEye-JSPatch","description":"Jing Xie, Zhaofeng Chen, Jimmy Su. (2016, January 27). HOT OR NOT? THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF IOS REMOTE HOT PATCHING. Retrieved December 9, 2016.","url":"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/01/hot_or_not_the_bene.html"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-20.html","external_id":"APP-20"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-12-05T22:14:54.813Z","name":"Exploitation for Initial Access","description":"Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities to gain initial access to a mobile device. \n\nThis can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Vulnerabilities may be present in applications, services, the underlying operating system, or in the kernel itself. Several well-known mobile device exploits exist, including FORCEDENTRY, StageFright, and BlueBorne. Further, some exploits may be possible to exploit without any user interaction (zero-click), making them particularly dangerous. Mobile operating system vendors are typically very quick to patch such critical bugs, ensuring only a small window where they can be exploited. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6ecbc2eb-e85a-440a-ab68-4d98f8d56fbe","created":"2023-12-05T22:14:54.813Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1664","external_id":"T1664"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6f86d346-f092-4abc-80df-8558a90c426a","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:21.023Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1468","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1468"},{"source_name":"Krebs-Location","url":"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/05/tracking-firm-locationsmart-leaked-location-data-for-customers-of-all-major-u-s-mobile-carriers-in-real-time-via-its-web-site/","description":"Brian Krebs. (2018, May 17). Tracking Firm LocationSmart Leaked Location Data for Customers of All Major U.S. Mobile Carriers Without Consent in Real Time Via Its Web Site. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-5.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-5"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-7.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"EMM-7"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary who is able to obtain unauthorized access to or misuse authorized access to cloud services (e.g. Google's Android Device Manager or Apple iCloud's Find my iPhone) or to an enterprise mobility management (EMM) / mobile device management (MDM) server console could use that access to track mobile devices.(Citation: Krebs-Location)","modified":"2022-04-05T19:40:25.068Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Remotely Track Device Without Authorization","x_mitre_detection":"Google sends a notification to the device when Android Device Manager is used to locate it. Additionally, Google provides the ability for users to view their general account activity. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"remote-service-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:51:04.432Z","name":"System Checks","description":"Adversaries may employ various system checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behavior after checking for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual environment or sandbox. If the adversary detects a virtual environment, they may alter their malware’s behavior to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for virtualization artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. \n\nChecks could include generic system properties such as host/domain name and samples of network traffic. Adversaries may also check the network adapters addresses, CPU core count, and available memory/drive size. \n\nHardware checks, such as the presence of motion sensors, could also be used to gather evidence that can be indicative a virtual environment. Adversaries may also query for specific readings from these devices. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for applications attempting to get `android.os.SystemProperties` or `getprop` with the runtime `exec()` commands. This could indicate some level of sandbox evasion, as Google recommends against using system properties within applications.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6ffad4be-bfe0-424f-abde-4d9a84a800ad","created":"2022-03-30T17:53:35.582Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633/001","external_id":"T1633.001"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:53:16.029Z","name":"Stored Application Data","description":"Adversaries may try to access and collect application data resident on the device. Adversaries often target popular applications, such as Facebook, WeChat, and Gmail.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019) \n\n \n\nDue to mobile OS sandboxing, this technique is only possible in three scenarios: \n\n \n\n* An application stores files in unprotected external storage \n* An application stores files in its internal storage directory with insecure permissions (e.g. 777) \n* The adversary gains root permissions on the device ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could detect when applications store data insecurely, for example, in unprotected external storage.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"3.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--702055ac-4e54-4ae9-9527-e23a38e0b160","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:15.402Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1409","external_id":"T1409"},{"source_name":"SWB Exodus March 2019","description":"Security Without Borders. (2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019.","url":"https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-0.html","external_id":"AUT-0"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:57:43.022Z","name":"Screen Capture","description":"Adversaries may use screen capture to collect additional information about a target device, such as applications running in the foreground, user data, credentials, or other sensitive information. Applications running in the background can capture screenshots or videos of another application running in the foreground by using the Android `MediaProjectionManager` (generally requires the device user to grant consent).(Citation: Fortinet screencap July 2019)(Citation: Android ScreenCap1 2019) Background applications can also use Android accessibility services to capture screen contents being displayed by a foreground application.(Citation: Lookout-Monokle) An adversary with root access or Android Debug Bridge (adb) access could call the Android `screencap` or `screenrecord` commands.(Citation: Android ScreenCap2 2019)(Citation: Trend Micro ScreenCap July 2015) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"The user can view a list of apps with accessibility service privileges in the device settings. Application vetting services can look for the use of the Android `MediaProjectionManager` class, applying extra scrutiny to applications that use the class.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.3","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--73c26732-6422-4081-8b63-6d0ae93d449e","created":"2019-08-08T18:34:14.178Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1513","external_id":"T1513"},{"source_name":"Android ScreenCap2 2019","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Android Debug Bridge (adb). Retrieved August 8, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb"},{"source_name":"Android ScreenCap1 2019","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Android MediaProjectionManager. Retrieved August 8, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/media/projection/MediaProjectionManager"},{"source_name":"Lookout-Monokle","description":"Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. (2019, July). Monokle: The Mobile Surveillance Tooling of the Special Technology Center. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","url":"https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/lookout-discovers-monokle-threat-report.pdf"},{"source_name":"Fortinet screencap July 2019","description":"Dario Durando. (2019, July 3). BianLian: A New Wave Emerges. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","url":"https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/new-wave-bianlian-malware.html"},{"source_name":"Trend Micro ScreenCap July 2015","description":"Zhang, V. (2015, July 21). Hacking Team RCSAndroid Spying Tool Listens to Calls; Roots Devices to Get In. Retrieved August 8, 2019.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/hacking-team-rcsandroid-spying-tool-listens-to-calls-roots-devices-to-get-in/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-40.html","external_id":"APP-40"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:44:26.748Z","name":"Transmitted Data Manipulation","description":"Adversaries may alter data en route to storage or other systems in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. By manipulating transmitted data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, or decision making.\n\nManipulation may be possible over a network connection or between system processes where there is an opportunity to deploy a tool that will intercept and change information. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target transmission mechanism as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system, typically gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign, in order to have the desired impact.\n\nOne method to achieve [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001) is by modifying the contents of the device clipboard. Malicious applications may monitor clipboard activity through the `ClipboardManager.OnPrimaryClipChangedListener` interface on Android to determine when clipboard contents have changed. Listening to clipboard activity, reading clipboard contents, and modifying clipboard contents requires no explicit application permissions and can be performed by applications running in the background. However, this behavior has changed with the release of Android 10.\n\nAdversaries may use [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001) to replace text prior to being pasted. For example, replacing a copied Bitcoin wallet address with a wallet address that is under adversarial control.\n\n[Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001) was seen within the Android/Clipper.C trojan. This sample was detected by ESET in an application distributed through the Google Play Store targeting cryptocurrency wallet numbers.(Citation: ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Applications could be vetted for their use of the clipboard manager APIs with extra scrutiny given to application that make use of them.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--74e6003f-c7f4-4047-983b-708cc19b96b6","created":"2022-04-06T13:39:39.779Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001","external_id":"T1641.001"},{"source_name":"ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019","description":"ESET. (2019, February 11). First clipper malware discovered on Google Play.. Retrieved July 26, 2019.","url":"https://www.eset.com/uk/about/newsroom/press-releases/first-clipper-malware-discovered-on-google-play-1/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--76c12fc8-a4eb-45d6-a3b7-e371a7248f69","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:07.460Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1452","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1452"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could use access to a compromised device's credentials to attempt to manipulate app store rankings or ratings by triggering application downloads or posting fake reviews of applications. This technique likely requires privileged access (a rooted or jailbroken device).","modified":"2022-04-06T13:57:24.726Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Manipulate App Store Rankings or Ratings","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--77e30eee-fd48-40b4-99ec-73e97c158b58","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:32.008Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1416","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1416"},{"source_name":"Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/ios-url-scheme-susceptible-to-hijacking/","description":"L. Wu, Y. Zhou, M. Li. (2019, July 12).  iOS URL Scheme Susceptible to Hijacking. Retrieved September 11, 2020."},{"source_name":"IETF-PKCE","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636","description":"N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may register Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) to intercept sensitive data.\n\nApplications regularly register URIs with the operating system to act as a response handler for various actions, such as logging into an app using an external account via single sign-on. This allows redirections to that specific URI to be intercepted by the application. If a malicious application were to register for a URI that was already in use by a genuine application, the malicious application may be able to intercept data intended for the genuine application or perform a phishing attack against the genuine application. Intercepted data may include OAuth authorization codes or tokens that could be used by the malicious application to gain access to resources.(Citation: Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking)(Citation: IETF-PKCE)","modified":"2022-04-01T15:17:21.508Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"URI Hijacking","x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users may be presented with a popup to select the appropriate application to open the URI in. If the user sees an application they do not recognize, they can remove it.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:28:54.940Z","name":"Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools","description":"Adversaries may manipulate products or product delivery mechanisms prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Applications often depend on external software to function properly. Popular open source projects that are used as dependencies in many applications may be targeted as a means to add malicious code to users of the dependency.(Citation: Grace-Advertisement)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries could be detected by application vetting services. Malicious software development tools could be detected by enterprises that deploy endpoint protection software on computers that are used to develop mobile apps. Application vetting could detect the usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--7827ced0-95e7-4d05-bdcf-0d8f2d37a3d3","created":"2022-03-28T19:31:51.978Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474/001","external_id":"T1474.001"},{"source_name":"Grace-Advertisement","description":"M. Grace et al. (2012, April 16-18). Unsafe exposure analysis of mobile in-app advertisements. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"https://www.csc2.ncsu.edu/faculty/xjiang4/pubs/WISEC12_ADRISK.pdf"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-6.html","external_id":"APP-6"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-0.html","external_id":"SPC-0"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-3.html","external_id":"SPC-3"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-9.html","external_id":"SPC-9"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-10.html","external_id":"SPC-10"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-15.html","external_id":"SPC-15"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--786f488c-cb1f-4602-89c5-86d982ee326b","created":"2019-10-02T14:46:43.632Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1523","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1523"},{"source_name":"Sophos Anti-emulation","url":"https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2017/04/13/android-malware-anti-emulation-techniques/","description":"Chen Yu et al. . (2017, April 13). Android malware anti-emulation techniques. Retrieved October 2, 2019."},{"source_name":"Xiao-ZergHelper","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/pirated-ios-app-stores-client-successfully-evaded-apple-ios-code-review/","description":"Claud Xiao. (2016, February 21). Pirated iOS App Store’s Client Successfully Evaded Apple iOS Code Review. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Cyberscoop Evade Analysis January 2019","url":"https://www.cyberscoop.com/android-malware-motion-detection-trend-micro/","description":"Jeff Stone. (2019, January 18). Sneaky motion-detection feature found on Android malware. Retrieved October 2, 2019."},{"source_name":"ThreatFabric Cerberus","url":"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html","description":"ThreatFabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"Github Anti-emulator","url":"https://github.com/strazzere/anti-emulator","description":"Tim Strazzere. (n.d.). Android Anti-Emulator. Retrieved October 2, 2019."},{"source_name":"Talos Gustuff Apr 2019","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/gustuff-targets-australia.html","description":"Vitor Ventura. (2019, April 9).  Gustuff banking botnet targets Australia . Retrieved September 3, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Malicious applications may attempt to detect their operating environment prior to fully executing their payloads. These checks are often used to ensure the application is not running within an analysis environment such as a sandbox used for application vetting, security research, or reverse engineering. \nAdversaries may use many different checks such as physical sensors, location, and system properties to fingerprint emulators and sandbox environments.(Citation: Talos Gustuff Apr 2019)(Citation: ThreatFabric Cerberus)(Citation: Xiao-ZergHelper)(Citation: Cyberscoop Evade Analysis January 2019) Adversaries may access `android.os.SystemProperties` via Java reflection to obtain specific system information.(Citation: Github Anti-emulator) Standard values such as phone number, IMEI, IMSI, device IDs, and device drivers may be checked against default signatures of common sandboxes.(Citation: Sophos Anti-emulation)\n","modified":"2022-03-30T17:54:56.590Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Evade Analysis Environment","x_mitre_detection":"Analysis Environment avoidance capabilities can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:43:49.443Z","name":"URI Hijacking","description":"Adversaries may register Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) to intercept sensitive data. \n\nApplications regularly register URIs with the operating system to act as a response handler for various actions, such as logging into an app using an external account via single sign-on. This allows redirections to that specific URI to be intercepted by the application. If an adversary were to register for a URI that was already in use by a genuine application, the adversary may be able to intercept data intended for the genuine application or perform a phishing attack against the genuine application. Intercepted data may include OAuth authorization codes or tokens that could be used by the adversary to gain access to protected resources.(Citation: Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking)(Citation: IETF-PKCE) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Leo Zhang, Trend Micro","Steven Du, Trend Micro"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users may be presented with a popup to select the appropriate application to open the URI in. If the user sees an application they do not recognize, they can remove it. When vetting applications for potential security weaknesses, the vetting process could look for insecure use of Intents. Developers should be encouraged to use techniques to ensure that the intent can only be sent to an appropriate destination (e.g., use explicit rather than implicit intents, permission checking, checking of the destination app's signing certificate, or utilizing the App Links feature). For mobile applications using OAuth, encourage use of best practice. (Citation: IETF-OAuthNativeApps)(Citation: Android-AppLinks)","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--789ef15a-34d9-4b32-a779-8cbbc9eb32f5","created":"2022-04-01T15:15:35.640Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1635/001","external_id":"T1635.001"},{"source_name":"Android-AppLinks","description":"Android. (n.d.). Handling App Links. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://developer.android.com/training/app-links/index.html"},{"source_name":"Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking","description":"L. Wu, Y. Zhou, M. Li. (2019, July 12).  iOS URL Scheme Susceptible to Hijacking. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/ios-url-scheme-susceptible-to-hijacking/"},{"source_name":"IETF-PKCE","description":"N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636"},{"source_name":"IETF-OAuthNativeApps","description":"W. Denniss and J. Bradley. (2017, October). IETF RFC 8252: OAuth 2.0 for Native Apps. Retrieved November 30, 2018.","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8252"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:52:52.097Z","name":"Subvert Trust Controls","description":"Adversaries may undermine security controls that will either warn users of untrusted activity or prevent execution of untrusted applications. Operating systems and security products may contain mechanisms to identify programs or websites as possessing some level of trust. Examples of such features include: an app being allowed to run because it is signed by a valid code signing certificate; an OS prompt alerting the user that an app came from an untrusted source; or getting an indication that you are about to connect to an untrusted site. The method adversaries use will depend on the specific mechanism they seek to subvert. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can use the device settings menu to view trusted CA certificates and look for unexpected or unknown certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies. Users can use the device settings menu to view which applications on the device are allowed to install unknown applications. \n\nOn iOS, the user can use the device settings menu to view installed Configuration Profiles and look for unexpected or unknown profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--79cb02f4-ac4e-4335-8b51-425c9573cce1","created":"2022-03-30T18:05:46.795Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1632","external_id":"T1632"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-7.html","external_id":"STA-7"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--79eec66a-9bd0-4a3f-ac82-19159e94bd44","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:11.116Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1433","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1433"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-13"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"On Android, an adversary could call standard operating system APIs from a malicious application to gather call log data, or with escalated privileges could directly access files containing call log data.\n\nOn iOS, applications do not have access to the call log, so privilege escalation would be required in order to access the data.","modified":"2022-04-01T13:14:43.174Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Access Call Log","x_mitre_detection":"On Android 6.0 and up, the user can view which applications have permission to access call log information through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--8197f026-64da-4700-93b9-b55ba55f3b31","created":"2020-09-11T15:04:14.532Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1581","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581"},{"source_name":"Lookout eSurv","url":"https://blog.lookout.com/esurv-research","description":"A. Bauer. (2019, April 8). Lookout discovers phishing sites distributing new iOS and Android surveillanceware. Retrieved September 11, 2020."},{"source_name":"Apple Location Services","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/corelocation/requesting_authorization_for_location_services","description":"Apple. (n.d.). Requesting Authorization for Location Services. Retrieved September 11, 2020."},{"source_name":"Android Geofencing API","url":"https://developer.android.com/training/location/geofencing","description":"Google. (n.d.). Create and monitor geofences. Retrieved September 11, 2020."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may use a device’s geographical location to limit certain malicious behaviors. For example, malware operators may limit the distribution of a second stage payload to certain geographic regions.(Citation: Lookout eSurv)\n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) is accomplished by persuading the user to grant the application permission to access location services. The application can then collect, process, and exfiltrate the device’s location to perform location-based actions, such as ceasing malicious behavior or showing region-specific advertisements.\n\nOne method to accomplish [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) on Android is to use the built-in Geofencing API to automatically trigger certain behaviors when the device enters or exits a specified radius around a geographical location. Similar to other [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) methods, this requires that the user has granted the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` and `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permissions. The latter is only required if the application targets Android 10 (API level 29) or higher. However, Android 11 introduced additional permission controls that may restrict background location collection based on user permission choices at runtime. These additional controls include “Allow only while using the app”, which will effectively prohibit background location collection.(Citation: Android Geofencing API)\n\nSimilarly, on iOS, developers can use built-in APIs to setup and execute geofencing. Depending on the use case, the app will either need to call `requestWhenInUseAuthorization()` or `requestAlwaysAuthorization()`, depending on when access to the location services is required. Similar to Android, users also have the option to limit when the application can access the device’s location, including one-time use and only when the application is running in the foreground.(Citation: Apple Location Services)\n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. For example, location data could be used to limit malware spread and/or capabilities, which could also potentially evade application analysis environments (ex: malware analysis outside of the target geographic area). Other malicious usages could include showing language-specific [Input Prompt](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1411)s and/or advertisements.","modified":"2022-03-30T20:43:31.244Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Geofencing","x_mitre_detection":"Users can review which applications have location permissions in the operating system’s settings menu. On Android 10 and later, the system shows a notification to the user when an app has been accessing device location in the background.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--82f04b1e-5371-4a6f-be06-411f0f43b483","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:29.774Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1401","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1401"},{"source_name":"Android DeviceAdminInfo","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DeviceAdminInfo","description":"Google. (n.d.). DeviceAdminInfo. Retrieved November 20, 2020."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-22"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may request device administrator permissions to perform malicious actions.\n\nBy abusing the device administration API, adversaries can perform several nefarious actions, such as resetting the device’s password for [Device Lockout](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1446), factory resetting the device to [Delete Device Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1447) and any traces of the malware, disabling all of the device’s cameras, or make it more difficult to uninstall the app.(Citation: Android DeviceAdminInfo)\n\nDevice administrators must be approved by the user at runtime, with a system popup showing which of the actions have been requested by the app. In conjunction with other techniques, such as [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516), an app can programmatically grant itself administrator permissions without any user input.","modified":"2022-04-01T16:52:36.965Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Device Administrator Permissions","x_mitre_detection":"Users can see when an app requests device administrator permissions. Users can also view which apps have device administrator permissions in the settings menu.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--831e3269-da49-48ac-94dc-948008e8fd16","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:34.830Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1443","external_id":"T1443"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.701Z","name":"Remotely Install Application","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:45:39.362Z","name":"Keychain","description":"Adversaries may collect keychain data from an iOS device to acquire credentials. Keychains are the built-in way for iOS to keep track of users' passwords and credentials for many services and features such as Wi-Fi passwords, websites, secure notes, certificates, private keys, and VPN credentials. \n\nOn the device, the keychain database is stored outside of application sandboxes to prevent unauthorized access to the raw data. Standard iOS APIs allow applications access to their own keychain contained within the database. By utilizing a privilege escalation exploit or existing root access, adversaries can access the entire encrypted database.(Citation: Apple Keychain Services)(Citation: Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can potentially detect jailbroken devices. Application vetting services may be able to detect known privilege escalation exploits contained within applications, as well as searching application packages for strings that correlate to known password store locations.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--8605a0ec-b44a-4e98-a7fc-87d4bd3acb66","created":"2022-04-01T15:01:32.169Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1634/001","external_id":"T1634.001"},{"source_name":"Apple Keychain Services","description":"Apple, Inc.. (n.d.). Keychain Services. Retrieved June 24, 2020.","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/keychain_services"},{"source_name":"Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain","description":"V. Katalov. (2018, December 18). Six Ways to Decrypt iPhone Passwords from the Keychain. Retrieved June 24, 2020.","url":"https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2018/12/six-ways-to-decrypt-iphone-passwords-from-the-keychain/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-11.html","external_id":"AUT-11"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--88932a8c-3a17-406f-9431-1da3ff19f6d6","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:29.092Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1403","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1403"},{"source_name":"Sabanal-ART","url":"https://www.blackhat.com/docs/asia-15/materials/asia-15-Sabanal-Hiding-Behind-ART-wp.pdf","description":"Paul Sabanal. (2015). Hiding Behind ART. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"ART (the Android Runtime) compiles optimized code on the device itself to improve performance. An adversary may be able to use escalated privileges to modify the cached code in order to hide malicious behavior. Since the code is compiled on the device, it may not receive the same level of integrity checks that are provided to code running in the system partition.(Citation: Sabanal-ART)","modified":"2022-04-06T15:46:29.338Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Modify Cached Executable Code","x_mitre_detection":"Modifications to cached executable code can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversary behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"attack-pattern--89fcd02f-62dc-40b9-a54b-9ac4b1baef05","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:28.456Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"external_id":"T1419","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1419","source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"},{"url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build","description":"Android. (n.d.). Build. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","source_name":"Android-Build"}],"modified":"2019-10-16T13:24:48.936Z","name":"Device Type Discovery","description":"On Android, device type information is accessible to apps through the android.os.Build class (Citation: Android-Build). Device information could be used to target privilege escalation exploits.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"discovery","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--8c7862ff-3449-4ac6-b0fd-ac1298a822a5","created":"2020-05-04T13:49:34.706Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1576","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1576"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-43.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-43"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may include functionality in malware that uninstalls the malicious application from the device. This can be achieved by:\n\n* Abusing device owner permissions to perform silent uninstallation using device owner API calls.\n* Abusing root permissions to delete files from the filesystem.\n* Abusing the accessibility service. This requires an intent be sent to the system to request uninstallation, and then abusing the accessibility service to click the proper places on the screen to confirm uninstallation.","modified":"2022-03-30T19:34:09.371Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Uninstall Malicious Application","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--8e27551a-5080-4148-a584-c64348212e4f","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:31.694Z","x_mitre_version":"2.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1447","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1447"},{"source_name":"Android DevicePolicyManager 2019","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved September 22, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may wipe a device or delete individual files in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. An application must have administrator access to fully wipe the device, while individual files may not require special permissions to delete depending on their storage location. (Citation: Android DevicePolicyManager 2019)\n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The impact file deletion will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary, but can include deleting update files to evade detection or deleting attacker-specified files for impact.","modified":"2022-03-30T19:50:37.727Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Delete Device Data","x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can detect which applications can request device administrator permissions. Users can view applications with administrator access through the device settings, and may also notice if user data is inexplicably missing.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--8f0e39c6-82c9-41ec-9f93-5696c0f2e274","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:09.082Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1448","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1448"},{"source_name":"Google Bread","url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2020/01/pha-family-highlights-bread-and-friends.html","description":"A. Guertin, V. Kotov, Android Security & Privacy Team. (2020, January 9). PHA Family Highlights: Bread (and Friends) . Retrieved April 27, 2020."},{"source_name":"AndroidSecurity2014","url":"https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/source.android.com/en//security/reports/Google_Android_Security_2014_Report_Final.pdf","description":"Google. (2014). Android Security 2014 Year in Review. Retrieved December 12, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"A malicious app may trigger fraudulent charges on a victim’s carrier billing statement in several different ways, including SMS toll fraud and SMS shortcodes that make purchases.\n\nPerforming SMS fraud relies heavily upon the fact that, when making SMS purchases, the carriers perform device verification but not user verification. This allows adversaries to make purchases on behalf of the user, with little or no user interaction.(Citation: Google Bread)\n\nMalicious applications may also perform toll billing, which occurs when carriers provide payment endpoints over a web page. The application connects to the web page over cellular data so the carrier can directly verify the number, or the application must retrieve a code sent via SMS and enter it into the web page.(Citation: Google Bread)\n\nOn iOS, apps cannot send SMS messages.\n\nOn Android, apps must hold the `SEND_SMS` permission to send SMS messages. Additionally, Android version 4.2 and above has mitigations against this threat by requiring user consent before allowing SMS messages to be sent to premium numbers (Citation: AndroidSecurity2014).","modified":"2022-04-06T13:57:38.841Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Carrier Billing Fraud","x_mitre_detection":"Starting with Android 4.2 the user is prompted and must provide consent before applications can send SMS messages to premium numbers.(Citation: AndroidSecurity2014)\n\nOn Android 6.0 and up, the user can view which applications have permission to send SMS messages through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"attack-pattern--8f142a25-f6c3-4520-bd50-2ae3ab50ed3e","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:17.533Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1415","external_id":"T1415"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-10.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"AUT-10"},{"source_name":"FireEye-Masque2","description":"Hui Xue, Tao Wei, Yulong Zhang, Song Jin, Zhaofeng Chen. (2015, February 19). IOS MASQUE ATTACK REVIVED: BYPASSING PROMPT FOR TRUST AND APP URL SCHEME HIJACKING. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/02/ios_masque_attackre.html"},{"source_name":"Dhanjani-URLScheme","description":"Nitesh Dhanjani. (2010, November 8). Insecure Handling of URL Schemes in Apple’s iOS. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"http://www.dhanjani.com/blog/2010/11/insecure-handling-of-url-schemes-in-apples-ios.html"},{"source_name":"IETF-PKCE","description":"N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636"},{"source_name":"MobileIron-XARA","description":"Michael T. Raggo. (2015, October 1). iOS URL Scheme Hijacking (XARA) Attack Analysis and Countermeasures. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://www.mobileiron.com/en/smartwork-blog/ios-url-scheme-hijacking-xara-attack-analysis-and-countermeasures"}],"modified":"2020-10-23T15:05:40.674Z","name":"URL Scheme Hijacking","description":"An iOS application may be able to maliciously claim a URL scheme, allowing it to intercept calls that are meant for a different application(Citation: FireEye-Masque2)(Citation: Dhanjani-URLScheme). This technique, for example, could be used to capture OAuth authorization codes(Citation: IETF-PKCE) or to phish user credentials(Citation: MobileIron-XARA).","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:34:55.968Z","name":"Bidirectional Communication","description":"Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service channel as a means for sending commands to and receiving output from a compromised system. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems can then send the output from those commands back over that Web service channel. The return traffic may occur in a variety of ways, depending on the Web service being utilized. For example, the return traffic may take the form of the compromised system posting a comment on a forum, issuing a pull request to development project, updating a document hosted on a Web service, or by sending a Tweet. \n\n \n\nPopular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--939808a7-121d-467a-b028-4441ee8b7cee","created":"2022-04-06T15:47:06.071Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481/002","external_id":"T1481.002"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-08T19:21:40.736Z","name":"Non-Standard Port","description":"Adversaries may generate network traffic using a protocol and port pairing that are typically not associated. For example, HTTPS over port 8088 or port 587 as opposed to the traditional port 443. Adversaries may make changes to the standard port used by a protocol to bypass filtering or muddle analysis/parsing of network data.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting reports may show network communications performed by the application, including hosts, ports, protocols, and URLs. Further detection would most likely be at the enterprise level, through packet and/or netflow inspection. Many properly configured firewalls may also naturally block command and control traffic over non-standard ports.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--948a447c-d783-4ba0-8516-a64140fcacd5","created":"2019-08-01T13:44:09.368Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1509","external_id":"T1509"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:32:37.109Z","name":"Compromise Software Supply Chain","description":"Adversaries may manipulate application software prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Supply chain compromise of software can take place in a number of ways, including manipulation of the application source code, manipulation of the update/distribution mechanism for that software, or replacing compiled releases with a modified version.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services can detect malicious code in applications. System partition integrity checking mechanisms can detect unauthorized or malicious code contained in the system partition.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--9558a84e-2d5e-4872-918e-d847494a8ffc","created":"2022-03-28T19:25:17.596Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474/003","external_id":"T1474.003"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-4.html","external_id":"SPC-4"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-11.html","external_id":"SPC-11"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-12.html","external_id":"SPC-12"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-18.html","external_id":"SPC-18"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-20.html","external_id":"SPC-20"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:33:56.861Z","name":"Dead Drop Resolver","description":"Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service to host information that points to additional command and control (C2) infrastructure. Adversaries may post content, known as a dead drop resolver, on Web services with embedded (and often obfuscated/encoded) domains or IP addresses. Once infected, victims will reach out to and be redirected by these resolvers. \n\n \n\nPopular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. \n\n \n\nUse of a dead drop resolver may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis, or enable operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed). ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--986f80f7-ff0e-4f48-87bd-0394814bbce5","created":"2022-04-06T15:41:03.914Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481/001","external_id":"T1481.001"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:50:21.363Z","name":"Location Tracking","description":"Adversaries may track a device’s physical location through use of standard operating system APIs via malicious or exploited applications on the compromised device. \n\n \n\nOn Android, applications holding the `ACCESS_COAURSE_LOCATION` or `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` permissions provide access to the device’s physical location. On Android 10 and up, declaration of the `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permission in an application’s manifest will allow applications to request location access even when the application is running in the background.(Citation: Android Request Location Permissions) Some adversaries have utilized integration of Baidu map services to retrieve geographical location once the location access permissions had been obtained.(Citation: PaloAlto-SpyDealer)(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox) \n\n \n\nOn iOS, applications must include the `NSLocationWhenInUseUsageDescription`, `NSLocationAlwaysAndWhenInUseUsageDescription`, and/or `NSLocationAlwaysUsageDescription` keys in their `Info.plist` file depending on the extent of requested access to location information.(Citation: Apple Requesting Authorization for Location Services) On iOS 8.0 and up, applications call `requestWhenInUseAuthorization()` to request access to location information when the application is in use or `requestAlwaysAuthorization()` to request access to location information regardless of whether the application is in use. With elevated privileges, an adversary may be able to access location data without explicit user consent with the `com.apple.locationd.preauthorized` entitlement key.(Citation: Google Project Zero Insomnia)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Android applications requesting the `ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION`, `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION`, or `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permissions and iOS applications including the `NSLocationWhenInUseUsageDescription`, `NSLocationAlwaysAndWhenInUseUsageDescription`, and/or `NSLocationAlwaysUsageDescription` keys in their `Info.plist` file could be scrutinized during the application vetting process. \n\n \n\nIn both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, users can view which applications have the permission to access the device location through the device settings screen and revoke permissions as necessary.  ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:12.267Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1430","external_id":"T1430"},{"source_name":"Palo Alto HenBox","description":"A. Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019.","url":"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/"},{"source_name":"Android Request Location Permissions","description":"Android Developers. (2022, March 24). Request Location Permissions. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://developer.android.com/training/location/permissions"},{"source_name":"Apple Requesting Authorization for Location Services","description":"Apple Developers. (n.d.). Requesting Authorization for Location Services. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/corelocation/requesting_authorization_for_location_services"},{"source_name":"Google Project Zero Insomnia","description":"I. Beer. (2019, August 29). Implant Teardown. Retrieved June 2, 2020.","url":"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/08/implant-teardown.html"},{"source_name":"PaloAlto-SpyDealer","description":"Wenjun Hu, Cong Zheng and Zhi Xu. (2017, July 6). SpyDealer: Android Trojan Spying on More Than 40 Apps. Retrieved September 18, 2018.","url":"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/07/unit42-spydealer-android-trojan-spying-40-apps/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-24.html","external_id":"APP-24"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:56:34.537Z","name":"Device Administrator Permissions","description":"Adversaries may abuse Android’s device administration API to obtain a higher degree of control over the device. By abusing the API, adversaries can perform several nefarious actions, such as resetting the device’s password for [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1642), factory resetting the device for [File Deletion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/002) and to delete any traces of the malware, disabling all the device’s cameras, or to make it more difficult to uninstall the app.\n\nDevice administrators must be approved by the user at runtime, with a system popup showing which actions have been requested by the app. In conjunction with other techniques, such as [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516), an app can programmatically grant itself administrator permissions without any user input.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users are prompted for approval when an application requests device administrator permissions. Users can see which applications are registered as device administrators in the device settings. Application vetting services can check for the string `BIND_DEVICE_ADMIN` in the application’s manifest. This indicates it can prompt the user for device administrator permissions.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--9c049d7b-c92a-4733-9381-27e2bd2ccadc","created":"2022-04-01T15:59:05.830Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1626/001","external_id":"T1626.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","external_id":"APP-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--9d7c32f4-ab39-49dc-8055-8106bc2294a1","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:17.886Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1446","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1446"},{"source_name":"Xiao-KeyRaider","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/08/keyraider-ios-malware-steals-over-225000-apple-accounts-to-create-free-app-utopia/","description":"Claud Xiao. (2015, August 30). KeyRaider: iOS Malware Steals Over 225,000 Apple Accounts to Create Free App Utopia. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Android resetPassword","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html#resetPassword(java.lang.String,%20int)","description":"Google. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved October 1, 2019."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-28.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-28"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary may seek to lock the legitimate user out of the device, for example to inhibit user interaction or to obtain a ransom payment.\n\nOn Android versions prior to 7, apps can abuse Device Administrator access to reset the device lock passcode to prevent the user from unlocking the device. After Android 7, only device or profile owners (e.g. MDMs) can reset the device’s passcode.(Citation: Android resetPassword)\n\nOn iOS devices, this technique does not work because mobile device management servers can only remove the screen lock passcode, they cannot set a new passcode. However, on jailbroken devices, malware has been discovered that can lock the user out of the device.(Citation: Xiao-KeyRaider)","modified":"2022-04-01T18:49:51.039Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Device Lockout","x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users can review which applications have device administrator access in the device settings, and revoke permission where appropriate.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:58:20.113Z","name":"Remote Device Management Services","description":"An adversary may use access to cloud services (e.g. Google's Android Device Manager or Apple iCloud's Find my iPhone) or to an enterprise mobility management (EMM)/mobile device management (MDM) server console to track the location of mobile devices managed by the service.(Citation: Krebs-Location) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Google sends a notification to the device when Android Device Manager is used to locate it. Additionally, Google provides the ability for users to view their general account activity and alerts users when their credentials have been used on a new device. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity such as when credentials have been used. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--9ef05e3d-52db-4c12-be4f-519214bbe91f","created":"2022-04-05T19:37:15.984Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1430/001","external_id":"T1430.001"},{"source_name":"Krebs-Location","description":"Brian Krebs. (2018, May 17). Tracking Firm LocationSmart Leaked Location Data for Customers of All Major U.S. Mobile Carriers Without Consent in Real Time Via Its Web Site. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","url":"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/05/tracking-firm-locationsmart-leaked-location-data-for-customers-of-all-major-u-s-mobile-carriers-in-real-time-via-its-web-site/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-5.html","external_id":"ECO-5"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-7.html","external_id":"EMM-7"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-27T21:09:27.288Z","name":"Data Destruction","description":"Adversaries may destroy data and files on specific devices or in large numbers to interrupt availability to systems, services, and network resources. Data destruction is likely to render stored data irrecoverable by forensic techniques through overwriting files or data on local and remote drives.  \n\nTo achieve data destruction, adversaries may use the `pm uninstall` command to uninstall packages or the `rm` command to remove specific files. For example, adversaries may first use `pm uninstall` to uninstall non-system apps, and then use `rm (-f) <file(s)>` to delete specific files, further hiding malicious activity.(Citation: rootnik_rooting_tool)(Citation: abuse_native_linux_tools)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--9ef14445-6f35-4ed0-a042-5024f13a9242","created":"2023-09-22T19:09:15.698Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1662","external_id":"T1662"},{"source_name":"rootnik_rooting_tool","description":"Hu, W., et al. (2015, December 4). Rootnik Android Trojan Abuses Commercial Rooting Tool and Steals Private Information. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","url":"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/rootnik-android-trojan-abuses-commercial-rooting-tool-and-steals-private-information/"},{"source_name":"abuse_native_linux_tools","description":"Surana, N., et al. (2022, September 8). How Malicious Actors Abuse Native Linux Tools in Attacks. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","url":"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_za/research/22/i/how-malicious-actors-abuse-native-linux-tools-in-their-attacks.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a0464539-e1b7-4455-a355-12495987c300","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:13.625Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1427","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1427"},{"source_name":"ArsTechnica-PoisonTap","url":"http://arstechnica.com/security/2016/11/meet-poisontap-the-5-tool-that-ransacks-password-protected-computers/","description":"Dan Goodin. (2016, November 16). Meet PoisonTap, the $5 tool that ransacks password-protected computers. Retrieved December 22, 2016."},{"source_name":"Wang-ExploitingUSB","url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1920314","description":"Z. Wang and A. Stavrou. (2010, December 6-10). Exploiting smart-phone USB connectivity for fun and profit. Retrieved December 22, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/physical-threats/PHY-2.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"PHY-2"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"With escalated privileges, an adversary could program the mobile device to impersonate USB devices such as input devices (keyboard and mouse), storage devices, and/or networking devices in order to attack a physically connected PC(Citation: Wang-ExploitingUSB)(Citation: ArsTechnica-PoisonTap) This technique has been demonstrated on Android. We are unaware of any demonstrations on iOS.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:39:14.695Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Attack PC via USB Connection","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"lateral-movement"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--a21a6a79-f9a1-4c87-aed9-ba2d79536881","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:05.928Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1441","external_id":"T1441"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.700Z","name":"Stolen Developer Credentials or Signing Keys","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a5de0540-73e7-4c67-96da-4143afedc7ed","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:22.296Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1467","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1467"},{"source_name":"Computerworld-Femtocell","url":"http://www.computerworld.com/article/2484538/cybercrime-hacking/researchers-exploit-cellular-tech-flaws-to-intercept-phone-calls.html","description":"Jaikumar Vijayan. (2013, August 1). Researchers exploit cellular tech flaws to intercept phone calls. Retrieved December 24, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-7.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"CEL-7"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could set up a rogue cellular base station and then use it to eavesdrop on or manipulate cellular device communication. A compromised cellular femtocell could be used to carry out this technique(Citation: Computerworld-Femtocell).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:52:41.578Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Rogue Cellular Base Station","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_contributors":["Karim Hasanen, @_karimhasanen"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a64a820a-cb21-471f-920c-506a2ff04fa5","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:20.329Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1451","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1451"},{"source_name":"Betanews-Simswap","url":"http://betanews.com/2016/02/12/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sim-swap-scams/","description":"Alex Cambell. (2016, February 12). Everything you need to know about SIM swap scams. