From 27f046416da3e80c85f258b44b2dc27524487ad7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adpare <apare@mitre.org>
Date: Mon, 11 Nov 2024 16:51:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH] ATT&CK v16.1 Mobile

---
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--00290ac5-551e-44aa-bbd8-c4b913488a6d.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--00290ac5-551e-44aa-bbd8-c4b913488a6d.json
index fb952ccecc..85e7f61449 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--039bc59c-ecc7-4997-b2b4-4ab728bd91aa.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--039bc59c-ecc7-4997-b2b4-4ab728bd91aa.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--08e22979-d320-48ed-8711-e7bf94aabb13.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--08e22979-d320-48ed-8711-e7bf94aabb13.json
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index 2d870b25d9..d0ecd8bc4d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--0b761f2b-197a-40f2-b100-8152cb957c0c.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--0b761f2b-197a-40f2-b100-8152cb957c0c.json
index b29563077d..73efd145a9 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--0b761f2b-197a-40f2-b100-8152cb957c0c.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--114fed8b-7eed-4136-8b9c-411c5c7fff4b.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--114fed8b-7eed-4136-8b9c-411c5c7fff4b.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--16d73b64-5681-4ea0-9af4-4ad86f7c96e8.json b/mobile-attack/attack-pattern/attack-pattern--16d73b64-5681-4ea0-9af4-4ad86f7c96e8.json
index cb104c915f..bf394020b4 100644
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index 5ab09a6da6..d66e68878d 100644
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index 75f0c4fdad..951bb9c986 100644
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index ea261ea240..f9a125d6cd 100644
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index 2368540869..733474ad45 100644
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index 25b857e9da..9d5e1633fa 100644
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index ba2fc40581..7d1b72c431 100644
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index 63a8cf15c8..9aa7eb7e63 100644
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index 714f80d739..74e5482da8 100644
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index 5509c87523..96ecdccddd 100644
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index d2bd36f151..679ceeeba8 100644
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index 93ba8493c1..471c5c6569 100644
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index 1c2742cff9..7bef893999 100644
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index eb6d00c571..2361cf682b 100644
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index 2163eb263d..bbd6a64bf1 100644
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index 5162bd763f..4dc8bf532a 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/course-of-action/course-of-action--8ccd428d-39da-4e8f-a55b-d48ea1d56e58.json b/mobile-attack/course-of-action/course-of-action--8ccd428d-39da-4e8f-a55b-d48ea1d56e58.json
index f2426ca421..8cf6583bf7 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/course-of-action/course-of-action--8ccd428d-39da-4e8f-a55b-d48ea1d56e58.json
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index 5e3239e788..de4edef614 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/course-of-action/course-of-action--bcecd036-f40e-4916-9f8e-fd0ccf0ece8d.json
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index 6c2502d3ab..669b235090 100644
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index 77716568db..ab38eae9f7 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/course-of-action/course-of-action--e944670c-d03a-4e93-a21c-b3d4c53ec4c9.json b/mobile-attack/course-of-action/course-of-action--e944670c-d03a-4e93-a21c-b3d4c53ec4c9.json
index 371c6de4af..aafadb41a9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/course-of-action/course-of-action--ff4821f6-5afb-481b-8c0f-26c28c0d666c.json b/mobile-attack/course-of-action/course-of-action--ff4821f6-5afb-481b-8c0f-26c28c0d666c.json
index 9c3b572a83..330677fe3e 100644
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index 578ffe9e25..7e67f615c2 100644
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index c55b95ab53..078fcbee38 100644
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index c63814da2a..89b651f85b 100644
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index 17fa193aa2..6be322c64b 100644
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index 52abb64b64..78b6531667 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--bef4c620-0787-42a8-a96d-b7eb6e85917c.json b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--bef4c620-0787-42a8-a96d-b7eb6e85917c.json
index c3683bb335..fa41fea01c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--cc613a49-9bfa-4e22-98d1-15ffbb03f034.json b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--cc613a49-9bfa-4e22-98d1-15ffbb03f034.json
index 9e2e009780..8bfdd3d5f9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--efed95ba-d7e8-47ff-8c53-99c42426ee7c.json b/mobile-attack/intrusion-set/intrusion-set--efed95ba-d7e8-47ff-8c53-99c42426ee7c.json
index 8a44f6f94e..e4c93fe767 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320.json
index 4d8830cf18..383895f1cd 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--037f44f0-0c07-4c7f-b40e-0325b5b228a9.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--037f44f0-0c07-4c7f-b40e-0325b5b228a9.json
index 512eb15545..91099187a4 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--05c4f87c-be8f-46ea-8d9a-2a0aad8f52c1.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--05c4f87c-be8f-46ea-8d9a-2a0aad8f52c1.json
index b714d4d771..4ba46108c4 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0626c181-93cb-4860-9cb0-dff3b1c13063.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0626c181-93cb-4860-9cb0-dff3b1c13063.json
index cd59b8dc23..8934ca1e12 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--085eb36d-697d-4d9a-bac3-96eb879fe73c.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--085eb36d-697d-4d9a-bac3-96eb879fe73c.json
index b50354efa3..efe27ddeff 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--08784a9d-09e9-4dce-a839-9612398214e8.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--08784a9d-09e9-4dce-a839-9612398214e8.json
index 45a4eaba5c..d686ffc0e5 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--08784a9d-09e9-4dce-a839-9612398214e8.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0b9c5d11-651a-4378-b129-5c584d0242c5.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0b9c5d11-651a-4378-b129-5c584d0242c5.json
index 81c4629dc8..ee60ca787b 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0ec9593f-3221-49b1-b597-37f307c19f13.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--0ec9593f-3221-49b1-b597-37f307c19f13.json
index 0830a37afe..1c849e3e34 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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index 4f6df819aa..97daac29fc 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--15d78a95-af6a-4b06-8dae-76bedb0ec5a1.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--15d78a95-af6a-4b06-8dae-76bedb0ec5a1.json
index 839f43f819..fba8b6863f 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--15d78a95-af6a-4b06-8dae-76bedb0ec5a1.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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index 97419801b6..7889e66ad3 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2074b2ad-612e-4758-adce-7901c1b49bbc.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2074b2ad-612e-4758-adce-7901c1b49bbc.json
index 00106aba26..6ca1aa589c 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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index b392abc9d0..9c5b19f557 100644
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index c4dc647b61..0c5aa16415 100644
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index 32e41ec7b2..c54486897c 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--21b7e0b0-0dea-4ccc-8ad4-8da51fe3a901.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--21b7e0b0-0dea-4ccc-8ad4-8da51fe3a901.json
index d81717b722..29cf45d5ae 100644
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index fbcdc5749f..1667d708ee 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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index 98fa1becf3..47dd64a84f 100644
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index d75c3fc3d4..6d6fc7a342 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--24c8f6db-71e0-41ef-a1dc-83399a5b17e5.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--24c8f6db-71e0-41ef-a1dc-83399a5b17e5.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2740eaf6-2db2-4a40-a63f-f5b166c7059c.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2740eaf6-2db2-4a40-a63f-f5b166c7059c.json
index f655f1b092..efe165d474 100644
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index 5683a8f8ac..44e0c50a47 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--29944858-da52-4d3d-b428-f8a6eb8dde6f.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--29944858-da52-4d3d-b428-f8a6eb8dde6f.json
index 394cda7fb8..8d5d17f23f 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2aec175b-4429-4048-8e09-3ef6cbecfc64.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2aec175b-4429-4048-8e09-3ef6cbecfc64.json
index d4ce702696..9aaabcaf06 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2cf00c5a-857d-4cb6-8f03-82f15bee0f6f.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--2cf00c5a-857d-4cb6-8f03-82f15bee0f6f.json
index c8559cf974..b21561d8e0 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--3049b2f2-e323-4cdb-91cb-13b37b904cbb.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--3049b2f2-e323-4cdb-91cb-13b37b904cbb.json
index c8bb73f66e..f93e3ce3b0 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--317a2c10-d489-431e-b6b2-f0251fddc88e.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--317a2c10-d489-431e-b6b2-f0251fddc88e.json
index 72e62c8a52..1ca8671866 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--326eaf7b-5784-4f08-8fc2-61fd5d5bc5fb.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--326eaf7b-5784-4f08-8fc2-61fd5d5bc5fb.json
index a903252f21..a9e67232a7 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--3271c107-92c4-442e-9506-e76d62230ee8.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--3271c107-92c4-442e-9506-e76d62230ee8.json
index 8e551addf5..086b8fcf62 100644
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index 30e7a60f5c..b1c13cf3fc 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--35aae10a-97c5-471a-9c67-02c231a7a31a.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--35aae10a-97c5-471a-9c67-02c231a7a31a.json
index 0b27126bd9..fcdc102d40 100644
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index 948d3ae771..c5462c0c39 100644
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index 7b43c369cc..a9b6ef0f2c 100644
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index beb07b998b..57e6189294 100644
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index 8311a66fd1..cb9b3152b6 100644