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Krebs-SimSwap","url":"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/05/t-mobile-employee-made-unauthorized-sim-swap-to-steal-instagram-account/","description":"Brian Krebs. (2018, May 18). T-Mobile Employee Made Unauthorized ‘SIM Swap’ to Steal Instagram Account. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"TechCrunch-SimSwap","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/23/i-was-hacked/","description":"John Biggs. (2017, August 23). I was hacked. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"Motherboard-Simswap2","url":"https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/3ky5a5/criminals-recruit-telecom-employees-sim-swapping-port-out-scam","description":"Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai. (2018, August 3). How Criminals Recruit Telecom Employees to Help Them Hijack SIM Cards. Retrieved August 11, 2018."},{"source_name":"Motherboard-Simswap1","url":"https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/vbqax3/hackers-sim-swapping-steal-phone-numbers-instagram-bitcoin","description":"Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai. (2018, July 17). The SIM Hijackers. Retrieved August 11, 2018."},{"source_name":"Guardian-Simswap","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/apr/16/sim-swap-fraud-mobile-banking-fraudsters","description":"Miles Brignall. (2016, April 16). Sim-swap fraud claims another mobile banking victim. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"NYGov-Simswap","url":"http://www.dos.ny.gov/consumerprotection/scams/att-sim.html","description":"New York Department of State. (2016, February 12). AT&T SIM-Card Switch Scam. Retrieved August 23, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-22.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"STA-22"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"An adversary could convince the mobile network operator (e.g. through social networking, forged identification, or insider attacks performed by trusted employees) to issue a new SIM card and associate it with an existing phone number and account.(Citation: NYGov-Simswap)(Citation: Motherboard-Simswap2) The adversary could then obtain SMS messages or hijack phone calls intended for someone else.(Citation: Betanews-Simswap)\n\nOne use case is intercepting authentication messages or phone calls to obtain illicit access to online banking or other online accounts, as many online services allow account password resets by sending an authentication code over SMS to a phone number associated with the account.(Citation: Guardian-Simswap)(Citation: Motherboard-Simswap1)(Citation: Krebs-SimSwap)(Citation: TechCrunch-SimSwap)","modified":"2022-04-06T15:53:54.872Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"SIM Card Swap","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:44:36.145Z","name":"Input Capture","description":"Adversaries may use methods of capturing user input to obtain credentials or collect information. During normal device usage, users often provide credentials to various locations, such as login pages/portals or system dialog boxes. Input capture mechanisms may be transparent to the user (e.g. [Keylogging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/001)) or rely on deceiving the user into providing input into what they believe to be a genuine application prompt (e.g. [GUI Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/002)).","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services can look for applications requesting the permissions granting access to accessibility services or application overlay. Users can view and manage installed third-party keyboards.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.3","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a8c31121-852b-46bd-9ba4-674ae5afe7ad","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:27.660Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417","external_id":"T1417"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","external_id":"APP-31"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-13.html","external_id":"AUT-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:57:17.144Z","name":"Generate Traffic from Victim","description":"Adversaries may generate outbound traffic from devices. This is typically performed to manipulate external outcomes, such as to achieve carrier billing fraud or to manipulate app store rankings or ratings. Outbound traffic is typically generated as SMS messages or general web traffic, but may take other forms as well.\n\nIf done via SMS messages, Android apps must hold the `SEND_SMS` permission. Additionally, sending an SMS message requires user consent if the recipient is a premium number. Applications cannot send SMS messages on iOS","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users can review which applications can use premium SMS features in the “Special access” page within application settings. Application vetting services can detect when applications request the `SEND_SMS` permission, which should be infrequently used.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a8e971b8-8dc7-4514-8249-ae95427ec467","created":"2022-04-06T13:55:14.390Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1643","external_id":"T1643"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-16.html","external_id":"APP-16"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:18:29.556Z","name":"Disguise Root/Jailbreak Indicators","description":"An adversary could use knowledge of the techniques used by security software to evade detection.(Citation: Brodie)(Citation: Tan) For example, some mobile security products perform compromised device detection by searching for particular artifacts such as an installed \"su\" binary, but that check could be evaded by naming the binary something else. Similarly, polymorphic code techniques could be used to evade signature-based detection.(Citation: Rastogi)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can use attestation to detect compromised devices.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a91262d5-b9ff-463f-b8d2-12e4ea1eb3c9","created":"2022-04-08T16:29:30.087Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/003","external_id":"T1630.003"},{"source_name":"Brodie","description":"Daniel Brodie. (2016). Practical Attacks against Mobile Device Management (MDM). Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://media.blackhat.com/eu-13/briefings/Brodie/bh-eu-13-lacoon-attacks-mdm-brodie-wp.pdf"},{"source_name":"Rastogi","description":"Vaibhav Rastogi, Yan Chen, and Xuxian Jiang. (2013, May). DroidChameleon: Evaluating Android Anti-malware against Transformation Attacks. Retrieved December 9, 2016.","url":"http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~vrastogi/static/papers/rcj13b.pdf"},{"source_name":"Tan","description":"Vincent Tan. (2016, August). BAD FOR ENTERPRISE: ATTACKING BYOD ENTERPRISE MOBILE SECURITY SOLUTIONS. Retrieved February 4, 2017.","url":"http://www.blackhat.com/us-16/briefings.html#bad-for-enterprise-attacking-byod-enterprise-mobile-security-solutions"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-5.html","external_id":"EMM-5"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_contributors":["Alex Hinchliffe, Palo Alto Networks"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a93ccb8f-3996-42e2-b7c7-bb599d4e205f","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:35.247Z","x_mitre_version":"2.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1444","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1444"},{"source_name":"Palo Alto HenBox","url":"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/","description":"A. Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019."},{"source_name":"Zhou","url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6234407","description":"Yajin Zhou and Xuxian Jiang. (2012, May). Dissecting Android Malware: Characterization and Evolution. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-31"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-14.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-14"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"An adversary could distribute developed malware by masquerading the malware as a legitimate application. This can be done in two different ways: by embedding the malware in a legitimate application, or by pretending to be a legitimate application.\n\nEmbedding the malware in a legitimate application is done by downloading the application, disassembling it, adding the malicious code, and then re-assembling it.(Citation: Zhou) The app would appear to be the original app, but would contain additional malicious functionality. The adversary could then publish the malicious application to app stores or use another delivery method.\n\nPretending to be a legitimate application relies heavily on lack of scrutinization by the user. Typically, a malicious app pretending to be a legitimate one will have many similar details as the legitimate one, such as name, icon, and description.(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox)\n\nMalicious applications may also masquerade as legitimate applications when requesting access to the accessibility service in order to appear as legitimate to the user, increasing the likelihood that the access will be granted.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:45:52.558Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Masquerade as Legitimate Application","x_mitre_detection":"Users can detect malicious applications by watching for nuances that could indicate the application is not the intended one when it is being installed.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--a9cab8f6-4c94-4c9b-9e7d-9d863ff53431","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:19.682Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1457","external_id":"T1457"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.703Z","name":"Malicious Media Content","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-16T18:28:28.234Z","name":"Calendar Entries","description":"Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather calendar entry data. On Android, this can be accomplished using the Calendar Content Provider. On iOS, this can be accomplished using the `EventKit` framework. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access [Calendar Entries](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/001) without the user’s knowledge or approval. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On both Android and iOS, the user can manage which applications have permission to access calendar information through the device settings screen, revoke the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_CALENDAR` or `android.permission.WRITE_CALENDAR` in an Android application’s manifest, or `NSCalendarsUsageDescription` in an iOS application’s `Info.plist` file. Most applications do not need calendar access, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a9fa0d30-a8ff-45bf-922e-7720da0b7922","created":"2022-04-01T12:48:27.021Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/001","external_id":"T1636.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","external_id":"APP-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:52:24.758Z","name":"File Deletion","description":"Adversaries may wipe a device or delete individual files in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. An application must have administrator access to fully wipe the device, while individual files may not require special permissions to delete depending on their storage location.(Citation: Android DevicePolicyManager 2019) \n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The impact file deletion will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary, but can include deleting update files to evade detection or deleting attacker-specified files for impact.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can detect which applications can request device administrator permissions. Users can view applications with administrator access through the device settings, and may also notice if user data is inexplicably missing. Application vetting services could be extra scrutinous of applications that request device administrator permissions.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ab7400b7-3476-4776-9545-ef3fa373de63","created":"2022-03-30T19:36:09.691Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/002","external_id":"T1630.002"},{"source_name":"Android DevicePolicyManager 2019","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved September 22, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:39:10.201Z","name":"Device Lockout","description":"An adversary may seek to inhibit user interaction by locking the legitimate user out of the device. This is typically accomplished by requesting device administrator permissions and then locking the screen using `DevicePolicyManager.lockNow()`. Other novel techniques for locking the user out of the device have been observed, such as showing a persistent overlay, using carefully crafted “call” notification screens, and locking HTML pages in the foreground. These techniques can be very difficult to get around, and typically require booting the device into safe mode to uninstall the malware.(Citation: Microsoft MalLockerB)(Citation: Talos GPlayed)(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)\n\nPrior to Android 7, device administrators were able to reset the device lock passcode to prevent the user from unlocking the device. The release of Android 7 introduced updates that only allow device or profile owners (e.g. MDMs) to reset the device’s passcode.(Citation: Android resetPassword)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view a list of device administrators in device settings and revoke permission where appropriate. Applications that request device administrator permissions should be scrutinized further for malicious behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--acf8fd2a-dc98-43b4-8d37-64e10728e591","created":"2022-04-01T18:49:03.892Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629/002","external_id":"T1629.002"},{"source_name":"Microsoft MalLockerB","description":"D. Venkatesan. (2020, October 8). Sophisticated new Android malware marks the latest evolution of mobile ransomware . Retrieved October 29, 2020.","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/10/08/sophisticated-new-android-malware-marks-the-latest-evolution-of-mobile-ransomware/"},{"source_name":"Android resetPassword","description":"Google. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved October 1, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html#resetPassword(java.lang.String,%20int)"},{"source_name":"securelist rotexy 2018","description":"T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan – banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/"},{"source_name":"Talos GPlayed","description":"V. Ventura. (2018, October 11).  GPlayed Trojan - .Net playing with Google Market . Retrieved November 24, 2020.","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/10/gplayedtrojan.html"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","external_id":"APP-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:48:39.936Z","name":"Keylogging","description":"Adversaries may log user keystrokes to intercept credentials or other information from the user as the user types them.\n\nSome methods of keylogging include:\n\n* Masquerading as a legitimate third-party keyboard to record user keystrokes.(Citation: Zeltser-Keyboard) On both Android and iOS, users must explicitly authorize the use of third-party keyboard apps. Users should be advised to use extreme caution before granting this authorization when it is requested.\n* Abusing accessibility features. On Android, adversaries may abuse accessibility features to record keystrokes by registering an `AccessibilityService` class, overriding the `onAccessibilityEvent` method, and listening for the `AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_TEXT_CHANGED` event type. The event object passed into the function will contain the data that the user typed. \n*Additional methods of keylogging may be possible if root access is available. \n","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users can view and manage which applications have third-party keyboard access through the device settings in System -> Languages & input -> Virtual keyboard. On iOS, users can view and manage which applications have third-party keyboard access through the device settings in General -> Keyboard. \n\nApplication vetting services can look for applications requesting the `android.permission.BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE` permission in a service declaration. On Android, users can view and manage which applications can use accessibility services through the device settings in Accessibility. The exact device settings menu locations may vary between operating system versions.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47","created":"2022-04-05T19:45:03.000Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/001","external_id":"T1417.001"},{"source_name":"Zeltser-Keyboard","description":"Lenny Zeltser. (2016, July 30). Security of Third-Party Keyboard Apps on Mobile Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://zeltser.com/third-party-keyboards-security/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-13.html","external_id":"AUT-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:58:57.001Z","name":"SMS Control","description":"Adversaries may delete, alter, or send SMS messages without user authorization. This could be used to hide C2 SMS messages, spread malware, or various external effects.\n\nThis can be accomplished by requesting the `RECEIVE_SMS` or `SEND_SMS` permissions depending on what the malware is attempting to do. If the app is set as the default SMS handler on the device, the `SMS_DELIVER` broadcast intent can be registered, which allows the app to write to the SMS content provider. The content provider directly modifies the messaging database on the device, which could allow malicious applications with this ability to insert, modify, or delete arbitrary messages on the device.(Citation: SMS KitKat)(Citation: Android SmsProvider)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view the default SMS handler in system settings.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b","created":"2020-09-11T15:14:33.730Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1582","external_id":"T1582"},{"source_name":"Android SmsProvider","description":"Google. (n.d.). SmsProvider.java. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","url":"https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/providers/TelephonyProvider/+/7e7c274/src/com/android/providers/telephony/SmsProvider.java"},{"source_name":"SMS KitKat","description":"S.Main, D. Braun. (2013, October 14).  Getting Your SMS Apps Ready for KitKat. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","url":"https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2013/10/getting-your-sms-apps-ready-for-kitkat.html"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-16.html","external_id":"APP-16"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-41.html","external_id":"CEL-41"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--b332a960-3c04-495a-827f-f17a5daed3a6","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:14.003Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1408","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1408"},{"source_name":"Brodie","url":"https://media.blackhat.com/eu-13/briefings/Brodie/bh-eu-13-lacoon-attacks-mdm-brodie-wp.pdf","description":"Daniel Brodie. (2016). Practical Attacks against Mobile Device Management (MDM). Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"source_name":"Rastogi","url":"http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~vrastogi/static/papers/rcj13b.pdf","description":"Vaibhav Rastogi, Yan Chen, and Xuxian Jiang. (2013, May). DroidChameleon: Evaluating Android Anti-malware against Transformation Attacks. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"source_name":"Tan","url":"http://www.blackhat.com/us-16/briefings.html#bad-for-enterprise-attacking-byod-enterprise-mobile-security-solutions","description":"Vincent Tan. (2016, August). BAD FOR ENTERPRISE: ATTACKING BYOD ENTERPRISE MOBILE SECURITY SOLUTIONS. Retrieved February 4, 2017."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-5.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"EMM-5"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could use knowledge of the techniques used by security software to evade detection(Citation: Brodie)(Citation: Tan). For example, some mobile security products perform compromised device detection by searching for particular artifacts such as an installed \"su\" binary, but that check could be evaded by naming the binary something else. Similarly, polymorphic code techniques could be used to evade signature-based detection(Citation: Rastogi).","modified":"2022-04-08T16:29:55.321Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Disguise Root/Jailbreak Indicators","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--b3c2e5de-0941-4b57-ba61-af029eb5517a","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:27.307Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1438","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1438"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-30.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-30"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data over a different network medium than the command and control channel. If the command and control network is a standard Internet connection, the exfiltration may occur, for example, via Bluetooth, or another radio frequency (RF) channel. \n\nAdversaries may choose to do this if they have sufficient access or proximity, and the connection might not be secured or defended as well as the primary Internet-connected channel because it is not routed through the same enterprise network. ","modified":"2022-04-18T19:46:02.529Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Exfiltration Over Other Network Medium","x_mitre_detection":"Exfiltration over other network mediums can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"command-and-control","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--b765efd1-02e6-4e67-aebf-0fef5c37e54b","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:26.473Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1440","external_id":"T1440"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.700Z","name":"Detect App Analysis Environment","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:55:54.442Z","name":"Process Injection","description":"Adversaries may inject code into processes in order to evade process-based defenses or even elevate privileges. Process injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. Running code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via process injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. \n\nBoth Android and iOS have no legitimate way to achieve process injection. The only way this is possible is by abusing existing root access or exploiting a vulnerability.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for misuse of dynamic libraries.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--b7c0e45f-0206-4f75-96e7-fe7edad3aaff","created":"2022-03-30T18:50:43.393Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1631","external_id":"T1631"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--b928b94a-4966-4e2a-9e61-36505b896ebc","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:24.905Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1462","external_id":"T1462"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.704Z","name":"Malicious Software Development Tools","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--bb4387ab-7a51-468b-bf5f-a9a8612f0303","created":"2022-04-05T20:14:17.310Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1521.001","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/001"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may employ a known symmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic, rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Symmetric encryption algorithms use the same key for plaintext encryption and ciphertext decryption. Common symmetric encryption algorithms include AES, Blowfish, and RC4.","modified":"2022-04-05T20:14:17.310Z","name":"Symmetric Cryptography","x_mitre_detection":"Since data encryption is a common practice in many legitimate applications and uses standard programming language-specific APIs, encrypting data for command and control communication is regarded as undetectable to the user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"command-and-control","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--bd4d32f5-eed4-4018-a649-40b229dd1d69","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:30.127Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1402","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1402"},{"source_name":"Android Changes to System Broadcasts","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/broadcasts#changes-system-broadcasts","description":"Google. (2019, December 27). Broadcasts Overview. Retrieved January 27, 2020."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An intent is a message passed between Android application or system components. Applications can register to receive broadcast intents at runtime, which are system-wide intents delivered to each app when certain events happen on the device, such as network changes or the user unlocking the screen. Malicious applications can then trigger certain actions within the app based on which broadcast intent was received.\n\nFurther, malicious applications can register for intents broadcasted by other applications in addition to the Android system itself. This allows the malware to respond based on actions in other applications. This behavior typically indicates a more intimate knowledge, or potentially the targeting of specific devices, users, or applications.\n\nIn Android 8 (API level 26), broadcast intent behavior was changed, limiting the implicit intents that applications can register for in the manifest. In most cases, applications that register through the manifest will no longer receive the broadcasts. Now, applications must register context-specific broadcast receivers while the user is actively using the app.(Citation: Android Changes to System Broadcasts)","modified":"2022-03-30T14:43:46.019Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Broadcast Receivers","x_mitre_detection":"Broadcast intent receivers are part of standard OS-level APIs and are therefore typically undetectable to the end user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-02-21T20:44:44.404Z","name":"Wi-Fi Discovery","description":"Adversaries may search for information about Wi-Fi networks, such as network names and passwords, on compromised systems. Adversaries may use Wi-Fi information as part of [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0032) or [Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0031) activity to support both ongoing and future campaigns. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--be63612f-a48f-44f2-a7a6-1763509fcf80","created":"2024-02-21T20:44:44.404Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422/002","external_id":"T1422.002"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:21:12.603Z","name":"Compromise Hardware Supply Chain","description":"Adversaries may manipulate hardware components in products prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. By modifying hardware or firmware in the supply chain, adversaries can insert a backdoor into consumer networks that may be difficult to detect and give the adversary a high degree of control over the system. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Integrity checking mechanisms can potentially detect unauthorized hardware modifications.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c08366bb-8d11-4921-853f-f0a3b6a2a1da","created":"2022-03-28T19:30:15.556Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474/002","external_id":"T1474.002"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-1.html","external_id":"SPC-1"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-2.html","external_id":"SPC-2"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-4.html","external_id":"SPC-4"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-5.html","external_id":"SPC-5"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-6.html","external_id":"SPC-6"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-7.html","external_id":"SPC-7"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-8.html","external_id":"SPC-8"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-13.html","external_id":"SPC-13"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-16.html","external_id":"SPC-16"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-17.html","external_id":"SPC-17"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-21.html","external_id":"SPC-21"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-09-12T15:17:00.569Z","name":"Clipboard Data","description":"Adversaries may abuse clipboard manager APIs to obtain sensitive information copied to the device clipboard. For example, passwords being copied and pasted from a password manager application could be captured by a malicious application installed on the device.(Citation: Fahl-Clipboard) \n\n \n\nOn Android, applications can use the `ClipboardManager.OnPrimaryClipChangedListener()` API to register as a listener and monitor the clipboard for changes. However, starting in Android 10, this can only be used if the application is in the foreground, or is set as the device’s default input method editor (IME).(Citation: Github Capture Clipboard 2019)(Citation: Android 10 Privacy Changes) \n\n \n\nOn iOS, this can be accomplished by accessing the `UIPasteboard.general.string` field. However, starting in iOS 14, upon accessing the clipboard, the user will be shown a system notification if the accessed text originated in a different application. For example, if the user copies the text of an iMessage from the Messages application, the notification will read “application_name has pasted from Messages” when the text was pasted in a different application.(Citation: UIPPasteboard)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could detect usage of standard clipboard APIs.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"3.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c4b96c0b-cb58-497a-a1c2-bb447d79d692","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:19.996Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1414","external_id":"T1414"},{"source_name":"Android 10 Privacy Changes","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Privacy changes in Android 10. Retrieved September 11, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#clipboard-data"},{"source_name":"UIPPasteboard","description":"Apple Developer. (n.d.). UIPasteboard. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uipasteboard"},{"source_name":"Fahl-Clipboard","description":"Fahl, S, et al.. (2013). Hey, You, Get Off of My Clipboard. Retrieved September 12, 2024.","url":"https://saschafahl.de/static/paper/pwmanagers2013.pdf"},{"source_name":"Github Capture Clipboard 2019","description":"Pearce, G. (, January). Retrieved August 8, 2019.","url":"https://github.com/grepx/android-clipboard-security"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-35.html","external_id":"APP-35"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c5089859-b21f-40a3-8be4-63e381b8b1c0","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:30.890Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1400","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1400"},{"source_name":"Android-VerifiedBoot","url":"https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/","description":"Android. (n.d.). Verified Boot. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"source_name":"Apple-iOSSecurityGuide","url":"https://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf","description":"Apple. (2016, May). iOS Security. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-27"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"If an adversary can escalate privileges, he or she may be able to use those privileges to place malicious code in the device system partition, where it may persist after device resets and may not be easily removed by the device user.\n\nMany Android devices provide the ability to unlock the bootloader for development purposes. An unlocked bootloader may provide the ability for an adversary to modify the system partition. Even if the bootloader is locked, it may be possible for an adversary to escalate privileges and then modify the system partition.","modified":"2022-03-30T15:18:21.242Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Modify System Partition","x_mitre_detection":"Android devices with the Verified Boot capability (Citation: Android-VerifiedBoot) perform cryptographic checks of the integrity of the system partition.\n\nThe Android SafetyNet API's remote attestation capability could potentially be used to identify and respond to compromised devices.\n\nSamsung KNOX also provides a remote attestation capability on supported Samsung Android devices.\n\niOS devices will fail to boot or fail to allow device activation if unauthorized modifications are detected.(Citation: Apple-iOSSecurityGuide)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:55:32.497Z","name":"Data Manipulation","description":"Adversaries may insert, delete, or alter data in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. By manipulating data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, or decision making.\n\nThe type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target application, process, and the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system, typically gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign, in order to have the desired impact.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for use of standard APIs (e.g. the clipboard API) that could indicate data manipulation is occurring.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c548d8c4-a0a3-4a24-bb79-2a84abbc7b36","created":"2022-04-06T13:34:46.021Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641","external_id":"T1641"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:58:33.873Z","name":"SMS Messages","description":"Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather SMS messages. On Android, this can be accomplished using the SMS Content Provider. iOS provides no standard API to access SMS messages. \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access [SMS Messages](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/004) without the user’s knowledge or approval. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can manage which applications have permission to access SMS messages through the device settings screen, revoking the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_SMS` in an Android application’s manifest. Most applications do not need access to SMS messages, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c6421411-ae61-42bb-9098-73fddb315002","created":"2022-04-01T13:25:30.923Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/004","external_id":"T1636.004"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","external_id":"APP-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:31:37.317Z","name":"Web Service","description":"Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying data to/from a compromised system. Popular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. \n\n \n\nUse of Web services may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis, or enable operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed). \n\n ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.3","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c6a146ae-9c63-4606-97ff-e261e76e8380","created":"2019-02-01T17:29:43.503Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481","external_id":"T1481"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-08T19:20:51.220Z","name":"System Runtime API Hijacking","description":"Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the way an operating system runs applications. Hijacking execution flow can be for the purposes of persistence since this hijacked execution may reoccur at later points in time. \n\n\nOn Android, adversaries may overwrite the standard OS API library with a malicious alternative to hook into core functions to achieve persistence. By doing this, the adversary’s code will be executed every time the overwritten API function is called by an app on the infected device.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile threat defense agents could detect unauthorized operating system modifications by using attestation. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c6e17ca2-08b5-4379-9786-89bd05241831","created":"2022-03-30T15:07:51.646Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1625/001","external_id":"T1625.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","external_id":"APP-27"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--c91c304a-975d-4501-9789-0db1c57afd3f","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:07.149Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1455","external_id":"T1455"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.702Z","name":"Exploit Baseband Vulnerability","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-09-08T19:19:37.927Z","name":"Credentials from Password Store","description":"Adversaries may search common password storage locations to obtain user credentials. Passwords can be stored in several places on a device, depending on the operating system or application holding the credentials. There are also specific applications that store passwords to make it easier for users to manage and maintain. Once credentials are obtained, they can be used to perform lateral movement and access restricted information.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can potentially detect jailbroken devices. Application vetting services may be able to detect known privilege escalation exploits contained within applications, as well as searching application packages for strings that correlate to known password store locations.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--cc6e0637-76d2-4af3-a604-9d8d3ff8a6b3","created":"2022-04-01T14:55:10.494Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1634","external_id":"T1634"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-11.html","external_id":"AUT-11"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Hooking","description":"Adversaries may utilize hooking to hide the presence of artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection. Hooking can be used to modify return values or data structures of system APIs and function calls. This process typically involves using 3rd party root frameworks, such as Xposed or Magisk, with either a system exploit or pre-existing root access. By including custom modules for root frameworks, adversaries can hook system APIs and alter the return value and/or system data structures to alter functionality/visibility of various aspects of the system.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_detection":"Hooking can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Jörg Abraham, EclecticIQ"],"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ccde43e4-78f9-4f32-b401-c081e7db71ea","created":"2021-09-24T14:47:34.182Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1617","external_id":"T1617"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--cde2cb84-455e-410c-8aa9-086f2788bcd2","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1478","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1478"},{"source_name":"Talos-MDM","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/07/Mobile-Malware-Campaign-uses-Malicious-MDM.html","description":"Warren Mercer, Paul Rascagneres, Andrew Williams. (2018, July 12). Advanced Mobile Malware Campaign in India uses Malicious MDM. Retrieved September 24, 2018."},{"source_name":"Symantec-iOSProfile","url":"https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/malicious-profiles-sleeping-giant-ios-security","description":"Yair Amit. (2013, March 12). Malicious Profiles – The Sleeping Giant of iOS Security. Retrieved September 24, 2018."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-7.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"STA-7"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could attempt to install insecure or malicious configuration settings on the mobile device, through means such as phishing emails or text messages either directly containing the configuration settings as an attachment, or containing a web link to the configuration settings. The device user may be tricked into installing the configuration settings through social engineering techniques (Citation: Symantec-iOSProfile).\n\nFor example, an unwanted Certification Authority (CA) certificate could be placed in the device's trusted certificate store, increasing the device's susceptibility to adversary-in-the-middle network attacks seeking to eavesdrop on or manipulate the device's network communication ([Eavesdrop on Insecure Network Communication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1439) and [Manipulate Device Communication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1463)).\n\nOn iOS, malicious Configuration Profiles could contain unwanted Certification Authority (CA) certificates or other insecure settings such as unwanted proxy server or VPN settings to route the device's network traffic through an adversary's system. The device could also potentially be enrolled into a malicious Mobile Device Management (MDM) system (Citation: Talos-MDM).","modified":"2022-03-30T18:18:15.903Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Install Insecure or Malicious Configuration","x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can view trusted CA certificates through the device settings and look for unexpected certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies.\n\nOn iOS, the user can view installed Configuration Profiles through the device settings and look for unexpected profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"defense-evasion","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"},{"phase_name":"initial-access","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:53:35.087Z","name":"File and Directory Discovery","description":"Adversaries may enumerate files and directories or search in specific device locations for desired information within a filesystem. Adversaries may use the information from [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1420) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including deciding if the adversary should fully infect the target and/or attempt specific actions. \n\nOn Android, Linux file permissions and SELinux policies typically stringently restrict what can be accessed by apps without taking advantage of a privilege escalation exploit. The contents of the external storage directory are generally visible, which could present concerns if sensitive data is inappropriately stored there. iOS's security architecture generally restricts the ability to perform any type of [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1420) without use of escalated privileges. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users are presented with a permissions popup when an application requests access to external device storage.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--cf28ca46-1fd3-46b4-b1f6-ec0b72361848","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:21.965Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1420","external_id":"T1420"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-41.html","external_id":"STA-41"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-09T14:38:34.859Z","name":"Obfuscated Files or Information","description":"Adversaries may attempt to make a payload or file difficult to discover or analyze by encrypting, encoding, or otherwise obfuscating its contents on the device or in transit. This is common behavior that can be used across different platforms and the network to evade defenses. \n \nPayloads may be compressed, archived, or encrypted in order to avoid detection. These payloads may be used during Initial Access or later to mitigate detection. Portions of files can also be encoded to hide the plaintext strings that would otherwise help defenders with discovery. Payloads may also be split into separate, seemingly benign files that only reveal malicious functionality when reassembled.(Citation: Microsoft MalLockerB) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Dynamic analysis, when used in application vetting, may in some cases be able to identify malicious code in obfuscated or encrypted form by detecting the code at execution time (after it is deobfuscated or decrypted). Some application vetting techniques apply reputation analysis of the application developer and can alert to potentially suspicious applications without actual examination of application code.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"3.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d13fa042-8f26-44e1-a2a8-af0bf8e2ac9a","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:32.328Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406","external_id":"T1406"},{"source_name":"Microsoft MalLockerB","description":"D. Venkatesan. (2020, October 8). Sophisticated new Android malware marks the latest evolution of mobile ransomware . Retrieved October 29, 2020.","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/10/08/sophisticated-new-android-malware-marks-the-latest-evolution-of-mobile-ransomware/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-21.html","external_id":"APP-21"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-08T22:50:32.775Z","name":"Input Injection","description":"A malicious application can inject input to the user interface to mimic user interaction through the abuse of Android's accessibility APIs.\n\n[Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516) can be achieved using any of the following methods:\n\n* Mimicking user clicks on the screen, for example to steal money from a user's PayPal account.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)\n* Injecting global actions, such as `GLOBAL_ACTION_BACK` (programatically mimicking a physical back button press), to trigger actions on behalf of the user.(Citation: Talos Gustuff Apr 2019)\n* Inserting input into text fields on behalf of the user. This method is used legitimately to auto-fill text fields by applications such as password managers.(Citation: bitwarden autofill logins)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Lukáš Štefanko, ESET"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view applications that have registered accessibility services in the accessibility menu within the device settings.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d1f1337e-aea7-454c-86bd-482a98ffaf62","created":"2019-09-15T15:26:22.356Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516","external_id":"T1516"},{"source_name":"bitwarden autofill logins","description":"Bitwarden. (n.d.).  Auto-fill logins on Android . Retrieved September 15, 2019.","url":"https://help.bitwarden.com/article/auto-fill-android/"},{"source_name":"android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/"},{"source_name":"Talos Gustuff Apr 2019","description":"Vitor Ventura. (2019, April 9).  Gustuff banking botnet targets Australia . Retrieved September 3, 2019.","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/gustuff-targets-australia.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:51:23.109Z","name":"Network Denial of Service","description":"Adversaries may perform Network Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to degrade or block the availability of targeted resources to users. Network DoS can be performed by exhausting the network bandwidth that services rely on, or by jamming the signal going to or coming from devices. \n\nA Network DoS will occur when an adversary is able to jam radio signals (e.g. Wi-Fi, cellular, GPS) around a device to prevent it from communicating. For example, to jam cellular signal, an adversary may use a handheld signal jammer, which jam devices within the jammer’s operational range.(Citation: NIST-SP800187) \n\nUsage of cellular jamming has been documented in several arrests reported in the news.(Citation: CNET-Celljammer)(Citation: NYTimes-Celljam)(Citation: Digitaltrends-Celljam)(Citation: Arstechnica-Celljam)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Unexpected loss of radio signal could indicate that a device is being actively jammed.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.3","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d2e112dc-f6d4-488d-b8df-ecbfb57a0a2d","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:25.740Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1464","external_id":"T1464"},{"source_name":"CNET-Celljammer","description":"Chris Matyszczyk. (2014, May 1). FCC: Man used device to jam drivers' cell phone calls. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","url":"https://www.cnet.com/news/man-put-cell-phone-jammer-in-car-to-stop-driver-calls-fcc-says/"},{"source_name":"Arstechnica-Celljam","description":"David Kravets. (2016, March 10). Man accused of jamming passengers’ cell phones on Chicago subway. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","url":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/03/man-accused-of-jamming-passengers-cell-phones-on-chicago-subway/"},{"source_name":"NIST-SP800187","description":"Jeffrey Cichonski, Joshua M Franklin, Michael Bartock. (2017, December). Guide to LTE Security. Retrieved January 20, 2017.","url":"http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-187/sp800_187_draft.pdf"},{"source_name":"NYTimes-Celljam","description":"Matt Richtel. (2007, November 4). Devices Enforce Silence of Cellphones, Illegally. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/technology/04jammer.html"},{"source_name":"Digitaltrends-Celljam","description":"Trevor Mogg. (2015, June 5). Florida teacher punished after signal-jamming his students’ cell phones. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","url":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/florida-teacher-punished-after-signal-jamming-his-students-cell-phones/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-7.html","external_id":"CEL-7"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-8.html","external_id":"CEL-8"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/lan-pan-threats/LPN-5.html","external_id":"LPN-5"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/gps-threats/GPS-0.html","external_id":"GPS-0"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Compromise Application Executable","description":"Adversaries may modify applications installed on a device to establish persistent access to a victim. These malicious modifications can be used to make legitimate applications carry out adversary tasks when these applications are in use.\n\nThere are multiple ways an adversary can inject malicious code into applications. One method is by taking advantages of device vulnerabilities, the most well-known being Janus, an Android vulnerability that allows adversaries to add extra bytes to APK (application) and DEX (executable) files without affecting the file's signature. By being able to add arbitrary bytes to valid applications, attackers can seamlessly inject code into genuine executables without the user's knowledge.(Citation: Guardsquare Janus)\n\nAdversaries may also rebuild applications to include malicious modifications. This can be achieved by decompiling the genuine application, merging it with the malicious code, and recompiling it.(Citation: CheckPoint Agent Smith)\n\nAdversaries may also take action to conceal modifications to application executables and bypass user consent. These actions include altering modifications to appear as an update or exploiting vulnerabilities that allow activities of the malicious application to run inside a system application.(Citation: CheckPoint Agent Smith)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_detection":"This behavior is seamless to the user and is typically undetectable.","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d3bc5020-f6a2-41c0-8ccb-5e563101b60c","created":"2020-05-07T15:24:49.068Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1577","external_id":"T1577"},{"source_name":"Guardsquare Janus","description":"Guarsquare. (2017, November 13). New Android vulnerability allows attackers to modify apps without affecting their signatures. Retrieved May 7, 2020.","url":"https://www.guardsquare.com/en/blog/new-android-vulnerability-allows-attackers-modify-apps-without-affecting-their-signatures"},{"source_name":"CheckPoint Agent Smith","description":"A. Hazum, F. He, I. Marom, B. Melnykov, A. Polkovnichenko. (2019, July 10). Agent Smith: A New Species of Mobile Malware. Retrieved May 7, 2020.","url":"https://research.checkpoint.com/2019/agent-smith-a-new-species-of-mobile-malware/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:43:46.177Z","name":"Event Triggered Execution","description":"Adversaries may establish persistence using system mechanisms that trigger execution based on specific events. Mobile operating systems have means to subscribe to events such as receiving an SMS message, device boot completion, or other device activities. \n\nAdversaries may abuse these mechanisms as a means of maintaining persistent access to a victim via automatically and repeatedly executing malicious code. After gaining access to a victim’s system, adversaries may create or modify event triggers to point to malicious content that will be executed whenever the event trigger is invoked. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services can detect which broadcast intents an application registers for and which permissions it requests. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d446b9f0-06a9-4a8d-97ee-298cfee84f14","created":"2022-03-30T14:25:41.721Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1624","external_id":"T1624"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-02-20T23:35:22.949Z","name":"System Network Configuration Discovery","description":"Adversaries may look for details about the network configuration and settings, such as IP and/or MAC addresses, of devices they access or through information discovery of remote systems. \n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Network Configuration Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining certain access within the target network and what actions to do next. \n\nOn Android, details of onboard network interfaces are accessible to apps through the `java.net.NetworkInterface` class.(Citation: NetworkInterface) Previously, the Android `TelephonyManager` class could be used to gather telephony-related device identifiers, information such as the IMSI, IMEI, and phone number. However, starting with Android 10, only preloaded, carrier, the default SMS, or device and profile owner applications can access the telephony-related device identifiers.(Citation: TelephonyManager) \n\n \n\nOn iOS, gathering network configuration information is not possible without root access. \n\n \n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Network Configuration Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining certain access within the target network and what actions to do next. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for usage of the `READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE` Android permission. This could indicate that non-system apps are attempting to access information that they do not have access to.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.4","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:32.740Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422","external_id":"T1422"},{"source_name":"NetworkInterface","description":"Android. (n.d.). NetworkInterface. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/java/net/NetworkInterface.html"},{"source_name":"TelephonyManager","description":"Android. (n.d.). TelephonyManager. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/telephony/TelephonyManager.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d731c21e-f27d-4756-b418-0e2aaabd6d63","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:25.322Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1463","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1463"},{"source_name":"FireEye-SSL","url":"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/08/ssl-vulnerabilities-who-listens-when-android-applications-talk.html","description":"Adrian Mettler, Yulong Zhang, Vishwanath Raman. (2014, August 20). SSL VULNERABILITIES: WHO LISTENS WHEN ANDROID APPLICATIONS TALK?. Retrieved December 24, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-1.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-1"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"If network traffic between the mobile device and a remote server is not securely protected, then an attacker positioned on the network may be able to manipulate network communication without being detected. For example, FireEye researchers found in 2014 that 68% of the top 1,000 free applications in the Google Play Store had at least one Transport Layer Security (TLS) implementation vulnerability potentially opening the applications' network traffic to adversary-in-the-middle attacks (Citation: FireEye-SSL).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:44:48.421Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Manipulate Device Communication","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:38:27.848Z","name":"Video Capture","description":"An adversary can leverage a device’s cameras to gather information by capturing video recordings. Images may also be captured, potentially in specified intervals, in lieu of video files.  \n\n \n\nMalware or scripts may interact with the device cameras through an available API provided by the operating system. Video or image files may be written to disk and exfiltrated later. This technique differs from [Screen Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1513) due to use of the device’s cameras for video recording rather than capturing the victim’s screen. \n\n \n\nIn Android, an application must hold the `android.permission.CAMERA` permission to access the cameras. In iOS, applications must include the `NSCameraUsageDescription` key in the `Info.plist` file. In both cases, the user must grant permission to the requesting application to use the camera. If the device has been rooted or jailbroken, an adversary may be able to access the camera without knowledge of the user.  ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"The user can view which applications have permission to use the camera through the device settings screen, where the user can then choose to revoke the permissions. During the vetting process, applications using the Android permission `android.permission.CAMERA`, or the iOS `NSCameraUsageDescription` plist entry could be given closer scrutiny. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d8940e76-f9c1-4912-bea6-e21c251370b6","created":"2019-08-09T16:14:58.254Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1512","external_id":"T1512"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-19.html","external_id":"APP-19"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:35:55.739Z","name":"One-Way Communication","description":"Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service channel as a means for sending commands to a compromised system without receiving return output. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems may opt to send the output from those commands back over a different C2 channel, including to another distinct Web service. Alternatively, compromised systems may return no output at all in cases where adversaries want to send instructions to systems and do not want a response. \n\n \n\nPopular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d916f176-a1ca-4a78-9fdd-4058bc28162e","created":"2022-04-06T15:52:07.711Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481/003","external_id":"T1481.003"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d9db3d46-66ca-44b4-9daa-1ef97cb7465a","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1475","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1475"},{"source_name":"Oberheide-Bouncer","url":"https://jon.oberheide.org/files/summercon12-bouncer.pdf","description":"Jon Oberheide and Charlie Miller. (2012). Dissecting the Android Bouncer. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Oberheide-RemoteInstall","url":"https://jon.oberheide.org/blog/2010/06/25/remote-kill-and-install-on-google-android/","description":"Jon Oberheide. (2010, June 25). Remote Kill and Install on Google Android. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Percoco-Bouncer","url":"https://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-12/Briefings/Percoco/BH_US_12_Percoco_Adventures_in_Bouncerland_WP.pdf","description":"Nicholas J. Percoco and Sean Schulte. (2012). Adventures in BouncerLand. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Konoth","url":"http://www.vvdveen.com/publications/BAndroid.pdf","description":"Radhesh Krishnan Konoth, Victor van der Veen, and Herbert Bos. (n.d.). How Anywhere Computing Just Killed Your Phone-Based Two-Factor Authentication. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Petsas","url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2592796","description":"Thanasis Petsas, Giannis Voyatzis, Elias Athanasopoulos, Michalis Polychronakis, Sotiris Ioannidis. (2014, April). Rage Against the Virtual Machine: Hindering Dynamic Analysis of Android Malware. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Wang","url":"https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity13/technical-sessions/presentation/wang_tielei","description":"Tielei Wang, Kangjie Lu, Long Lu, Simon Chung, and Wenke Lee. (2013, August). Jekyll on iOS: When Benign Apps Become Evil. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-4.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-4"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-16.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-16"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-17.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-17"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-20.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-20"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-21.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-21"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-22.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-22"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"Malicious applications are a common attack vector used by adversaries to gain a presence on mobile devices. Mobile devices often are configured to allow application installation only from an authorized app store (e.g., Google Play Store or Apple App Store). An adversary may seek to place a malicious application in an authorized app store, enabling the application to be installed onto targeted devices.\n\nApp stores typically require developer registration and use vetting techniques to identify malicious applications. Adversaries may use these techniques against app store defenses:\n\n* [Download New Code at Runtime](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1407)\n* [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406)\n\nAdversaries may also seek to evade vetting by placing code in a malicious application to detect whether it is running in an app analysis environment and, if so, avoid performing malicious actions while under analysis. (Citation: Petsas) (Citation: Oberheide-Bouncer) (Citation: Percoco-Bouncer) (Citation: Wang)\n\nAdversaries may also use fake identities, payment cards, etc., to create developer accounts to publish malicious applications to app stores. (Citation: Oberheide-Bouncer)\n\nAdversaries may also use control of a target's Google account to use the Google Play Store's remote installation capability to install apps onto the Android devices associated with the Google account. (Citation: Oberheide-RemoteInstall) (Citation: Konoth) (Only applications that are available for download through the Google Play Store can be remotely installed using this technique.)","modified":"2022-04-06T15:41:33.827Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Deliver Malicious App via Authorized App Store","x_mitre_detection":"* An EMM/MDM or mobile threat defense solution can identify the presence of unwanted or known insecure or malicious apps on devices.\n* Developers can scan (or have a third party scan on their behalf) the app stores for presence of unauthorized apps that were submitted using the developer's identity.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:55:09.397Z","name":"Data Encrypted for Impact","description":"An adversary may encrypt files stored on a mobile device to prevent the user from accessing them. This may be done in order to extract monetary compensation from a victim in exchange for decryption or a decryption key (ransomware) or to render data permanently inaccessible in cases where the key is not saved or transmitted.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services may be able to detect if an application attempts to encrypt files, although this may be benign behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"3.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d9e88203-2b5d-405f-a406-2933b1e3d7e4","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:10.285Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1471","external_id":"T1471"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-28.html","external_id":"APP-28"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-28T15:38:41.106Z","name":"Prevent Application Removal","description":"Adversaries may abuse the Android device administration API to prevent the user from uninstalling a target application. In earlier versions of Android, device administrator applications needed their administration capabilities explicitly deactivated by the user before the application could be uninstalled. This was later updated so the user could deactivate and uninstall the administrator application in one step.\n\nAdversaries may also abuse the device accessibility APIs to prevent removal. This set of APIs allows the application to perform certain actions on behalf of the user and programmatically determine what is being shown on the screen. The malicious application could monitor the device screen for certain modals (e.g., the confirmation modal to uninstall an application) and inject screen input or a back button tap to close the modal. For example, Android's `performGlobalAction(int)` API could be utilized to prevent the user from removing the malicious application from the device after installation. If the user wants to uninstall the malicious application, two cases may occur, both preventing the user from removing the application.\n\n* Case 1: If the integer argument passed to the API call is `2` or `GLOBAL_ACTION_HOME`, the malicious application may direct the user to the home screen from settings screen \n\n* Case 2: If the integer argument passed to the API call is `1` or `GLOBAL_ACTION_BACK`, the malicious application may emulate the back press event ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Shankar Raman, Gen Digital and Abhinand, Amrita University"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view a list of device administrators and applications that have registered accessibility services in device settings. Users can typically visually see when an action happens that they did not initiate and can subsequently review installed applications for any out of place or unknown ones. Applications that register an accessibility service or request device administrator permissions should be scrutinized further for malicious behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--dc01774a-d1c1-45fb-b506-0a5d1d6593d9","created":"2022-04-01T18:44:32.808Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629/001","external_id":"T1629.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","external_id":"APP-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--dd818ea5-adf5-41c7-93b5-f3b839a219fb","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:33.574Z","x_mitre_version":"2.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1421","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1421"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of network connections to or from the compromised device they are currently accessing or from remote systems by querying for information over the network. \n\n \n\nThis is typically accomplished by utilizing device APIs to collect information about nearby networks, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular tower connections. On Android, this can be done by querying the respective APIs: \n\n \n\n* `WifiInfo` for information about the current Wi-Fi connection, as well as nearby Wi-Fi networks. Querying the `WiFiInfo` API requires the application to hold the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` permission. \n\n* `BluetoothAdapter` for information about Bluetooth devices, which also requires the application to hold several permissions granted by the user at runtime. \n\n* For Android versions prior to Q, applications can use the `TelephonyManager.getNeighboringCellInfo()` method. For Q and later, applications can use the `TelephonyManager.getAllCellInfo()` method. Both methods require the application hold the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` permission.","modified":"2022-03-31T16:31:12.821Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"System Network Connections Discovery","x_mitre_detection":"System Network Connections Discovery can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"discovery","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-29T19:45:39.608Z","name":"Phishing","description":"Adversaries may send malicious content to users in order to gain access to their mobile devices. All forms of phishing are electronically delivered social engineering. Adversaries can conduct both non-targeted phishing, such as in mass malware spam campaigns, as well as more targeted phishing tailored for a specific individual, company, or industry, known as “spearphishing”.  Phishing often involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source, as well as evasion techniques, such as removing or manipulating emails or metadata/headers from compromised accounts being abused to send messages.\n\nMobile phishing may take various forms. For example, adversaries may send emails containing malicious attachments or links, typically to deliver and then execute malicious code on victim devices. Phishing may also be conducted via third-party services, like social media platforms.  \n\nMobile devices are a particularly attractive target for adversaries executing phishing campaigns.  Due to their smaller form factor than traditional desktop endpoints, users may not be able to notice minor differences between genuine and phishing websites. Further, mobile devices have additional sensors and radios that allow adversaries to execute phishing attempts over several different vectors, such as: \n\n- SMS messages: Adversaries may send SMS messages (known as “smishing”) from compromised devices to potential targets to convince the target to, for example, install malware, navigate to a specific website, or enable certain insecure configurations on their device.\n- Quick Response (QR) Codes: Adversaries may use QR codes (known as “quishing”) to redirect users to a phishing website. For example, an adversary could replace a legitimate public QR Code with one that leads to a different destination, such as a phishing website. A malicious QR code could also be delivered via other means, such as SMS or email. In the latter case, an adversary could utilize a malicious QR code in an email to pivot from the user’s desktop computer to their mobile device.\n- Phone Calls: Adversaries may call victims (known as “vishing”) to persuade them to perform an action, such as providing login credentials or navigating to a malicious website. This could also be used as a technique to perform the initial access on a mobile device, but then pivot to a computer/other network by having the victim perform an action on a desktop computer.\n","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Vijay Lalwani","Will Thomas, Equinix","Adam Mashinchi","Sam Seabrook, Duke Energy","Naveen Devaraja, bolttech","Brian Donohue"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--defc1257-4db1-4fb3-8ef5-bb77f63146df","created":"2023-09-21T19:35:15.552Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1660","external_id":"T1660"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-9.html","external_id":"AUT-9"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-04-16T20:24:13.854Z","name":"SSL Pinning","description":"Adversaries may use [SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003)  to protect the C2 traffic from being intercepted and analyzed.\n\n[SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003)  is a technique commonly utilized by legitimate websites to ensure that encrypted communications are only allowed with a pre-defined certificate. If another certificate is presented, it could indicate device compromise, traffic interception, or another upstream issue. While benign usages are common, it is also possible for adversaries to abuse this technology to protect malicious C2 traffic.\n\nIn normal, not pinned SSL validation, when a client connects to a server using HTTPS, it typically checks whether the server’s SSL/TLS certificate is signed by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA) in the device’s trust store. If the certificate is valid and signed by a trusted CA, the connection is established. However, with [SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003) , the client is configured to trust a specific SSL/TLS certificate or public key, rather than relying on the device’s trust store. This means that even if the server’s certificate is signed by a trusted CA, the client will only establish the connection of the certificate or key is pinned.\n\nThere are two types of [SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003) :\n\n1.\tCertificate Pinning: The client stores a copy of the server’s certificate and compares it with the certificate received during the SSL handshake. If the certificates match, then the client proceeds with the connection. This approach also works with self-signed certificates.\n\n2.\tPublic Key Pinning: Instead of pinning the entire certificate, the client pins just the public key extracted from the certificate. This is often more flexible, as it allows the server to renew its certificate without having to update the pinned certificate or breaking the SSL connection.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Takahashi Wataru, NEC Corporation","Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India","Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--dfafc230-5465-4993-8dc5-f51fa9fec002","created":"2024-03-29T15:04:38.566Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003","external_id":"T1521.003"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-10-16T16:23:05.146Z","name":"Lockscreen Bypass","description":"An adversary with physical access to a mobile device may seek to bypass the device’s lockscreen. Several methods exist to accomplish this, including:\n\n* Biometric spoofing: If biometric authentication is used, an adversary could attempt to spoof a mobile device’s biometric authentication mechanism. Both iOS and Android partly mitigate this attack by requiring the device’s passcode rather than biometrics to unlock the device after every device restart, and after a set or random amount of time.(Citation: SRLabs-Fingerprint)(Citation: TheSun-FaceID)\n* Unlock code bypass: An adversary could attempt to brute-force or otherwise guess the lockscreen passcode (typically a PIN or password), including physically observing (“shoulder surfing”) the device owner’s use of the lockscreen passcode. Mobile OS vendors partly mitigate this by implementing incremental backoff timers after a set number of failed unlock attempts, as well as a configurable full device wipe after several failed unlock attempts.\n* Vulnerability exploit: Techniques have been periodically demonstrated that exploit mobile devices to bypass the lockscreen. The vulnerabilities are generally patched by the device or OS vendor once disclosed.(Citation: Wired-AndroidBypass)(Citation: Kaspersky-iOSBypass)\n","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can see if someone is watching them type in their device passcode.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.3","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--dfe29258-ce59-421c-9dee-e85cb9fa90cd","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:24.488Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1461","external_id":"T1461"},{"source_name":"Wired-AndroidBypass","description":"Andy Greenberg. (2015, September 15). Hack Brief: Emergency Number Hack Bypasses Android Lock Screens. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","url":"https://www.wired.com/2015/09/hack-brief-new-emergency-number-hack-easily-bypasses-android-lock-screens/"},{"source_name":"Kaspersky-iOSBypass","description":"Chris Brook. (2016, November 17). iOS 10 Passcode Bypass Can Access Photos, Contacts. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","url":"https://threatpost.com/ios-10-passcode-bypass-can-access-photos-contacts/122033/"},{"source_name":"TheSun-FaceID","description":"Sean Keach. (2018, February 15). Brit mates BREAK Apple’s face unlock and vow to never buy iPhone again. Retrieved September 18, 2018.","url":"https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/5584082/iphone-x-face-unlock-tricked-broken/"},{"source_name":"SRLabs-Fingerprint","description":"SRLabs. (n.d.). Fingerprints are not fit for secure device unlocking. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","url":"https://srlabs.de/bites/spoofing-fingerprints/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e083305c-49e7-4c87-aae8-9689213bffbe","created":"2020-12-16T20:16:07.673Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1605","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1605"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may use built-in command-line interfaces to interact with the device and execute commands. Android provides a bash shell that can be interacted with over the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) or programmatically using Java’s `Runtime` package. On iOS, adversaries can interact with the underlying runtime shell if the device has been jailbroken.\n\nIf the device has been rooted or jailbroken, adversaries may locate and invoke a superuser binary to elevate their privileges and interact with the system as the root user. This dangerous level of permissions allows the adversary to run special commands and modify protected system files.","modified":"2022-03-30T14:00:45.099Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Command-Line Interface","x_mitre_detection":"Command-Line Interface execution can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:40:11.937Z","name":"Contact List","description":"Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather contact list data. On Android, this can be accomplished using the Contacts Content Provider. On iOS, this can be accomplished using the `Contacts` framework. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access the [Contact List](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/003) without the user’s knowledge or approval. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On both Android and iOS, the user can manage which applications have permission to access the contact list through the device settings screen, revoking the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_CONTACTS` in an Android application’s manifest, or `NSContactsUsageDescription` in an iOS application’s `Info.plist` file. Most applications do not need contact list access, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS","Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e0b9ecb8-a7d1-43c7-aa30-8e19c6a92c86","created":"2022-04-01T13:17:52.740Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/003","external_id":"T1636.003"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","external_id":"APP-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a","created":"2019-10-10T15:12:42.790Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1533","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1533"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-41.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"STA-41"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may search local system sources, such as file systems or local databases, to find files of interest and sensitive data prior to exfiltration.  \n\n \n\nAccess to local system data, which includes information stored by the operating system, often requires escalated privileges. Examples of local system data include authentication tokens, the device keyboard cache, Wi-Fi passwords, and photos. On Android, adversaries may also attempt to access files from external storage which may require additional storage-related permissions. \n\n ","modified":"2022-04-01T16:53:27.576Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Data from Local System","x_mitre_detection":"Accessing data from the local system can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-15T16:34:51.917Z","name":"Account Access Removal","description":"Adversaries may interrupt availability of system and network resources by inhibiting access to accounts utilized by legitimate users. Accounts may be deleted, locked, or manipulated (ex: credentials changed) to remove access to accounts. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could closely scrutinize applications that request Device Administrator permissions.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e2c2249a-eb82-4614-8dd4-9c514dde65e2","created":"2022-04-06T13:29:47.590Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1640","external_id":"T1640"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:19.265Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1426","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1426"},{"source_name":"Android-Build","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build","description":"Android. (n.d.). Build. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-12.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-12"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to get detailed information about a device’s operating system and hardware, including versions, patches, and architecture. Adversaries may use the information from [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1426) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not to fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. \n\n \n\nOn Android, much of this information is programmatically accessible to applications through the `android.os.Build` class. (Citation: Android-Build) iOS is much more restrictive with what information is visible to applications. Typically, applications will only be able to query the device model and which version of iOS it is running. ","modified":"2022-04-11T19:21:34.776Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"System Information Discovery","x_mitre_detection":"System information discovery can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"discovery","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--e30cc912-7ea1-4683-9219-543b86cbdec9","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:28.786Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1442","external_id":"T1442"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.701Z","name":"Fake Developer Accounts","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e399430e-30b7-48c5-b70a-f44dc8c175cb","created":"2019-07-26T14:15:31.451Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1510","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1510"},{"source_name":"Android 10 Privacy Changes","url":"https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#clipboard-data","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Privacy changes in Android 10. Retrieved September 11, 2019."},{"source_name":"Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin August 2018","url":"https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=17517750","description":"Dr.Webb. (2018, August 8). Android.Clipper.1.origin. Retrieved July 26, 2019."},{"source_name":"Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin2 August 2018","url":"https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=17517761","description":"Dr.Webb. (2018, August 8). Android.Clipper.2.origin. Retrieved July 26, 2019."},{"source_name":"ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019","url":"https://www.eset.com/uk/about/newsroom/press-releases/first-clipper-malware-discovered-on-google-play-1/","description":"ESET. (2019, February 11). First clipper malware discovered on Google Play.. Retrieved July 26, 2019."},{"source_name":"Welivesecurity Clipboard Modification February 2019","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/02/08/first-clipper-malware-google-play/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2019, February 8). First clipper malware discovered on Google Play. Retrieved July 26, 2019."},{"source_name":"Syracuse Clipboard Modification 2014","url":"http://www.cis.syr.edu/~wedu/Research/paper/clipboard_attack_dimva2014.pdf","description":"Zhang, X; Du, W. (2014, January). Attacks on Android Clipboard. Retrieved July 26, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may abuse clipboard functionality to intercept and replace information in the Android device clipboard.(Citation: ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019)(Citation: Welivesecurity Clipboard Modification February 2019)(Citation: Syracuse Clipboard Modification 2014) Malicious applications may monitor the clipboard activity through the <code>ClipboardManager.OnPrimaryClipChangedListener</code> interface on Android to determine when the clipboard contents have changed.(Citation: Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin2 August 2018)(Citation: Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin August 2018) Listening to clipboard activity, reading the clipboard contents, and modifying the clipboard contents requires no explicit application permissions and can be performed by applications running in the background, however, this behavior has changed with the release of Android 10.(Citation: Android 10 Privacy Changes)\n\nAdversaries may use [Clipboard Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1510) to replace text prior to being pasted, for example, replacing a copied Bitcoin wallet address with a wallet address that is under adversarial control.\n\n[Clipboard Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1510) had been seen within the Android/Clipper.C trojan. This sample had been detected by ESET in an application distributed through the Google Play Store targeting cryptocurrency wallet numbers.(Citation: ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019)","modified":"2022-04-06T13:41:17.512Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Clipboard Modification","x_mitre_detection":"Modifying clipboard content can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec","created":"2019-10-10T15:00:44.181Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1532","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1532"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may compress and/or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration. Compressing data can help to obfuscate its contents and minimize use of network resources. Encryption can be used to hide information that is being exfiltrated from detection or make exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender. \n\n \n\nBoth compression and encryption are done prior to exfiltration, and can be performed using a utility, programming library, or custom algorithm.  ","modified":"2022-04-01T15:01:02.140Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Archive Collected Data","x_mitre_detection":"Many encryption mechanisms are built into standard application-accessible APIs and are therefore undetectable to the end user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"collection","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:58:14.240Z","name":"Geofencing","description":"Adversaries may use a device’s geographical location to limit certain malicious behaviors. For example, malware operators may limit the distribution of a second stage payload to certain geographic regions.(Citation: Lookout eSurv)\n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001) is accomplished by persuading the user to grant the application permission to access location services. The application can then collect, process, and exfiltrate the device’s location to perform location-based actions, such as ceasing malicious behavior or showing region-specific advertisements. \n\nOne method to accomplish [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001) on Android is to use the built-in Geofencing API to automatically trigger certain behaviors when the device enters or exits a specified radius around a geographical location. Similar to  other [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001) methods, this requires that the user has granted the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` and `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permissions. The latter is only required if the application targets Android 10 (API level 29) or higher. However, Android 11 introduced additional permission controls that may restrict background location collection based on user permission choices at runtime. These additional controls include \"Allow only while using the app\", which will effectively prohibit background location collection.  \n\nSimilarly, on iOS, developers can use built-in APIs to setup and execute geofencing. Depending on the use case, the app will either need to call `requestWhenInUseAuthorization()` or `requestAlwaysAuthorization()`, depending on when access to the location services is required. Similar to Android, users also have the option to limit when the application can access the device’s location, including one-time use and only when the application is running in the foreground.  \n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001) can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. For example, location data could be used to limit malware spread and/or capabilities, which could also potentially evade application analysis environments (ex: malware analysis outside of the target geographic area). Other malicious usages could include showing language-specific input prompts and/or advertisements.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can review which applications have location permissions in the operating system’s settings menu. On Android 10 and later, the system shows a notification to the user when an app has been accessing device location in the background. Application vetting services can detect unnecessary and potentially abused location permissions or API calls.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e422b6fa-4739-46b9-992e-82f1b350c780","created":"2022-03-30T20:36:03.177Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001","external_id":"T1627.001"},{"source_name":"Lookout eSurv","description":"A. Bauer. (2019, April 8). Lookout discovers phishing sites distributing new iOS and Android surveillanceware. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","url":"https://blog.lookout.com/esurv-research"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e4c347e9-fb91-4bc5-83b8-391e389131e2","created":"2019-07-10T15:18:16.753Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1507","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1507"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may use device sensors to collect information about nearby networks, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.","modified":"2022-03-31T16:33:55.068Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Network Information Discovery","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e8b4e1ec-8e3b-484c-9038-4459b1ed8060","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:15.920Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1412","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1412"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"A malicious application could capture sensitive data sent via SMS, including authentication credentials. SMS is frequently used to transmit codes used for multi-factor authentication.\n\nOn Android, a malicious application must request and obtain permission (either at app install time or run time) in order to receive SMS messages. Alternatively, a malicious application could attempt to perform an operating system privilege escalation attack to bypass the permission requirement.\n\nOn iOS, applications cannot access SMS messages in normal operation, so an adversary would need to attempt to perform an operating system privilege escalation attack to potentially be able to access SMS messages.","modified":"2022-04-01T13:27:29.880Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Capture SMS Messages","x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can view which applications have permission to access SMS messages through the device settings, and the user can choose to revoke the permission.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-04-17T16:50:41.414Z","name":"Conceal Multimedia Files","description":"Adversaries may attempt to hide multimedia files from the user. By doing so, adversaries may conceal captured files, such as pictures, videos and/or screenshots, then later exfiltrate those files.  \n\nSpecific to Android devices, if the `.nomedia` file is present in a folder, multimedia files in that folder will not be visible to the user in the Gallery application. Additionally, other applications are asked not to scan the folder with the `.nomedia` file, effectively making the folder appear invisible to the user.  \n\nThis technique is often used by stalkerware and spyware applications.  ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Shankar Raman, Amrita University, Gen Digital, Traboda"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ea132c68-b518-4478-ae8d-1763cda26ee3","created":"2024-02-20T21:44:32.669Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628/003","external_id":"T1628.003"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:41:56.376Z","name":"Endpoint Denial of Service","description":"Adversaries may perform Endpoint Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to degrade or block the availability of services to users.\n\nOn Android versions prior to 7, apps can abuse Device Administrator access to reset the device lock passcode, preventing the user from unlocking the device. After Android 7, only device or profile owners (e.g. MDMs) can reset the device’s passcode.(Citation: Android resetPassword)\n\nOn iOS devices, this technique does not work because mobile device management servers can only remove the screen lock passcode; they cannot set a new passcode. However, on jailbroken devices, malware has been discovered that can lock the user out of the device.(Citation: Xiao-KeyRaider)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users can review which applications have Device Administrator access in the device settings and revoke permission where appropriate. Application vetting services can detect and closely scrutinize applications that utilize Device Administrator access.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--eb6cf439-1bcb-4d10-bc68-1eed844ed7b3","created":"2022-04-06T13:52:05.619Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1642","external_id":"T1642"},{"source_name":"Xiao-KeyRaider","description":"Claud Xiao. (2015, August 30). KeyRaider: iOS Malware Steals Over 225,000 Apple Accounts to Create Free App Utopia. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/08/keyraider-ios-malware-steals-over-225000-apple-accounts-to-create-free-app-utopia/"},{"source_name":"Android resetPassword","description":"Google. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved October 1, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html#resetPassword(java.lang.String,%20int)"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:53:59.025Z","name":"Out of Band Data","description":"Adversaries may communicate with compromised devices using out of band data streams. This could be done for a variety of reasons, including evading network traffic monitoring, as a backup method of command and control, or for data exfiltration if the device is not connected to any Internet-providing networks (i.e. cellular or Wi-Fi). Several out of band data streams exist, such as SMS messages, NFC, and Bluetooth. \n\n \n\nOn Android, applications can read push notifications to capture content from SMS messages, or other out of band data streams. This requires that the user manually grant notification access to the application via the settings menu. However, the application could launch an Intent to take the user directly there. \n\n \n\nOn iOS, there is no way to programmatically read push notifications. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"If a user sees a notification with text they do not recognize, they should review their list of installed applications.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ec4c4baa-026f-43e8-8f56-58c36f3162dd","created":"2022-04-06T15:27:34.300Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1644","external_id":"T1644"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ed2c05a1-4f81-4d97-9e1b-aff01c34ae84","created":"2019-10-01T14:18:47.762Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1521","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may explicitly employ a known encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if necessary secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.","modified":"2022-04-05T20:11:35.852Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Encrypted Channel","x_mitre_detection":"Since data encryption is a common practice in many legitimate applications and uses standard programming language-specific APIs, encrypting data for command and control communication is regarded as undetectable to the user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ef771e03-e080-43b4-a619-ac6f84899884","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:22.716Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1405","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1405"},{"source_name":"EkbergTEE","url":"https://usmile.at/symposium/program/2015/ekberg","description":"Jan-Erik Ekberg. (2015, September 10). Android and trusted execution environments. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"source_name":"Thomas-TrustZone","url":"https://usmile.at/symposium/program/2015/thomas-holmes","description":"Josh Thomas and Charles Holmes. (2015, September). An infestation of dragons: Exploring vulnerabilities in the ARM TrustZone architecture. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"source_name":"QualcommKeyMaster","url":"https://bits-please.blogspot.in/2016/06/extracting-qualcomms-keymaster-keys.html","description":"laginimaineb. (2016, June). Extracting Qualcomm's KeyMaster Keys - Breaking Android Full Disk Encryption. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"source_name":"laginimaineb-TEE","url":"http://bits-please.blogspot.co.il/2016/05/war-of-worlds-hijacking-linux-kernel.html","description":"laginimaineb. (2016, May). War of the Worlds - Hijacking the Linux Kernel from QSEE. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-27"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"A malicious app or other attack vector could be used to exploit vulnerabilities in code running within the Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) (Citation: Thomas-TrustZone). The adversary could then obtain privileges held by the TEE potentially including the ability to access cryptographic keys or other sensitive data (Citation: QualcommKeyMaster). Escalated operating system privileges may be first required in order to have the ability to attack the TEE (Citation: EkbergTEE). If not, privileges within the TEE can potentially be used to exploit the operating system (Citation: laginimaineb-TEE).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:41:57.666Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Exploit TEE Vulnerability","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-09-12T19:47:06.884Z","name":"Suppress Application Icon","description":"A malicious application could suppress its icon from being displayed to the user in the application launcher. This hides the fact that it is installed, and can make it more difficult for the user to uninstall the application. Hiding the application's icon programmatically does not require any special permissions. \n\nThis behavior has been seen in the BankBot/Spy Banker family of malware.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)(Citation: sunny-stolen-credentials)(Citation: bankbot-spybanker) \n\nBeginning in Android 10, changes were introduced to inhibit malicious applications’ ability to hide their icon. If an app is a system app, requests no permissions, or does not have a launcher activity, the application’s icon will be fully hidden. Further, if the device is fully managed or the application is in a work profile, the icon will be fully hidden. Otherwise, a synthesized activity is shown, which is a launcher icon that represents the app’s details page in the system settings. If the user clicks the synthesized activity in the launcher, they are taken to the application’s details page in the system settings.(Citation: Android 10 Limitations to Hiding App Icons)(Citation: LauncherApps getActivityList)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Emily Ratliff, IBM"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"The user can examine the list of all installed applications, including those with a suppressed icon, in the device settings. If the user is redirected to the device settings when tapping an application’s icon, they should inspect the application to ensure it is genuine. Application vetting services could potentially detect the usage of APIs intended for suppressing the application’s icon.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--f05fc151-aa62-47e3-ae57-2d1b23d64bf6","created":"2022-03-30T20:06:22.194Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628/001","external_id":"T1628.001"},{"source_name":"Android 10 Limitations to Hiding App Icons","description":"Android. (n.d.). Android 10 Release Notes: Limitations to hiding app icons. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","url":"https://source.android.com/setup/start/android-10-release#limitations_to_hiding_app_icons"},{"source_name":"LauncherApps getActivityList","description":"Android. (n.d.). LauncherApps: getActivityList. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/kotlin/android/content/pm/LauncherApps#getactivitylist"},{"source_name":"sunny-stolen-credentials","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2017, February 22). Sunny with a chance of stolen credentials: Malicious weather app found on Google Play. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/02/22/sunny-chance-stolen-credentials-malicious-weather-app-found-google-play/"},{"source_name":"android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/"},{"source_name":"bankbot-spybanker","description":"NJCCIC. (2017, March 2). BankBot/Spy Banker. Retrieved September 12, 2024.","url":"https://www.cyber.nj.gov/threat-landscape/malware/trojans/bankbot-spy-banker"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--f1c3d071-0c24-483d-aca0-e8b8496ce468","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:18.583Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1399","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1399"},{"source_name":"Apple-iOSSecurityGuide","url":"https://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf","description":"Apple. (2016, May). iOS Security. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"source_name":"Roth-Rootkits","url":"https://hackinparis.com/data/slides/2013/Slidesthomasroth.pdf","description":"Thomas Roth. (2013). Next generation mobile rootkits. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-27"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"If an adversary can escalate privileges, he or she may be able to use those privileges to place malicious code in the device's Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) or other similar isolated execution environment where the code can evade detection, may persist after device resets, and may not be removable by the device user. Running code within the TEE may provide an adversary with the ability to monitor or tamper with overall device behavior.(Citation: Roth-Rootkits)","modified":"2022-04-06T15:48:41.647Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Modify Trusted Execution Environment","x_mitre_detection":"Devices may perform cryptographic integrity checks of code running within the TEE at boot time.\n\niOS devices will fail to boot if the software running within the Secure Enclave does not pass signature verification.(Citation: Apple-iOSSecurityGuide)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--f296fc9c-2ff5-43ee-941e-6b49c438270a","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:23.652Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1459","external_id":"T1459"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.703Z","name":"Device Unlock Code Guessing or Brute Force","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--f58cd69a-e548-478b-9248-8a9af881dc34","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:21.667Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1466","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1466"},{"source_name":"NIST-SP800187","url":"http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-187/sp800_187_draft.pdf","description":"Jeffrey Cichonski, Joshua M Franklin, Michael Bartock. (2017, December). Guide to LTE Security. Retrieved January 20, 2017."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-3.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"CEL-3"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could cause the mobile device to use less secure protocols, for example by jamming frequencies used by newer protocols such as LTE and only allowing older protocols such as GSM to communicate(Citation: NIST-SP800187). Use of less secure protocols may make communication easier to eavesdrop upon or manipulate.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:50:42.480Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Downgrade to Insecure Protocols","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-08T18:14:46.081Z","name":"Masquerading","description":"Adversaries may attempt to manipulate features of their artifacts to make them appear legitimate or benign to users and/or security tools. Masquerading occurs when the name, location, or appearance of an object, legitimate or malicious, is manipulated or abused for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may include manipulating file metadata, tricking users into misidentifying the file type, and giving legitimate task or service names.\n\nRenaming abusable system utilities to evade security monitoring is also a form of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1655)\n","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"\n","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--f856eaab-e84a-4265-a8a2-7bf37e5dc2fc","created":"2023-07-12T20:29:48.758Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1655","external_id":"T1655"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-14.html","external_id":"APP-14"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","external_id":"APP-31"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--f981d199-2720-467e-9dc9-eea04dbe05cf","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:18.937Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1472","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1472"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could seek to generate fraudulent advertising revenue from mobile devices, for example by triggering automatic clicks of advertising links without user involvement.","modified":"2022-04-06T13:57:49.177Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Generate Fraudulent Advertising Revenue","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--f9e4f526-ac9d-4df5-8949-833a82a1d2df","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:09.446Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1473","external_id":"T1473"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.704Z","name":"Malicious or Vulnerable Built-in Device Functionality","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fa801609-ca8e-415e-815e-65f3826ff4df","created":"2022-03-30T19:19:23.777Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1406.001","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406/001"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may use steganography techniques in order to prevent the detection of hidden information. Steganographic techniques can be used to hide data in digital media such as images, audio tracks, video clips, or text files.","modified":"2022-04-21T17:30:16.229Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Steganography","x_mitre_detection":"Detection of steganography is difficult unless detectable artifacts with a known signature are left behind by the obfuscation process. Look for strings are other signatures left in system artifacts related to decoding steganography.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"defense-evasion","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fb3fa94a-3aee-4ab0-b7e7-abdf0a51286d","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:06.524Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1449","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1449"},{"source_name":"3GPP-Security","url":"http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/wg3_security/_specs/33900-120.pdf","description":"3GPP. (2000, January). A Guide to 3rd Generation Security. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport","url":"https://www.fcc.gov/files/csric5-wg10-finalreport031517pdf","description":"Communications Security, Reliability, Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (2017, March). Working Group 10 Legacy Systems Risk Reductions Final Report. Retrieved May 24, 2017."},{"source_name":"TheRegister-SS7","url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/05/03/hackers_fire_up_ss7_flaw/","description":"Iain Thomson. (2017, May 3). After years of warnings, mobile network hackers exploit SS7 flaws to drain bank accounts. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"Positive-SS7","url":"https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/ptcom/PT-SS7-AD-Data-Sheet-eng.pdf","description":"Positive Technologies. (n.d.). SS7 Attack Discovery. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7-2008","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0n5ySqbfdI","description":"Tobias Engel. (2008, December). Locating Mobile Phones using SS7. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7","url":"https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf","description":"Tobias Engel. (2014, December). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate.. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-37.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"CEL-37"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"An adversary could exploit signaling system vulnerabilities to redirect calls or text messages (SMS) to a phone number under the attacker's control. The adversary could then act as an adversary-in-the-middle to intercept or manipulate the communication. (Citation: Engel-SS7) (Citation: Engel-SS7-2008) (Citation: 3GPP-Security) (Citation: Positive-SS7) (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport) Interception of SMS messages could enable adversaries to obtain authentication codes used for multi-factor authentication(Citation: TheRegister-SS7).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:53:27.032Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Exploit SS7 to Redirect Phone Calls/SMS","x_mitre_detection":"Network carriers may be able to use firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), or Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) to detect and/or block SS7 exploitation as described by the Communications, Security, Reliability, and Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport) The CSRIC also suggests threat information sharing between telecommunications industry members.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:59:57.485Z","name":"Hide Artifacts","description":"Adversaries may attempt to hide artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection. Mobile operating systems have features and developer APIs to hide various artifacts, such as an application’s launcher icon. These APIs have legitimate usages, such as hiding an icon to avoid application drawer clutter when an application does not have a usable interface. Adversaries may abuse these features and APIs to hide artifacts from the user to evade detection.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"The user can examine the list of all installed applications in the device settings. Application vetting services could potentially detect the usage of APIs intended for artifact hiding.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fc53309d-ebd5-4573-9242-57024ebdad4f","created":"2022-03-30T20:00:12.654Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628","external_id":"T1628"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-16T18:37:55.822Z","name":"Code Signing Policy Modification","description":"Adversaries may modify code signing policies to enable execution of applications signed with unofficial or unknown keys. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on an app from a developer, guaranteeing that the program has not been tampered with and comes from an official source. Security controls can include enforcement mechanisms to ensure that only valid, signed code can be run on a device. \n\nMobile devices generally enable these security controls by default, such as preventing the installation of unknown applications on Android. Adversaries may modify these policies in a number of ways, including [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516) or malicious configuration profiles.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can use the device settings menu to view trusted CA certificates and look for unexpected or unknown certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies. Users can use the device settings menu to view which applications on the device are allowed to install unknown applications.\n\nOn iOS, the user can use the device settings menu to view installed Configuration Profiles and look for unexpected or unknown profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fcb11f06-ce0e-490b-bcc1-04a1623579f0","created":"2022-03-30T18:13:26.003Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1632/001","external_id":"T1632.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-7.html","external_id":"STA-7"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:19:54.832Z","name":"Domain Generation Algorithms","description":"Adversaries may use [Domain Generation Algorithms](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1637/001) (DGAs) to procedurally generate domain names for uses such as command and control communication   or malicious application distribution.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)\n\nDGAs increase the difficulty for defenders to block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there could potentially be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different DGA algorithms, constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There are a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) CDN domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, a more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fd211238-f767-4599-8c0d-9dca36624626","created":"2022-04-05T19:59:03.161Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1637/001","external_id":"T1637.001"},{"source_name":"Data Driven Security DGA","description":"Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","url":"https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"},{"source_name":"securelist rotexy 2018","description":"T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan – banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-07T17:12:07.620Z","name":"Drive-By Compromise","description":"Adversaries may gain access to a system through a user visiting a website over the normal course of browsing. With this technique, the user's web browser is typically targeted for exploitation, but adversaries may also use compromised websites for non-exploitation behavior such as acquiring an [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001).\n\nMultiple ways of delivering exploit code to a browser exist, including:\n\n* A legitimate website is compromised where adversaries have injected some form of malicious code such as JavaScript, iFrames, and cross-site scripting.\n* Malicious ads are paid for and served through legitimate ad providers.\n* Built-in web application interfaces are leveraged for the insertion of any other kind of object that can be used to display web content or contain a script that executes on the visiting client (e.g. forum posts, comments, and other user controllable web content).\n\nOften the website used by an adversary is one visited by a specific community, such as government, a particular industry, or region, where the goal is to compromise a specific user or set of users based on a shared interest. This kind of targeted attack is referred to a strategic web compromise or watering hole attack. There are several known examples of this occurring.(Citation: Lookout-StealthMango)\n\nTypical drive-by compromise process:\n\n1. A user visits a website that is used to host the adversary controlled content.\n2. Scripts automatically execute, typically searching versions of the browser and plugins for a potentially vulnerable version. \n    * The user may be required to assist in this process by enabling scripting or active website components and ignoring warning dialog boxes.\n3. Upon finding a vulnerable version, exploit code is delivered to the browser.\n4. If exploitation is successful, then it will give the adversary code execution on the user's system unless other protections are in place.\n    * In some cases a second visit to the website after the initial scan is required before exploit code is delivered.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can often alert the user if their device is vulnerable to known exploits.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fd339382-bfec-4bf0-8d47-1caedc9e7e57","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:06.822Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1456","external_id":"T1456"},{"source_name":"Lookout-StealthMango","description":"Lookout. (n.d.). Stealth Mango & Tangelo. Retrieved September 27, 2018.","url":"https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/lookout-stealth-mango-srr-us.pdf"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-22.html","external_id":"CEL-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fd658820-cbba-4c95-8ac9-0fac6b1099e2","created":"2019-07-11T18:09:42.039Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1508","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1508"},{"source_name":"sunny-stolen-credentials","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/02/22/sunny-chance-stolen-credentials-malicious-weather-app-found-google-play/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2017, February 22). Sunny with a chance of stolen credentials: Malicious weather app found on Google Play. Retrieved July 11, 2019."},{"source_name":"android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019."},{"source_name":"bankbot-spybanker","url":"https://www.cyber.nj.gov/threat-profiles/android-malware-variants/bankbot-spybanker","description":"NJCCIC. (2017, March 2). BankBot/Spy Banker. Retrieved July 11, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"A malicious application could suppress its icon from being displayed to the user in the application launcher to hide the fact that it is installed, and to make it more difficult for the user to uninstall the application. Hiding the application's icon programmatically does not require any special permissions.\n\nThis behavior has been seen in the BankBot/Spy Banker family of malware.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)(Citation: sunny-stolen-credentials)(Citation: bankbot-spybanker)","modified":"2022-03-30T20:07:33.279Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Suppress Application Icon","x_mitre_detection":"The user can examine the list of all installed applications, including those with a suppressed icon, in the device settings.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--0008005f-ca51-47c3-8369-55ee5de1c65a","created":"2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Zscaler-SpyNote","description":"Shivang Desai. (2017, January 23). SpyNote RAT posing as Netflix app. Retrieved January 26, 2017.","url":"https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/research/spynote-rat-posing-netflix-app"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T17:43:54.975Z","description":"[SpyNote RAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0305) uses an Android broadcast receiver to automatically start when the device boots.(Citation: Zscaler-SpyNote)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--20dbaf05-59b8-4dc6-8777-0b17f4553a23","target_ref":"attack-pattern--3775a580-a1d1-46c4-8147-c614a715f2e9","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--006b3910-e9c3-4de8-ba49-dff36b1a3308","created":"2023-02-06T19:04:33.224Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"lookout_abstractemu_1021","description":"P Shunk, K Balaam. (2021, October 28). Rooting Malware Makes a Comeback: Lookout Discovers Global Campaign. Retrieved February 6, 2023.","url":"https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-global-rooting-malware-campaign"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-03-27T17:06:11.934Z","description":"[AbstractEmu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1061) can monitor notifications.(Citation: lookout_abstractemu_1021)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--2aec175b-4429-4048-8e09-3ef6cbecfc64","target_ref":"attack-pattern--39dd7871-f59b-495f-a9a5-3cb8cc50c9b2","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--00dc2b34-1b74-4dae-b6e4-b676528d6341","type":"relationship","created":"2019-07-16T14:33:12.085Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"Google Triada June 2019","url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2019/06/pha-family-highlights-triada.html","description":"Lukasz Siewierski. (2019, June 6). PHA Family Highlights: Triada. Retrieved July 16, 2019."}],"modified":"2020-04-27T16:52:49.480Z","description":"[Triada](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0424) utilizes a backdoor in a Play Store app to install additional trojanized apps from the Command and Control server.(Citation: Google Triada June 2019)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--f082fc59-0317-49cf-971f-a1b6296ebb52","target_ref":"attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--0100020b-97d4-4657-bc71-c6a1774055a6","created":"2022-04-20T17:36:25.707Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Lookout Uyghur Campaign","description":"A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020.","url":"https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T20:39:23.114Z","description":"[GoldenEagle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0551) has exfiltrated data via both SMTP and HTTP.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--0b9c5d11-651a-4378-b129-5c584d0242c5","target_ref":"attack-pattern--32063d7f-0a39-440d-a4a3-2694488f96cc","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--01965668-d033-4aca-a8e5-71a07070e266","type":"relationship","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","modified":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","relationship_type":"revoked-by","source_ref":"attack-pattern--45dcbc83-4abc-4de1-b643-e528d1e9df09","target_ref":"attack-pattern--dfe29258-ce59-421c-9dee-e85cb9fa90cd","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--01fd0686-d67f-4396-8812-3533063dd6b4","created":"2023-08-16T16:38:47.766Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"cyble_chameleon_0423","description":"Cyble Research & Intelligence Labs. (2023, April 13). Banking Trojan targeting mobile users in Australia and Poland. Retrieved August 16, 2023.","url":"https://cyble.com/blog/chameleon-a-new-android-malware-spotted-in-the-wild/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-08-16T16:38:47.766Z","description":"[Chameleon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1083) can remove artifacts of its presence and uninstall itself.(Citation: cyble_chameleon_0423)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--2cf00c5a-857d-4cb6-8f03-82f15bee0f6f","target_ref":"attack-pattern--0d4e3bbb-7af5-4c88-a215-0c0906bc1e8d","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--020a1aaa-a444-4f3c-a08b-f1369be276f2","type":"relationship","created":"2020-09-15T15:18:12.398Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"Cybereason FakeSpy","url":"https://www.cybereason.com/blog/fakespy-masquerades-as-postal-service-apps-around-the-world","description":"O. Almkias. (2020, July 1). FakeSpy Masquerades as Postal Service Apps Around the World. 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Flossman. (2017, February 16). ViperRAT: The mobile APT targeting the Israeli Defense Force that should be on your radar. Retrieved September 11, 2020."}],"modified":"2020-09-11T16:22:03.250Z","description":"[ViperRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0506) has been installed in two stages and can secretly install new applications.(Citation: Lookout ViperRAT)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--f666e17c-b290-43b3-8947-b96bd5148fbb","target_ref":"attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--0791f28b-d06f-4fee-9cdb-85a6fd2eed61","type":"relationship","created":"2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"PaloAlto-WireLurker","description":"Claud Xiao. (2014, November 5). 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Retrieved January 24, 2017.","url":"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2014/11/wirelurker-new-era-os-x-ios-malware/"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","description":"[WireLurker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0312) monitors for iOS devices connected via USB to an infected OSX computer and installs downloaded third-party applications or automatically generated malicious applications onto the device.(Citation: PaloAlto-WireLurker)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--326eaf7b-5784-4f08-8fc2-61fd5d5bc5fb","target_ref":"attack-pattern--667e5707-3843-4da8-bd34-88b922526f0d","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--079911c5-0db9-4eb2-ab85-6ed6e118fbbc","created":"2022-03-30T19:36:20.304Z","x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Users should be trained on what device administrator permission request prompts look like, and how to avoid granting permissions on phishing popups.","modified":"2022-03-30T19:36:20.304Z","relationship_type":"mitigates","source_ref":"course-of-action--653492e3-27be-4a0e-b08c-938dd2b7e0e1","target_ref":"attack-pattern--ab7400b7-3476-4776-9545-ef3fa373de63","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--07c727a6-6323-477a-bb55-34e130959b4e","created":"2023-10-10T15:33:57.556Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Bitdefender Mandrake","description":"R. Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020.","url":"https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/329/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-Mandrake-creat4464-en-EN-interactive.pdf"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-10-10T15:33:57.556Z","description":"[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) can mimic an app called “Storage Settings” if it cannot hide its icon.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--52c994fa-b6c8-45a8-9586-a4275cf19307","target_ref":"attack-pattern--114fed8b-7eed-4136-8b9c-411c5c7fff4b","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--07dd3318-2965-4085-be64-a8e956c7b8da","type":"relationship","created":"2020-12-18T20:14:47.319Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"WhiteOps TERRACOTTA","url":"https://www.whiteops.com/blog/terracotta-android-malware-a-technical-study","description":"Satori Threat Intelligence and Research Team. (2020, August). TERRACOTTA Android Malware: A Technical Study. 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(2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019.","url":"https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T17:09:45.426Z","description":"[Exodus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0405) Two can exfiltrate calendar events.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019) ","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--3049b2f2-e323-4cdb-91cb-13b37b904cbb","target_ref":"attack-pattern--a9fa0d30-a8ff-45bf-922e-7720da0b7922","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--085f8397-0233-42d7-855e-3dbd709f2eca","created":"2023-01-18T21:39:27.823Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"nccgroup_sharkbot_0322","description":"RIFT: Research and Intelligence Fusion Team. (2022, March 3). SharkBot: a “new” generation Android banking Trojan being distributed on Google Play Store. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","url":"https://research.nccgroup.com/2022/03/03/sharkbot-a-new-generation-android-banking-trojan-being-distributed-on-google-play-store/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-03-27T18:30:43.093Z","description":"[SharkBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1055) can use the Android “Direct Reply” feature to spread the malware to other devices. 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Retrieved September 11, 2020."},{"source_name":"Android App Links","url":"https://developer.android.com/training/app-links/verify-site-associations","description":"Google. (n.d.). Verify Android App Links. Retrieved September 11, 2020."},{"source_name":"IETF-PKCE","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636","description":"N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Developers should use Android App Links(Citation: Android App Links) and iOS Universal Links(Citation: iOS Universal Links) to provide a secure binding between URIs and applications, preventing malicious applications from intercepting redirections. Additionally, for OAuth use cases, PKCE(Citation: IETF-PKCE) should be used to prevent use of stolen authorization codes. ","modified":"2022-04-01T15:16:02.324Z","relationship_type":"mitigates","source_ref":"course-of-action--25dc1ce8-eb55-4333-ae30-a7cb4f5894a1","target_ref":"attack-pattern--789ef15a-34d9-4b32-a779-8cbbc9eb32f5","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--088c74f5-4b43-48aa-a2be-275f0c02ffc8","created":"2023-07-21T19:38:06.254Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"lookout_bouldspy_0423","description":"Kyle Schmittle, Alemdar Islamoglu, Paul Shunk, Justin Albrecht. (2023, April 27). Lookout Discovers Android Spyware Tied to Iranian Police Targeting Minorities: BouldSpy. 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(2021, July 21). StrongPity APT Group Deploys Android Malware for the First Time. Retrieved March 19, 2023.","url":"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_za/research/21/g/strongpity-apt-group-deploys-android-malware-for-the-first-time.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2024-04-15T20:30:02.657Z","description":"During [C0033](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0033), [PROMETHIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0056) used [StrongPity](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0491) to collect information regarding available Wi-Fi networks.(Citation: trendmicro_strongpity) ","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"campaign--a82bc5ad-5f95-4c6a-9f25-aaf6f476a3c4","target_ref":"attack-pattern--dd818ea5-adf5-41c7-93b5-f3b839a219fb","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--08a43019-d393-451f-a23c-2dfa17ec40b2","created":"2023-01-18T19:15:24.775Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"cyble_drinik_1022","description":"Cyble. (2022, October 27). Drinik Malware Returns With Advanced Capabilities Targeting Indian Taxpayers. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","url":"https://blog.cyble.com/2022/10/27/drinik-malware-returns-with-advanced-capabilities-targeting-indian-taxpayers/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-03-27T17:51:07.963Z","description":"[Drinik](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1054) can steal incoming SMS messages and send SMS messages from compromised devices. (Citation: cyble_drinik_1022)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--d6e009b7-df5e-447a-bfd2-d5b77374edfe","target_ref":"attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--08c81253-975c-4780-8e85-c72bc6a90c88","created":"2020-10-29T19:21:23.225Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"WeLiveSecurity AdDisplayAshas","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/10/24/tracking-down-developer-android-adware/","description":"L. Stefanko. (2019, October 24). Tracking down the developer of Android adware affecting millions of users. Retrieved October 29, 2020."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"[Android/AdDisplay.Ashas](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0525) can generate revenue by automatically displaying ads.(Citation: WeLiveSecurity AdDisplayAshas)","modified":"2022-04-19T14:25:41.669Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--f7e7b736-2cff-4c2a-9232-352cd383463a","target_ref":"attack-pattern--a8e971b8-8dc7-4514-8249-ae95427ec467","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--08f1a4b1-96c9-44c2-bc5b-5a779541213b","created":"2019-12-10T16:07:41.081Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"SecureList DVMap June 2017","description":"R. Unuchek. (2017, June 8). Dvmap: the first Android malware with code injection. Retrieved December 10, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/dvmap-the-first-android-malware-with-code-injection/78648/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T20:47:53.438Z","description":"[Dvmap](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0420) replaces `/system/bin/ip` with a malicious version. [Dvmap](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0420) can inject code by patching `libdmv.so` or `libandroid_runtime.so`, depending on the Android OS version. Both libraries are related to the Dalvik and ART runtime environments. The patched functions can only call `/system/bin/ip`, which was replaced with the malicious version.(Citation: SecureList DVMap June 2017)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--22b596a6-d288-4409-8520-5f2846f85514","target_ref":"attack-pattern--c6e17ca2-08b5-4379-9786-89bd05241831","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--09059576-658b-4944-9f7b-df003319fdaa","created":"2024-02-21T00:00:40.770Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"SecurityIntelligence TrickMo","description":"P. Asinovsky. (2020, March 24). TrickBot Pushing a 2FA Bypass App to Bank Customers in Germany. Retrieved April 24, 2020.","url":"https://securityintelligence.com/posts/trickbot-pushing-a-2fa-bypass-app-to-bank-customers-in-germany/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2024-02-21T00:00:40.770Z","description":"[TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) can collect device network configuration information such as IMSI, IMEI, and Wi-Fi connection state.(Citation: SecurityIntelligence TrickMo)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--21170624-89db-4e99-bf27-58d26be07c3a","target_ref":"attack-pattern--45a5fe76-eda3-4d40-8f22-c186efd6278d","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--0972d3cf-717e-4ed2-a89d-9cbe61081956","created":"2020-11-24T17:55:12.873Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Talos GPlayed","description":"V. Ventura. (2018, October 11).  GPlayed Trojan - .Net playing with Google Market . Retrieved November 24, 2020.","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/10/gplayedtrojan.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T17:21:56.899Z","description":"[GPlayed](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0536) has communicated with the C2 using HTTP requests or WebSockets as a backup.(Citation: Talos GPlayed) ","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--a993495c-9813-4372-b9ec-d168c7f7ec0a","target_ref":"attack-pattern--2282a98b-5049-4f61-9381-55baca7c1add","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--0993769f-63fb-4720-bbcf-e6f37f71515e","type":"relationship","created":"2020-06-02T14:32:31.875Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"Google Project Zero Insomnia","url":"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/08/implant-teardown.html","description":"I. 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This could indicate that non-system apps are attempting to access information that they do not have access to.","relationship_type":"detects","source_ref":"x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43","target_ref":"attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9cfc30de-3e68-4361-a213-3c37ce27b70e","created":"2023-03-20T18:52:52.011Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-08-09T14:51:29.206Z","description":"On Android, the user can use the device settings menu to view trusted CA certificates and look for unexpected or unknown certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies. Users can use the device settings menu to view which applications on the device are allowed to install unknown applications.\n\nOn iOS, the user can use the device settings menu to view installed Configuration Profiles and look for unexpected or unknown profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.","relationship_type":"detects","source_ref":"x-mitre-data-component--56c2b384-77f8-461f-a71a-76f7888ebfb6","target_ref":"attack-pattern--79cb02f4-ac4e-4335-8b51-425c9573cce1","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9cfcda7d-bb82-4122-a38b-fec4f5532856","created":"2020-05-04T14:04:56.211Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Google Bread","description":"A. Guertin, V. Kotov, Android Security & Privacy Team. (2020, January 9). PHA Family Highlights: Bread (and Friends) . Retrieved April 27, 2020.","url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2020/01/pha-family-highlights-bread-and-friends.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T17:03:51.504Z","description":"[Bread](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0432) communicates with the C2 server using HTTP requests.(Citation: Google Bread)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--108b2817-bc01-404e-8e1b-8cdeec846326","target_ref":"attack-pattern--2282a98b-5049-4f61-9381-55baca7c1add","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9d264e84-27b2-4867-82c8-55486a969d7c","type":"relationship","created":"2020-12-17T20:15:22.489Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"Palo Alto HenBox","url":"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/","description":"A. Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019."}],"modified":"2020-12-17T20:15:22.489Z","description":"[HenBox](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0544) can obtain a list of running processes.(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--aef537ba-10c2-40ed-a57a-80b8508aada4","target_ref":"attack-pattern--1b51f5bc-b97a-498a-8dbd-bc6b1901bf19","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9d2a9348-5d0a-43b0-8776-e9bbddc659c7","created":"2023-03-20T18:48:56.995Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-08-09T15:53:41.268Z","description":"Application vetting services can look for applications requesting the `android.permission.BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE` permission in a service declaration. On Android, the user can view and manage which applications can use accessibility services through the device settings in Accessibility. The exact device settings menu locations may vary between operating system versions.","relationship_type":"detects","source_ref":"x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43","target_ref":"attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9d4c1d68-3cc8-4cf9-b3ee-1525d0ce32de","type":"relationship","created":"2019-10-14T20:49:24.571Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"description":"T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan – banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/","source_name":"securelist rotexy 2018"}],"modified":"2019-10-14T20:49:24.571Z","description":"[Rotexy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0411) collects information about running processes.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--0626c181-93cb-4860-9cb0-dff3b1c13063","target_ref":"attack-pattern--1b51f5bc-b97a-498a-8dbd-bc6b1901bf19","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9d72c60b-d5d1-4b50-a01f-3882ddb335d9","created":"2019-09-04T14:28:15.316Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Lookout-Monokle","description":"Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. (2019, July). Monokle: The Mobile Surveillance Tooling of the Special Technology Center. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","url":"https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/lookout-discovers-monokle-threat-report.pdf"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T21:26:48.912Z","description":"[Monokle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0407) can remount the system partition as read/write to install attacker-specified certificates.(Citation: Lookout-Monokle) ","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--6a7aaab1-3e0a-48bb-ba66-bbf7665c0a65","target_ref":"attack-pattern--4f14e30b-8b57-4a7b-9093-2c0778ea99cf","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9dec6b2f-790a-4da9-86c9-1f4b7141c32c","type":"relationship","created":"2019-09-04T15:38:56.562Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"description":"K. Lu. (n.d.). Deep Technical Analysis of the Spyware FlexiSpy for Android. Retrieved September 10, 2019.","url":"https://d3gpjj9d20n0p3.cloudfront.net/fortiguard/research/Dig%20Deep%20into%20FlexiSpy%20for%20Android%28white%20paper%29_KaiLu.pdf","source_name":"FortiGuard-FlexiSpy"}],"modified":"2019-10-14T18:08:28.500Z","description":"[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) can communicate with the command and control server over ports 12512 and 12514.(Citation: FortiGuard-FlexiSpy)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"tool--1622fd3d-fcfc-4d02-ac49-f2d786f79b81","target_ref":"attack-pattern--948a447c-d783-4ba0-8516-a64140fcacd5","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9e3921a8-a9e1-48c4-9b61-ff190c104f63","type":"relationship","created":"2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"url":"http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/hacking-team-rcsandroid-spying-tool-listens-to-calls-roots-devices-to-get-in/","description":"Veo Zhang. (2015, July 21). Hacking Team RCSAndroid Spying Tool Listens to Calls; Roots Devices to Get In. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","source_name":"TrendMicro-RCSAndroid"}],"modified":"2019-08-09T17:53:48.793Z","description":"[RCSAndroid](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0295) can monitor clipboard content.(Citation: TrendMicro-RCSAndroid)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--363bc05d-13cb-4e98-a5b7-e250f2bbdc2b","target_ref":"attack-pattern--c4b96c0b-cb58-497a-a1c2-bb447d79d692","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9e458d77-c856-4b02-82a7-50947b232dc3","type":"relationship","created":"2021-10-01T14:42:49.183Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"SecureList BusyGasper","url":"https://securelist.com/busygasper-the-unfriendly-spy/87627/","description":"Alexey Firsh. (2018, August 29). BusyGasper – the unfriendly spy. Retrieved October 1, 2021."}],"modified":"2021-10-06T15:32:46.533Z","description":"[BusyGasper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0655) can download a payload or updates from either its C2 server or email attachments in the adversary’s inbox.(Citation: SecureList BusyGasper)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--e110f94a-e2c5-4f5f-ba78-9c2ab6d2d9e4","target_ref":"attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9e66ec3b-cdd6-461c-bd84-e75316818e15","type":"relationship","created":"2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"CrowdStrike-Android","description":"CrowdStrike Global Intelligence Team. (2016). Use of Fancy Bear Android Malware in Tracking of Ukrainian FIeld Artillery Units. Retrieved February 6, 2017.","url":"https://www.crowdstrike.com/wp-content/brochures/FancyBearTracksUkrainianArtillery.pdf"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","description":"[X-Agent for Android](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0314) was believed to have been used to obtain locational data of Ukrainian artillery forces.(Citation: CrowdStrike-Android)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--56660521-6db4-4e5a-a927-464f22954b7c","target_ref":"attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9e95ef68-0650-49eb-888f-47c211481be9","created":"2023-03-20T18:51:40.217Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-08-09T17:16:36.672Z","description":"Application vetting may be able to identify applications that perform [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0032) or utilize existing connectivity to remotely access hosts within an internal enterprise network. ","relationship_type":"detects","source_ref":"x-mitre-data-component--764ee29e-48d6-4934-8e6b-7a606aaaafc0","target_ref":"attack-pattern--22379609-a99f-4a01-bd7e-70f3e105859d","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9f83d618-a42d-4797-b9fe-030affdbd13f","created":"2023-01-18T19:46:45.399Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"nccgroup_sharkbot_0322","description":"RIFT: Research and Intelligence Fusion Team. (2022, March 3). SharkBot: a “new” generation Android banking Trojan being distributed on Google Play Store. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","url":"https://research.nccgroup.com/2022/03/03/sharkbot-a-new-generation-android-banking-trojan-being-distributed-on-google-play-store/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-03-27T18:49:35.020Z","description":"[SharkBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1055) can hide and send SMS messages. [SharkBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1055) can also change which application is the device’s default SMS handler.(Citation: nccgroup_sharkbot_0322)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--9cd72f5c-bec0-4f7e-bb6d-296937116291","target_ref":"attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9f9a0349-ca95-4bde-8d8d-af524ce19bc7","created":"2022-04-15T16:00:43.483Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"SecureList DVMap June 2017","description":"R. Unuchek. (2017, June 8). Dvmap: the first Android malware with code injection. Retrieved December 10, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/dvmap-the-first-android-malware-with-code-injection/78648/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T20:52:33.829Z","description":"[Dvmap](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0420) can turn off `VerifyApps`, and can grant Device Administrator permissions via commands only, rather than using the UI.(Citation: SecureList DVMap June 2017)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--22b596a6-d288-4409-8520-5f2846f85514","target_ref":"attack-pattern--2aa78dfd-cb6f-4c70-9408-137cfd96be49","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9fa03a70-ad00-4148-ae5e-8315f3e618d2","created":"2020-07-15T20:20:59.375Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Bitdefender Mandrake","description":"R. Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020.","url":"https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/329/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-Mandrake-creat4464-en-EN-interactive.pdf"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T21:29:29.307Z","description":"[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) can abuse device administrator permissions to ensure that it cannot be uninstalled until its permissions are revoked.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--52c994fa-b6c8-45a8-9586-a4275cf19307","target_ref":"attack-pattern--dc01774a-d1c1-45fb-b506-0a5d1d6593d9","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9fb0c414-6216-4b42-a080-cb42ef4011c5","created":"2024-04-17T13:12:54.126Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"welivesecurity_ahrat_0523","description":"Lukas Stefanko. (2023, May 23). Android app breaking bad: From legitimate screen recording to file exfiltration within a year. Retrieved December 18, 2023.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/05/23/android-app-breaking-bad-legitimate-screen-recording-file-exfiltration/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2024-04-17T13:12:54.126Z","description":"[AhRat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1095) can communicate with the C2 using HTTPS requests.(Citation: welivesecurity_ahrat_0523)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--24c8f6db-71e0-41ef-a1dc-83399a5b17e5","target_ref":"attack-pattern--ed2c05a1-4f81-4d97-9e1b-aff01c34ae84","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9fdc5fee-2250-4894-8333-466910023533","created":"2024-02-20T23:42:43.674Z","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2024-02-20T23:42:43.674Z","description":"Application vetting services could look for usage of the `READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE` Android permission. This could indicate that non-system apps are attempting to access information that they do not have access to. 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Retrieved January 27, 2020.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/mobile-cyberespionage-campaign-bouncing-golf-affects-middle-east/","source_name":"Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019"}],"modified":"2020-03-26T20:50:07.266Z","description":"[GolfSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0421) encrypts data using a simple XOR operation with a pre-configured key prior to exfiltration.(Citation: Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--c19cfc89-5ac6-4d2d-a236-70d2b32e007c","target_ref":"attack-pattern--e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--e723d78f-b6c3-4ba5-8946-b44e651834e3","created":"2023-03-16T13:32:02.290Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-08-10T21:06:58.988Z","description":"Android applications using the `RECORD_AUDIO` permission and iOS applications using `RequestRecordPermission` should be carefully reviewed and monitored. 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The rise of mobile banker Asacub. Retrieved December 14, 2020.","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rise-of-mobile-banker-asacub/87591/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T20:32:42.890Z","description":"[Asacub](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0540) can collect SMS messages as they are received.(Citation: Securelist Asacub)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--a76b837b-93cc-417d-bf28-c47a6a284fa4","target_ref":"attack-pattern--c6421411-ae61-42bb-9098-73fddb315002","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--e78b2cd9-ef73-45d9-9477-e2e95454e208","type":"relationship","created":"2020-07-20T13:27:33.546Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"Talos-WolfRAT","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2020/05/the-wolf-is-back.html","description":"W. 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Retrieved September 25, 2024.","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2024-09-25T15:03:05.114Z","description":"[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can record phone calls and audio.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--a3c59d82-2c7c-44e5-a869-68e0a3e5935e","target_ref":"attack-pattern--6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--e7b33eb5-6c2e-4743-ac8d-c27d5e7121ac","created":"2020-06-26T15:32:25.060Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Threat Fabric Cerberus","description":"Threat Fabric. 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Retrieved October 1, 2020.","url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1098481/download"},{"source_name":"GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR","description":"Department of Homeland Security and Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016, December 29). GRIZZLY STEPPE – Russian Malicious Cyber Activity. Retrieved January 11, 2017.","url":"https://www.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/publications/JAR_16-20296A_GRIZZLY%20STEPPE-2016-1229.pdf"},{"source_name":"ESET Zebrocy May 2019","description":"ESET Research. (2019, May 22). A journey to Zebrocy land. Retrieved June 20, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/22/journey-zebrocy-land/"},{"source_name":"ESET Sednit Part 3","description":"ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 3: A Mysterious Downloader. Retrieved November 21, 2016.","url":"http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/eset-sednit-part3.pdf"},{"source_name":"Sofacy DealersChoice","description":"Falcone, R. (2018, March 15). 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Retrieved September 13, 2018.","url":"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/07/from-bitly-to-x-agent-how-gru-hackers-targeted-the-2016-presidential-election/"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020","description":"Hacquebord, F., Remorin, L. (2020, December 17). Pawn Storm’s Lack of Sophistication as a Strategy. Retrieved January 13, 2021.","url":"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/l/pawn-storm-lack-of-sophistication-as-a-strategy.html"},{"source_name":"Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018","description":"Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2018, February 20). A Slice of 2017 Sofacy Activity. Retrieved November 27, 2018.","url":"https://securelist.com/a-slice-of-2017-sofacy-activity/83930/"},{"source_name":"Kaspersky Sofacy","description":"Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, December 4). Sofacy APT hits high profile targets with updated toolset. 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Retrieved November 17, 2023.","url":"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"},{"source_name":"Microsoft STRONTIUM New Patterns Cred Harvesting Sept 2020","description":"Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC). (2020, September 10). STRONTIUM: Detecting new patterns in credential harvesting. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/09/10/strontium-detecting-new-patters-credential-harvesting/"},{"source_name":"Microsoft STRONTIUM Aug 2019","description":"MSRC Team. (2019, August 5). Corporate IoT – a path to intrusion. Retrieved August 16, 2019.","url":"https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2019/08/05/corporate-iot-a-path-to-intrusion/"},{"source_name":"DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018","description":"Mueller, R. (2018, July 13). Indictment - United States of America vs. VIKTOR BORISOVICH NETYKSHO, et al. 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[Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) has targeted organizations in Australia, China, Hong Kong, Mongolia, Nepal, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, the United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, Germany, France, and the United States. Targets included government institutions, news media outlets, gambling companies, educational institutions, COVID-19 research organizations, telecommunications companies, religious movements banned in China, and cryptocurrency trading platforms; security researchers assess some [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) operations may be financially motivated.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)\n\n[Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) has used malware commonly used by other Chinese threat groups, including [APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) and the [Winnti Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0044) cluster, however security researchers assess [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006)'s techniques and infrastructure are separate.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)","aliases":["Earth Lusca","TAG-22","Charcoal Typhoon","CHROMIUM","ControlX"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"2.0","type":"intrusion-set","id":"intrusion-set--cc613a49-9bfa-4e22-98d1-15ffbb03f034","created":"2022-07-01T20:12:30.184Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006","external_id":"G1006"},{"source_name":"Charcoal Typhoon","description":"(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"},{"source_name":"ControlX","description":"(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"},{"source_name":"CHROMIUM","description":"(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023) (Citation: Recorded Future RedHotel August 2023)"},{"source_name":"TAG-22","description":"(Citation: Recorded Future TAG-22 July 2021)"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022","description":"Chen, J., et al. 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Retrieved September 25, 2023.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/moustachedbouncer-espionage-against-foreign-diplomats-in-belarus/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_domains":["enterprise-attack","mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-03-29T14:59:30.164Z","name":"Application Assets","description":"Additional assets included with an 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NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020) This group has been active since at least 2009.(Citation: iSIGHT Sandworm 2014)(Citation: CrowdStrike VOODOO BEAR)(Citation: USDOJ Sandworm Feb 2020)(Citation: NCSC Sandworm Feb 2020)\n\nIn October 2020, the US indicted six GRU Unit 74455 officers associated with [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) for the following cyber operations: the 2015 and 2016 attacks against Ukrainian electrical companies and government organizations, the 2017 worldwide [NotPetya](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0368) attack, targeting of the 2017 French presidential campaign, the 2018 [Olympic Destroyer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0365) attack against the Winter Olympic Games, the 2018 operation against the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and attacks against the country of Georgia in 2018 and 2019.(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020) Some of these were conducted with the assistance of GRU Unit 26165, which is also referred to as [APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007).(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018)","aliases":["Sandworm Team","ELECTRUM","Telebots","IRON VIKING","BlackEnergy (Group)","Quedagh","Voodoo Bear","IRIDIUM","Seashell Blizzard","FROZENBARENTS","APT44"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"4.1","x_mitre_contributors":["Dragos Threat Intelligence","Hakan KARABACAK"],"type":"intrusion-set","id":"intrusion-set--381fcf73-60f6-4ab2-9991-6af3cbc35192","created":"2017-05-31T21:32:04.588Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034","external_id":"G0034"},{"source_name":"Voodoo Bear","description":"(Citation: CrowdStrike VOODOO BEAR)(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"},{"source_name":"ELECTRUM","description":"(Citation: Dragos ELECTRUM)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"},{"source_name":"Sandworm Team","description":"(Citation: iSIGHT Sandworm 2014) (Citation: F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014) (Citation: InfoSecurity Sandworm Oct 2014)(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"},{"source_name":"Quedagh","description":"(Citation: iSIGHT Sandworm 2014) (Citation: F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"},{"source_name":"FROZENBARENTS","description":"(Citation: Leonard TAG 2023)"},{"source_name":"APT44","description":"(Citation: mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm)"},{"source_name":"IRIDIUM","description":"(Citation: Microsoft Prestige ransomware October 2022)"},{"source_name":"Seashell Blizzard","description":"(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"},{"source_name":"BlackEnergy (Group)","description":"(Citation: NCSC 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(2023, April 19). Ukraine remains Russia’s biggest cyber focus in 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.","url":"https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/ukraine-remains-russias-biggest-cyber-focus-in-2023/"},{"source_name":"US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018","description":"Brady, S . (2018, October 3). Indictment - United States vs Aleksei Sergeyevich Morenets, et al.. Retrieved October 1, 2020.","url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1098481/download"},{"source_name":"Dragos ELECTRUM","description":"Dragos. (2017, January 1). ELECTRUM Threat Profile. Retrieved June 10, 2020.","url":"https://www.dragos.com/resource/electrum/"},{"source_name":"F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014","description":"F-Secure Labs. (2014). BlackEnergy & Quedagh: The convergence of crimeware and APT attacks. Retrieved March 24, 2016.","url":"https://blog-assets.f-secure.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/15163408/BlackEnergy_Quedagh.pdf"},{"source_name":"iSIGHT Sandworm 2014","description":"Hultquist, J.. 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Retrieved January 19, 2023.","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/10/14/new-prestige-ransomware-impacts-organizations-in-ukraine-and-poland/"},{"source_name":"InfoSecurity Sandworm Oct 2014","description":"Muncaster, P.. (2014, October 14). Microsoft Zero Day Traced to Russian ‘Sandworm’ Hackers. Retrieved October 6, 2017.","url":"https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/microsoft-zero-day-traced-russian/"},{"source_name":"NCSC Sandworm Feb 2020","description":"NCSC. (2020, February 20). NCSC supports US advisory regarding GRU intrusion set Sandworm. Retrieved June 10, 2020.","url":"https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/news/ncsc-supports-sandworm-advisory"},{"source_name":"USDOJ Sandworm Feb 2020","description":"Pompeo, M. (2020, February 20). The United States Condemns Russian Cyber Attack Against the Country of Georgia. Retrieved September 12, 2024.","url":"https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-united-states-condemns-russian-cyber-attack-against-the-country-of-georgia/index.html"},{"source_name":"mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm","description":"Roncone, G. et al. (n.d.). APT44: Unearthing Sandworm. Retrieved July 11, 2024.","url":"https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/apt44-unearthing-sandworm.pdf"},{"source_name":"US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020","description":"Scott W. Brady. (2020, October 15). United States vs. Yuriy Sergeyevich Andrienko et al.. Retrieved November 25, 2020.","url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1328521/download"},{"source_name":"Secureworks IRON VIKING ","description":"Secureworks. (2020, May 1). IRON VIKING Threat Profile. Retrieved June 10, 2020.","url":"https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-profiles/iron-viking"},{"source_name":"UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020","description":"UK NCSC. (2020, October 19). UK exposes series of Russian cyber attacks against Olympic and Paralympic Games . Retrieved November 30, 2020.","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-exposes-series-of-russian-cyber-attacks-against-olympic-and-paralympic-games"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_domains":["enterprise-attack","ics-attack","mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-data-component--61f1d40e-f3d0-4cc6-aa2d-937b6204194f","type":"x-mitre-data-component","created":"2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","modified":"2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z","name":"Process Termination","description":"Exit of a running process (ex: Sysmon EID 5 or Windows EID 4689)","x_mitre_data_source_ref":"x-mitre-data-source--e8b8ede7-337b-4c0c-8c32-5c7872c1ee22","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-04-19T19:35:15.637Z","name":"PROMETHIUM","description":"[PROMETHIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0056) is an activity group focused on espionage that has been active since at least 2012. The group has conducted operations globally with a heavy emphasis on Turkish targets. 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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--076d8c54-e6f6-47c4-9f61-52964d4f1c35.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--076d8c54-e6f6-47c4-9f61-52964d4f1c35.json
index bc31d75580..0c9022d785 100644
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index e4dcc71807..32c994f1aa 100644
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index b845f75212..ea56c7f11c 100644
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index c5e1b83e66..aec95a86ec 100644
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index 5ef6eae482..677fb31e15 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--10560632-6449-4579-90eb-20fc46dcca08.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--10560632-6449-4579-90eb-20fc46dcca08.json
index f656bae4fb..3db6486fb3 100644
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index 5c5cd11c63..a9843cf8c3 100644
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index f73780e3c8..bc0c3b9365 100644
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index fe42220f3a..c93f59dc04 100644
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index d76985bb06..0f8f2bb38e 100644
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index d61803afa7..214c970126 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1d027925-7d63-459c-b5a5-48ffb49ba1de.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1d027925-7d63-459c-b5a5-48ffb49ba1de.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1d2daf8f-ce51-47b5-b985-63ae4edfad4b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1d2daf8f-ce51-47b5-b985-63ae4edfad4b.json
index f44db8e000..bd9d5160e6 100644
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+    "id": "bundle--bd9e572b-3f54-49c6-9bb6-65cbf357265b",
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index 5f00cff617..680fd176a6 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1db350b2-1e8b-4d58-9086-eac41de1b110.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1db350b2-1e8b-4d58-9086-eac41de1b110.json
index c1c7c5b68e..191209a0a2 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1db350b2-1e8b-4d58-9086-eac41de1b110.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1e286a4a-63cd-47df-a034-11a5d92daceb.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1e286a4a-63cd-47df-a034-11a5d92daceb.json
index 235e87c0d0..ef2e032de1 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1e286a4a-63cd-47df-a034-11a5d92daceb.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1e29a9ce-ed11-44ae-b66e-8b90ee79de6a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1e29a9ce-ed11-44ae-b66e-8b90ee79de6a.json
index 616112b8c4..dddefb98dc 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1e29a9ce-ed11-44ae-b66e-8b90ee79de6a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1e29a9ce-ed11-44ae-b66e-8b90ee79de6a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--88e0140c-3884-4044-9839-84ab0e39d33a",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1e822ff0-b1e1-4d80-b1a2-956919511809.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1e822ff0-b1e1-4d80-b1a2-956919511809.json
index 600196f1c3..3336dcc892 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1e822ff0-b1e1-4d80-b1a2-956919511809.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--8e4ee8d4-a625-4b0c-9039-8d88ed7d9ca0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1ed5b4fa-b871-4efa-87ee-1c91dcaa421e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1ed5b4fa-b871-4efa-87ee-1c91dcaa421e.json
index 4b70852d72..89cbc21196 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1ed5b4fa-b871-4efa-87ee-1c91dcaa421e.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1ed5b4fa-b871-4efa-87ee-1c91dcaa421e.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--2c2aa81e-c8a5-467f-9cc2-b0cba2745575",
+    "id": "bundle--6962799b-2304-47b7-8484-964126b48e50",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f027bab-76d9-4f5f-a73e-ea733a1ab223.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f027bab-76d9-4f5f-a73e-ea733a1ab223.json
index b358a8c22b..45bedc932d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f027bab-76d9-4f5f-a73e-ea733a1ab223.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f027bab-76d9-4f5f-a73e-ea733a1ab223.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--30efa33b-2ce5-4266-954e-b861f6e1a428",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f31e348-a4ee-4874-891f-393c65a7640a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f31e348-a4ee-4874-891f-393c65a7640a.json
index 418ce2d8d5..73a7ea3d81 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f31e348-a4ee-4874-891f-393c65a7640a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f31e348-a4ee-4874-891f-393c65a7640a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--0e4602db-e8f8-4e3c-832f-ffc0988d4e04",
+    "id": "bundle--f26ab9b3-9322-45e8-a0fa-e0e728166e61",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f32e107-aef9-42f8-84d1-4c4fcd863b7f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f32e107-aef9-42f8-84d1-4c4fcd863b7f.json
index 36a5407039..5b5ca1c75f 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f32e107-aef9-42f8-84d1-4c4fcd863b7f.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--dcc6dcac-d136-4dc1-aa68-aec649b2229d",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f44936e-b84c-404f-a92e-6fb7e24b5435.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f44936e-b84c-404f-a92e-6fb7e24b5435.json
index 0503ebdba2..6d2350e5be 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--f93ad37b-ea2e-4afb-acdd-993b3be80581",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f7428d7-6f6e-40d0-aedb-cb0578875ff9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f7428d7-6f6e-40d0-aedb-cb0578875ff9.json
index cbcca1681f..a35feaf5a6 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f7b7de2-10e8-4eec-9c8f-db44ac3f271b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f7b7de2-10e8-4eec-9c8f-db44ac3f271b.json
index 063f162e79..d8258dbd09 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f7b7de2-10e8-4eec-9c8f-db44ac3f271b.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f7b7de2-10e8-4eec-9c8f-db44ac3f271b.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--16156e50-be88-4b57-82a5-ee0abafb3ce4",
+    "id": "bundle--367bad5e-d00d-4333-9c7b-b7f7988bf6f2",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f8b1ee1-e44b-4a37-a407-5cbceba35d87.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f8b1ee1-e44b-4a37-a407-5cbceba35d87.json
index b0cb09a10b..3a950b4c88 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--0998b633-79fe-4c47-8d78-8ecdde091a70",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f8f0021-6992-476c-ba1c-232542dc1633.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f8f0021-6992-476c-ba1c-232542dc1633.json
index 04b58576f7..231418e712 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f8f0021-6992-476c-ba1c-232542dc1633.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1f8f0021-6992-476c-ba1c-232542dc1633.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--98e81358-ac0c-4272-ab41-18d10ee40726",
+    "id": "bundle--2e42297a-f430-45f7-940d-afee2149e375",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1fdad4b5-18a1-4fbf-81ce-861feaf2bbdd.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1fdad4b5-18a1-4fbf-81ce-861feaf2bbdd.json
index 5027032c49..028c9e2fa7 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1fdad4b5-18a1-4fbf-81ce-861feaf2bbdd.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1fdad4b5-18a1-4fbf-81ce-861feaf2bbdd.json
@@ -1,34 +1,37 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--aa00a997-6ba7-4729-b259-64ff4a121232",
+    "id": "bundle--d3d3fb0b-6a7e-41c0-9584-ae906f91409d",
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     "objects": [
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+            "type": "relationship",
+            "id": "relationship--1fdad4b5-18a1-4fbf-81ce-861feaf2bbdd",
+            "created": "2020-04-08T18:55:29.205Z",
+            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
+            "revoked": false,
+            "external_references": [
+                {
+                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Anubis",
+                    "description": "K. Sun. (2019, January 17). Google Play Apps Drop Anubis, Use Motion-based Evasion. Retrieved January 20, 2021.",
+                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/19/a/google-play-apps-drop-anubis-banking-malware-use-motion-based-evasion-tactics.html"
+                },
+                {
+                    "source_name": "Cofense Anubis",
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
+                }
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-            "id": "relationship--1fdad4b5-18a1-4fbf-81ce-861feaf2bbdd",
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-            "created": "2020-04-08T18:55:29.205Z",
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-            "external_references": [
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-                    "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/",
-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."
-                },
-                {
-                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Anubis",
-                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/19/a/google-play-apps-drop-anubis-banking-malware-use-motion-based-evasion-tactics.html",
-                    "description": "K. Sun. (2019, January 17). Google Play Apps Drop Anubis, Use Motion-based Evasion. Retrieved January 20, 2021."
-                }
-            ],
-            "modified": "2021-01-20T16:01:19.565Z",
+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.102Z",
             "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can exfiltrate files encrypted with the ransomware module from the device and can modify external storage.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)(Citation: Trend Micro Anubis) ",
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             "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a",
+            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1fdf9c43-0237-461f-86d4-1da843078744.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1fdf9c43-0237-461f-86d4-1da843078744.json
index e36140d31a..88dd37b4c4 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1fdf9c43-0237-461f-86d4-1da843078744.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1fdf9c43-0237-461f-86d4-1da843078744.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--fe86c042-5a97-4ba5-aa81-a35f3a868601",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--20310407-9b05-4d7b-9548-961f545e14e1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--20310407-9b05-4d7b-9548-961f545e14e1.json
index 35bf3ea488..35da7fee12 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--20310407-9b05-4d7b-9548-961f545e14e1.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--20376a7f-897a-4f5d-a87a-93e64200a5a6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--20376a7f-897a-4f5d-a87a-93e64200a5a6.json
index a5ea46d90c..aef6fbf15b 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--20376a7f-897a-4f5d-a87a-93e64200a5a6.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--204e30ed-5e69-400b-a814-b77e10596865.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--204e30ed-5e69-400b-a814-b77e10596865.json
index 379a691737..3d948ba6f2 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--204e30ed-5e69-400b-a814-b77e10596865.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--204e30ed-5e69-400b-a814-b77e10596865.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2065382f-45ae-4b9a-a77c-027ecd6c1735.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2065382f-45ae-4b9a-a77c-027ecd6c1735.json
index 66bb3eb7d4..00e5e0b7d7 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2065382f-45ae-4b9a-a77c-027ecd6c1735.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--209aa948-393c-46b0-9488-ef93a6252438.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--209aa948-393c-46b0-9488-ef93a6252438.json
index 90ee146c3d..90354f53c6 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--209aa948-393c-46b0-9488-ef93a6252438.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--209aa948-393c-46b0-9488-ef93a6252438.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--b5feec7d-809b-4660-a3db-14e69a254ea8",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--20aaafe2-1f55-410f-9eb1-1fc979021fe0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--20aaafe2-1f55-410f-9eb1-1fc979021fe0.json
index cacc2b92fe..7de3a0bfa4 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--20aaafe2-1f55-410f-9eb1-1fc979021fe0.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--20aaafe2-1f55-410f-9eb1-1fc979021fe0.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--20dcd886-56c4-421d-ba36-0f37a47a3f86.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--20dcd886-56c4-421d-ba36-0f37a47a3f86.json
index 905b485546..f495c4a7a7 100644
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index 2cc1572895..2d0a0198df 100644
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index 4a63042460..fea81d8477 100644
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index 009c792ade..bb930ce962 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--21e179f2-49c9-4ec9-ac7a-b8eae8e15bd9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--21e179f2-49c9-4ec9-ac7a-b8eae8e15bd9.json
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index 320a8e1141..8db20e7ab1 100644
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index 91ea5187be..6aeabc92b7 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--25655385-5b0d-4700-a59f-d5d043625b84.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--25655385-5b0d-4700-a59f-d5d043625b84.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--257f4f86-950f-4f5a-b38c-0de85753d2d3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--257f4f86-950f-4f5a-b38c-0de85753d2d3.json
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-    "id": "bundle--89e05ca6-243a-4b00-94c7-6390e28404a3",
+    "id": "bundle--b119ddbc-2935-4a26-b72d-ce811724f0ae",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--25cdb4f2-5b38-411c-bfb6-eca7ea4d4527.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--25cdb4f2-5b38-411c-bfb6-eca7ea4d4527.json
index cb039fb3a5..0ee4f49be2 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--25cdb4f2-5b38-411c-bfb6-eca7ea4d4527.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--25cdb4f2-5b38-411c-bfb6-eca7ea4d4527.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--1eea9d9f-cddd-416a-b64d-0872f0fc1d8e",
+    "id": "bundle--cf15db28-f351-4e4a-b5d5-b7ba78fcc23f",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--25de6cf6-38d5-4d1e-b3f1-6956a0ff0ac3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--25de6cf6-38d5-4d1e-b3f1-6956a0ff0ac3.json
index a54948be74..069669e82d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--25de6cf6-38d5-4d1e-b3f1-6956a0ff0ac3.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--25de6cf6-38d5-4d1e-b3f1-6956a0ff0ac3.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--5be8e870-8121-40f8-9aa3-70bc4d9af019",
+    "id": "bundle--9a2aa700-1a35-461e-b584-73cfb7541ba6",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2621a020-8d4f-4ca4-b874-0be336a8cafd.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2621a020-8d4f-4ca4-b874-0be336a8cafd.json
index e22a085828..3bcc3b964d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2621a020-8d4f-4ca4-b874-0be336a8cafd.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2621a020-8d4f-4ca4-b874-0be336a8cafd.json
@@ -1,29 +1,32 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--106ea804-1e28-4406-8885-bb2433502f5d",
+    "id": "bundle--be0cae4f-8d0d-4f1d-b056-8bbdd371e2d0",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
+            "type": "relationship",
+            "id": "relationship--2621a020-8d4f-4ca4-b874-0be336a8cafd",
+            "created": "2020-04-08T18:55:29.196Z",
+            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
+            "revoked": false,
+            "external_references": [
+                {
+                    "source_name": "Cofense Anubis",
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
+                }
+            ],
             "object_marking_refs": [
                 "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
             ],
-            "id": "relationship--2621a020-8d4f-4ca4-b874-0be336a8cafd",
-            "type": "relationship",
-            "created": "2020-04-08T18:55:29.196Z",
-            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
-            "external_references": [
-                {
-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020.",
-                    "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/",
-                    "source_name": "Cofense Anubis"
-                }
-            ],
-            "modified": "2020-04-09T16:45:38.751Z",
+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.103Z",
             "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) exfiltrates data encrypted (with RC4) by its ransomware module.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)",
             "relationship_type": "uses",
             "source_ref": "malware--a3c59d82-2c7c-44e5-a869-68e0a3e5935e",
             "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec",
+            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
             "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
+            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
             "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
         }
     ]
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--268c12df-d3bc-46fa-99e9-32caab50b175.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--268c12df-d3bc-46fa-99e9-32caab50b175.json
index 8bbe016c81..1991a5ecac 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--268c12df-d3bc-46fa-99e9-32caab50b175.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--268c12df-d3bc-46fa-99e9-32caab50b175.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--01993314-3e1c-4854-8c86-3b2c6076c619",
+    "id": "bundle--b65eebee-2890-4408-b743-e5ccf37a48ee",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--269d4409-e287-4ef3-b5f3-765ec03e503e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--269d4409-e287-4ef3-b5f3-765ec03e503e.json
index b051245956..3b8ccb8718 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--269d4409-e287-4ef3-b5f3-765ec03e503e.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--269d4409-e287-4ef3-b5f3-765ec03e503e.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--71a00858-e040-40a9-bfba-b268de11ac39",
+    "id": "bundle--8d8b396c-814b-4e76-b83f-4773e4e4cec2",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--26b1025b-5c08-4b6e-8c50-7d2baf29e7b7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--26b1025b-5c08-4b6e-8c50-7d2baf29e7b7.json
index a5b6b4b79f..fd56fd2fef 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--26b1025b-5c08-4b6e-8c50-7d2baf29e7b7.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--26b1025b-5c08-4b6e-8c50-7d2baf29e7b7.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--44fc95b3-9891-4206-88c8-ac0c04daaedf",
+    "id": "bundle--dc853288-9102-42a3-af77-cec3cd50e518",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--26bf27dc-f65d-477d-abbd-f4c3ce475c51.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--26bf27dc-f65d-477d-abbd-f4c3ce475c51.json
index a0536ba6f0..afdad0a4b5 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--26bf27dc-f65d-477d-abbd-f4c3ce475c51.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--26bf27dc-f65d-477d-abbd-f4c3ce475c51.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--1cc2314d-610d-42c0-a79c-a076e33d3204",
+    "id": "bundle--c1f1b7bb-9ecb-435c-93cd-8077d3a06480",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27050442-e578-44b7-9534-ada78824befe.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27050442-e578-44b7-9534-ada78824befe.json
index 3c100dd619..61470d4ff7 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27050442-e578-44b7-9534-ada78824befe.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27050442-e578-44b7-9534-ada78824befe.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--a00b9314-8ec8-4030-b8fc-64059a28a21f",
+    "id": "bundle--f38a0a8c-d981-4aa4-8af3-3c618dda9abc",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--271a311f-71bc-4558-a314-0edfbec44b64.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--271a311f-71bc-4558-a314-0edfbec44b64.json
index 01ee16abee..7c7bad6212 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--271a311f-71bc-4558-a314-0edfbec44b64.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--271a311f-71bc-4558-a314-0edfbec44b64.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--0fff2df7-ea6e-4c2f-aba0-e0ec7de95b49",
+    "id": "bundle--dc0d0998-028d-4188-9cef-3f6a1ca9d6ee",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27247071-356b-4b5f-bc8f-6436a3fec095.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27247071-356b-4b5f-bc8f-6436a3fec095.json
index dabafbc80d..b6e03a5e86 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27247071-356b-4b5f-bc8f-6436a3fec095.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27247071-356b-4b5f-bc8f-6436a3fec095.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--0f7186c1-14c9-46d7-80bd-7d5b1ac1ffa2",
+    "id": "bundle--3362ddca-9355-48f9-baaf-baacb775f883",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27490b14-8044-408a-8c6a-6d8427eb78ff.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27490b14-8044-408a-8c6a-6d8427eb78ff.json
index 95ef069577..4dc082d566 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27490b14-8044-408a-8c6a-6d8427eb78ff.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27490b14-8044-408a-8c6a-6d8427eb78ff.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--4ee6018d-3b00-4364-9393-ddf66af58b41",
+    "id": "bundle--486c2e0a-2116-4799-8124-cfba1ec22ea6",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--276bfd69-33cc-4665-8aa7-72bed65d01f9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--276bfd69-33cc-4665-8aa7-72bed65d01f9.json
index a7216e3808..a69e0b50f9 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--276bfd69-33cc-4665-8aa7-72bed65d01f9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--276bfd69-33cc-4665-8aa7-72bed65d01f9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--a9dd75b8-1b73-4f14-9202-1732fe7c082d",
+    "id": "bundle--1d917c7d-f432-4ece-b2c0-40bf9c2e0fc3",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2793d721-df10-4621-8387-f3342def59a1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2793d721-df10-4621-8387-f3342def59a1.json
index 42285c0e4b..a33b4ae5bd 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2793d721-df10-4621-8387-f3342def59a1.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2793d721-df10-4621-8387-f3342def59a1.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--c81108f0-c10c-4ce0-99cb-ee72ad5f8ebd",
+    "id": "bundle--20b47f01-b2ce-4768-862c-12f497ded65a",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--279b016a-45c8-4961-88fa-48162e56c3fa.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--279b016a-45c8-4961-88fa-48162e56c3fa.json
index 9ceb9655f1..8a2fbdc3c5 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--279b016a-45c8-4961-88fa-48162e56c3fa.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--279b016a-45c8-4961-88fa-48162e56c3fa.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--0473bcb2-b516-4d16-8cf7-0a2afaf659eb",
+    "id": "bundle--46d89ed7-b986-4c1b-b82c-317701a07c4b",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27b8153c-130e-44a7-84a9-840f4c23e2ea.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27b8153c-130e-44a7-84a9-840f4c23e2ea.json
index 1083027ca4..585a2cb8aa 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27b8153c-130e-44a7-84a9-840f4c23e2ea.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27b8153c-130e-44a7-84a9-840f4c23e2ea.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--15e24bd6-66bb-4267-a7e8-6173ecbc0a22",
+    "id": "bundle--933785cd-3a5a-4417-8004-d29ab3d13374",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27c8d474-f3f8-4a0e-a317-7e57b9de620c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27c8d474-f3f8-4a0e-a317-7e57b9de620c.json
index 32eacee965..247441fec1 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27c8d474-f3f8-4a0e-a317-7e57b9de620c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27c8d474-f3f8-4a0e-a317-7e57b9de620c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--173e9897-3e4b-4811-8efd-33cff9f495a0",
+    "id": "bundle--27e1f7c3-b384-4b59-8cd7-864301ea7b8a",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27f5dc22-6ab9-406f-9092-6cb610d777a6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27f5dc22-6ab9-406f-9092-6cb610d777a6.json
index 7e24d4f917..1f27fc4489 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27f5dc22-6ab9-406f-9092-6cb610d777a6.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27f5dc22-6ab9-406f-9092-6cb610d777a6.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--9ea65a0a-b930-4709-a330-7ab3543991b2",
+    "id": "bundle--ae80fe6b-aa6c-4bd5-8ea7-acac20ed2945",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--280aa15d-c7ff-4005-9861-9fc5c3bfe95a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--280aa15d-c7ff-4005-9861-9fc5c3bfe95a.json
index 0bb7844123..3059090a67 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--280aa15d-c7ff-4005-9861-9fc5c3bfe95a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--280aa15d-c7ff-4005-9861-9fc5c3bfe95a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--734af3cd-d2a9-489a-b333-28f6ad3c0653",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2836dc3d-cbea-493b-af31-5f1fa8279ec2.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2836dc3d-cbea-493b-af31-5f1fa8279ec2.json
index 12916651ec..08141ab3eb 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2836dc3d-cbea-493b-af31-5f1fa8279ec2.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2836dc3d-cbea-493b-af31-5f1fa8279ec2.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--a6d121a4-58b2-4c57-8177-e49b1a082759",
+    "id": "bundle--fcded464-fd24-4a16-acb3-3c0672713910",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--289f5e23-088a-4840-a2a6-bab30da2a64b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--289f5e23-088a-4840-a2a6-bab30da2a64b.json
index f33e60a193..7707845858 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--289f5e23-088a-4840-a2a6-bab30da2a64b.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--289f5e23-088a-4840-a2a6-bab30da2a64b.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--b4a13577-6995-478c-bf1b-eb1745554f91",
+    "id": "bundle--efebc29e-b193-474e-acc4-d2f513e641f4",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2908f0f6-2408-41a1-aaab-cf3e7db06aad.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2908f0f6-2408-41a1-aaab-cf3e7db06aad.json
index 1d3b499893..f6f8ce41bf 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2908f0f6-2408-41a1-aaab-cf3e7db06aad.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2908f0f6-2408-41a1-aaab-cf3e7db06aad.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--3257cc3d-7e31-41cb-9450-290382c98cb5",
+    "id": "bundle--f185a03d-2194-4c8a-b3ed-74b0e40b3022",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--290a627d-172d-494d-a0cc-685f480a1034.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--290a627d-172d-494d-a0cc-685f480a1034.json
index 8358f8afcc..14e3578457 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--290a627d-172d-494d-a0cc-685f480a1034.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--5db1ac91-cf13-4708-8099-a876a86dec5e",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--290c9d3f-f59b-4e2b-9b7b-115014845c15.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--290c9d3f-f59b-4e2b-9b7b-115014845c15.json
index 3251f349d5..505f78acd1 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--290c9d3f-f59b-4e2b-9b7b-115014845c15.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--290c9d3f-f59b-4e2b-9b7b-115014845c15.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--3886dd32-cf83-47d9-9766-522099d97dfb",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--29357289-362c-447c-b387-9a38b50d7296.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--29357289-362c-447c-b387-9a38b50d7296.json
index 7c4122974d..f32ec58011 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--29357289-362c-447c-b387-9a38b50d7296.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--29357289-362c-447c-b387-9a38b50d7296.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--6a776b64-57b0-48d6-9376-56354527415b",
+    "id": "bundle--c8fe7364-2633-463e-9662-288c5d4102a9",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--295fab07-9f02-4504-9ae4-1a60c2e8c224.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--295fab07-9f02-4504-9ae4-1a60c2e8c224.json
index 24f5b9ce34..3e6f5fae4d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--295fab07-9f02-4504-9ae4-1a60c2e8c224.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--295fab07-9f02-4504-9ae4-1a60c2e8c224.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--299931f0-4c60-4a9b-8a6a-4adb6362e590.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--299931f0-4c60-4a9b-8a6a-4adb6362e590.json
index df30ce6d3a..2901db59b4 100644
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index 438efcf909..e09a3cf7e9 100644
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index 7918f873f7..1453f8b753 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2a5d081f-ba41-4dbe-873b-34b0efee1d92.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2a5d081f-ba41-4dbe-873b-34b0efee1d92.json
index 1add1839c3..7f167dee66 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2a5f4f05-bd60-4571-bcce-f3b764a5b5a0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2a5f4f05-bd60-4571-bcce-f3b764a5b5a0.json
index 8a33fc7e6c..be2a543019 100644
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index cfac75412d..294feceae0 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2ca6ff09-827d-4e2e-a60d-daa30f113b57.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2ca6ff09-827d-4e2e-a60d-daa30f113b57.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e3a5d0d-a80a-4606-8be2-208302e995d1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e3a5d0d-a80a-4606-8be2-208302e995d1.json
index f489db694c..3f8cf34e2b 100644
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index 60c1844604..c3f13357ad 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e59d381-eac6-41c6-a5e6-f9617c10259e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e59d381-eac6-41c6-a5e6-f9617c10259e.json
index c4652b5995..419e1a840c 100644
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index e88d545d49..08dea422ea 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e797961-356f-4763-bdb2-0ebc2ad4c8b0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e797961-356f-4763-bdb2-0ebc2ad4c8b0.json
index dc22e5dd17..b937c79857 100644
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index 1b78c3e15b..4d1d01373b 100644
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index e7ebd8ded2..06024ffb94 100644
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index acf24aeced..ff5dae3610 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--312950f2-80d2-4941-bfce-b97b2cb7a1ff.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--312950f2-80d2-4941-bfce-b97b2cb7a1ff.json
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index a503a98881..f1fc53ad80 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3272111a-f31d-47d5-a266-1749255b5016.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3272111a-f31d-47d5-a266-1749255b5016.json
index 926f18d467..78dccddd3d 100644
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index 33d68678d0..4c188f4c65 100644
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index f9dfd763e4..a82ce4bcc8 100644
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index 45cdc18cc1..fee2549652 100644
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index de12b3ea85..4b3392941a 100644
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index bbbf886885..01f2cccabd 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3644d1dd-8d9f-4a89-a618-c6b22c2a1a96.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3644d1dd-8d9f-4a89-a618-c6b22c2a1a96.json
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index 3c76058e70..93ab53af48 100644
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index 67fbea1005..e23a9e33ce 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--373223d8-f18c-4151-8fe0-7d40c0c6e631.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--373223d8-f18c-4151-8fe0-7d40c0c6e631.json
index cd5643a539..1863b44913 100644
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index f536684c55..be0bd11983 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3832d2cf-0568-451d-aac9-6fb809fc423d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3832d2cf-0568-451d-aac9-6fb809fc423d.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--38f96449-dfb1-49db-b0d0-f257c3ee2c5d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--38f96449-dfb1-49db-b0d0-f257c3ee2c5d.json
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index 30ee02d6f9..9a93fb14e2 100644
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index abbce6b2f3..0cafc67412 100644
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index e5314f9019..9ba28e9271 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3ae62d66-6405-413f-86e3-ccdb66fac7ba.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3ae62d66-6405-413f-86e3-ccdb66fac7ba.json
index 53e6993643..b40938e3a6 100644
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index 58b7970201..76a04e4b1e 100644
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index 76a4cd78a4..bc3d119f14 100644
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index e473addefd..bad551f1b9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3ca284e7-062c-4f23-b95d-9f9c6a2d882a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3ca284e7-062c-4f23-b95d-9f9c6a2d882a.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3d65c2b7-c907-45e1-b942-95f7d765e749.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3d65c2b7-c907-45e1-b942-95f7d765e749.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3db58541-3870-424d-ad74-f2b84ff87abb.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3db58541-3870-424d-ad74-f2b84ff87abb.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3e11a61b-14b3-4268-a6dd-937d4baef6de.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3e11a61b-14b3-4268-a6dd-937d4baef6de.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3e2474d3-f36d-4193-92f6-273296befdd3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3e2474d3-f36d-4193-92f6-273296befdd3.json
index a3e8a6ed5b..aa75ce5e55 100644
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index 8face4d429..ddb4b27a6c 100644
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index a129f57d03..6eba84cf6a 100644
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index bf6ec5742b..3bdb522219 100644
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index 2dd5f092ce..8434db1719 100644
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index 3ec99df467..53aa0f9513 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--42624ee9-1bf5-46aa-87d0-9fda0de9a06e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--42624ee9-1bf5-46aa-87d0-9fda0de9a06e.json
index b6c6d087e3..ea880e2f2c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4267ebfa-d932-4949-9d7f-8e183f51f2d9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4267ebfa-d932-4949-9d7f-8e183f51f2d9.json
index 5de21634b2..74476dc46b 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--429a4b02-f774-4b1e-aaef-5fd9c654dd09.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--429a4b02-f774-4b1e-aaef-5fd9c654dd09.json
index 34a500be14..70ebcea5cf 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--42ae42eb-ea75-457a-bf39-4ea04304dd0b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--42ae42eb-ea75-457a-bf39-4ea04304dd0b.json
index 157fe949de..b8fa1586d1 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--42f8d024-64a7-4bbf-8c05-2b0c7e667396.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--42f8d024-64a7-4bbf-8c05-2b0c7e667396.json
index 7e5b0d40dc..c3e470d9b2 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--430b2b14-9d63-401c-b76b-d0247ee7e27b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--430b2b14-9d63-401c-b76b-d0247ee7e27b.json
index fc84dd27dd..30f91e4378 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--433af79b-ce77-4a4c-84f7-6cdc34e70674.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--433af79b-ce77-4a4c-84f7-6cdc34e70674.json
index e1ce581715..d92bd574f4 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--433ba5b0-76eb-49e1-a2ed-e54994e94041.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--433ba5b0-76eb-49e1-a2ed-e54994e94041.json
index c9a80054a1..9c34de4922 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--439d905b-1ad8-461a-ab0d-b2f426cb2c3a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--439d905b-1ad8-461a-ab0d-b2f426cb2c3a.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4449ac76-8329-4483-b152-99b990006cbc.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4449ac76-8329-4483-b152-99b990006cbc.json
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index 3cd3eec9ca..4d3e3490c0 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--44a673c9-7ce7-42a0-8ab4-60bbb5001ce2.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--44a673c9-7ce7-42a0-8ab4-60bbb5001ce2.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--44b63426-1ea7-456e-907b-0856e3eab0c3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--44b63426-1ea7-456e-907b-0856e3eab0c3.json
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index cef23628c3..d456f30348 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--45da5ed9-3a9b-4491-98cb-96db68e245bb.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--45da5ed9-3a9b-4491-98cb-96db68e245bb.json
index ae72768a3f..27af3a5f72 100644
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index 61f7745433..de697c4b6e 100644
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index 651302ea0b..34940a25b5 100644
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index ff2e4672d4..a6cbd7ed48 100644
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index 08453346b6..b1c4de747a 100644
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index 30b0a59e0c..4efdb2b9f7 100644
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index bff53f889e..8f722acc14 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4943cca6-69b1-4565-ac09-87ebda04584c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4943cca6-69b1-4565-ac09-87ebda04584c.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ad83f33-c64a-4ad6-ab6f-0548c9dde257.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ad83f33-c64a-4ad6-ab6f-0548c9dde257.json
index e9b64d5702..1c022ef40d 100644
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index 5cadf32f09..11bd712622 100644
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index 255a8e4929..c1b408f768 100644
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index a9a4ecc41d..aab9155e99 100644
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index 5c89d85e4b..b89feb5fcb 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4b3cfd7c-5e41-4d9e-8879-b126ba66eaf1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4b3cfd7c-5e41-4d9e-8879-b126ba66eaf1.json
index e1824a0024..9dc2a3deb7 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--83061e8d-cc44-4f61-94ff-97fa28d5406c",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4e7a1b10-0f68-4a48-a13d-0c7bc13fb819.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4e7a1b10-0f68-4a48-a13d-0c7bc13fb819.json
index 8690783284..bf21c33daf 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4e7a1b10-0f68-4a48-a13d-0c7bc13fb819.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4e7a1b10-0f68-4a48-a13d-0c7bc13fb819.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4e9f021d-3cf4-4790-8f7d-f87f33133446.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4e9f021d-3cf4-4790-8f7d-f87f33133446.json
index 68a68b73a4..a09faa14a0 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4e9f021d-3cf4-4790-8f7d-f87f33133446.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4e9f021d-3cf4-4790-8f7d-f87f33133446.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--462fb894-fce8-4fdd-8874-6408bda6e46c",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ed97a0d-2fcf-4c53-8aaa-21e174b28309.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ed97a0d-2fcf-4c53-8aaa-21e174b28309.json
index 3954217ca4..7896e02188 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ed97a0d-2fcf-4c53-8aaa-21e174b28309.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ed97a0d-2fcf-4c53-8aaa-21e174b28309.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--c2f91e68-cd3b-4f60-839c-5d9d332ddee1",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ee57616-7205-490c-86c3-c27dcffd8689.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ee57616-7205-490c-86c3-c27dcffd8689.json
index cf77fe8ea0..b3db29694d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ee57616-7205-490c-86c3-c27dcffd8689.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ee57616-7205-490c-86c3-c27dcffd8689.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--d10bfdc6-ee7b-4748-a182-e955f797ffee",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4efa4953-7854-4144-8837-d7831ccbe35d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4efa4953-7854-4144-8837-d7831ccbe35d.json
index 7e47dc0201..dd4fba96a9 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4efa4953-7854-4144-8837-d7831ccbe35d.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4efa4953-7854-4144-8837-d7831ccbe35d.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--4542b782-04df-4b0f-8eaa-69330709fd16",
+    "id": "bundle--03daced8-3bb4-4f23-924c-35cb22125c10",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4f2ae057-ef0b-4995-b24d-348a76a74a4f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4f2ae057-ef0b-4995-b24d-348a76a74a4f.json
index b632181340..e31c41882a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4f2ae057-ef0b-4995-b24d-348a76a74a4f.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4f2ae057-ef0b-4995-b24d-348a76a74a4f.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--d44ab1fe-079f-4362-afa3-af47de7e05a9",
+    "id": "bundle--9f52c287-09a7-4385-9e49-f9b11436795c",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4f366c8c-9c70-44ed-baa8-d433d5dbfe49.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4f366c8c-9c70-44ed-baa8-d433d5dbfe49.json
index 8beb309904..955889f7d6 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4f366c8c-9c70-44ed-baa8-d433d5dbfe49.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--0612f02f-fe37-4532-8c59-22508be9ccec",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4f6f4def-e76d-4d1b-9416-b6543e7dbc54.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4f6f4def-e76d-4d1b-9416-b6543e7dbc54.json
index c2bcc5cb37..00d507b9f7 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4f6f4def-e76d-4d1b-9416-b6543e7dbc54.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4f6f4def-e76d-4d1b-9416-b6543e7dbc54.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--62899b09-e3f9-480e-a069-2bd920251808",
+    "id": "bundle--9a8f475b-1d13-49f6-9e53-988531df235a",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4f812a57-efdc-463b-bf37-baa4bca7502b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4f812a57-efdc-463b-bf37-baa4bca7502b.json
index b2bcbacc0b..dba5bb782c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4f812a57-efdc-463b-bf37-baa4bca7502b.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4f812a57-efdc-463b-bf37-baa4bca7502b.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--021f22fb-47c0-41ee-88b9-b0aec6ab60a8",
+    "id": "bundle--b9417dda-4f17-45df-adfb-ad741f91c532",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4fc165fd-185e-4c70-b423-c242cf715510.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4fc165fd-185e-4c70-b423-c242cf715510.json
index 09574f144b..e5bf2b8d39 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4fc165fd-185e-4c70-b423-c242cf715510.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4fc165fd-185e-4c70-b423-c242cf715510.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--751056a9-56f7-4cd6-bc33-6dd27003a503",
+    "id": "bundle--46e1e69a-03a1-4409-910c-a2e96c0dccf6",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ff5f854-bfe9-45bc-b11a-196cf826b760.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ff5f854-bfe9-45bc-b11a-196cf826b760.json
index 82c3bf4cc3..c523e16cdf 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ff5f854-bfe9-45bc-b11a-196cf826b760.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ff5f854-bfe9-45bc-b11a-196cf826b760.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--1cf9f9a9-7efc-4168-a4d3-fd118dd56950",
+    "id": "bundle--8c716a61-426d-49ee-a367-f2873db31ff9",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ff9b16f-3643-4fa0-b107-f93a9bb847c3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ff9b16f-3643-4fa0-b107-f93a9bb847c3.json
index cd5fff25fb..b7be427a0e 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ff9b16f-3643-4fa0-b107-f93a9bb847c3.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ff9b16f-3643-4fa0-b107-f93a9bb847c3.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--22bc5993-a413-4cbf-b163-a71f4885eb9d",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5012c647-9b58-4a4f-b64f-468c9b76a60c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5012c647-9b58-4a4f-b64f-468c9b76a60c.json
index 0f700e4616..7781d12491 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5012c647-9b58-4a4f-b64f-468c9b76a60c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5012c647-9b58-4a4f-b64f-468c9b76a60c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--91756693-90a0-4bdf-95ad-cc3cdde62044",
+    "id": "bundle--f0c4d595-0a02-4c7f-b464-b50b99edae8b",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--502fc83c-ce03-4ce7-a202-095bbe0b492b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--502fc83c-ce03-4ce7-a202-095bbe0b492b.json
index b2c929c33b..738c26e600 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--502fc83c-ce03-4ce7-a202-095bbe0b492b.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--502fc83c-ce03-4ce7-a202-095bbe0b492b.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--5c656abf-2b05-41d6-abfa-b6f84b5ec472",
+    "id": "bundle--30975d02-1182-44d7-923d-daa70a512e33",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--503ca6f2-a747-43fb-8fc5-7be095dcb966.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--503ca6f2-a747-43fb-8fc5-7be095dcb966.json
index 235d4b01e6..79140d0053 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--503ca6f2-a747-43fb-8fc5-7be095dcb966.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--5f9d5632-34a7-46c3-99b3-93cce78e46e4",
+    "id": "bundle--3136045e-f4ea-4b05-8e79-e95f4ad6c15f",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--506d657b-1634-442e-8179-7187f82feb3a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--506d657b-1634-442e-8179-7187f82feb3a.json
index 8f47c5a0e2..33ae785ec5 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--506d657b-1634-442e-8179-7187f82feb3a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--506d657b-1634-442e-8179-7187f82feb3a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--bf6ae17b-e697-415f-aa36-f8f8e8078544",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5088a10e-03d2-4643-8df8-b7b601c2cc24.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5088a10e-03d2-4643-8df8-b7b601c2cc24.json
index d0cd87e7f9..a6755d5f5c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5088a10e-03d2-4643-8df8-b7b601c2cc24.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--04b68dcb-d1ae-4e19-89ab-a11252917368",
+    "id": "bundle--bf95ab5f-90bc-4e5e-9dd0-9e3bead152ba",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50ad2a8c-ed45-4376-be31-8bafa26ba794.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50ad2a8c-ed45-4376-be31-8bafa26ba794.json
index f458c5c149..fd7b173899 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50ad2a8c-ed45-4376-be31-8bafa26ba794.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50ad2a8c-ed45-4376-be31-8bafa26ba794.json
@@ -1,29 +1,32 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--5dae17af-6282-472d-bba4-7e905eb7e7c3",
+    "id": "bundle--66499ad0-cf62-481c-96b7-23aa6afc5aa9",
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-            ],
-            "id": "relationship--50ad2a8c-ed45-4376-be31-8bafa26ba794",
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+            "id": "relationship--50ad2a8c-ed45-4376-be31-8bafa26ba794",
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+            "revoked": false,
             "external_references": [
                 {
                     "source_name": "Cofense Anubis",
-                    "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/",
-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
                 }
             ],
-            "modified": "2020-04-08T15:41:19.451Z",
+            "object_marking_refs": [
+                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
+            ],
+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.103Z",
             "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can collect the device\u2019s ID.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)",
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             "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77",
+            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
             "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
+            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
             "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50bab448-fee6-49e9-a296-498fe06eacc7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50bab448-fee6-49e9-a296-498fe06eacc7.json
index 6acbce5556..d79c338e20 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50bab448-fee6-49e9-a296-498fe06eacc7.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50bab448-fee6-49e9-a296-498fe06eacc7.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--dc667037-88d2-44ca-a7b0-9183465ad71f",
+    "id": "bundle--ca08e7cc-3583-4e69-99bf-58cb331cf444",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50c81a85-8c70-48df-a338-8622d2debc74.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50c81a85-8c70-48df-a338-8622d2debc74.json
index 19bcdbcae9..7936148cae 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50c81a85-8c70-48df-a338-8622d2debc74.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50c81a85-8c70-48df-a338-8622d2debc74.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--ee220811-f817-4b0e-817b-d28e5b4c1522",
+    "id": "bundle--bb07acc0-9645-4032-8952-c305aa8281a6",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50d8e788-d405-45e8-b6b7-0f02f353cc97.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50d8e788-d405-45e8-b6b7-0f02f353cc97.json
index b5e273c0f0..1e13c734f3 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50d8e788-d405-45e8-b6b7-0f02f353cc97.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--ce6d9035-e493-4850-9b0f-274009ea777f",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50e3b570-2e9a-409b-973a-3ce91b9579d4.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50e3b570-2e9a-409b-973a-3ce91b9579d4.json
index f42ca4c774..35a6a5e488 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50e3b570-2e9a-409b-973a-3ce91b9579d4.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50e3b570-2e9a-409b-973a-3ce91b9579d4.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--feb5ab2f-4bb9-410f-865a-d3dd17cea1b5",
+    "id": "bundle--7509e31a-fca9-4264-875d-db0d20d72099",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50f03c00-5488-49fe-a527-a8776e526523.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50f03c00-5488-49fe-a527-a8776e526523.json
index 2e5894582d..6baa48c0c0 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50f03c00-5488-49fe-a527-a8776e526523.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--50f03c00-5488-49fe-a527-a8776e526523.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--cf41e259-7e81-4788-bad2-66a24fbc89fb",
+    "id": "bundle--47f948f5-bf1d-447d-87e3-a9e57a6d5eb9",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5107be8a-b5fc-4442-af0d-2c92e086a912.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5107be8a-b5fc-4442-af0d-2c92e086a912.json
index e7daa8e683..c3db138e99 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5107be8a-b5fc-4442-af0d-2c92e086a912.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--71ac5d9d-9d88-42a3-8172-d1a1c1c20983",
+    "id": "bundle--cd587a5f-3836-4304-98d4-b06742ed3a38",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51457698-e98b-435a-88c2-75a82cdc2bda.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51457698-e98b-435a-88c2-75a82cdc2bda.json
index d0116462bd..58be10009d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51457698-e98b-435a-88c2-75a82cdc2bda.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51457698-e98b-435a-88c2-75a82cdc2bda.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5151b976-cfcf-4771-a75a-995d49bcc1ab.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5151b976-cfcf-4771-a75a-995d49bcc1ab.json
index 2f30888927..9ca6005d7d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51757971-17ac-40c3-bae7-78365579db49.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51757971-17ac-40c3-bae7-78365579db49.json
index 25690f33e7..0f43b45f9c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51757971-17ac-40c3-bae7-78365579db49.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51b0a4fb-a308-4694-9437-95702a50ebd5.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51b0a4fb-a308-4694-9437-95702a50ebd5.json
index 4256850a2d..9942042b8d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51bd38a1-465b-49c0-9218-5984f391a51c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51bd38a1-465b-49c0-9218-5984f391a51c.json
index 6e660a0563..abb0e9cfa3 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51bf6ffc-85c7-4910-8821-9736a1ec60f1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51bf6ffc-85c7-4910-8821-9736a1ec60f1.json
index 943f7e8781..15a4b7230a 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51d31e17-6c80-4ab3-9e8e-6231483e0999.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51d31e17-6c80-4ab3-9e8e-6231483e0999.json
index 0527ba4a9c..3d402a87b0 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51f75dd5-b584-482f-8f7f-dbee2d5cf6f3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--51f75dd5-b584-482f-8f7f-dbee2d5cf6f3.json
index 23acb37af3..59a9ec6fea 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--520668a0-2523-4515-8ed9-f8059023632f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--520668a0-2523-4515-8ed9-f8059023632f.json
index 0212a2a68b..c18ee0a5c0 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--520c7112-9768-42c5-8917-1950efd182f9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--520c7112-9768-42c5-8917-1950efd182f9.json
index e063b9f0a1..f24f17b2c2 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--52649ab6-8d1c-41d0-9804-3fd4b6a1ba48.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--52649ab6-8d1c-41d0-9804-3fd4b6a1ba48.json
index de2d830694..1d1105c770 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--526ce88f-ee58-4a55-a1b2-b72e1b5971aa.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--526ce88f-ee58-4a55-a1b2-b72e1b5971aa.json
index 3fe5629c06..315ef5ae6f 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--529107fd-6420-4573-8dbf-cdcd49c2708c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--529107fd-6420-4573-8dbf-cdcd49c2708c.json
index eb6af42408..a20c0c90bf 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--52ad5145-3b04-4cc8-bed8-4a14501afe25.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--52ad5145-3b04-4cc8-bed8-4a14501afe25.json
index a15f58f7e1..eae428bfde 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--52f7e464-db89-4201-aea8-38d9b44bbd1b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--52f7e464-db89-4201-aea8-38d9b44bbd1b.json
index 03641b8d37..9b58034ac0 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--53364899-1ea5-47fa-afde-c210aed64120.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--53364899-1ea5-47fa-afde-c210aed64120.json
index b586f9ba1e..961f201f30 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--533e5ce5-138c-4bfc-9a59-eb0ced8e6e1a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--533e5ce5-138c-4bfc-9a59-eb0ced8e6e1a.json
index 45422c9f8f..f7ff8f75d5 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--535d2425-21aa-4fe5-ae6d-5b677f459020.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--535d2425-21aa-4fe5-ae6d-5b677f459020.json
index 85f6a0c3b9..c9f1cee716 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--53ebd5b6-e60e-4aa4-a342-de586917f06d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--53ebd5b6-e60e-4aa4-a342-de586917f06d.json
index 63265869ed..1d4299ceb5 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--54151897-cc7e-4f92-af50-bed41ea78d92.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--54151897-cc7e-4f92-af50-bed41ea78d92.json
index 9740b04563..0b1674ea23 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5417959b-9478-49fb-b779-3c82a10ad080.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5417959b-9478-49fb-b779-3c82a10ad080.json
index 8758c94d7f..c92d5723b0 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--544e8fc3-c656-4081-9b4f-8a5d60926f47.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--544e8fc3-c656-4081-9b4f-8a5d60926f47.json
index 62427c7140..9f3e74b325 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--545d9313-3fcc-4d4a-b9d2-7555430df8f2.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--545d9313-3fcc-4d4a-b9d2-7555430df8f2.json
index da2ee98b0e..1d0bca3642 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5482462c-08bc-4e28-bc20-bfbbc60f3f81.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5482462c-08bc-4e28-bc20-bfbbc60f3f81.json
index ac19d93e6a..c2ded835d5 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--54bfecbc-4d1d-4bca-bb9c-652d09b29515.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--54bfecbc-4d1d-4bca-bb9c-652d09b29515.json
index eebc25e313..ba6496908c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--54ce9375-cc0f-456e-ac22-e6fe822a6cec.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--54ce9375-cc0f-456e-ac22-e6fe822a6cec.json
index 935cfece3f..6f611626d3 100644
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index 9673aa8336..fd47da7911 100644
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index fb0d51a45b..89227515d8 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--557e6d99-d7d8-4e2f-bc01-66b0754de089.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--557e6d99-d7d8-4e2f-bc01-66b0754de089.json
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index fc46df5dd8..61afec1b40 100644
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index 717993ea15..1a0b0ee229 100644
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index 7796161615..4208b3c612 100644
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index 610197d6dd..513f4651f7 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--56758bb5-230e-43ac-9851-167c296c3dfa.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--56758bb5-230e-43ac-9851-167c296c3dfa.json
index 812344a52d..c94051d7e4 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--56a0173f-68ec-48f6-88d8-ed1e7a2470ba.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--56a0173f-68ec-48f6-88d8-ed1e7a2470ba.json
index 177515cf47..40ee358507 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--59d463d3-3a41-4269-be9a-7a69f44eca78.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--59d463d3-3a41-4269-be9a-7a69f44eca78.json
index feb1b537f0..4fbc30b1d4 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--59e225fa-b181-4906-9f0b-ef8f6ce7f2ef.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--59e225fa-b181-4906-9f0b-ef8f6ce7f2ef.json
index 0f0d887f2f..be9b470b72 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a036fb8-9f72-4383-91c5-0f47b33b2c9d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a036fb8-9f72-4383-91c5-0f47b33b2c9d.json
index b6a70de83d..a03cb1339a 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a18e6c3-4bbf-4418-8815-55ebf283c8a1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a18e6c3-4bbf-4418-8815-55ebf283c8a1.json
index 0c3e0044fd..df1837f712 100644
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index 5ec09185db..a936d678ae 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a277966-4559-487e-bdfb-7be6366ccdb6.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a277966-4559-487e-bdfb-7be6366ccdb6.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a2bff26-f5e5-41f9-b3da-a558988ef3f3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a2bff26-f5e5-41f9-b3da-a558988ef3f3.json
index 4e477e9dc7..8fcd24bfbf 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a2bff26-f5e5-41f9-b3da-a558988ef3f3.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a50d9da-3fa5-443e-8367-8a0520d58cae.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a50d9da-3fa5-443e-8367-8a0520d58cae.json
index 8b4e5dfdd2..7ba3acb6d4 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--b184b8f7-41d3-4341-bec3-2935e12d1db1",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a64b957-32fb-4dd6-84ae-48a2c74c560f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a64b957-32fb-4dd6-84ae-48a2c74c560f.json
index bdf1eb9534..915f55f1d6 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a6df1dd-9aa4-4f67-9195-8c3a9f5c0f7a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a6df1dd-9aa4-4f67-9195-8c3a9f5c0f7a.json
index a029369303..bd42f5be75 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a6df1dd-9aa4-4f67-9195-8c3a9f5c0f7a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a6df1dd-9aa4-4f67-9195-8c3a9f5c0f7a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--2adef258-04ca-4d4c-af91-1f40cdb6b654",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a7295a2-ad95-4362-8b2c-9265ad5c73b0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a7295a2-ad95-4362-8b2c-9265ad5c73b0.json
index 896cc5d126..07d61e7a09 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a7295a2-ad95-4362-8b2c-9265ad5c73b0.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--1ffbe884-7b88-40fa-968d-6249ffcc601d",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a96d87e-f70e-49dc-a272-c98aad672ce0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a96d87e-f70e-49dc-a272-c98aad672ce0.json
index 0c2d079d23..a40fb7e183 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a96d87e-f70e-49dc-a272-c98aad672ce0.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5a96d87e-f70e-49dc-a272-c98aad672ce0.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--9be6819b-e2fa-4d88-9624-0b5eaccf1d28",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5aa167b8-4166-440b-b49f-bf1bab597237.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5aa167b8-4166-440b-b49f-bf1bab597237.json
index de23b94b89..dc8603b1a9 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--36850349-cdba-48cb-9e54-1c031027af03",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b04c8d0-c026-4838-9383-e4146de36d4d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b04c8d0-c026-4838-9383-e4146de36d4d.json
index 5177df4815..fa006eb83d 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b235ed4-548d-49f2-ae01-1874666e6747.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b235ed4-548d-49f2-ae01-1874666e6747.json
index cefad88003..a892710414 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b37d94a-64a3-432a-b340-1c9a4f553d02.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b37d94a-64a3-432a-b340-1c9a4f553d02.json
index 221cb8985f..612311e968 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b5586b9-75ee-476f-b3eb-49878254302c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b5586b9-75ee-476f-b3eb-49878254302c.json
index 97bc60d632..9c6889fa1c 100644
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+    "id": "bundle--42065d43-d279-45fc-a994-bc119a5c14b8",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b670281-0054-42b4-8e54-ea01a692f5bf.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b670281-0054-42b4-8e54-ea01a692f5bf.json
index 8ce4f2dc2b..388effe17a 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b7c73d3-a983-456e-82fe-1c823a282eb0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b7c73d3-a983-456e-82fe-1c823a282eb0.json
index 35e9eefa69..a11be46ca2 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b7c73d3-a983-456e-82fe-1c823a282eb0.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--bcfad406-e671-4e0e-920d-218713882018",
+    "id": "bundle--15de76c5-34bb-4f8b-b86b-598f53788fe5",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b87bb01-9587-42bd-aa6b-30158ca8f55f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b87bb01-9587-42bd-aa6b-30158ca8f55f.json
index daa3221f1f..14603ceffc 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b87bb01-9587-42bd-aa6b-30158ca8f55f.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b87bb01-9587-42bd-aa6b-30158ca8f55f.json
@@ -1,29 +1,32 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--f2b9f585-1f2e-4c68-ab76-20adc85dc890",
+    "id": "bundle--e821589b-2dfd-4ec0-ac17-f3685f9d5468",
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-            ],
-            "id": "relationship--5b87bb01-9587-42bd-aa6b-30158ca8f55f",
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+            "id": "relationship--5b87bb01-9587-42bd-aa6b-30158ca8f55f",
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+            "revoked": false,
             "external_references": [
                 {
                     "source_name": "Cofense Anubis",
-                    "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/",
-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
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             ],
-            "modified": "2020-09-11T15:42:15.628Z",
+            "object_marking_refs": [
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+            ],
+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.105Z",
             "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can send, receive, and delete SMS messages.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)",
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             "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b",
+            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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+            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b9a2c93-95bf-4f39-aeac-b2af051faca9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b9a2c93-95bf-4f39-aeac-b2af051faca9.json
index 926e439133..3fb7f4e248 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b9a2c93-95bf-4f39-aeac-b2af051faca9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5b9a2c93-95bf-4f39-aeac-b2af051faca9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--4bfe6f05-bf34-44bd-b418-caa2698e8020",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5c1e3aa9-160d-49fd-83a2-2ed2f8c5435c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5c1e3aa9-160d-49fd-83a2-2ed2f8c5435c.json
index 4708088b1c..caba4ec1ab 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--46befc83-9995-4eac-9c78-e155f6191022",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5c447471-2b97-4d96-b75f-1cbb574b39cf.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5c447471-2b97-4d96-b75f-1cbb574b39cf.json
index 348a6184c5..4a56a115d6 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5c746ac8-4034-4ae3-98c3-66d89f5a6d6a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5c746ac8-4034-4ae3-98c3-66d89f5a6d6a.json
index 408a151bb4..5e72c04286 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5c746ac8-4034-4ae3-98c3-66d89f5a6d6a.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--a9fddfa9-f4bd-4091-9cab-3d5d2abea4a8",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5c7508ae-5d05-49fd-a489-b944d3b45dd0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5c7508ae-5d05-49fd-a489-b944d3b45dd0.json
index f35340f926..6ec0eef6bd 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--df823821-0669-42ee-9949-e100f3d1ac2c",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5ced57a7-b674-40d4-98b8-a090963a6ade.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5ced57a7-b674-40d4-98b8-a090963a6ade.json
index 623df55780..315110623b 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--5ced57a7-b674-40d4-98b8-a090963a6ade.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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index 929308dbf2..0ede5ef8a9 100644
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index 1dd00b51c0..368ffbbb46 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6209cccd-2877-4941-ac0c-bec3ba7a5544.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6209cccd-2877-4941-ac0c-bec3ba7a5544.json
index df85fb0f75..e50e37ce57 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6209cccd-2877-4941-ac0c-bec3ba7a5544.json
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index 1c9fbc29df..ad753921ca 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--626d4c6c-97e4-4aa3-922b-c1a81e677213.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--626d4c6c-97e4-4aa3-922b-c1a81e677213.json
index 91e9c4d408..c5910d161f 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--628435f7-7d1e-40f1-a29a-7c5861b14c7d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--628435f7-7d1e-40f1-a29a-7c5861b14c7d.json
index 98fd631131..f7f14f5ccf 100644
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index 17316fba7c..6c8aeea411 100644
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index 239012f328..1ff222bc07 100644
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index b85f39c39d..adf850ba71 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--634071ce-d386-4143-8e6e-b88bc077de6d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--634071ce-d386-4143-8e6e-b88bc077de6d.json
index bcef381071..d52362c015 100644
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index c58ec83969..48737e7ba6 100644
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index eb53002b4e..368b5e9802 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--66fb8a34-9d48-4599-a56e-19b057380030.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--66fb8a34-9d48-4599-a56e-19b057380030.json
index 78a799b804..d6a17287b7 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--66fb8a34-9d48-4599-a56e-19b057380030.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--66fb8a34-9d48-4599-a56e-19b057380030.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--126d63a2-a33c-45ca-8bc7-24545c338842",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--670a0995-a789-4674-9e91-c74316cdef90.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--670a0995-a789-4674-9e91-c74316cdef90.json
index ac94ff4904..e13ac11c4f 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--670a0995-a789-4674-9e91-c74316cdef90.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--670a0995-a789-4674-9e91-c74316cdef90.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--67aa692c-24e4-483e-996e-02ce1e861ec8.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--67aa692c-24e4-483e-996e-02ce1e861ec8.json
index 06e69f2cc1..4ab9a41e2f 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--67aa692c-24e4-483e-996e-02ce1e861ec8.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--67aa692c-24e4-483e-996e-02ce1e861ec8.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--65cd58dd-d35d-4cc7-8518-bb2aaac48c91",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--67c2b73d-cd51-4894-a7bd-fdd5d14b33a2.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--67c2b73d-cd51-4894-a7bd-fdd5d14b33a2.json
index deb60bfb3d..9dcbed0bb2 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--67c2b73d-cd51-4894-a7bd-fdd5d14b33a2.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--557172a0-a2a5-4015-88e1-ed5a91ceb7bb",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--67db22d4-6f89-40c6-b31b-737c1e3dec3f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--67db22d4-6f89-40c6-b31b-737c1e3dec3f.json
index 636fbe81a1..cc396ec653 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--67db22d4-6f89-40c6-b31b-737c1e3dec3f.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--67db22d4-6f89-40c6-b31b-737c1e3dec3f.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--cd64580d-21f1-4b9b-acfc-c2e6ef5a7b35",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--681161b2-4e30-4d49-8524-6cc0d94585cb.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--681161b2-4e30-4d49-8524-6cc0d94585cb.json
index c2466a6a5e..c438649722 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--681161b2-4e30-4d49-8524-6cc0d94585cb.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--681161b2-4e30-4d49-8524-6cc0d94585cb.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--c702e91a-5181-447e-ab71-a932d352e307",
+    "id": "bundle--fe714239-831b-43ce-91b3-2f7ee18af598",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--681d5e61-9412-4c58-bef1-c6ef7bffcb0c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--681d5e61-9412-4c58-bef1-c6ef7bffcb0c.json
index 153942c126..806743135e 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--681d5e61-9412-4c58-bef1-c6ef7bffcb0c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--681d5e61-9412-4c58-bef1-c6ef7bffcb0c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--3140f8eb-e1a3-47bb-b8de-49f0a76a6449",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6846dc09-b66a-42d3-aea2-c80b51f22952.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6846dc09-b66a-42d3-aea2-c80b51f22952.json
index 5bccf28dd9..e769b800b4 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6846dc09-b66a-42d3-aea2-c80b51f22952.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--b8a6953f-6a0d-457b-ac0c-6b98339fb863",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--684c17bb-2075-4e1f-9fcb-17408511222d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--684c17bb-2075-4e1f-9fcb-17408511222d.json
index ba6065b576..565b9bcc7a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--684c17bb-2075-4e1f-9fcb-17408511222d.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--684c17bb-2075-4e1f-9fcb-17408511222d.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6859be95-c11a-4085-b8d3-c4ea4e2add44.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6859be95-c11a-4085-b8d3-c4ea4e2add44.json
index 79f87a06b3..7a7cfc9158 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6859be95-c11a-4085-b8d3-c4ea4e2add44.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6885280e-5423-422a-94f1-e91d557e043e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6885280e-5423-422a-94f1-e91d557e043e.json
index a47b5968a7..8d204ba7be 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6885280e-5423-422a-94f1-e91d557e043e.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6885280e-5423-422a-94f1-e91d557e043e.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--1e2cadf2-31b0-4a66-8917-53731f3c1bea",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--68c17e9b-1fda-49dd-982b-566d473cc32b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--68c17e9b-1fda-49dd-982b-566d473cc32b.json
index 277334e6e6..658ea7cf68 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--68c17e9b-1fda-49dd-982b-566d473cc32b.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--dcc8960c-aa60-482c-baa6-53c9e0a10db8",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--68e5789c-9f60-421e-9c79-fae207a29e83.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--68e5789c-9f60-421e-9c79-fae207a29e83.json
index 253c100424..097a0233b9 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--68e5789c-9f60-421e-9c79-fae207a29e83.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6920d0d0-27f4-4d29-8622-c8a92090eec3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6920d0d0-27f4-4d29-8622-c8a92090eec3.json
index bc2f92a607..f0d0df2638 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6920d0d0-27f4-4d29-8622-c8a92090eec3.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--7dc96681-dd82-46da-910d-1949000e9046",
+    "id": "bundle--8e317263-334c-48dc-9b65-3096378fee0d",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6935752c-e400-4dfa-863f-1d44a8f6dd50.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6935752c-e400-4dfa-863f-1d44a8f6dd50.json
index d56821f8f0..d15268eefc 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6935752c-e400-4dfa-863f-1d44a8f6dd50.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6935752c-e400-4dfa-863f-1d44a8f6dd50.json
@@ -1,29 +1,32 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--e0467cd6-0221-4485-9a95-0b03eca977b7",
+    "id": "bundle--e1d7c2b4-a546-4622-8e82-5395bea1e12f",
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-            ],
-            "id": "relationship--6935752c-e400-4dfa-863f-1d44a8f6dd50",
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+            "id": "relationship--6935752c-e400-4dfa-863f-1d44a8f6dd50",
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+            "revoked": false,
             "external_references": [
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                     "source_name": "Cofense Anubis",
-                    "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/",
-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
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-            "modified": "2021-09-20T13:50:02.036Z",
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+            ],
+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.105Z",
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             "target_ref": "attack-pattern--351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69",
+            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--694857ba-92e8-462e-8900-a9f6fdcf495d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--694857ba-92e8-462e-8900-a9f6fdcf495d.json
index 9776b3d5da..65f946217d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--694857ba-92e8-462e-8900-a9f6fdcf495d.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--694857ba-92e8-462e-8900-a9f6fdcf495d.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--7778174c-cce4-4893-8f16-fe29d08b97f6",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6961eec4-8e31-4be1-88d9-dca682e38b8c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6961eec4-8e31-4be1-88d9-dca682e38b8c.json
index 0533f2a2d2..62c058b662 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--69718f1d-7761-41ae-b9d0-12c45f6b4ac4.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--69718f1d-7761-41ae-b9d0-12c45f6b4ac4.json
index 3fd4e8510b..bbf7753488 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--697f5584-667f-4489-a535-586dd1a8b48c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--697f5584-667f-4489-a535-586dd1a8b48c.json
index d096b4c272..accd08dcc1 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--697f5584-667f-4489-a535-586dd1a8b48c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--69bb264a-3f44-4132-9248-dd80a9f5efa2.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--69bb264a-3f44-4132-9248-dd80a9f5efa2.json
index f5ee1f3297..ca8fd1f533 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--d2d17318-677f-4bbd-ab3f-5c10bc9c102f",
+    "id": "bundle--426afda5-c743-475b-b916-fe8a225a8e22",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--69de3f7e-faa7-4342-b755-4777a68fd89b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--69de3f7e-faa7-4342-b755-4777a68fd89b.json
index 51174f36d2..5a74abc3da 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a1d8b2f-9007-46ba-b559-356b81632cee.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a1d8b2f-9007-46ba-b559-356b81632cee.json
index 9f1ef02513..8cf03b58d8 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a4fd7bd-b73b-403b-aff9-8be6bc0afc7b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a4fd7bd-b73b-403b-aff9-8be6bc0afc7b.json
index 8316db15e2..a93c88f846 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a4fd7bd-b73b-403b-aff9-8be6bc0afc7b.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--17a4bd18-d454-499d-9218-3f83249a8f58",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a5926f3-8c44-4806-83c2-e8ed0be36bc2.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a5926f3-8c44-4806-83c2-e8ed0be36bc2.json
index 0bf9a89c5d..4135380d7d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a5926f3-8c44-4806-83c2-e8ed0be36bc2.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--7aa41230-0ad5-469a-b1df-ba7636875619",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a5f151f-36cb-496a-9d0c-d726f1b00d4e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a5f151f-36cb-496a-9d0c-d726f1b00d4e.json
index 55741ed0a1..f1e937b232 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a5f151f-36cb-496a-9d0c-d726f1b00d4e.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--5b4c4d31-fe1f-4f3e-8012-d1103280c14c",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a715733-cde6-4903-b967-35562b584c6f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a715733-cde6-4903-b967-35562b584c6f.json
index 54dd09cf7e..831a5e043c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a715733-cde6-4903-b967-35562b584c6f.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a715733-cde6-4903-b967-35562b584c6f.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--5a00c607-d069-4abf-860d-3b2254a6e169",
+    "id": "bundle--016cbd00-8237-4315-9abb-104eae1b0ecd",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a813057-5fe0-46b5-89a3-c804d223568c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a813057-5fe0-46b5-89a3-c804d223568c.json
index 84ef912584..8a8f211cae 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a813057-5fe0-46b5-89a3-c804d223568c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a813057-5fe0-46b5-89a3-c804d223568c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--cd29510c-81aa-47b1-bdff-abef5b2e183f",
+    "id": "bundle--02ca3218-80bb-433f-ad7f-2f762f457531",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a821e14-8247-408b-af37-9cecbba616ec.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a821e14-8247-408b-af37-9cecbba616ec.json
index df284d40b4..560bdcc092 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a821e14-8247-408b-af37-9cecbba616ec.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a821e14-8247-408b-af37-9cecbba616ec.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--9d5df761-854d-413a-86de-d5d58952d7bd",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a924f93-6a3a-4931-b0b3-b8bc37f0587a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a924f93-6a3a-4931-b0b3-b8bc37f0587a.json
index 4bb0971e30..a507311a81 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a924f93-6a3a-4931-b0b3-b8bc37f0587a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6a924f93-6a3a-4931-b0b3-b8bc37f0587a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--09dd0c61-b1e1-46dc-8480-b8993841afc3",
+    "id": "bundle--502c5db5-24bf-4a46-9961-cc4f4034ab7d",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ac2d9a5-248b-42c5-af71-3ffad7bc7f3e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ac2d9a5-248b-42c5-af71-3ffad7bc7f3e.json
index e63ee03203..0b66671f88 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ac2d9a5-248b-42c5-af71-3ffad7bc7f3e.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ac2d9a5-248b-42c5-af71-3ffad7bc7f3e.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--cce40d1e-88de-4d22-ab80-574c87df856f",
+    "id": "bundle--a37961a6-1c86-4984-a7b8-97c0de2511a1",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ad4f199-99fe-4366-87be-7a462f6c89b0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ad4f199-99fe-4366-87be-7a462f6c89b0.json
index 9f8513ccb0..c05915e424 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ad4f199-99fe-4366-87be-7a462f6c89b0.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ad4f199-99fe-4366-87be-7a462f6c89b0.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--1e186f16-8fff-4861-ad0a-b90ba828250c",
+    "id": "bundle--926296f8-4800-4e33-bb4d-546f10d423bc",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6b41d649-bcd0-4427-baa1-15a145bace6e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6b41d649-bcd0-4427-baa1-15a145bace6e.json
index 21f1558dbd..782e9d0f5c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6b41d649-bcd0-4427-baa1-15a145bace6e.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--3f29796c-0d11-4faa-b0ab-23e5f597eb7f",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6b623a18-a3cf-4f94-b3a8-19f7369a2b61.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6b623a18-a3cf-4f94-b3a8-19f7369a2b61.json
index da89c6799f..21914f1ff4 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6b623a18-a3cf-4f94-b3a8-19f7369a2b61.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6b623a18-a3cf-4f94-b3a8-19f7369a2b61.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--874b7176-9709-4373-a6c5-4278e775ed7d",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6b64d3f4-96d6-48e5-a57e-b5cf897670f9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6b64d3f4-96d6-48e5-a57e-b5cf897670f9.json
index 23ce760cc8..f5c67e277d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6b64d3f4-96d6-48e5-a57e-b5cf897670f9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6b64d3f4-96d6-48e5-a57e-b5cf897670f9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--ec2a4813-2cbd-4e85-bd45-74f46d90112f",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6b74d347-4d28-401f-9ac2-b3e1c9428bab.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6b74d347-4d28-401f-9ac2-b3e1c9428bab.json
index 8a83ace4af..9f8b0a0706 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6b74d347-4d28-401f-9ac2-b3e1c9428bab.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6b74d347-4d28-401f-9ac2-b3e1c9428bab.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--b8cb13fe-59db-4eab-b7ce-cb8db6922c27",
+    "id": "bundle--fdb78ec4-413e-429a-93d3-c283072f1039",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ba09d73-4ed5-4a37-8191-fc54a8f01696.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ba09d73-4ed5-4a37-8191-fc54a8f01696.json
index 5148619a4b..0c453931ca 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ba09d73-4ed5-4a37-8191-fc54a8f01696.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ba09d73-4ed5-4a37-8191-fc54a8f01696.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--0e9c4ad5-dfbb-47ec-960b-4fd92bc69e5e",
+    "id": "bundle--913c2428-f97c-4c0c-9e04-3ed2899b5975",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6bb4de7d-1ef9-4bc8-8d34-62e176d4188a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6bb4de7d-1ef9-4bc8-8d34-62e176d4188a.json
index 0b56741a5c..febc85fec9 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6bb4de7d-1ef9-4bc8-8d34-62e176d4188a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6bb4de7d-1ef9-4bc8-8d34-62e176d4188a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--98f0a6a3-6663-4f2b-bd72-c5c167c6663e",
+    "id": "bundle--3f20ab69-1421-485b-a399-1aa9e4bae226",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c0105f3-e919-499d-b080-d127394d2837.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c0105f3-e919-499d-b080-d127394d2837.json
index 5a8d1aca4c..cdb808186b 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c0105f3-e919-499d-b080-d127394d2837.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c0105f3-e919-499d-b080-d127394d2837.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--93e9b951-625b-4a7e-96ab-d0e64f483092",
+    "id": "bundle--686454b0-4106-4377-86ef-8de4501af038",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c35f99c-153d-4023-a29a-821488ce5418.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c35f99c-153d-4023-a29a-821488ce5418.json
index 2af7d9f523..6246714ca6 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c35f99c-153d-4023-a29a-821488ce5418.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c35f99c-153d-4023-a29a-821488ce5418.json
@@ -1,29 +1,32 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--8b37ef78-5a8b-4c6a-95ce-e30c60b3f39d",
+    "id": "bundle--ad922e30-34f9-491b-83f8-74792a2a916e",
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-            ],
-            "id": "relationship--6c35f99c-153d-4023-a29a-821488ce5418",
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+            "id": "relationship--6c35f99c-153d-4023-a29a-821488ce5418",
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+            "revoked": false,
             "external_references": [
                 {
                     "source_name": "Cofense Anubis",
-                    "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/",
-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
                 }
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-            "modified": "2020-04-08T15:41:19.383Z",
+            "object_marking_refs": [
+                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
+            ],
+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.107Z",
             "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can collect a list of installed applications to compare to a list of targeted applications.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)",
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             "target_ref": "attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2",
+            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
             "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
+            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c859d6b-28b1-409d-90ea-d4eba64edf82.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c859d6b-28b1-409d-90ea-d4eba64edf82.json
index 9f53ff88c9..e0e4e6cb67 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c859d6b-28b1-409d-90ea-d4eba64edf82.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c859d6b-28b1-409d-90ea-d4eba64edf82.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--08f2c2ff-ad10-4976-ac4e-befbe16b731f",
+    "id": "bundle--83c54f85-5eb9-4d1c-85e7-253787b28048",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c887e1b-ff9a-4d7f-baec-7d19e1c982bd.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c887e1b-ff9a-4d7f-baec-7d19e1c982bd.json
index ed67e0a788..4bfebc578c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c887e1b-ff9a-4d7f-baec-7d19e1c982bd.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c887e1b-ff9a-4d7f-baec-7d19e1c982bd.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--1e1409a4-2e7f-4654-aa1f-fefccbbb82ec",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ca3e3d9-2db9-4bed-98a0-417ff1e6a78e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ca3e3d9-2db9-4bed-98a0-417ff1e6a78e.json
index b7e83f686d..8efc0e468a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ca3e3d9-2db9-4bed-98a0-417ff1e6a78e.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6cace9e3-f095-4914-bddc-24cec8bcc859.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6cace9e3-f095-4914-bddc-24cec8bcc859.json
index 7f8526c477..6ea5507b02 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6cace9e3-f095-4914-bddc-24cec8bcc859.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6cace9e3-f095-4914-bddc-24cec8bcc859.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--bc35d1af-8b59-491c-81c1-b6c923e5d907",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ce36374-2ff6-4b41-8493-148416153232.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ce36374-2ff6-4b41-8493-148416153232.json
index 018a1a7d7f..99c6211804 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ce36374-2ff6-4b41-8493-148416153232.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ce36374-2ff6-4b41-8493-148416153232.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--bb180cce-23b8-4421-b755-0a98c3e12448",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d2c7743-fc75-4524-b217-13867ca1dd10.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d2c7743-fc75-4524-b217-13867ca1dd10.json
index 65df1641be..0ba70d9123 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d2c7743-fc75-4524-b217-13867ca1dd10.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d2c7743-fc75-4524-b217-13867ca1dd10.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--5e38efac-8d28-426b-8279-1335cdebcecf",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d659130-545b-4917-891c-6c1b7d54ed07.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d659130-545b-4917-891c-6c1b7d54ed07.json
index e0bdc1c2b0..1229510081 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d659130-545b-4917-891c-6c1b7d54ed07.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d659130-545b-4917-891c-6c1b7d54ed07.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--e48123f7-45f3-452e-a1c4-aad3198cd2bf",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d88242f-e45b-481c-bd41-b66a662618ce.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d88242f-e45b-481c-bd41-b66a662618ce.json
index 40891f9130..f799d52cc5 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d88242f-e45b-481c-bd41-b66a662618ce.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d88242f-e45b-481c-bd41-b66a662618ce.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--1394db44-e3af-46be-a2d5-194563119bd6",
+    "id": "bundle--8791b5ed-fd7b-43a7-baba-f8c68b187cf0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d910b1c-df72-4fcb-9d9e-0bb666c9c108.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d910b1c-df72-4fcb-9d9e-0bb666c9c108.json
index c402a6e0ef..a2ae0ce485 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d910b1c-df72-4fcb-9d9e-0bb666c9c108.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d910b1c-df72-4fcb-9d9e-0bb666c9c108.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--ff578bf5-6a27-4f43-ad51-2db9fd545622",
+    "id": "bundle--82cadd50-ebcb-4258-8da6-126909d0a420",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6db7839a-5699-4e2a-8410-4e33bf88ba05.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6db7839a-5699-4e2a-8410-4e33bf88ba05.json
index 3db8617a5e..3777390510 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6db7839a-5699-4e2a-8410-4e33bf88ba05.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6db7839a-5699-4e2a-8410-4e33bf88ba05.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--ad644ee0-8041-4056-a001-9146f89e0cfd",
+    "id": "bundle--e517f2b7-d36a-4b66-b9e8-85fb4b13a560",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6de29595-e63e-4d7e-992f-b4622b7b8e23.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6de29595-e63e-4d7e-992f-b4622b7b8e23.json
index 86cfb227d5..1f08554a01 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6de29595-e63e-4d7e-992f-b4622b7b8e23.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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index 3c00030a74..06aaccbb64 100644
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+    "id": "bundle--74495904-467e-430f-9976-bd80c4ae8897",
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+    "id": "bundle--f4906e81-96f4-412d-a9d8-afec0c6f3b59",
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+    "id": "bundle--26dc5ceb-4c5f-4961-ba9c-e62ba229ed55",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6f27a13d-b353-47f3-8a71-a13e8c4c3d60.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6f27a13d-b353-47f3-8a71-a13e8c4c3d60.json
index 820036d8a0..b3726e1117 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6f30b02b-5d88-453d-af1e-305a75bfaf87.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6f30b02b-5d88-453d-af1e-305a75bfaf87.json
index 7d665c44d4..d23bd6daa7 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6f63395f-a826-45e2-8d3b-dccd6375f54d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6f63395f-a826-45e2-8d3b-dccd6375f54d.json
index f82094be3b..09799918d7 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6f9f892e-56ec-480b-aa40-337f20f2bb9c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6f9f892e-56ec-480b-aa40-337f20f2bb9c.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6faacfdd-d17d-4c6e-a33e-5fdea2cc3998.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6faacfdd-d17d-4c6e-a33e-5fdea2cc3998.json
index a057fce533..1ecdcb13b9 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6faacfdd-d17d-4c6e-a33e-5fdea2cc3998.json
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+    "id": "bundle--ea75844f-b7df-4ed7-b38c-c34996d8e041",
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-            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
                 }
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-            "revoked": false,
+            "object_marking_refs": [
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+            ],
+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.107Z",
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+            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--70000e5a-cdff-4ff8-a565-5f7db60f8c49.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--70000e5a-cdff-4ff8-a565-5f7db60f8c49.json
index c4915a318c..193c636b24 100644
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index d75138a5e5..6510fb32af 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--70f8cbed-b20d-4ff2-ad02-8d78e7d49159.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--70f8cbed-b20d-4ff2-ad02-8d78e7d49159.json
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index 5806859df4..42a30a88cd 100644
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index 61035cefc4..00564da44c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--718a612e-50c5-40ab-9081-b88cefeafcb6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--718a612e-50c5-40ab-9081-b88cefeafcb6.json
index 22ba8eedce..cfc949662a 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--718a612e-50c5-40ab-9081-b88cefeafcb6.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--71fbb52a-1808-45a1-8cc2-13b461376e4a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--71fbb52a-1808-45a1-8cc2-13b461376e4a.json
index a498b86c31..3ed97f50c4 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--721cc30c-74cf-4eed-89a8-7a8e63e6c0e1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--721cc30c-74cf-4eed-89a8-7a8e63e6c0e1.json
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index ad47fdac4b..7d366cc08f 100644
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index 5159e99729..44e6ceaac7 100644
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index d843bf4b97..18da3e980b 100644
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index 4d58469cdb..d03c7da40a 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b1477bc-8fd0-45ce-8eaa-b3b307f18024.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--b5d36a45-85a3-41b8-a5c6-9cdd35066b85",
+    "id": "bundle--c70063c0-0476-445a-892f-ac97e6e91d3d",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b3fa5cb-bd70-47e0-acfb-7db99e29e70f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b3fa5cb-bd70-47e0-acfb-7db99e29e70f.json
index 3fcd61af85..a4a1a9dacd 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b3fa5cb-bd70-47e0-acfb-7db99e29e70f.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b3fa5cb-bd70-47e0-acfb-7db99e29e70f.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--2b4800da-1507-42e6-beef-cadbe25f5a7f",
+    "id": "bundle--a7e6e9d7-0842-4698-b0bf-9ddc84a070d8",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b45e72f-5741-4942-aa28-ee7abb6f7046.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b45e72f-5741-4942-aa28-ee7abb6f7046.json
index f285c32060..e6a597790c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b45e72f-5741-4942-aa28-ee7abb6f7046.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b45e72f-5741-4942-aa28-ee7abb6f7046.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--5e085e79-584c-4319-bd1c-f2373359db7c",
+    "id": "bundle--112bbe8e-e646-408d-a9b3-90634fa0a01c",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b611c76-0ea1-49c5-9b9a-2e504a0bbe14.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b611c76-0ea1-49c5-9b9a-2e504a0bbe14.json
index e24f7adf95..23f77b33d5 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b611c76-0ea1-49c5-9b9a-2e504a0bbe14.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b611c76-0ea1-49c5-9b9a-2e504a0bbe14.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--3b2d9b47-094c-4b93-8162-219a4d0255ce",
+    "id": "bundle--fb532d92-7032-473f-a804-f45452357ca3",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b679dbf-4e31-4d0b-9e13-eb8c3b98b7fb.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b679dbf-4e31-4d0b-9e13-eb8c3b98b7fb.json
index e4a8f4ea1c..aa809e8787 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b679dbf-4e31-4d0b-9e13-eb8c3b98b7fb.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b679dbf-4e31-4d0b-9e13-eb8c3b98b7fb.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--050e6ff7-8c83-4af1-a4a3-7631133dfa0d",
+    "id": "bundle--8dd379a4-5719-40b8-b8d1-7564e1781ede",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b8c3ae2-7e52-4f1d-ad30-788b367a7531.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b8c3ae2-7e52-4f1d-ad30-788b367a7531.json
index 47dfd4b06d..fa8fc001fb 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b8c3ae2-7e52-4f1d-ad30-788b367a7531.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7b8c3ae2-7e52-4f1d-ad30-788b367a7531.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--e8680fa3-8828-44e7-9c9f-b07757414df5",
+    "id": "bundle--080d1a82-b890-44fa-a13a-3ee64812a9dc",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ba30703-c3aa-425a-9482-9e9941fd7038.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ba30703-c3aa-425a-9482-9e9941fd7038.json
index 352da9534d..50d5d97965 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ba30703-c3aa-425a-9482-9e9941fd7038.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ba30703-c3aa-425a-9482-9e9941fd7038.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--ab1e3964-4f35-4f27-9057-30143c59a694",
+    "id": "bundle--f222ba5c-faa7-4127-9da1-aafcb0ccc84c",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ba4fb2e-99ff-41ff-8b07-f02e9f74e890.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ba4fb2e-99ff-41ff-8b07-f02e9f74e890.json
index a0dd2bd2b4..a592c66772 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ba4fb2e-99ff-41ff-8b07-f02e9f74e890.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ba4fb2e-99ff-41ff-8b07-f02e9f74e890.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--579d90e1-4c22-4df4-9760-8c15022001c0",
+    "id": "bundle--d8723c57-6a99-49f0-9629-bb5b42cf1f95",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7baa3cab-c4f8-4b91-a6c3-189ad7a6416c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7baa3cab-c4f8-4b91-a6c3-189ad7a6416c.json
index d0bd765eb4..30724bb7ba 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7baa3cab-c4f8-4b91-a6c3-189ad7a6416c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7baa3cab-c4f8-4b91-a6c3-189ad7a6416c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--371e6de9-f16d-4eb2-8ffa-6829e5a0d982",
+    "id": "bundle--1e306c81-b271-4888-ada4-128699ea624c",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7bbbd2aa-104f-443a-907e-6e1fbcf0a73e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7bbbd2aa-104f-443a-907e-6e1fbcf0a73e.json
index c397657e85..7018413fd7 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7bbbd2aa-104f-443a-907e-6e1fbcf0a73e.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7bbbd2aa-104f-443a-907e-6e1fbcf0a73e.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--abfc35c6-aec6-452f-917e-0c03fbd2cee6",
+    "id": "bundle--19591e72-3132-46b2-a15a-119fbd914fbe",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7bc6460d-b36e-41ed-baa0-82d54ec19e57.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7bc6460d-b36e-41ed-baa0-82d54ec19e57.json
index 7f939d6535..869ee49fb7 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7bc6460d-b36e-41ed-baa0-82d54ec19e57.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7bc6460d-b36e-41ed-baa0-82d54ec19e57.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--ff0b8075-fbcd-4820-80bb-1b991459721d",
+    "id": "bundle--bda6912b-2c13-49a9-b523-5c9f7c99d209",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7bf2e05e-496f-49d1-8a37-48cc3ff8d6cc.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7bf2e05e-496f-49d1-8a37-48cc3ff8d6cc.json
index a64b1a714a..859284c659 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7bf2e05e-496f-49d1-8a37-48cc3ff8d6cc.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7bf2e05e-496f-49d1-8a37-48cc3ff8d6cc.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--a7d66312-3030-4722-bdd0-005bf12dd7cb",
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@@ -12,21 +12,21 @@
             "external_references": [
                 {
                     "source_name": "Cofense Anubis",
-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020.",
-                    "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
                 }
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             ],
-            "modified": "2023-04-05T17:17:41.320Z",
+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.109Z",
             "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can modify administrator settings and disable Play Protect.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)",
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             "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2aa78dfd-cb6f-4c70-9408-137cfd96be49",
             "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
             "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
-            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0",
+            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
             "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7c4a4766-cb63-4a3c-85ef-a1dba3be4a47.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7c4a4766-cb63-4a3c-85ef-a1dba3be4a47.json
index 156a44b7f6..a9d4405b4d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7c4a4766-cb63-4a3c-85ef-a1dba3be4a47.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7c4a4766-cb63-4a3c-85ef-a1dba3be4a47.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--5db4c0f9-a5b9-4844-9cdf-c07a6312780a",
+    "id": "bundle--de724649-c93d-4340-96b1-c275f874653b",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7c6207c7-d738-4a17-8380-595c86574b64.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7c6207c7-d738-4a17-8380-595c86574b64.json
index 8466804168..0f1540eb7c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7c6207c7-d738-4a17-8380-595c86574b64.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7c6207c7-d738-4a17-8380-595c86574b64.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--e6301797-ad01-49fb-87ec-c524f29f2898",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7cae8c80-c603-4352-a704-f3a2f4aa4a56.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7cae8c80-c603-4352-a704-f3a2f4aa4a56.json
index 9743fc8dd0..4bdacac8b5 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7cae8c80-c603-4352-a704-f3a2f4aa4a56.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7d2f869d-a117-4b1f-a783-c6d3fc002562.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7d2f869d-a117-4b1f-a783-c6d3fc002562.json
index d2ea5c9131..0df6338d86 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7d2f869d-a117-4b1f-a783-c6d3fc002562.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7d2f869d-a117-4b1f-a783-c6d3fc002562.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--301f6854-f374-4376-a3ce-a813e5470aa8",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7d481598-ece7-469c-b231-619a804c25e5.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7d481598-ece7-469c-b231-619a804c25e5.json
index 30110b64de..17108e5ce8 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7d481598-ece7-469c-b231-619a804c25e5.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7d481598-ece7-469c-b231-619a804c25e5.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--2da7d36e-77e8-4a87-a998-c847910be100",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7d6bba99-ea81-42bc-b02a-e5e98b34a688.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7d6bba99-ea81-42bc-b02a-e5e98b34a688.json
index 11d79c474e..d3f471f755 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7d6bba99-ea81-42bc-b02a-e5e98b34a688.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--44a2261b-cfe7-43d6-8ba8-bf913f79da86",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7db33293-6971-4c0d-88e0-18f505ebd943.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7db33293-6971-4c0d-88e0-18f505ebd943.json
index 09bb816d56..81a824bb0f 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7de1af68-d893-40a0-b27a-c9010f5cdc62.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7de1af68-d893-40a0-b27a-c9010f5cdc62.json
index 84bb2403c5..1aaab26083 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7de1af68-d893-40a0-b27a-c9010f5cdc62.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--c91c14be-323e-49aa-bc89-f8ab0a3ec004",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ded1b79-cf7c-435d-b6ed-2c8872f9393f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ded1b79-cf7c-435d-b6ed-2c8872f9393f.json
index 3f38b87160..72b0bc171b 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ded1b79-cf7c-435d-b6ed-2c8872f9393f.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--b0d3e051-beda-4bfe-a565-053595d45a4b",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7defdb15-65d1-40ca-a9da-5c0484892484.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7defdb15-65d1-40ca-a9da-5c0484892484.json
index f8691f2ad2..8e3402c8ba 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7defdb15-65d1-40ca-a9da-5c0484892484.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--c15785f0-1a44-4425-8fff-a0d6093661dd",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7e00d3ac-a97a-4db0-9699-7474d81413a8.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7e00d3ac-a97a-4db0-9699-7474d81413a8.json
index fc209bffec..4e64ddb091 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--bdf05ba4-e792-407b-9be5-65846c14e014",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7e2d9773-1320-4c8f-a595-2b92bf0fd8ed.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7e2d9773-1320-4c8f-a595-2b92bf0fd8ed.json
index bbd01791ff..ab91d19366 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7e2d9773-1320-4c8f-a595-2b92bf0fd8ed.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--5b96fb42-bdb7-4359-b9db-89f2b4f3c608",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7e8956e3-7d90-412d-a82f-d61e43239923.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7e8956e3-7d90-412d-a82f-d61e43239923.json
index a25192034e..6a66559b45 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--18b4f148-fe82-4390-ad10-120d2c1f13a7",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ec3ee9a-6710-46ed-aecb-c0f2a64739ad.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ec3ee9a-6710-46ed-aecb-c0f2a64739ad.json
index a8d5c2b676..72e49c195b 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ee49e53-e75d-4e65-a71f-79919ebb08f4.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ee49e53-e75d-4e65-a71f-79919ebb08f4.json
index 64f6158c6d..4dd565367d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ee49e53-e75d-4e65-a71f-79919ebb08f4.json
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-    "id": "bundle--e8233072-cfcc-4b60-bd76-00b069dacf5d",
+    "id": "bundle--830dc803-3068-40b4-ac14-1a8d954bfdcf",
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-            "id": "relationship--7ee49e53-e75d-4e65-a71f-79919ebb08f4",
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+            "id": "relationship--7ee49e53-e75d-4e65-a71f-79919ebb08f4",
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+            "revoked": false,
             "external_references": [
                 {
                     "source_name": "Cofense Anubis",
-                    "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/",
-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
                 }
             ],
-            "modified": "2020-04-08T18:55:29.238Z",
+            "object_marking_refs": [
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+            ],
+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.109Z",
             "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can use its ransomware module to encrypt device data and hold it for ransom.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)",
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             "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d9e88203-2b5d-405f-a406-2933b1e3d7e4",
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index df857dadd1..681b761962 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ef9f4cf-863b-4bc4-bdaf-55055263c030.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7ef9f4cf-863b-4bc4-bdaf-55055263c030.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--5255acf1-fabf-46f9-aa0f-97de7f8d61e4",
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index d90d42ba8c..d47fffe75f 100644
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index 372d1c56d6..5a6682cb83 100644
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index 8b7aeade9d..11c7c6b5d6 100644
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index a1996b0be0..d00d1858ac 100644
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+    "id": "bundle--ce2a44bb-783b-44fd-891a-57a46ea5d7ec",
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index e1aade5d67..17003ba587 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--806a9338-be20-4eef-aa54-067633ac0e58.json
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+    "id": "bundle--2fb39a9e-cee0-4114-afe7-a7bc4fd5cfd8",
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-            "id": "relationship--806a9338-be20-4eef-aa54-067633ac0e58",
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-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
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-            "modified": "2020-04-08T15:41:19.421Z",
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+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.110Z",
             "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can retrieve the device\u2019s GPS location.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)",
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index f0ebcd29cf..eb1ab4bb96 100644
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+    "id": "bundle--f14faf24-4490-4cde-be34-3846bfc21fb5",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--828417ec-c444-41c8-95b4-c339c5ecf62b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--828417ec-c444-41c8-95b4-c339c5ecf62b.json
index cfc70d0e2c..f23ab227a0 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--828417ec-c444-41c8-95b4-c339c5ecf62b.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--828417ec-c444-41c8-95b4-c339c5ecf62b.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--ae0514c7-7448-438f-b82a-e2bec8d7770d",
+    "id": "bundle--0fbcfa4f-1568-4bbe-9c40-19f77cb0b46f",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82a51cc3-7a91-43b0-9147-df5983e52b41.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82a51cc3-7a91-43b0-9147-df5983e52b41.json
index aa30f70dd3..b397c2d8aa 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82a51cc3-7a91-43b0-9147-df5983e52b41.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82a51cc3-7a91-43b0-9147-df5983e52b41.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--10e16ac8-9fff-4bd1-a59c-ee77520950eb",
+    "id": "bundle--ed73f2ca-8f87-47a8-bef9-974345ce98dc",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82b58c75-239e-4dac-b848-bc1f3354adc4.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82b58c75-239e-4dac-b848-bc1f3354adc4.json
index 7ff15a255d..a6731ded33 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82b58c75-239e-4dac-b848-bc1f3354adc4.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82b58c75-239e-4dac-b848-bc1f3354adc4.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--161c6315-b288-4b8a-80e4-6816f5c3216a",
+    "id": "bundle--4406c8c6-cad4-4ee5-bed3-806f298eaf34",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82e93a9e-6968-497f-8043-a08d0f35bd32.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82e93a9e-6968-497f-8043-a08d0f35bd32.json
index 3e820af4e2..6b3d844cdc 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82e93a9e-6968-497f-8043-a08d0f35bd32.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82e93a9e-6968-497f-8043-a08d0f35bd32.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--740698cd-a1ef-4150-9d33-34d5c8d1568d",
+    "id": "bundle--b3d1033c-4125-441b-9825-065607f448a2",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
@@ -17,22 +17,22 @@
                 },
                 {
                     "source_name": "Cofense Anubis",
-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020.",
-                    "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
                 }
             ],
             "object_marking_refs": [
                 "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
             ],
-            "modified": "2023-10-10T15:33:57.378Z",
+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.110Z",
             "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) has requested accessibility service privileges while masquerading as \"Google Play Protect\" and has disguised additional malicious application installs as legitimate system updates.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)(Citation: Trend Micro Anubis)",
             "relationship_type": "uses",
             "source_ref": "malware--a3c59d82-2c7c-44e5-a869-68e0a3e5935e",
             "target_ref": "attack-pattern--114fed8b-7eed-4136-8b9c-411c5c7fff4b",
-            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
             "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
             "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
-            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0"
+            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
+            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
         }
     ]
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82f12052-783e-40e4-8079-d9c030c310fd.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82f12052-783e-40e4-8079-d9c030c310fd.json
index 76db0506e8..d71cd3886a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82f12052-783e-40e4-8079-d9c030c310fd.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82f12052-783e-40e4-8079-d9c030c310fd.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--90911344-22b2-4a1b-af19-cbc94423077e",
+    "id": "bundle--05a1a5ed-4ab9-4cbc-b6e9-c376049f908b",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82f51cc6-6ce4-459e-b598-7b2b77983469.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82f51cc6-6ce4-459e-b598-7b2b77983469.json
index 96e520d1fa..eade93b223 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82f51cc6-6ce4-459e-b598-7b2b77983469.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--82f51cc6-6ce4-459e-b598-7b2b77983469.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--d6323410-091a-4806-a632-2a069a5fdf85",
+    "id": "bundle--5dca48eb-6b5f-40e6-a43e-67c5e861e956",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--83358774-0857-429c-9f7a-151403e52881.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--83358774-0857-429c-9f7a-151403e52881.json
index e178a91684..71a35e86b7 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--83358774-0857-429c-9f7a-151403e52881.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--83358774-0857-429c-9f7a-151403e52881.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--d01ec384-cb9e-433f-8fee-4adb33e50adf",
+    "id": "bundle--11649d1f-e05a-4441-8f5b-1a7fa9962b79",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--833b4c44-7370-4b27-b9b2-a058c27dcf8c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--833b4c44-7370-4b27-b9b2-a058c27dcf8c.json
index c82422c92f..462296c102 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--833b4c44-7370-4b27-b9b2-a058c27dcf8c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--833b4c44-7370-4b27-b9b2-a058c27dcf8c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--0ee9af81-0124-4287-87c8-aad4c901276a",
+    "id": "bundle--d9ce9835-cc72-4b53-90ba-22a572f53932",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--834c9a7e-6520-486d-ba60-c3a8b2f9eb1a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--834c9a7e-6520-486d-ba60-c3a8b2f9eb1a.json
index 909e3a305c..46a41ec60b 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--834c9a7e-6520-486d-ba60-c3a8b2f9eb1a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--834c9a7e-6520-486d-ba60-c3a8b2f9eb1a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--385c53cc-3bf3-4b69-b9a4-8b248c69f875",
+    "id": "bundle--19dc8d47-8f7e-4f72-a046-9ca24ea302df",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8375c6f6-4450-4aa5-ae26-672aecf91d1b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8375c6f6-4450-4aa5-ae26-672aecf91d1b.json
index 40beaac64a..bfcdde6d98 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8375c6f6-4450-4aa5-ae26-672aecf91d1b.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8375c6f6-4450-4aa5-ae26-672aecf91d1b.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--68b74896-84e7-43b4-9f1e-8a540773e542",
+    "id": "bundle--83ce2035-527f-4c8e-aa7a-4c3cd2ef0b1d",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--83991b5c-59b9-4fe5-9ef2-39c6ddc8b835.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--83991b5c-59b9-4fe5-9ef2-39c6ddc8b835.json
index 5a6b2f0c35..b3e9367535 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--83991b5c-59b9-4fe5-9ef2-39c6ddc8b835.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--83991b5c-59b9-4fe5-9ef2-39c6ddc8b835.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--9764913a-53ff-4467-a9c2-3b729f34548d",
+    "id": "bundle--52db16f1-53f8-4ec8-9ff1-f8ac43c3f0d2",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--83d95d05-7545-4295-894b-f33a2ba1063b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--83d95d05-7545-4295-894b-f33a2ba1063b.json
index e25f48cf13..7ff70533dc 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--83d95d05-7545-4295-894b-f33a2ba1063b.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--83d95d05-7545-4295-894b-f33a2ba1063b.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--60912972-e2ba-47ef-9487-0dce265995f5",
+    "id": "bundle--cfb7226f-1dfa-45df-8cc8-a83da4489cc7",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--848581bc-bf8f-40e2-871e-cd67042b4adf.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--848581bc-bf8f-40e2-871e-cd67042b4adf.json
index 9911cfad1a..f8a301e502 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--848581bc-bf8f-40e2-871e-cd67042b4adf.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--848581bc-bf8f-40e2-871e-cd67042b4adf.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--0850d652-08ec-4ad3-b666-8105fd8cdb9e",
+    "id": "bundle--1bd6b765-096c-4427-b80f-29b153dad0fc",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8499ffce-1045-4a8a-9e09-ec53d535a021.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8499ffce-1045-4a8a-9e09-ec53d535a021.json
index 51582471db..b9365b6ede 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8499ffce-1045-4a8a-9e09-ec53d535a021.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8499ffce-1045-4a8a-9e09-ec53d535a021.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--cbe312da-fe8a-4872-a3ac-7125619a43c6",
+    "id": "bundle--900a2e2d-e6ef-4c64-b493-0095956a7d17",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--84dbe7c6-421b-4bfb-b022-6c585c2e50c4.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--84dbe7c6-421b-4bfb-b022-6c585c2e50c4.json
index 8f91a69348..ab5f6e6944 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--84dbe7c6-421b-4bfb-b022-6c585c2e50c4.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--84dbe7c6-421b-4bfb-b022-6c585c2e50c4.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--ef1fe816-c352-488f-baaa-d3211d97a7f9",
+    "id": "bundle--220d24c0-1046-4638-b44f-911098987f93",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--84ece53a-eb31-4c2e-9257-a055e0a190c0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--84ece53a-eb31-4c2e-9257-a055e0a190c0.json
index 2f56024d6f..e868fd526c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--84ece53a-eb31-4c2e-9257-a055e0a190c0.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--84ece53a-eb31-4c2e-9257-a055e0a190c0.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--a84af45a-3986-4fed-b5d7-16ce2f0bae6b",
+    "id": "bundle--16510e0c-be8e-43ae-a07e-bff6bae605e2",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--850e249d-c0a1-4608-9a60-bcf9c02b741c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--850e249d-c0a1-4608-9a60-bcf9c02b741c.json
index b2ccc262a2..2d9d3da612 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--850e249d-c0a1-4608-9a60-bcf9c02b741c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--850e249d-c0a1-4608-9a60-bcf9c02b741c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--54a4fd9a-12e5-4753-ab33-7e7aaf4ca865",
+    "id": "bundle--faac81ce-2bae-4558-9437-b419f6205e42",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8570b7ef-a84d-480e-b1ca-b15f15d12103.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8570b7ef-a84d-480e-b1ca-b15f15d12103.json
index 0b3019a8f3..b813333bf5 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8570b7ef-a84d-480e-b1ca-b15f15d12103.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8570b7ef-a84d-480e-b1ca-b15f15d12103.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--0d750135-8932-4ce5-bf30-8abcc87068d4",
+    "id": "bundle--41f427e4-7c79-4fbc-859b-ebecb9b745f1",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8578441b-00d2-4416-a011-380647e6ccdd.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8578441b-00d2-4416-a011-380647e6ccdd.json
index fdb5b5bc3a..ffeaf52e3f 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8578441b-00d2-4416-a011-380647e6ccdd.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--3df59494-6f1b-4380-8e36-ece42bfcb45c",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--85c7e956-3ce5-4495-b52e-385ae2ee4f9b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--85c7e956-3ce5-4495-b52e-385ae2ee4f9b.json
index 076e2f40f7..a11dfb509a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--85c7e956-3ce5-4495-b52e-385ae2ee4f9b.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--85c7e956-3ce5-4495-b52e-385ae2ee4f9b.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--aa4f6768-fb02-44fa-bff0-87c37d878732",
+    "id": "bundle--8c5980e2-ec74-4463-9f5d-ac9c070c31e5",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--85e0d8c5-b9d6-4a10-963a-aeb54eba4f02.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--85e0d8c5-b9d6-4a10-963a-aeb54eba4f02.json
index 8669770651..b28e4fc613 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--85e0d8c5-b9d6-4a10-963a-aeb54eba4f02.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--85e0d8c5-b9d6-4a10-963a-aeb54eba4f02.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--90d51865-3b5c-4d07-beec-0d62d3b84836",
+    "id": "bundle--5f0a3d38-b6d1-423c-b00f-201919ca6043",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8611661c-04b4-4a82-9669-2d0e26b7b3f3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8611661c-04b4-4a82-9669-2d0e26b7b3f3.json
index 0e49c059c1..3445222c62 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8611661c-04b4-4a82-9669-2d0e26b7b3f3.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8611661c-04b4-4a82-9669-2d0e26b7b3f3.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--9887346a-9832-4be4-bfac-27392e7c354f",
+    "id": "bundle--da40f783-5847-4ba8-af59-6e5366255738",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--86170d29-0e41-44d0-94b0-de7d23718302.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--86170d29-0e41-44d0-94b0-de7d23718302.json
index aa1dd502d5..89390403c1 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--86170d29-0e41-44d0-94b0-de7d23718302.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--f1c946e5-5688-44b9-9696-9fff9a345fa3",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8634a732-1c5e-4931-a24f-cdcc2f81c788.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8634a732-1c5e-4931-a24f-cdcc2f81c788.json
index 253108be00..622602efcb 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8634a732-1c5e-4931-a24f-cdcc2f81c788.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8634a732-1c5e-4931-a24f-cdcc2f81c788.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--9b684989-ed54-4019-8860-5870e6522682",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8650e2e8-d8bd-472d-8b9b-54befbea05b8.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8650e2e8-d8bd-472d-8b9b-54befbea05b8.json
index c0f0502220..04dae2cb51 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8650e2e8-d8bd-472d-8b9b-54befbea05b8.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--17f88f8d-44bd-47e0-b780-8f383d455949",
+    "id": "bundle--6fc4cbb4-6d9c-406c-ab6e-fa84a3ae07a1",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--867b4929-20f2-47cd-9ab3-43a5a6ea98b5.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--867b4929-20f2-47cd-9ab3-43a5a6ea98b5.json
index ef29d3d514..72e4167b45 100644
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index 9b8cc57020..864c9296ae 100644
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index dff519f98e..616da8126a 100644
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index fd89894708..88543a62c9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8a55c28d-9cdd-4b6f-91e7-bcb3b05f6724.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8a55c28d-9cdd-4b6f-91e7-bcb3b05f6724.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8b8a9c44-c8a4-4f30-a3d8-a23310f6c090.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8b8a9c44-c8a4-4f30-a3d8-a23310f6c090.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8bc0abc2-a413-4c05-b2b8-2a92d9cc5556.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8bc0abc2-a413-4c05-b2b8-2a92d9cc5556.json
index c802f5ea4f..596dfd99ea 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8bc21e5d-b6bb-4c93-9419-19a12061de52.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8bc21e5d-b6bb-4c93-9419-19a12061de52.json
index fa74da599c..536928f44b 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8bc21e5d-b6bb-4c93-9419-19a12061de52.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8bcc9da8-c390-4151-b72d-30604820673e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8bcc9da8-c390-4151-b72d-30604820673e.json
index 6761e317b2..a06424166d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8bcc9da8-c390-4151-b72d-30604820673e.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c034c66-18ad-4b30-9f17-ed574c10918f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c034c66-18ad-4b30-9f17-ed574c10918f.json
index 2de6e33c96..011a24b127 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c034c66-18ad-4b30-9f17-ed574c10918f.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c3296f6-3520-4d1b-8b57-bdd48a5aac91.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c3296f6-3520-4d1b-8b57-bdd48a5aac91.json
index 9668fdcf58..9d49fe5a84 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c3296f6-3520-4d1b-8b57-bdd48a5aac91.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c50e9e7-e13c-4814-98d0-088d73b10005.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c50e9e7-e13c-4814-98d0-088d73b10005.json
index bbad8fcc64..a414448215 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c656539-aa1e-42db-9016-d38f1daaae16.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c656539-aa1e-42db-9016-d38f1daaae16.json
index ab40f3b1ab..9cc4c811e4 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c7598a6-6046-491d-99a7-52c31974a9a9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c7598a6-6046-491d-99a7-52c31974a9a9.json
index 28d0ea1edc..d767afc043 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c7598a6-6046-491d-99a7-52c31974a9a9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c7598a6-6046-491d-99a7-52c31974a9a9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c8ce536-d9b5-4dfc-93f1-84c4f222b49e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c8ce536-d9b5-4dfc-93f1-84c4f222b49e.json
index bc523e1e21..2c417ba966 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c9dbc53-27d2-420c-b698-98c23a7ead2b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8c9dbc53-27d2-420c-b698-98c23a7ead2b.json
index ae67017bbd..4b7fe74952 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8cb42e3d-69f4-4b0d-98c9-0bb7560947c1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8cb42e3d-69f4-4b0d-98c9-0bb7560947c1.json
index c67f92230b..b004615d54 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8d027310-93a0-4046-b7ad-d1f461f30838.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8d027310-93a0-4046-b7ad-d1f461f30838.json
index a9b993bb57..39b2ca5ee1 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8d3ca04e-867f-4274-bc61-f18c0282a0a9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8d3ca04e-867f-4274-bc61-f18c0282a0a9.json
index 7543044a17..676b861217 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8d3ca04e-867f-4274-bc61-f18c0282a0a9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8d3ca04e-867f-4274-bc61-f18c0282a0a9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--dd169bc6-c253-4af1-86a0-6fbce37570ce",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8d71e646-74d1-4d62-8989-2ad4ddf7a67b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8d71e646-74d1-4d62-8989-2ad4ddf7a67b.json
index 0ef09d8e1a..0062e0078a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8d71e646-74d1-4d62-8989-2ad4ddf7a67b.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--6df40185-78c6-467d-8545-a0db55575d42",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8d72c224-0cf5-4b9b-a98a-76ee3a406803.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8d72c224-0cf5-4b9b-a98a-76ee3a406803.json
index 1a9f3c4575..eedaa0cc4c 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--8c860633-695c-4180-a402-a3a7d618d00a",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8e67f2e0-65da-4d27-9d41-e2f9a174331b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8e67f2e0-65da-4d27-9d41-e2f9a174331b.json
index 83168c5ae5..53632cd925 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8e6b9c1e-5e28-4519-95c3-6b4a836661de.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8e6b9c1e-5e28-4519-95c3-6b4a836661de.json
index a898ccdd5f..e1adfe61e8 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8e6b9c1e-5e28-4519-95c3-6b4a836661de.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8e6b9c1e-5e28-4519-95c3-6b4a836661de.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--a0d9ab6b-5135-4b7c-b64c-f0c91738521c",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ea39534-6fe9-404c-94b7-0f320af95404.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ea39534-6fe9-404c-94b7-0f320af95404.json
index f39f58ce78..8616c406cf 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ea39534-6fe9-404c-94b7-0f320af95404.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ea39534-6fe9-404c-94b7-0f320af95404.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--39f71e22-c29e-4756-9a24-9677f0b4e3c5",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ec03f4c-5ed8-4c25-956c-3ee6c777a5cc.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ec03f4c-5ed8-4c25-956c-3ee6c777a5cc.json
index 39b3274526..adda454277 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ec03f4c-5ed8-4c25-956c-3ee6c777a5cc.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ec03f4c-5ed8-4c25-956c-3ee6c777a5cc.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--1361825d-af9f-4936-976c-8687f8263168",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ed14c81-0b30-4bfc-8552-439aa0e920c3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ed14c81-0b30-4bfc-8552-439aa0e920c3.json
index 3283afada3..73b0b2651b 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ed14c81-0b30-4bfc-8552-439aa0e920c3.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ed14c81-0b30-4bfc-8552-439aa0e920c3.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--c5e34117-8fc2-4bf1-bd26-15d3a0c05b60",
+    "id": "bundle--d7267eed-f3ad-4688-aa97-02a687890f46",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f142643-0448-4b04-8260-8e4e62ad80bb.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f142643-0448-4b04-8260-8e4e62ad80bb.json
index 42a6ee752c..9f2729f9d8 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f142643-0448-4b04-8260-8e4e62ad80bb.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f142643-0448-4b04-8260-8e4e62ad80bb.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--6d1bcb61-53ab-4d99-967d-055b1bece497",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f22a4ce-f075-4343-acb0-1d45c56e91e8.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f22a4ce-f075-4343-acb0-1d45c56e91e8.json
index 840a1e8828..4b460913be 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--49d4aa72-1b1d-4d31-9400-bc354ed8a5de",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f2929a9-cd25-4e07-b402-447da68aaa56.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f2929a9-cd25-4e07-b402-447da68aaa56.json
index 49449286a6..37d7817331 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f2929a9-cd25-4e07-b402-447da68aaa56.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f2929a9-cd25-4e07-b402-447da68aaa56.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f2ff9c5-249d-4a9a-bdc6-0cef887eaefc.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f2ff9c5-249d-4a9a-bdc6-0cef887eaefc.json
index 8b4a430311..585e30155a 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f4c7030-f3e2-4c7d-b5b1-dc6815055c68.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f4c7030-f3e2-4c7d-b5b1-dc6815055c68.json
index cb6d215639..7c857c5bf0 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f4c7030-f3e2-4c7d-b5b1-dc6815055c68.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--fb0701a1-a3af-4e1d-935f-cc6a7f0fd232",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f52e1ab-284e-4d0c-bae1-3a8544a22f57.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f52e1ab-284e-4d0c-bae1-3a8544a22f57.json
index b0c53e4f34..1ddd68c9b0 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--e3b356c7-9ccb-46b8-a951-32223edeb70f",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f72a070-cfcb-4d75-ace6-b4427f3ba8d3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f72a070-cfcb-4d75-ace6-b4427f3ba8d3.json
index 8e0d540215..0afb151907 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f72a070-cfcb-4d75-ace6-b4427f3ba8d3.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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@@ -12,21 +12,21 @@
             "external_references": [
                 {
                     "source_name": "Cofense Anubis",
-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020.",
-                    "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
                 }
             ],
             "object_marking_refs": [
                 "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
             ],
-            "modified": "2023-04-05T17:18:13.761Z",
+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.111Z",
             "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can steal the device\u2019s contact list.(Citation: Cofense Anubis) ",
             "relationship_type": "uses",
             "source_ref": "malware--a3c59d82-2c7c-44e5-a869-68e0a3e5935e",
             "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e0b9ecb8-a7d1-43c7-aa30-8e19c6a92c86",
             "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
             "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
-            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0",
+            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
             "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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     ]
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f88d438-3150-4317-b1fe-b14f13c15ac5.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f88d438-3150-4317-b1fe-b14f13c15ac5.json
index e0b53adfb1..9816cf349e 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f88d438-3150-4317-b1fe-b14f13c15ac5.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8f88d438-3150-4317-b1fe-b14f13c15ac5.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--a9afb9b8-1c42-4a69-ac11-17d51f7ec7a5",
+    "id": "bundle--b60a4ce6-cf96-4608-a446-875b1420f0ba",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8fd05d96-552d-4ef9-98e3-ea70dc84f6a9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8fd05d96-552d-4ef9-98e3-ea70dc84f6a9.json
index aa1777646c..9ab2d1d53a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8fd05d96-552d-4ef9-98e3-ea70dc84f6a9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8fd05d96-552d-4ef9-98e3-ea70dc84f6a9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--a97c2fb5-a69f-42a3-8dbd-09de1f48b396",
+    "id": "bundle--41e7c53a-d0bf-4d90-9cce-4faad1f32bf1",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ff45341-60d6-40d3-bb38-566814a466f9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ff45341-60d6-40d3-bb38-566814a466f9.json
index ea6321ecbf..58c78b9734 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ff45341-60d6-40d3-bb38-566814a466f9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--8ff45341-60d6-40d3-bb38-566814a466f9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--9f468f2f-de2f-4643-b008-2f737019b13c",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--901492b5-b074-4631-ad6e-4178caa4164a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--901492b5-b074-4631-ad6e-4178caa4164a.json
index 1f390f5822..9570b55628 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--901492b5-b074-4631-ad6e-4178caa4164a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--901492b5-b074-4631-ad6e-4178caa4164a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--2c830291-09a5-44f3-9687-6edc0933afb7",
+    "id": "bundle--b57863a9-dc82-48d1-94b0-c95349dc5efa",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--907db911-b39c-4230-b6ad-a0ba5ef6926a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--907db911-b39c-4230-b6ad-a0ba5ef6926a.json
index 5eb681dd66..e3a52e14ef 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--907db911-b39c-4230-b6ad-a0ba5ef6926a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--907db911-b39c-4230-b6ad-a0ba5ef6926a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--c69075cb-315d-499a-9a72-b7844fbe2a20",
+    "id": "bundle--9b31feda-6583-4f05-ad87-b8c37a7ab433",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--90d4d964-efa2-46ac-adc2-759886e07158.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--90d4d964-efa2-46ac-adc2-759886e07158.json
index da8f622c17..0feda57cf3 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--90d4d964-efa2-46ac-adc2-759886e07158.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--90d4d964-efa2-46ac-adc2-759886e07158.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--e2aaf423-2c1b-44e2-aff0-ae9b90f7a4bc",
+    "id": "bundle--97c5a12a-806b-461d-bbb0-61d66990f4e9",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--90d58c65-acb9-4d7b-89b9-f4b35593c861.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--90d58c65-acb9-4d7b-89b9-f4b35593c861.json
index c211f7667c..518f27629d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--90d58c65-acb9-4d7b-89b9-f4b35593c861.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--90d58c65-acb9-4d7b-89b9-f4b35593c861.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--dcdb79d1-05ad-490f-b2ea-db759891d088",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--910009da-65c0-4e6a-aeb2-386c643d1c0e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--910009da-65c0-4e6a-aeb2-386c643d1c0e.json
index 29fe16b9bf..33a48e1b37 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--910009da-65c0-4e6a-aeb2-386c643d1c0e.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--910009da-65c0-4e6a-aeb2-386c643d1c0e.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--e2903d52-2422-4c60-bfca-b45508bd0898",
+    "id": "bundle--bbab86e8-7c09-437e-8dc3-077213d6024e",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--91831379-b0da-4019-a7bb-17e53cda9d0b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--91831379-b0da-4019-a7bb-17e53cda9d0b.json
index a8cb2881b7..083be2e06e 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--91831379-b0da-4019-a7bb-17e53cda9d0b.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--91831379-b0da-4019-a7bb-17e53cda9d0b.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--84487279-1569-4a32-a70f-4f31d1ae1b5e",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--919a13bc-74be-4660-af63-454abee92635.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--919a13bc-74be-4660-af63-454abee92635.json
index 3d68731f99..3c7c347f96 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--919a13bc-74be-4660-af63-454abee92635.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--919a13bc-74be-4660-af63-454abee92635.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--6042a3a0-a24a-475a-940c-e543ea1a505f",
+    "id": "bundle--743fe492-8719-4aff-8a8c-4b0794b8ab22",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--91a4924f-2519-4662-91f2-b7ef715a459f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--91a4924f-2519-4662-91f2-b7ef715a459f.json
index 3410e4b4e9..1a3d0d07da 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--91a4924f-2519-4662-91f2-b7ef715a459f.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--91a4924f-2519-4662-91f2-b7ef715a459f.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--254d9abe-4b8a-47e1-8925-e8a389dde6c1",
+    "id": "bundle--127417a5-38f2-442a-a7ff-4bf6d400b4e8",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--91de92af-fe1d-469e-8c36-1a9f4b621a27.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--91de92af-fe1d-469e-8c36-1a9f4b621a27.json
index 44e3c42842..13f3a7b124 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--91de92af-fe1d-469e-8c36-1a9f4b621a27.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--91de92af-fe1d-469e-8c36-1a9f4b621a27.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--60467f11-217e-4838-904c-c13aaa8044ad",
+    "id": "bundle--69bfd97e-c29d-4199-87db-bbbccf89e5c4",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--92129d5b-7822-4e84-8a69-f96b598fba9e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--92129d5b-7822-4e84-8a69-f96b598fba9e.json
index abe33d8ade..960cfee7d9 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--92129d5b-7822-4e84-8a69-f96b598fba9e.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--92129d5b-7822-4e84-8a69-f96b598fba9e.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--cf26ecca-40d5-4be5-b25c-31bde1ce269d",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--922fa6eb-7274-477c-821e-ae6684c08934.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--922fa6eb-7274-477c-821e-ae6684c08934.json
index f3c01c702f..f312ebbf11 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--922fa6eb-7274-477c-821e-ae6684c08934.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--922fa6eb-7274-477c-821e-ae6684c08934.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--d36a9c53-fd3f-47e9-bab3-9d750c7fa02d",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--92879f0e-d1db-4407-9cc6-c1dbcc47caea.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--92879f0e-d1db-4407-9cc6-c1dbcc47caea.json
index de661132cb..5c36d7f9cc 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--92c9106d-a71b-4a4f-a9d4-ef692a0294eb.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--92c9106d-a71b-4a4f-a9d4-ef692a0294eb.json
index d92cd1d46d..30c5846e69 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--92c9106d-a71b-4a4f-a9d4-ef692a0294eb.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--92c9106d-a71b-4a4f-a9d4-ef692a0294eb.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--a95a9f89-8fec-4b99-91ba-7ea6d5a4c682",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93395e61-0d3e-4ea6-9c1b-08d4a04005a0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93395e61-0d3e-4ea6-9c1b-08d4a04005a0.json
index 29c80f4b35..e08611d773 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93395e61-0d3e-4ea6-9c1b-08d4a04005a0.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93395e61-0d3e-4ea6-9c1b-08d4a04005a0.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--c19be226-7cfb-4cc3-92b6-88d64fcb08fb",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--935d2296-2a9d-42dd-af8c-2d8873dd7e8f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--935d2296-2a9d-42dd-af8c-2d8873dd7e8f.json
index 7b38fb9274..1773a41b2a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--935d2296-2a9d-42dd-af8c-2d8873dd7e8f.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--3a494619-e7bd-4462-877d-537141513270",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--935fd3e3-dd47-4c43-bdd8-1668af26395f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--935fd3e3-dd47-4c43-bdd8-1668af26395f.json
index a7c91b8c58..23bcffcdbd 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9366529d-fba9-4ef6-b4ee-b6b41aa3b18c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9366529d-fba9-4ef6-b4ee-b6b41aa3b18c.json
index 44f5a585b0..bb7ccf1dc8 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9366529d-fba9-4ef6-b4ee-b6b41aa3b18c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9366529d-fba9-4ef6-b4ee-b6b41aa3b18c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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index bbd260c84f..7efb6a5d19 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--5e6d3215-de38-464a-ab5e-e54951314389",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9398bf9d-be77-4ac2-acea-893152cafd16.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9398bf9d-be77-4ac2-acea-893152cafd16.json
index fc3d5d4188..6c232e0f35 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9398bf9d-be77-4ac2-acea-893152cafd16.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93b2474b-0ba6-469e-a4e8-d17a41d0d016.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93b2474b-0ba6-469e-a4e8-d17a41d0d016.json
index 022a36f7de..c6b7a9547c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93b2474b-0ba6-469e-a4e8-d17a41d0d016.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93b2474b-0ba6-469e-a4e8-d17a41d0d016.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--996f3360-248b-4a1d-9f60-f4d3932b6f53",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93b6bf37-5614-4317-8ed7-42f098152c40.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93b6bf37-5614-4317-8ed7-42f098152c40.json
index 44180b3aea..8b542e2f7e 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93b6bf37-5614-4317-8ed7-42f098152c40.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93b6bf37-5614-4317-8ed7-42f098152c40.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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+    "id": "bundle--0591f80e-ff15-4465-ae8a-da1b6fa4820c",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93c16b23-305c-418d-9792-6e44525ed85a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93c16b23-305c-418d-9792-6e44525ed85a.json
index 644cd3d31b..73b1d9cbca 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93c16b23-305c-418d-9792-6e44525ed85a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93c16b23-305c-418d-9792-6e44525ed85a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--65a170f9-f191-4ee3-b06f-5da5f0e24125",
+    "id": "bundle--e6cb94da-8c53-42ce-b8a2-bcbab4246dad",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93c20f43-6684-471c-910f-d9577f289677.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93c20f43-6684-471c-910f-d9577f289677.json
index b698995b77..628bcc5c0e 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93c20f43-6684-471c-910f-d9577f289677.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--93c20f43-6684-471c-910f-d9577f289677.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--94040d2e-3f60-423c-8a93-a83b61cafe7d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--94040d2e-3f60-423c-8a93-a83b61cafe7d.json
index 47dddf7ac0..9d22379ef3 100644
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index 0db46c301a..bae89f7e1e 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9432fabf-9487-469c-86c9-b9d26b013c85.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9432fabf-9487-469c-86c9-b9d26b013c85.json
index 395e87353e..8a473595a4 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--945db15a-b356-4e05-a6a0-9b24ca9aa348.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--945db15a-b356-4e05-a6a0-9b24ca9aa348.json
index e499f300ba..77f04b736b 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--947e2398-4565-4ae0-8cc2-fb0ef5f9c73f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--947e2398-4565-4ae0-8cc2-fb0ef5f9c73f.json
index aca158150e..5f75f5bd2a 100644
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index f3caf0b128..502d740127 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--94e111fa-81d1-4882-ae73-4d6ad6367b9f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--94e111fa-81d1-4882-ae73-4d6ad6367b9f.json
index 09c30cb945..3a1f4da797 100644
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index aa675632b4..2b70524b89 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--95725b00-f40e-4a3a-af2a-92156595cd37.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--95725b00-f40e-4a3a-af2a-92156595cd37.json
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index ddb92e4457..b45f9ef5f2 100644
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index 12d1df8a4d..2b204eefee 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--96298aed-9e9f-4836-b29b-04c88e79e53e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--96298aed-9e9f-4836-b29b-04c88e79e53e.json
index ac44212790..ce690be7d0 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9634001c-575b-47aa-acd2-c3b1e900bd0b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9634001c-575b-47aa-acd2-c3b1e900bd0b.json
index bfb86e0fd2..db7018b2a9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--96475ee5-39ed-46c5-85f6-f08462875a9e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--96475ee5-39ed-46c5-85f6-f08462875a9e.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--96490f73-d8ef-4c6b-9a3a-3c66fc963306.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--96490f73-d8ef-4c6b-9a3a-3c66fc963306.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--96569099-db95-4f3c-8ded-6d9cf023e55e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--96569099-db95-4f3c-8ded-6d9cf023e55e.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--96ec33c8-78b6-421f-bab3-bd9d0564db31.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--96ec33c8-78b6-421f-bab3-bd9d0564db31.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--97158eda-5092-4939-8b5c-1ef5ab918089.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--97158eda-5092-4939-8b5c-1ef5ab918089.json
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index a954a87810..73bf5c8385 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--97408547-bacd-4308-a8be-556e9ff04951.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--97408547-bacd-4308-a8be-556e9ff04951.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--97417113-1840-4e00-98d3-bb222e1a1f60.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--97417113-1840-4e00-98d3-bb222e1a1f60.json
index b013e2ef86..f86f199b29 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--97738857-d496-4d39-9809-1921e0ad10b7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--97738857-d496-4d39-9809-1921e0ad10b7.json
index 9d06472c66..c13a99f224 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--980430c1-6173-440e-b75e-c1cdb4c41560.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--980430c1-6173-440e-b75e-c1cdb4c41560.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--980c49f8-d991-4e1f-8feb-6173e3dfca1f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--980c49f8-d991-4e1f-8feb-6173e3dfca1f.json
index cfd79e28da..5a4c8f284e 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9814ecd5-911a-4776-9dc0-4a4ae0bf6a39.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9814ecd5-911a-4776-9dc0-4a4ae0bf6a39.json
index 6ed28ae5f3..4a61e47799 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9814ecd5-911a-4776-9dc0-4a4ae0bf6a39.json
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@@ -1,29 +1,32 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--675e06fe-de71-4c76-b8c7-c71ad9550712",
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-            "id": "relationship--9814ecd5-911a-4776-9dc0-4a4ae0bf6a39",
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-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
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+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.111Z",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9819974c-f093-482b-8b2b-93a05ab7382e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9819974c-f093-482b-8b2b-93a05ab7382e.json
index 8ab29fa5b4..8aa06fcf86 100644
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index c3904f1712..236cb57031 100644
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index 4b68e47394..7efd9d6cd6 100644
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index f2299940e7..76443763de 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9cfcda7d-bb82-4122-a38b-fec4f5532856.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9cfcda7d-bb82-4122-a38b-fec4f5532856.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--99cffa1e-99e6-4b3a-a2c8-10564f9950d2",
+    "id": "bundle--234c70e9-aa9d-4b65-b497-4f18d8a05530",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d264e84-27b2-4867-82c8-55486a969d7c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d264e84-27b2-4867-82c8-55486a969d7c.json
index 4f7a4d6d74..3195c87db7 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d264e84-27b2-4867-82c8-55486a969d7c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d264e84-27b2-4867-82c8-55486a969d7c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--265147cd-56e2-4408-991f-6be2ce714ebb",
+    "id": "bundle--04949f44-fe5c-4eda-b900-2604e538254c",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d2a9348-5d0a-43b0-8776-e9bbddc659c7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d2a9348-5d0a-43b0-8776-e9bbddc659c7.json
index 3a7f0a43e6..dbcfb8b68a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d2a9348-5d0a-43b0-8776-e9bbddc659c7.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d2a9348-5d0a-43b0-8776-e9bbddc659c7.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--bca6aee6-fa4a-42c2-bdbc-9adbbdd486e5",
+    "id": "bundle--b3447743-1c00-49db-9acd-a2db46ed7971",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d4c1d68-3cc8-4cf9-b3ee-1525d0ce32de.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d4c1d68-3cc8-4cf9-b3ee-1525d0ce32de.json
index 04c1f01e57..f9f080ac79 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d4c1d68-3cc8-4cf9-b3ee-1525d0ce32de.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d4c1d68-3cc8-4cf9-b3ee-1525d0ce32de.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--d843a2cb-e4c5-4f0c-b69b-0d2bc48ca1f9",
+    "id": "bundle--d6898b4a-1465-447c-badc-06fbc0b331fa",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d621873-6d3c-4660-be9a-57e2e8648236.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d621873-6d3c-4660-be9a-57e2e8648236.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c5f9913c8..0000000000
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d621873-6d3c-4660-be9a-57e2e8648236.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--e6a8c0c0-885e-4416-9daf-751abc6fa180",
-    "spec_version": "2.0",
-    "objects": [
-        {
-            "type": "relationship",
-            "id": "relationship--9d621873-6d3c-4660-be9a-57e2e8648236",
-            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
-            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
-            "revoked": false,
-            "external_references": [
-                {
-                    "source_name": "Proofpoint-Marcher",
-                    "description": "Proofpoint. (2017, November 3). Credential phishing and an Android banking Trojan combine in Austrian mobile attacks. Retrieved July 6, 2018.",
-                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/credential-phishing-and-android-banking-trojan-combine-austrian-mobile-attacks"
-                }
-            ],
-            "object_marking_refs": [
-                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
-            ],
-            "modified": "2023-04-05T21:24:29.502Z",
-            "description": "[Marcher](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0317) requests Android Device Administrator access.(Citation: Proofpoint-Marcher)",
-            "relationship_type": "uses",
-            "source_ref": "malware--f9854ba6-989d-43bf-828b-7240b8a65291",
-            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9c049d7b-c92a-4733-9381-27e2bd2ccadc",
-            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
-            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
-            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.1.0",
-            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
-        }
-    ]
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d72c60b-d5d1-4b50-a01f-3882ddb335d9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d72c60b-d5d1-4b50-a01f-3882ddb335d9.json
index ef326de05e..eaa39c46f6 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d72c60b-d5d1-4b50-a01f-3882ddb335d9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9d72c60b-d5d1-4b50-a01f-3882ddb335d9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--7b06d278-11ab-44e8-ac0d-83065980ed3c",
+    "id": "bundle--7eeaaf10-35cb-4113-9af6-63bf210fabe7",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9dec6b2f-790a-4da9-86c9-1f4b7141c32c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9dec6b2f-790a-4da9-86c9-1f4b7141c32c.json
index f7c68e3bb1..a8ae8f93ba 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9dec6b2f-790a-4da9-86c9-1f4b7141c32c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9dec6b2f-790a-4da9-86c9-1f4b7141c32c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--4ef7b4bd-97b9-49c1-aaca-79901a569937",
+    "id": "bundle--f7de64ff-345e-460e-950d-03bfcbec458b",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e3921a8-a9e1-48c4-9b61-ff190c104f63.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e3921a8-a9e1-48c4-9b61-ff190c104f63.json
index c870396cb2..d5c77617c2 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e3921a8-a9e1-48c4-9b61-ff190c104f63.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e3921a8-a9e1-48c4-9b61-ff190c104f63.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--3d279f8c-bded-4ab8-b224-95accb20195b",
+    "id": "bundle--4844f25c-4450-4efd-bc84-42ffaff5667c",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e458d77-c856-4b02-82a7-50947b232dc3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e458d77-c856-4b02-82a7-50947b232dc3.json
index 7c60d94537..9948f0a1f1 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e458d77-c856-4b02-82a7-50947b232dc3.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e458d77-c856-4b02-82a7-50947b232dc3.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--8cfc3e32-f103-483a-afe2-0fdc34d640f0",
+    "id": "bundle--443e46c7-6517-4964-95dc-5181dc1ac318",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e66ec3b-cdd6-461c-bd84-e75316818e15.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e66ec3b-cdd6-461c-bd84-e75316818e15.json
index 22818ed4c9..8cad4f775d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e66ec3b-cdd6-461c-bd84-e75316818e15.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e66ec3b-cdd6-461c-bd84-e75316818e15.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--b3262ce1-9583-4f86-8b44-328196cacb36",
+    "id": "bundle--c07a6816-bb31-4c49-b0c6-60f46ebda658",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e95ef68-0650-49eb-888f-47c211481be9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e95ef68-0650-49eb-888f-47c211481be9.json
index f23b94270f..8b621c8438 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e95ef68-0650-49eb-888f-47c211481be9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9e95ef68-0650-49eb-888f-47c211481be9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--456f4bcb-781d-477b-bef0-3ce80e55da42",
+    "id": "bundle--bd2348b7-a1a7-4e17-8e9f-f9d92fa9421b",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9f83d618-a42d-4797-b9fe-030affdbd13f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9f83d618-a42d-4797-b9fe-030affdbd13f.json
index 24a9ec0c64..c9d81efcd4 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9f83d618-a42d-4797-b9fe-030affdbd13f.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9f83d618-a42d-4797-b9fe-030affdbd13f.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--c7b70629-3284-447f-a665-b87d9b182bde",
+    "id": "bundle--a8d1ba03-f1c4-4686-9e72-d38094e460ae",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9f9a0349-ca95-4bde-8d8d-af524ce19bc7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9f9a0349-ca95-4bde-8d8d-af524ce19bc7.json
index 61f7b55ef2..3d37866f7e 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9f9a0349-ca95-4bde-8d8d-af524ce19bc7.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9f9a0349-ca95-4bde-8d8d-af524ce19bc7.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--6bd6092d-4322-4e6a-bd30-7220359d2736",
+    "id": "bundle--0133148a-920b-4241-989b-9f1761ecf7eb",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9fa03a70-ad00-4148-ae5e-8315f3e618d2.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9fa03a70-ad00-4148-ae5e-8315f3e618d2.json
index a315dea591..68f423d4c6 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9fa03a70-ad00-4148-ae5e-8315f3e618d2.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9fa03a70-ad00-4148-ae5e-8315f3e618d2.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--0049d236-f918-401e-890b-9bf18c65cfb5",
+    "id": "bundle--f02ed1e6-2ebe-4a7c-9bea-96392c9d8197",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9fb0c414-6216-4b42-a080-cb42ef4011c5.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9fb0c414-6216-4b42-a080-cb42ef4011c5.json
index 7eb226a9a1..771daa7a78 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9fb0c414-6216-4b42-a080-cb42ef4011c5.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9fb0c414-6216-4b42-a080-cb42ef4011c5.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--0cf567dc-7b56-482f-ae05-b58e90d0b299",
+    "id": "bundle--0b16da05-c52a-4de9-9d9c-079c24e4aa24",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9fdc5fee-2250-4894-8333-466910023533.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9fdc5fee-2250-4894-8333-466910023533.json
index 5380cef188..4d7a9fa38f 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9fdc5fee-2250-4894-8333-466910023533.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--9fdc5fee-2250-4894-8333-466910023533.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--89620589-4153-49d2-9bf2-fdc2763df870",
+    "id": "bundle--69a26748-fdd2-45d2-99d8-f8c9d3991e01",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a011bcc6-b5d8-4923-b533-55abec69ff2f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a011bcc6-b5d8-4923-b533-55abec69ff2f.json
index 77b66fd214..0f3ec2e63f 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a011bcc6-b5d8-4923-b533-55abec69ff2f.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a011bcc6-b5d8-4923-b533-55abec69ff2f.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--cbe4c534-625f-4431-ad0d-2969b8c84a6a",
+    "id": "bundle--d38aabe5-1f0a-4437-bf76-4f54eee68d68",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a042d55c-b31e-41c1-9cd0-66070ec9a11d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a042d55c-b31e-41c1-9cd0-66070ec9a11d.json
index 2ef1e3011e..b69954726b 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a042d55c-b31e-41c1-9cd0-66070ec9a11d.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a042d55c-b31e-41c1-9cd0-66070ec9a11d.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--8a186394-6442-4119-9869-a7da7678575e",
+    "id": "bundle--f7e03b47-9aac-4c58-9e2c-4b87bd45c131",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a0464679-71b6-4ab4-a72d-0428e4d75d5e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a0464679-71b6-4ab4-a72d-0428e4d75d5e.json
index 86a1818d36..0ccdaadb7b 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a0464679-71b6-4ab4-a72d-0428e4d75d5e.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a0464679-71b6-4ab4-a72d-0428e4d75d5e.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--d89fafcb-2327-469b-9070-ead90e345097",
+    "id": "bundle--6e4a970e-fc92-4d18-b52c-455b44227f79",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a04ae7d7-1500-49c9-bada-1a75a8670f5c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a04ae7d7-1500-49c9-bada-1a75a8670f5c.json
index e077f96b22..475a2f50b2 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a04ae7d7-1500-49c9-bada-1a75a8670f5c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a04ae7d7-1500-49c9-bada-1a75a8670f5c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--8fb289a0-d0f2-4c31-95fb-4167510476da",
+    "id": "bundle--265a5a99-f136-4381-92dc-83c05302d533",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a04dfb58-b7d3-4abe-9f4a-fad4f7158965.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a04dfb58-b7d3-4abe-9f4a-fad4f7158965.json
index 3a4e372aee..9768664962 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a04dfb58-b7d3-4abe-9f4a-fad4f7158965.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a04dfb58-b7d3-4abe-9f4a-fad4f7158965.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--7350c64d-7494-41a4-994d-1817b291b465",
+    "id": "bundle--209b45f6-7b17-4883-b482-a15d9d7c240f",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a09f8daa-aa02-45f1-8dac-9bea355c9415.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a09f8daa-aa02-45f1-8dac-9bea355c9415.json
index 31439a862a..cf97772b48 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a09f8daa-aa02-45f1-8dac-9bea355c9415.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a09f8daa-aa02-45f1-8dac-9bea355c9415.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--2841d41d-059f-44b9-b14a-af46d382cb11",
+    "id": "bundle--8084bb3d-e44c-413a-ba67-183de7cc9697",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a1023a75-31cc-420a-9c59-b440f7fb27e6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a1023a75-31cc-420a-9c59-b440f7fb27e6.json
index ebec55fedb..694877848e 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a1023a75-31cc-420a-9c59-b440f7fb27e6.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a1023a75-31cc-420a-9c59-b440f7fb27e6.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--706d3525-a117-4d0e-8ef5-3e5a58bc99f3",
+    "id": "bundle--198b191d-4e86-4653-acd4-5807e6df1269",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a111ab3c-97f2-4b17-b291-f141e9b7613f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a111ab3c-97f2-4b17-b291-f141e9b7613f.json
index 787900ef04..d2b2e677b6 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a111ab3c-97f2-4b17-b291-f141e9b7613f.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a111ab3c-97f2-4b17-b291-f141e9b7613f.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--8ea9672d-83f0-47c7-8067-14f983c86c2b",
+    "id": "bundle--778f226a-a9f3-40a3-8ed7-63bece9964ca",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a120ac54-32fa-43ad-a826-8325823b656d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a120ac54-32fa-43ad-a826-8325823b656d.json
index 8771b5ce5e..9ec76f2d9e 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a120ac54-32fa-43ad-a826-8325823b656d.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a120ac54-32fa-43ad-a826-8325823b656d.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--15fb658f-c902-4950-bec9-ee6d3a597d36",
+    "id": "bundle--cf656d81-37c4-47c3-a9b8-e179e680943a",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a1814198-1f91-41d4-a413-d55e1a66c8e9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a1814198-1f91-41d4-a413-d55e1a66c8e9.json
index 73d58d4dab..d0255472a3 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a1814198-1f91-41d4-a413-d55e1a66c8e9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a1814198-1f91-41d4-a413-d55e1a66c8e9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--df3a9cdc-c8e8-4566-b2ac-2fb4ecb8dc64",
+    "id": "bundle--2536edf0-2cfa-4119-9af6-be8cbf4df8c7",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a186540d-d235-48f1-8757-d0b46f13c6ce.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a186540d-d235-48f1-8757-d0b46f13c6ce.json
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index dad5531dd6..9e97686f52 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a503ca06-7f98-4ab4-a8fc-ff55c3da7f0a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a503ca06-7f98-4ab4-a8fc-ff55c3da7f0a.json
index 63414410da..51610e0674 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a54c8c09-c849-4146-a7cc-158887222a6d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a54c8c09-c849-4146-a7cc-158887222a6d.json
index 171493671c..60486cab63 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a563fc97-a452-4348-a831-f4fb55c71e35.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a563fc97-a452-4348-a831-f4fb55c71e35.json
index 44691b459d..5214a4c59f 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a585e2dd-83c9-461c-8631-25d58c6ba74e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a585e2dd-83c9-461c-8631-25d58c6ba74e.json
index d60130b075..9f86b363fa 100644
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index 20ed9fdbc4..d015b8b764 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a5b72279-f99e-4f03-8669-04322b40ee6b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a5b72279-f99e-4f03-8669-04322b40ee6b.json
index fff4bdffaf..fd74412968 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a7b276ac-6f07-4d1f-8d24-dc5682acf62d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a7b276ac-6f07-4d1f-8d24-dc5682acf62d.json
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index f50fa6d742..b25e411f38 100644
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index 88a594bd73..57586db73c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a808c887-b2b8-4b05-9cab-47c918e48d48.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a808c887-b2b8-4b05-9cab-47c918e48d48.json
index d901133ac9..094136f438 100644
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index 0b87fe7f2d..46134bcf68 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a82d3cfb-7ef2-4e39-a6e1-3097d7b106f7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a82d3cfb-7ef2-4e39-a6e1-3097d7b106f7.json
index c0cdade180..dff13800cb 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a87fa426-3968-4d3b-8f8d-8e3c3a9c32f5.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--a87fa426-3968-4d3b-8f8d-8e3c3a9c32f5.json
index 58d5c5b570..620db88288 100644
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index e262e673a0..22efa2fd2e 100644
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index ee8d1e6cad..07ee82f309 100644
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index f2810b48bf..be9f5b8aaa 100644
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index b82bcac0cc..7a5e9cce47 100644
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index 0954789a9b..4701ceadbf 100644
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index f347e2256b..877de555b9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b19082d2-c151-45dd-8844-82335fbe3ed9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b19082d2-c151-45dd-8844-82335fbe3ed9.json
index fe833ea8dd..ac31663280 100644
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index 598e8dbea6..78f66ed60b 100644
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index a1438849ff..9cb3d1b922 100644
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index d185eabda9..aacbdc331e 100644
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index ae031d4fc4..16b2769602 100644
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index 50790d454a..56e20a5264 100644
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index 58b340fa6a..1bcf9ef4ea 100644
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index cb93b9f78f..00455a5833 100644
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index ee6ad68fbb..9e0b63ca1f 100644
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index b55e042771..acfe6dd2bb 100644
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index 7ec0733872..6afd5435f2 100644
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index 860516261a..13b1f2853e 100644
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index 2483d538d6..be9ac4fec9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be136fd1-6949-4de6-be37-6d76f8def41a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be136fd1-6949-4de6-be37-6d76f8def41a.json
index 69ae485c57..3d4bc61382 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be136fd1-6949-4de6-be37-6d76f8def41a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be136fd1-6949-4de6-be37-6d76f8def41a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--a6b684d8-1028-4c99-a30e-2b7ae7093e89",
+    "id": "bundle--921dc7eb-35f5-4419-b134-cc7de86c0cf8",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be17dc63-5b0a-491a-be5f-132058444c3a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be17dc63-5b0a-491a-be5f-132058444c3a.json
index da0a11c8dd..5497134ba4 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be17dc63-5b0a-491a-be5f-132058444c3a.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be17dc63-5b0a-491a-be5f-132058444c3a.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--82db2218-56df-423e-b1ff-ccb6c091757d",
+    "id": "bundle--4a0db3fe-0f6e-4a99-9022-57c41dbb29bc",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be256f8a-8bae-4a00-8682-22797ba7e0ce.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be256f8a-8bae-4a00-8682-22797ba7e0ce.json
index 2df32f2edf..301c7be0b8 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be256f8a-8bae-4a00-8682-22797ba7e0ce.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be256f8a-8bae-4a00-8682-22797ba7e0ce.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--a06a472a-a896-4113-8a90-ccc0b11358ab",
+    "id": "bundle--4b8f521b-558a-4a44-a686-e83edb1f2f85",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be27a303-5748-4b72-ba69-a328e2f6cc08.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be27a303-5748-4b72-ba69-a328e2f6cc08.json
index 94a65b3c92..92e0c9b770 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be27a303-5748-4b72-ba69-a328e2f6cc08.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be27a303-5748-4b72-ba69-a328e2f6cc08.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--4e4b73e5-0372-4b90-8dea-39b1d053730f",
+    "id": "bundle--b85843ec-6b05-4395-86a3-512d30fca1ca",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be39c012-7201-4757-8cd6-c855bc945a9e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be39c012-7201-4757-8cd6-c855bc945a9e.json
index 7a2ce76f8d..0c517c520d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be39c012-7201-4757-8cd6-c855bc945a9e.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be39c012-7201-4757-8cd6-c855bc945a9e.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--0369b211-b8f2-4963-a5e6-4d965c105d8f",
+    "id": "bundle--a1016259-7343-48bc-83e7-44060b402925",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be526f3a-480f-4ede-b772-2b29b8a3ca2b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be526f3a-480f-4ede-b772-2b29b8a3ca2b.json
index 061cc572cf..117973eaaa 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be526f3a-480f-4ede-b772-2b29b8a3ca2b.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be526f3a-480f-4ede-b772-2b29b8a3ca2b.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--3dae1dbc-f9d9-495e-948f-82397deb2880",
+    "id": "bundle--9b775cf8-99b3-4344-b4e9-9c0876e8e091",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be7c3f83-b164-4d53-bfac-65f7437dabec.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be7c3f83-b164-4d53-bfac-65f7437dabec.json
index 4e2712dae4..6934d2194b 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be7c3f83-b164-4d53-bfac-65f7437dabec.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be7c3f83-b164-4d53-bfac-65f7437dabec.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--2fdd68a2-0a19-4a9e-936f-fa4a96d7b87f",
+    "id": "bundle--5bbbf694-8ff5-4237-b736-4fe88d837276",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be8d0cd6-be77-456e-bcfb-6325cb8ba137.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be8d0cd6-be77-456e-bcfb-6325cb8ba137.json
index 0497076795..c9a9b09694 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be8d0cd6-be77-456e-bcfb-6325cb8ba137.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--be8d0cd6-be77-456e-bcfb-6325cb8ba137.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--03276458-01d1-41ef-9866-c560bd12e51f",
+    "id": "bundle--c9a41bad-633c-4065-92ed-b4e7a556ffa7",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bed52256-e5d2-4f15-8c4c-27f709e10c6c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bed52256-e5d2-4f15-8c4c-27f709e10c6c.json
index 215095d3cf..1b880a14a2 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bed52256-e5d2-4f15-8c4c-27f709e10c6c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bed52256-e5d2-4f15-8c4c-27f709e10c6c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--dee42952-b3e7-434b-8b91-22d6730c3e19",
+    "id": "bundle--27609eb4-89cd-45f0-b98c-8f28cd07cf16",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bee6407a-1f05-4f91-b6e7-a8f8b58fa421.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bee6407a-1f05-4f91-b6e7-a8f8b58fa421.json
index a64494a3f9..7c6bbd441f 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bee6407a-1f05-4f91-b6e7-a8f8b58fa421.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bee6407a-1f05-4f91-b6e7-a8f8b58fa421.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--0fe9cf35-d426-4d88-82f0-9f4bbc08372f",
+    "id": "bundle--08d480d4-5291-4d54-9fdc-a7edfb9a1c0b",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bee919a6-c488-49a0-9848-fff19aa2c276.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bee919a6-c488-49a0-9848-fff19aa2c276.json
index df8fd985cf..91a8c4b0a3 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bee919a6-c488-49a0-9848-fff19aa2c276.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bee919a6-c488-49a0-9848-fff19aa2c276.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--71e924aa-3df6-4443-ad30-751248391ac6",
+    "id": "bundle--4f22800a-5f53-40a5-9feb-5ed2dfc89891",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bef936d5-736e-491a-9c30-37b8362a5d96.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bef936d5-736e-491a-9c30-37b8362a5d96.json
index 7897ea14be..19038ef5d5 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bef936d5-736e-491a-9c30-37b8362a5d96.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bef936d5-736e-491a-9c30-37b8362a5d96.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--fa83ed02-4cfb-4d04-b350-663fcdb7dada",
+    "id": "bundle--736f2382-eddc-4488-a568-419c0b0ac57b",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--befa3b5a-e4f4-4ed3-ada1-860a034284d2.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--befa3b5a-e4f4-4ed3-ada1-860a034284d2.json
index a8c1b98f77..50ce78d82c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--befa3b5a-e4f4-4ed3-ada1-860a034284d2.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--befa3b5a-e4f4-4ed3-ada1-860a034284d2.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--8feb4444-e1b6-4cab-83e1-bc305384e3fb",
+    "id": "bundle--83292b28-dfba-4bef-aa37-71f3010ff88b",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf19207a-ac71-436d-8ef4-4ab059b533c8.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf19207a-ac71-436d-8ef4-4ab059b533c8.json
index 131e760f74..1fa21cab24 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf19207a-ac71-436d-8ef4-4ab059b533c8.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf19207a-ac71-436d-8ef4-4ab059b533c8.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--f1d1f7ef-8ee7-45f3-bba4-fd5de3ae87df",
+    "id": "bundle--2c24b216-6e00-4bc4-bb17-ea2ca11af55c",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf2ea132-c8f3-4ea0-8c4c-bdc95923c3b1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf2ea132-c8f3-4ea0-8c4c-bdc95923c3b1.json
index 9d6ebeb233..d3fcb12b75 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf2ea132-c8f3-4ea0-8c4c-bdc95923c3b1.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf2ea132-c8f3-4ea0-8c4c-bdc95923c3b1.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--93cf5141-505a-44c0-863f-4bbf84207fb8",
+    "id": "bundle--bdc946de-6116-4756-a15f-6a331ccd492f",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf33711d-a4d2-4957-9b1f-49c5b83958db.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf33711d-a4d2-4957-9b1f-49c5b83958db.json
index 0e4ff79f41..1457932bc4 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf33711d-a4d2-4957-9b1f-49c5b83958db.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf33711d-a4d2-4957-9b1f-49c5b83958db.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--e1a7fd98-3f62-465f-834f-7ebb6c10ba00",
+    "id": "bundle--3ec8f40b-0cdc-42ff-a7a5-f3a669f698aa",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf901bab-3caa-4d05-a859-d9fb4d838304.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf901bab-3caa-4d05-a859-d9fb4d838304.json
index 5def8b1604..6c02931ee7 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf901bab-3caa-4d05-a859-d9fb4d838304.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf901bab-3caa-4d05-a859-d9fb4d838304.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--d40a6761-c598-43b0-a56b-f2e784a74242",
+    "id": "bundle--9d8499b7-931c-47e2-95c4-b6d7f3c391cb",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bfad064a-0a49-44e3-b283-94653edc12af.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bfad064a-0a49-44e3-b283-94653edc12af.json
index 668d603040..c8ddc83f4c 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bfad064a-0a49-44e3-b283-94653edc12af.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bfad064a-0a49-44e3-b283-94653edc12af.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--d988d63f-0b2e-4c60-93bb-579537096993",
+    "id": "bundle--4c6260fa-3ab4-4e91-9b01-0c642ced273e",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bfd0d9cb-27e2-42a2-9207-764bb1491962.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bfd0d9cb-27e2-42a2-9207-764bb1491962.json
index fe49c32119..d779b0f375 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bfd0d9cb-27e2-42a2-9207-764bb1491962.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bfd0d9cb-27e2-42a2-9207-764bb1491962.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--48c350e2-8ed7-4537-913d-e149c6fe567f",
+    "id": "bundle--1939888f-1afa-43ae-ac08-f256302c1488",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bff3f22c-660d-4ceb-b1bb-dbd064d363c0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bff3f22c-660d-4ceb-b1bb-dbd064d363c0.json
index aa642e1bc3..c6e3e1e306 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bff3f22c-660d-4ceb-b1bb-dbd064d363c0.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bff3f22c-660d-4ceb-b1bb-dbd064d363c0.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--3b67c03e-388f-4d0a-8583-ff1137d5fc0c",
+    "id": "bundle--f39b3857-434a-484d-b3dd-ac6c27050325",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c00031dd-0466-4fd2-9724-ab1c04232bad.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c00031dd-0466-4fd2-9724-ab1c04232bad.json
index f58386119e..24e69a7f28 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c00031dd-0466-4fd2-9724-ab1c04232bad.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c00031dd-0466-4fd2-9724-ab1c04232bad.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--f27fcf01-fde3-40e6-9e51-80bf0e227557",
+    "id": "bundle--ddd1c37d-764f-463c-b7cf-823c71093cf2",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c021d9b9-3850-425d-b3d2-6b7bd7e62b95.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c021d9b9-3850-425d-b3d2-6b7bd7e62b95.json
index 03ad4272d0..694afd1907 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c021d9b9-3850-425d-b3d2-6b7bd7e62b95.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c021d9b9-3850-425d-b3d2-6b7bd7e62b95.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--fbc3d5da-358e-44f5-a503-3a96c419f171",
+    "id": "bundle--052e1391-fb0a-49a3-bbca-de6a59a8a120",
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     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c056b1d4-c70b-403e-b396-18840865ca7d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c056b1d4-c70b-403e-b396-18840865ca7d.json
index 1cf39d4abb..a1fa9f79ed 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c056b1d4-c70b-403e-b396-18840865ca7d.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c056b1d4-c70b-403e-b396-18840865ca7d.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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-    "id": "bundle--f6b53bd7-9ac5-4d36-be66-b9abbecbfc5e",
+    "id": "bundle--4f8d31eb-8548-445b-9f2c-024cc53764ae",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c0f03d23-03d6-4457-b783-792d1b8f2994.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c0f03d23-03d6-4457-b783-792d1b8f2994.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b55b379c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c0f03d23-03d6-4457-b783-792d1b8f2994.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+    "type": "bundle",
+    "id": "bundle--54981a94-ef62-473c-bea8-6c7d9758e2fc",
+    "spec_version": "2.0",
+    "objects": [
+        {
+            "type": "relationship",
+            "id": "relationship--c0f03d23-03d6-4457-b783-792d1b8f2994",
+            "created": "2024-08-20T19:09:27.377Z",
+            "revoked": false,
+            "external_references": [
+                {
+                    "source_name": "mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm",
+                    "description": "Roncone, G. et al. (n.d.). APT44: Unearthing Sandworm. Retrieved July 11, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/apt44-unearthing-sandworm.pdf"
+                }
+            ],
+            "object_marking_refs": [
+                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
+            ],
+            "modified": "2024-08-20T19:09:27.377Z",
+            "description": "[Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) can collect encrypted Telegram and Signal communications.(Citation: mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm)",
+            "relationship_type": "uses",
+            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--381fcf73-60f6-4ab2-9991-6af3cbc35192",
+            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--702055ac-4e54-4ae9-9527-e23a38e0b160",
+            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
+            "x_mitre_version": "0.1",
+            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
+            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
+            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
+        }
+    ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c1453cd9-44bb-4dd2-bdbd-eb06a239d38c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c1453cd9-44bb-4dd2-bdbd-eb06a239d38c.json
index 88f4e1b159..2442e52f05 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c1453cd9-44bb-4dd2-bdbd-eb06a239d38c.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c1453cd9-44bb-4dd2-bdbd-eb06a239d38c.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--ee6fcb19-c352-4783-9a95-e71fef3aeaed",
+    "id": "bundle--11b8d7d4-6916-4ed1-bdd7-734dd0b00512",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c14efc74-8a5c-4a2d-b9ba-a231738c90dd.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c14efc74-8a5c-4a2d-b9ba-a231738c90dd.json
index 8105c26ef9..e9f138f7e7 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c14efc74-8a5c-4a2d-b9ba-a231738c90dd.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c14efc74-8a5c-4a2d-b9ba-a231738c90dd.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--ce21ee22-0f56-4573-9c16-ea502274cc88",
+    "id": "bundle--fc9e6f76-076d-4d55-98f8-a6e24a56a43e",
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index 3e8d1f679b..61506b9c1b 100644
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index 8589206790..ff5cc44181 100644
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index c9625a5b52..acb4c97dad 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c58a26af-cc4c-41a2-b884-9a4fa8a2ad5c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c58a26af-cc4c-41a2-b884-9a4fa8a2ad5c.json
index 8e7ff91408..ea0f8a24e5 100644
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index 5e81ab9c8e..71e96d9263 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c5db5bb5-9877-43cd-8851-5aa62405dcb2.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c5db5bb5-9877-43cd-8851-5aa62405dcb2.json
index 5d9f9fa560..9a8b69d83c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c7f876d4-99f2-41ac-993c-57a3f2b4e0eb.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c7f876d4-99f2-41ac-993c-57a3f2b4e0eb.json
index e5aa96fe54..e69423ee5f 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c83c84e8-a556-4efe-ae24-75970ee8ad4b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c83c84e8-a556-4efe-ae24-75970ee8ad4b.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c8559423-10b0-4d5e-9057-65cbfd7ee1c0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c8559423-10b0-4d5e-9057-65cbfd7ee1c0.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c86918a3-6e41-4dfb-8b18-650fff596801.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c86918a3-6e41-4dfb-8b18-650fff596801.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c89d6493-3f33-4568-ac77-ba13b206ae69.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c89d6493-3f33-4568-ac77-ba13b206ae69.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c89f8f8d-222b-4b83-9fa4-47fd716a271f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c89f8f8d-222b-4b83-9fa4-47fd716a271f.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c8bfe893-49d8-4d6c-8f7d-5cd9fc932dee.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c8bfe893-49d8-4d6c-8f7d-5cd9fc932dee.json
index bcafccd854..08519d6bd9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c8d0d360-eb9e-4fb4-97a2-efaf6d4f1059.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c8d0d360-eb9e-4fb4-97a2-efaf6d4f1059.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c90bfd4c-3c7e-4528-b5f6-574ef29ecdc9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c90bfd4c-3c7e-4528-b5f6-574ef29ecdc9.json
index d08506d060..cb1906ab17 100644
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index c7bb149b0c..ea8000bb73 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c96c3405-1d9b-46e4-8f57-a6c49eb68a31.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c96c3405-1d9b-46e4-8f57-a6c49eb68a31.json
index 88b1562048..e243b2ac81 100644
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index 18d7c85347..45cd6cf601 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c9b3d86a-9c5e-4fe3-9c1c-dbd0bb89a74b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c9b3d86a-9c5e-4fe3-9c1c-dbd0bb89a74b.json
index a7ee1242a9..b5eb94c2fc 100644
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index 1cdd4ec3fa..0da516c96b 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ca06c79e-8cbd-480a-92a4-cd7cdaaf81c1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ca06c79e-8cbd-480a-92a4-cd7cdaaf81c1.json
index b553310762..3e9d0dec85 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ca0d9894-0c37-4a34-9b24-1887b7cd1106.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ca0d9894-0c37-4a34-9b24-1887b7cd1106.json
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index 62b676e47c..76ee9522ec 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ca568149-9971-4d15-b3db-ff7dabd49695.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ca568149-9971-4d15-b3db-ff7dabd49695.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ca8c38e6-8343-4f5e-929d-2759a0d49d59.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ca8c38e6-8343-4f5e-929d-2759a0d49d59.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cb5465c0-a577-45b1-becf-305e0bd47497.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cb5465c0-a577-45b1-becf-305e0bd47497.json
index d9eb9cf871..7690424803 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cb5a81bb-a3c6-4d7c-836c-c0bd6227b48f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cb5a81bb-a3c6-4d7c-836c-c0bd6227b48f.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cb80178a-5f9c-41bd-95a2-a7c5fe23c12c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cb80178a-5f9c-41bd-95a2-a7c5fe23c12c.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cbb07bef-f1da-41f6-b786-4a255e8bf985.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cbb07bef-f1da-41f6-b786-4a255e8bf985.json
index 4c9a7ec855..6186e2a8ea 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cbb48fa1-0677-4a07-bdbf-eda1827e52f1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cbb48fa1-0677-4a07-bdbf-eda1827e52f1.json
index b874b026c4..e01104abcf 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cbf17fea-141e-44b8-831c-b3cc41066420.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cbf17fea-141e-44b8-831c-b3cc41066420.json
index 898393239f..1adf89ffc3 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc0b8984-f561-4453-a2be-9be8bd62561e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc0b8984-f561-4453-a2be-9be8bd62561e.json
index e57dc00e6b..bd7f18c6b8 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc345ae4-0d60-4f21-98b3-596c15118745.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc345ae4-0d60-4f21-98b3-596c15118745.json
index ed9b820219..61808cd46f 100644
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index d225225339..abc5b08d31 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc3e1864-0b7b-4ca1-b123-d9c7553f3398.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc3e1864-0b7b-4ca1-b123-d9c7553f3398.json
index 85751d91e0..dbf59f3678 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc4ae06f-0258-4fe9-b63a-334d283e766d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc4ae06f-0258-4fe9-b63a-334d283e766d.json
index 19589bbbe6..0a253f523c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc81b56c-cf73-4307-b950-e80246985195.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc81b56c-cf73-4307-b950-e80246985195.json
index cba060c24f..6c462a4e9f 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ccb6f906-a785-4695-91a5-f1bc210892dc.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ccb6f906-a785-4695-91a5-f1bc210892dc.json
index 3dd2c9199f..28d11c69cb 100644
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index 8d1fcecd15..cc0b979648 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cce49043-52b0-407c-b4f0-0f4727351d4b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cce49043-52b0-407c-b4f0-0f4727351d4b.json
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index 425270417d..4b17dce0af 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ce645a25-160f-443d-b288-fdd108b78a06.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ce645a25-160f-443d-b288-fdd108b78a06.json
index dcd500ba05..e8bf434b98 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ce8cc50a-f3c9-4a6a-b6be-f3e8bdd293bd.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ce8cc50a-f3c9-4a6a-b6be-f3e8bdd293bd.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cea30219-a255-43ae-b731-9512c5044523.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cea30219-a255-43ae-b731-9512c5044523.json
index 640a3529ff..ddba1ef111 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ced70cea-b2ac-45b8-9f7d-779eedbdf06c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ced70cea-b2ac-45b8-9f7d-779eedbdf06c.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cf696296-751a-41e5-a9b0-907c7b991b2a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cf696296-751a-41e5-a9b0-907c7b991b2a.json
index 2d6e03d5d0..830728fb2f 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--91773563-42f4-4a1e-862f-1b96c91d6666",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cf80894a-07e5-4c45-83a6-ed1eed81d2d8.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cf80894a-07e5-4c45-83a6-ed1eed81d2d8.json
index 996e557210..161247d7a3 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cf80894a-07e5-4c45-83a6-ed1eed81d2d8.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--d8f5c5ce-bc1a-4681-bec2-ea685f829add",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cf879fe8-9c31-48de-9e49-668d6cda67c5.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cf879fe8-9c31-48de-9e49-668d6cda67c5.json
index e6ed31f9c3..32404a716b 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cfa1d194-7401-46ba-bfed-5f311aeb22d3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cfa1d194-7401-46ba-bfed-5f311aeb22d3.json
index e5480c524f..fc5f51887e 100644
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+    "id": "bundle--31b080c2-67fc-457a-8d1d-6213a8f9acf6",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d01b311d-8741-4b58-b127-88fecb2b0544.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d01b311d-8741-4b58-b127-88fecb2b0544.json
index 0ed0d4b960..80ba37d601 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d01b311d-8741-4b58-b127-88fecb2b0544.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d01b311d-8741-4b58-b127-88fecb2b0544.json
@@ -1,32 +1,32 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--9e146cb9-514f-4aac-b47a-a7ca9d068671",
+    "id": "bundle--f4fa5ba6-e38c-4a15-98b5-90d41288b1b6",
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             "created": "2020-04-08T15:41:19.448Z",
-            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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             "external_references": [
                 {
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-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
                 }
             ],
-            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
-            "revoked": false,
+            "object_marking_refs": [
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+            ],
+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.112Z",
             "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) has a keylogger that works in every application installed on the device.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)",
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             "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47",
-            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
+            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
+            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
+            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d056308f-dca7-493e-b152-6f77fa13155d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d056308f-dca7-493e-b152-6f77fa13155d.json
index 3856f431a6..502c0499b4 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d056308f-dca7-493e-b152-6f77fa13155d.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d056308f-dca7-493e-b152-6f77fa13155d.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--d988880a-5574-44f0-8aa2-0fa049a47523",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d0669f8d-0aa2-416f-9ec4-a991a2000d3e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d0669f8d-0aa2-416f-9ec4-a991a2000d3e.json
index 8c07d4a44d..9dff07d765 100644
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index 82164857c6..5af6e2ffb8 100644
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index 1b82e4df3c..dd051a475a 100644
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index d4859cf2a2..a55559aafb 100644
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index b62fbdfcb1..c3d0d55e7a 100644
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index b90e091632..ec851c0049 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d1e11627-23e4-40f3-bcbc-2b832b0bbaa3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d1e11627-23e4-40f3-bcbc-2b832b0bbaa3.json
index 44027abddd..6eae7950af 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d22be48b-90fa-4dba-ab6f-f3ad5e08c03e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d22be48b-90fa-4dba-ab6f-f3ad5e08c03e.json
index 637fe3e903..cec2ee85fc 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d22be48b-90fa-4dba-ab6f-f3ad5e08c03e.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d22d309b-ab00-4f17-b6bf-7706f499cc5e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d22d309b-ab00-4f17-b6bf-7706f499cc5e.json
index 80377fbd22..ec643db415 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d3b4f74a-5183-405b-b64b-b79e1c4bd6fc.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d3b4f74a-5183-405b-b64b-b79e1c4bd6fc.json
index cc2130de34..171460e99f 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d3d901d7-1ddd-476c-af65-15a1affc422f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d3d901d7-1ddd-476c-af65-15a1affc422f.json
index 2a89a44dc7..676a5eab8f 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d3e06522-2a30-4d56-801e-9461178b80ce.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d3e06522-2a30-4d56-801e-9461178b80ce.json
index 4d24392237..e5a6dbcf1a 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d3e52467-d090-4ebd-b9b1-3022cc6d5df0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d3e52467-d090-4ebd-b9b1-3022cc6d5df0.json
index ccbbc0b4b6..f5af29fd6e 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d3e6bc20-1f9c-41b6-89f0-ef95689add86.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d3e6bc20-1f9c-41b6-89f0-ef95689add86.json
index 2b5700149d..4e820523cd 100644
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index 90ac0b5ed0..5ba035642a 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d447a927-c8a1-4123-bdac-ff9ab36f49be.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d447a927-c8a1-4123-bdac-ff9ab36f49be.json
index d83e893c28..2f91dc72c1 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d44b097a-1bba-40bd-8ec8-d717a3f3df0c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d44b097a-1bba-40bd-8ec8-d717a3f3df0c.json
index ae2fe171b3..f958999010 100644
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index a816d3203c..ebfb935529 100644
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index 700ea39ca9..19c39fa556 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d54bdaff-8eb8-4a02-9f64-bc33c892e9d1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d54bdaff-8eb8-4a02-9f64-bc33c892e9d1.json
index 43897cd9f0..6abc4c2ee8 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d5928f73-c4ba-4eb1-bf8a-e75ff6806a4a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d5928f73-c4ba-4eb1-bf8a-e75ff6806a4a.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d638565b-ca8e-459f-9c3b-1bd8828606f5.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d638565b-ca8e-459f-9c3b-1bd8828606f5.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d63de13b-0253-42f4-b13d-34bccf76ad94.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d63de13b-0253-42f4-b13d-34bccf76ad94.json
index 97b6901537..07017837dd 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d63f27cf-95a3-42bb-86dd-dc18e22cb898.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d63f27cf-95a3-42bb-86dd-dc18e22cb898.json
index fab797b63e..089f580335 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d64c4924-76f0-4b2e-858d-b0df733334d0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d64c4924-76f0-4b2e-858d-b0df733334d0.json
index 8b5c3bf4b0..8381b020cf 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d663cb6f-9fc8-48a0-827f-29757b12ae71.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d663cb6f-9fc8-48a0-827f-29757b12ae71.json
index 0a0f226d2c..8e3caa8eee 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d66a3e5f-700e-40d0-b16a-bbb3306256c7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d66a3e5f-700e-40d0-b16a-bbb3306256c7.json
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index 3ad3a6237f..96eef76391 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d6e4fdc6-c936-4bb9-861f-fafd3b72fcb4.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d6e4fdc6-c936-4bb9-861f-fafd3b72fcb4.json
index 7088861f76..bc67a3423b 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d6f78e9b-94d1-4d59-b00e-89fad2261c55.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d6f78e9b-94d1-4d59-b00e-89fad2261c55.json
index 24cf092af6..310183245e 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d7007bf2-fcd6-4327-9ffb-bdee5bdeb383.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d7007bf2-fcd6-4327-9ffb-bdee5bdeb383.json
index 3ff1e4c175..42acdf0e43 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d700c625-d0b6-4570-a538-0ba57bd7bda5.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d700c625-d0b6-4570-a538-0ba57bd7bda5.json
index 4c27334bdd..59a004caee 100644
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index 508e8eb420..bd00597643 100644
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index da8ec477e2..b910b435af 100644
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index c1754a6afb..c085bd25f1 100644
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index 4b0f212dd2..50d395bcf8 100644
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index 4f0a8ced0a..c778261acd 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dbeff88d-441f-47f9-8afc-60400ee3ab97.json
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index 70c9f89e29..15d6012251 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dc6514a0-2e9c-4f29-8c15-99e6d382e357.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dc6514a0-2e9c-4f29-8c15-99e6d382e357.json
index c5c04ab654..2e1a0bc2c3 100644
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index d8aa098c90..46da8e88b5 100644
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index b08aea65c0..e072440bdd 100644
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index 1502d6e8c8..3b0c3cdcac 100644
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index 3c9e6f2107..0acb6b50b4 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dd54e35c-d68b-4aa8-ad2a-acd4c76243c8.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dd54e35c-d68b-4aa8-ad2a-acd4c76243c8.json
index a665c53417..7f0ceb949a 100644
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index 08109dba3a..bc28fd6416 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ddca1254-b404-4850-9566-0be35c6d7564.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ddca1254-b404-4850-9566-0be35c6d7564.json
index b9330bbdcd..d95cb89990 100644
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index c7e2bdce28..e23f2edeec 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--de45db46-2251-4a29-b4d7-3fcf679e9484.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--de45db46-2251-4a29-b4d7-3fcf679e9484.json
index 127c188d0a..9b32f98508 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--de4ecfa3-fa91-4377-810c-5c567de9688b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--de4ecfa3-fa91-4377-810c-5c567de9688b.json
index 0956b5ec6a..fa56b894bb 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--de69fd86-aaef-4a1e-99e9-ee32c71997d6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--de69fd86-aaef-4a1e-99e9-ee32c71997d6.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--de7e3a71-1152-481c-8e5c-88f53852cab6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--de7e3a71-1152-481c-8e5c-88f53852cab6.json
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index c28b5b5d74..6d8c03f860 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--df07166f-917e-4bc4-899e-d689d1d3f785.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--df07166f-917e-4bc4-899e-d689d1d3f785.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--df337ad4-c88e-425f-b869-ecac29674bf4.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--df337ad4-c88e-425f-b869-ecac29674bf4.json
index 3936c0d373..de08933b0d 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dfdf329f-8fc3-4dcb-89b4-c3f1095cd77a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dfdf329f-8fc3-4dcb-89b4-c3f1095cd77a.json
index 484cc3022e..cfbdd8ef84 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dfe6d454-1a24-4c42-97eb-4ddfd1dbb09b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dfe6d454-1a24-4c42-97eb-4ddfd1dbb09b.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dff2d0a7-7579-4091-9bf8-df682bc6506b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dff2d0a7-7579-4091-9bf8-df682bc6506b.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dff37d8a-b7ca-409b-b4eb-581ca3a74bb5.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dff37d8a-b7ca-409b-b4eb-581ca3a74bb5.json
index 846aeef7b8..c1022261ea 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dff37d8a-b7ca-409b-b4eb-581ca3a74bb5.json
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@@ -1,37 +1,37 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--48c6884d-23d5-4649-a513-d55577a0ce8a",
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+            "revoked": false,
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-                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/19/a/google-play-apps-drop-anubis-banking-malware-use-motion-based-evasion-tactics.html",
-                    "description": "K. Sun. (2019, January 17). Google Play Apps Drop Anubis, Use Motion-based Evasion. Retrieved January 20, 2021."
+                    "description": "K. Sun. (2019, January 17). Google Play Apps Drop Anubis, Use Motion-based Evasion. Retrieved January 20, 2021.",
+                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/19/a/google-play-apps-drop-anubis-banking-malware-use-motion-based-evasion-tactics.html"
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-                    "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/",
-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
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-            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
-            "revoked": false,
+            "object_marking_refs": [
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+            ],
+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.113Z",
             "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can retrieve the C2 address from Twitter and Telegram.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)(Citation: Trend Micro Anubis)",
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             "target_ref": "attack-pattern--986f80f7-ff0e-4f48-87bd-0394814bbce5",
-            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
+            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
+            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
+            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
             "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e0121f6c-0312-4fff-9d6c-0a8aea945bea.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e0121f6c-0312-4fff-9d6c-0a8aea945bea.json
index 3ed1810946..444218b553 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e0121f6c-0312-4fff-9d6c-0a8aea945bea.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e0121f6c-0312-4fff-9d6c-0a8aea945bea.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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-    "id": "bundle--216b2229-5a2a-45b4-a955-a59fd8182b62",
+    "id": "bundle--08d61748-a465-45b8-9710-fc3d6be60331",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e012da15-7669-4764-ad9d-8a1d817bcca9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e012da15-7669-4764-ad9d-8a1d817bcca9.json
index 3e7ef81764..b6b908da39 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e012da15-7669-4764-ad9d-8a1d817bcca9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--a38abfc0-e300-4188-a374-ce81a25965d5",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e03b0eb5-32c6-4867-9235-77fe32192983.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e03b0eb5-32c6-4867-9235-77fe32192983.json
index dcc2cd8c4e..bd84ed5f8d 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e03b0eb5-32c6-4867-9235-77fe32192983.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e03b25b0-0779-48da-b5d7-28f1f6106363.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e03b25b0-0779-48da-b5d7-28f1f6106363.json
index 06b496b51b..c77d086d9a 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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+    "id": "bundle--8e929b74-91b8-43cf-aced-3c98a0781a0b",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e05b61a4-ba8a-4aa5-813b-ad76de5945a8.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e05b61a4-ba8a-4aa5-813b-ad76de5945a8.json
index 342579bf9e..2a7d03ce57 100644
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+    "id": "bundle--5d3ec9b1-60ea-4ff1-84c7-8164de96ea98",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e0c3afc8-4b23-45fc-89cf-2cafbb51291e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e0c3afc8-4b23-45fc-89cf-2cafbb51291e.json
index 7ef75a45be..b528ef8692 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e0c3afc8-4b23-45fc-89cf-2cafbb51291e.json
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+    "id": "bundle--0cf4ed9c-f492-4945-9cf3-f2903203f08c",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e0ebf0cd-9244-4cef-9171-128a12b87b58.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e0ebf0cd-9244-4cef-9171-128a12b87b58.json
index ef04a424f7..225f3c981c 100644
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index 4c46c837ec..3e86dc3ea8 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e135cefa-f019-479d-86eb-438972df73e0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e135cefa-f019-479d-86eb-438972df73e0.json
index f3e4a59beb..e68fe089b2 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e14db7d0-4053-4e0a-8b43-b950133e6e36.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e14db7d0-4053-4e0a-8b43-b950133e6e36.json
index 731083b2ec..8ce0b2bd4f 100644
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+    "id": "bundle--6050900b-0fb2-469b-ae3f-0299b23a399c",
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e1fc106e-1671-4103-b767-47b52c9b0742.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e1fc106e-1671-4103-b767-47b52c9b0742.json
index 9aa0a836f1..ea84773131 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e245ad04-3fe9-4132-8bb4-77cdc4c3a1eb.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e245ad04-3fe9-4132-8bb4-77cdc4c3a1eb.json
index 9b23d9a9db..f35f7c7d4e 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e245e45a-71a8-408d-8f32-7b7337bffc26.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e245e45a-71a8-408d-8f32-7b7337bffc26.json
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index a507a06597..a417d7e97a 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e29d91f0-ebee-481d-9344-702c90775109.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e29d91f0-ebee-481d-9344-702c90775109.json
index 52ab3b2d3f..4edb804542 100644
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index a2a68b4382..cbb266ef05 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e3009db5-d1d8-4869-b1ca-d408a052bb4e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e3009db5-d1d8-4869-b1ca-d408a052bb4e.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e33106e1-16ef-41b8-8d47-78c9f2b4dceb.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e33106e1-16ef-41b8-8d47-78c9f2b4dceb.json
index 37a69b4114..37a9e3d64c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e35b013b-89e8-41b3-a518-7737234ab71b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e35b013b-89e8-41b3-a518-7737234ab71b.json
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index b807dc6b1f..4fdd23ea04 100644
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index a3a53dfcca..b370c409c0 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e457921c-4a0b-4d6e-92e7-553929ddf943.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e457921c-4a0b-4d6e-92e7-553929ddf943.json
index 365fd2a0e4..f80af06f96 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e4beccfa-a9a5-447d-8164-d39a1b2c5532.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e4beccfa-a9a5-447d-8164-d39a1b2c5532.json
index b2cda57d12..c8fcc486b9 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e4beccfa-a9a5-447d-8164-d39a1b2c5532.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e4beccfa-a9a5-447d-8164-d39a1b2c5532.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--ab953b14-70b3-4f3d-bc4f-fdfc53362952",
+    "id": "bundle--c9da6e6f-a904-4402-871d-21f9675eeb12",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e4f90a20-f1c6-4820-8c3e-751c79cc82e8.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e4f90a20-f1c6-4820-8c3e-751c79cc82e8.json
index f442b7ef2c..d11d13dbf5 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e4f90a20-f1c6-4820-8c3e-751c79cc82e8.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e4f90a20-f1c6-4820-8c3e-751c79cc82e8.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--84a29d4b-a836-4117-af73-0fbe23858ed4",
+    "id": "bundle--637e8379-a359-4c58-ab91-f86502d962a6",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e50c605a-0cdf-4316-bb49-2deccc69143f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e50c605a-0cdf-4316-bb49-2deccc69143f.json
index db58f20b9a..b6b2b63709 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e50c605a-0cdf-4316-bb49-2deccc69143f.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e50c605a-0cdf-4316-bb49-2deccc69143f.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--997e3b13-8b01-47d2-92d8-cd4be4ba1a86",
+    "id": "bundle--7973ce73-c859-43c1-8fb0-47b7536b0dfe",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5113d45-05bd-499f-a2e0-9edc6d7c03b6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5113d45-05bd-499f-a2e0-9edc6d7c03b6.json
index 79d75fdad8..7173517cc5 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5113d45-05bd-499f-a2e0-9edc6d7c03b6.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5113d45-05bd-499f-a2e0-9edc6d7c03b6.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--2877963c-f4a4-4849-a676-1dd05a67a48d",
+    "id": "bundle--b954990a-8cde-4a98-80c4-5161653a3663",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5922453-d9b1-472b-b947-b1eaa426a32e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5922453-d9b1-472b-b947-b1eaa426a32e.json
index 2aba3e12a7..6c46213df1 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5922453-d9b1-472b-b947-b1eaa426a32e.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5922453-d9b1-472b-b947-b1eaa426a32e.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--5a2e4d61-2602-4dcf-90df-f03206b3c9ab",
+    "id": "bundle--096f06ed-be57-4ae0-9a98-caf141cfdea8",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5ccc5c7-11ee-4357-8dd4-bf23ce2111bb.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5ccc5c7-11ee-4357-8dd4-bf23ce2111bb.json
index 8dc8fa5e13..5f54c71782 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5ccc5c7-11ee-4357-8dd4-bf23ce2111bb.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5ccc5c7-11ee-4357-8dd4-bf23ce2111bb.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--b5e08d09-73dd-4d1d-a1ec-845ea3a4da07",
+    "id": "bundle--5230e2c8-e3fb-4364-8c19-bfaf163e10a1",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5e4567e-05a3-4d79-beab-191efc336473.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5e4567e-05a3-4d79-beab-191efc336473.json
index aa9b64764d..f1e7b6a2c1 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5e4567e-05a3-4d79-beab-191efc336473.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e5e4567e-05a3-4d79-beab-191efc336473.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--ea972fe2-43ce-4547-a393-50e84524b3c4",
+    "id": "bundle--16d258f2-e684-488d-9bd8-1973ed3efbe1",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e723d78f-b6c3-4ba5-8946-b44e651834e3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e723d78f-b6c3-4ba5-8946-b44e651834e3.json
index dabc9bd4c6..25fb8f9fba 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e723d78f-b6c3-4ba5-8946-b44e651834e3.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e723d78f-b6c3-4ba5-8946-b44e651834e3.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--dcaa589c-4211-43d1-b5c9-51311faf4041",
+    "id": "bundle--b581aee7-5856-4713-bf00-c34c1052f3ac",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e75c623a-f9ac-4f46-b093-dd0e40b50cc6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e75c623a-f9ac-4f46-b093-dd0e40b50cc6.json
deleted file mode 100644
index e3c2d13dd8..0000000000
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e75c623a-f9ac-4f46-b093-dd0e40b50cc6.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--03b03c51-a12f-4c09-ba2c-5267335427f3",
-    "spec_version": "2.0",
-    "objects": [
-        {
-            "object_marking_refs": [
-                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
-            ],
-            "type": "relationship",
-            "id": "relationship--e75c623a-f9ac-4f46-b093-dd0e40b50cc6",
-            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
-            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
-            "external_references": [
-                {
-                    "source_name": "Proofpoint-Marcher",
-                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/credential-phishing-and-android-banking-trojan-combine-austrian-mobile-attacks",
-                    "description": "Proofpoint. (2017, November 3). Credential phishing and an Android banking Trojan combine in Austrian mobile attacks. Retrieved July 6, 2018."
-                }
-            ],
-            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
-            "revoked": false,
-            "description": "[Marcher](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0317) attempts to overlay itself on top of legitimate banking apps in an effort to capture user credentials. [Marcher](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0317) also attempts to overlay itself on top of legitimate apps such as the Google Play Store in an effort to capture user credit card information.(Citation: Proofpoint-Marcher)",
-            "modified": "2022-04-12T10:01:44.682Z",
-            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
-            "relationship_type": "uses",
-            "source_ref": "malware--f9854ba6-989d-43bf-828b-7240b8a65291",
-            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512",
-            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
-            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
-        }
-    ]
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e767fc9e-5211-4e7c-b628-5dd03a24af39.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e767fc9e-5211-4e7c-b628-5dd03a24af39.json
index 29beccef3b..4e5e2ba0ce 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e767fc9e-5211-4e7c-b628-5dd03a24af39.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e767fc9e-5211-4e7c-b628-5dd03a24af39.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--cc08ba0b-2bbe-4e83-9c00-eda164b36682",
+    "id": "bundle--d2f71d0a-0241-4fc2-ac35-59f69ed66a19",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e78b2cd9-ef73-45d9-9477-e2e95454e208.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e78b2cd9-ef73-45d9-9477-e2e95454e208.json
index 13f721c121..3c9423b48a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e78b2cd9-ef73-45d9-9477-e2e95454e208.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e78b2cd9-ef73-45d9-9477-e2e95454e208.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--79188e35-f611-43bc-9c0f-df78428a537a",
+    "id": "bundle--6ae118f2-c157-4a51-85ee-e5bb3b6bb5ab",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e7af5be1-721f-40c5-b647-659243a0a14b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e7af5be1-721f-40c5-b647-659243a0a14b.json
index a8da45a722..b112db2366 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e7af5be1-721f-40c5-b647-659243a0a14b.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e7af5be1-721f-40c5-b647-659243a0a14b.json
@@ -1,29 +1,32 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--41d977aa-3e58-4811-b3aa-cbf6ba8eccc2",
+    "id": "bundle--d3b03f68-8686-46b6-946e-1afd8c7dbd29",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
-            "object_marking_refs": [
-                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
-            ],
-            "id": "relationship--e7af5be1-721f-40c5-b647-659243a0a14b",
             "type": "relationship",
+            "id": "relationship--e7af5be1-721f-40c5-b647-659243a0a14b",
             "created": "2020-04-08T15:41:19.321Z",
             "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
+            "revoked": false,
             "external_references": [
                 {
                     "source_name": "Cofense Anubis",
-                    "url": "https://cofense.com/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/",
-                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved April 8, 2020."
+                    "description": "M. Feller. (2020, February 5). Infostealer, Keylogger, and Ransomware in One: Anubis Targets More than 250 Android Applications. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
+                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"
                 }
             ],
-            "modified": "2021-09-20T13:50:02.057Z",
+            "object_marking_refs": [
+                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
+            ],
+            "modified": "2024-09-25T15:03:05.114Z",
             "description": "[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can record phone calls and audio.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)",
             "relationship_type": "uses",
             "source_ref": "malware--a3c59d82-2c7c-44e5-a869-68e0a3e5935e",
             "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760",
+            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
             "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
+            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
             "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
         }
     ]
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e7b33eb5-6c2e-4743-ac8d-c27d5e7121ac.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e7b33eb5-6c2e-4743-ac8d-c27d5e7121ac.json
index 364aed22ba..0afe85383a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e7b33eb5-6c2e-4743-ac8d-c27d5e7121ac.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e7b33eb5-6c2e-4743-ac8d-c27d5e7121ac.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--f5f2d8e2-a88b-441b-bfde-efebf96483e6",
+    "id": "bundle--66be0b2d-944f-4830-98f7-d2c2abe2ee63",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e7b7e813-4867-46fe-bf86-6f367553d765.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e7b7e813-4867-46fe-bf86-6f367553d765.json
index 1d7adff0c8..885bdeaa1f 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e7b7e813-4867-46fe-bf86-6f367553d765.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e7b7e813-4867-46fe-bf86-6f367553d765.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--b161be77-060d-4ef3-89d9-efec10599abc",
+    "id": "bundle--26be1fe0-135d-4242-ab3e-faed3ed34e4e",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e84ad4b0-9f7a-48a5-89ae-33804b11eb56.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e84ad4b0-9f7a-48a5-89ae-33804b11eb56.json
index 4bea457174..e255e15b87 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e84ad4b0-9f7a-48a5-89ae-33804b11eb56.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e84ad4b0-9f7a-48a5-89ae-33804b11eb56.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--398b8ebf-ff20-4260-bb84-db1a1dc8e0a5",
+    "id": "bundle--444cf65d-bbcb-4263-b70c-75206336c659",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e8768455-4d0c-4e3c-a901-1fc871227745.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e8768455-4d0c-4e3c-a901-1fc871227745.json
index 6450c83a74..139778c5f2 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e8768455-4d0c-4e3c-a901-1fc871227745.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e8768455-4d0c-4e3c-a901-1fc871227745.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--831fed68-d544-4b45-8ad4-a56479b5d6ce",
+    "id": "bundle--bb0e210d-6e18-48b5-8dcb-d1906cd6407f",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e87aa0d6-241f-4f72-bdb6-54e8d5584ae2.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e87aa0d6-241f-4f72-bdb6-54e8d5584ae2.json
index c030a951be..95999e1457 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e87aa0d6-241f-4f72-bdb6-54e8d5584ae2.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e87aa0d6-241f-4f72-bdb6-54e8d5584ae2.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--936e4ac5-2fa8-48f0-a352-5ff328e358be",
+    "id": "bundle--334292ed-b67f-4265-8519-e3a26e7f11ff",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e889782a-f66b-448e-a466-e55b1bce7b64.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e889782a-f66b-448e-a466-e55b1bce7b64.json
index 13f1ee3647..2b7a215a08 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e889782a-f66b-448e-a466-e55b1bce7b64.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e889782a-f66b-448e-a466-e55b1bce7b64.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--c79fef0e-4bd1-4e59-97b7-97b90fd76ed3",
+    "id": "bundle--e0f0aa16-e233-4c52-af01-e819b2302192",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e8c77126-5279-4c39-ad84-87e4ab8ce37f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e8c77126-5279-4c39-ad84-87e4ab8ce37f.json
index 41cfd05436..d0dac8e8da 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e8c77126-5279-4c39-ad84-87e4ab8ce37f.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e8c77126-5279-4c39-ad84-87e4ab8ce37f.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--dcaddfe3-b0fa-4181-aaf2-a467b23229ae",
+    "id": "bundle--3fe3c605-b553-4cbe-945c-983b12836258",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e8c833ee-4c7d-45a2-b29b-187fe3661c0d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e8c833ee-4c7d-45a2-b29b-187fe3661c0d.json
index 894eefc3aa..5506897037 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e8c833ee-4c7d-45a2-b29b-187fe3661c0d.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e8c833ee-4c7d-45a2-b29b-187fe3661c0d.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--d19087da-aebf-406b-97dd-6783c7ef4935",
+    "id": "bundle--4925c40a-f6d8-4e8f-89b1-6784017aec73",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e928c0ce-2b98-4af5-a990-f690f4306681.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e928c0ce-2b98-4af5-a990-f690f4306681.json
index 25d4739eac..d94d9f3f09 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e928c0ce-2b98-4af5-a990-f690f4306681.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e928c0ce-2b98-4af5-a990-f690f4306681.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--158d6599-2559-497e-b98f-541dd948c449",
+    "id": "bundle--2fdf5548-a5a1-4700-83fe-b97ac04fb21a",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e95ac47c-8822-4ce5-bd65-f61ca873854b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e95ac47c-8822-4ce5-bd65-f61ca873854b.json
index 8f0d8e0dc1..dd22a1866a 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e95ac47c-8822-4ce5-bd65-f61ca873854b.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e95ac47c-8822-4ce5-bd65-f61ca873854b.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "type": "bundle",
-    "id": "bundle--958fd7c7-06bb-4dd7-9279-8812abc1e16b",
+    "id": "bundle--88793740-e68c-4071-ac5b-318ac6ef3931",
     "spec_version": "2.0",
     "objects": [
         {
diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e9607e4f-5743-4bbb-b7d4-5554d66c8be7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e9607e4f-5743-4bbb-b7d4-5554d66c8be7.json
index e75c9dd196..c486aef9d8 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e9607e4f-5743-4bbb-b7d4-5554d66c8be7.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e9607e4f-5743-4bbb-b7d4-5554d66c8be7.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
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index 4980d47ebd..c01631727b 100644
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index ced4bf1631..d884e0df9b 100644
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index 24227ff281..339cd47d35 100644
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index a958a2ebe3..3e14e3520a 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--eef4ffb7-892d-4d3f-826c-0b78d1f22671.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--eef4ffb7-892d-4d3f-826c-0b78d1f22671.json
index c9f90a4a29..9cdfdff19e 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--eef8fb1f-3e8c-44d7-b0d1-1fbad81e392f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--eef8fb1f-3e8c-44d7-b0d1-1fbad81e392f.json
index 19a4bf362b..3c9c75909d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ef792cb5-cb1f-4871-a2ef-20e6150d4005.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ef792cb5-cb1f-4871-a2ef-20e6150d4005.json
index 1d68b22e05..1dc0d8664d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--efd35b6f-7a61-4998-97ff-608547e40f66.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--efd35b6f-7a61-4998-97ff-608547e40f66.json
index f1533abcde..b6c23a6946 100644
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index 17dec34389..39271805a8 100644
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index b3e1936507..a648896ffe 100644
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index daf7282f42..4826998df7 100644
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index 59a29e3982..083ac9c261 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f4aeacef-035c-4308-9e85-997703e27809.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f4aeacef-035c-4308-9e85-997703e27809.json
index 636be4263d..ad279ecd81 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f4cc3b3a-284d-4a2d-9ab8-e7fa916c4012.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f4cc3b3a-284d-4a2d-9ab8-e7fa916c4012.json
index bf7526dd59..c25a4e984a 100644
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index ef76cfed10..7220cc52ca 100644
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index 7c9922c89e..006db58c16 100644
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index e9954e1867..81562a2a94 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f84355c2-b829-4324-821a-b5148734bb6b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f84355c2-b829-4324-821a-b5148734bb6b.json
index d1771f6b29..35f976cc24 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f857935b-653a-4b9a-a2dc-59c042059a39.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f857935b-653a-4b9a-a2dc-59c042059a39.json
index 03cb1607c7..e7f64fbcf7 100644
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index d62830ad90..182f38600d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--fb5c6c5e-53d4-4bb9-b9cf-74170058b19b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--fb5c6c5e-53d4-4bb9-b9cf-74170058b19b.json
index 211edc4cb5..3d27004db1 100644
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index efdf906da1..bc9619769a 100644
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index b5d1db99af..aa0f808d35 100644
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index 26037bc0ac..4038aa4b96 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba.json
index 38d4046c11..6ec8cbf466 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba.json
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index e8b894cf4a..fa8abb030e 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--56c2b384-77f8-461f-a71a-76f7888ebfb6.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--56c2b384-77f8-461f-a71a-76f7888ebfb6.json
index d3c8dd50ba..ef6cff0a89 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--5ae32c6a-2d12-4b8f-81ca-f862f2be0962.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--5ae32c6a-2d12-4b8f-81ca-f862f2be0962.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--613788f2-ad72-43f5-b5f7-a93e2adc70fa.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--613788f2-ad72-43f5-b5f7-a93e2adc70fa.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--61f1d40e-f3d0-4cc6-aa2d-937b6204194f.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--61f1d40e-f3d0-4cc6-aa2d-937b6204194f.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43.json
index fd9d7de762..3be0522583 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--bf0ff551-a5a7-40e5-bff9-f9405011b1f4.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--bf0ff551-a5a7-40e5-bff9-f9405011b1f4.json
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index 43cb7c146d..163de99367 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-source/x-mitre-data-source--4523e7f3-8de2-4078-96f8-1227eb537159.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-source/x-mitre-data-source--4523e7f3-8de2-4078-96f8-1227eb537159.json
index bf8dcb661b..7c2bde97c1 100644
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index b427cbbd6c..9a153da77e 100644
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index 44d3aea537..5dad097dd6 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-source/x-mitre-data-source--e156f007-c5bf-45cc-8dd5-d442ffb0d203.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-source/x-mitre-data-source--e156f007-c5bf-45cc-8dd5-d442ffb0d203.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-source/x-mitre-data-source--e8b8ede7-337b-4c0c-8c32-5c7872c1ee22.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-source/x-mitre-data-source--e8b8ede7-337b-4c0c-8c32-5c7872c1ee22.json
index 2d86b151cc..1a84312ec5 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-matrix/x-mitre-matrix--5104d5f0-16b7-4aec-8ae3-0a90cd5494fc.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-matrix/x-mitre-matrix--5104d5f0-16b7-4aec-8ae3-0a90cd5494fc.json
index 57dc01a6ff..3de9d55998 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-matrix/x-mitre-matrix--a382db5e-d009-4135-b893-0e0ff021c95b.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-matrix/x-mitre-matrix--a382db5e-d009-4135-b893-0e0ff021c95b.json
index 82323a667c..a7dde677f3 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--10fa8d8d-1b04-4176-917e-738724239981.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--10fa8d8d-1b04-4176-917e-738724239981.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--363bbeff-bb2a-4734-ac74-d6d37202fe54.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--363bbeff-bb2a-4734-ac74-d6d37202fe54.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--3e962de5-3280-43b7-bc10-334fbc1d6fa8.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--3e962de5-3280-43b7-bc10-334fbc1d6fa8.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--3f660805-fa2e-42e8-8851-57f9e9b653e3.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--3f660805-fa2e-42e8-8851-57f9e9b653e3.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--4a800987-a3a8-4d56-a1bd-0d7171431756.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--4a800987-a3a8-4d56-a1bd-0d7171431756.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--6ebce653-294a-444a-bffb-14c04c8d137e.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--6ebce653-294a-444a-bffb-14c04c8d137e.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--6fcb36b8-3776-483b-8699-42215714fb10.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--6fcb36b8-3776-483b-8699-42215714fb10.json
index 9760964541..8f26363378 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--7a0d25d3-f0c0-40bf-bf90-c743871b19ba.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--7a0d25d3-f0c0-40bf-bf90-c743871b19ba.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--7be441c2-0095-4b1e-8125-fa8ffda29b0f.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--7be441c2-0095-4b1e-8125-fa8ffda29b0f.json
index 9c9bef3b4c..1d6e0e016c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--987cda6d-eb77-406b-bf68-bcb5f3d2e1df.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--987cda6d-eb77-406b-bf68-bcb5f3d2e1df.json
index 78adc8543c..01188b12af 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--9eb4c21e-4fa8-44c9-b167-dbfc455f9210.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--9eb4c21e-4fa8-44c9-b167-dbfc455f9210.json
index c7ac62cf69..a679e3de59 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--d418cdeb-1b9f-4a6b-a15d-2f89f549f8c1.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--d418cdeb-1b9f-4a6b-a15d-2f89f549f8c1.json
index 9b23300d80..98ec50c4e5 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--e78d7d60-41b5-49b7-b0a9-5c5d4cbabe17.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--e78d7d60-41b5-49b7-b0a9-5c5d4cbabe17.json
index 7505444cb2..bdc4485727 100644
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