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index 023ccd2e3b..14800d901d 100644
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index f312c408bf..5e00a169ff 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--6447e3a1-ef4d-44b1-99d5-6b1c4888674f.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--6447e3a1-ef4d-44b1-99d5-6b1c4888674f.json
index fdbcf34434..2e5ac34cc4 100644
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index f706beb9d5..c708fef780 100644
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index dbfc7f191c..7c7daa7f5c 100644
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index 95f570ee16..193b6cfb95 100644
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index fd596cd3de..e5b854f1ea 100644
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index 823df47088..fcbd96e68a 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--89c3dbf6-f281-41b7-be1d-a0e641014853.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--89c3dbf6-f281-41b7-be1d-a0e641014853.json
index f84c68a800..90abd1353b 100644
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index e3a19184ab..c11adb8815 100644
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index 8b632c5a35..b2f15b60e9 100644
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index 75191d26e8..a6ae9c513b 100644
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index 008e078e31..34841bac2e 100644
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index 5390267110..c98eefb14e 100644
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index 538d5aec60..652084e5dc 100644
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index 43c1937a73..caa6f19fda 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--a15c9357-2be0-4836-beec-594f28b9b4a9.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--a15c9357-2be0-4836-beec-594f28b9b4a9.json
index ddbf035f8b..6585759d96 100644
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index fc9f3b50a3..90c8ca3b86 100644
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index 9d645cf04f..2ea14262b2 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--aef537ba-10c2-40ed-a57a-80b8508aada4.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--aef537ba-10c2-40ed-a57a-80b8508aada4.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c0efbaae-9e7d-4716-a92d-68373aac7424.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c0efbaae-9e7d-4716-a92d-68373aac7424.json
index 9a02f55188..20633c5ee3 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c19cfc89-5ac6-4d2d-a236-70d2b32e007c.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c19cfc89-5ac6-4d2d-a236-70d2b32e007c.json
index bfe37c8457..86af31e81f 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c41a8b7c-3e42-4eee-b87d-ad8a100ee878.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c41a8b7c-3e42-4eee-b87d-ad8a100ee878.json
index 859d690f78..f0d60fd3ff 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c6a07c89-a24c-4c7e-9e3e-6153cc595e24.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c6a07c89-a24c-4c7e-9e3e-6153cc595e24.json
index 5ff1290157..9e23bfa5fb 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c6abcaf8-1765-41f8-9fe5-03d42fd0f6c0.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c6abcaf8-1765-41f8-9fe5-03d42fd0f6c0.json
index 54b3db7743..0fdca153fd 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c709da93-20c3-4d17-ab68-48cba76b2137.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c709da93-20c3-4d17-ab68-48cba76b2137.json
index 43d972fd76..5883a822ae 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c80a6bef-b3ce-44d0-b113-946e93124898.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c80a6bef-b3ce-44d0-b113-946e93124898.json
index f68f1952aa..025989ffd2 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c8770c81-c29f-40d2-a140-38544206b2b4.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--c8770c81-c29f-40d2-a140-38544206b2b4.json
index 14cf447cf2..02ddd4788a 100644
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index ad47f9c9f1..6ba1a35f3a 100644
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index 15829d5e7a..a622a61600 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ca4f63b9-a358-4214-bb26-8c912318cfde.json
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index 679e67fb23..758956cf15 100644
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index 525e2800cf..e96c94e4fd 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d6e009b7-df5e-447a-bfd2-d5b77374edfe.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--d6e009b7-df5e-447a-bfd2-d5b77374edfe.json
index 0c409dc728..2fab81d8bf 100644
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index 57ab4ce0c1..746b91869d 100644
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index 6f07297db1..94ae42140d 100644
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index 600302beca..243d9d2ab3 100644
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index d42dfddf2c..3f6f698b1a 100644
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index 8f6ee248d3..61446f31c6 100644
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index cb279afb9b..5376eecf0a 100644
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index 6ff2e4d549..a4cb3d0e52 100644
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index f8966d6f25..f1d695b88f 100644
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index fa2a7a7bf5..7986bfbab4 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f79c01eb-2954-40d8-a819-00b342f47ce7.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f79c01eb-2954-40d8-a819-00b342f47ce7.json
index 6740daa98e..7802d603e2 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f7e7b736-2cff-4c2a-9232-352cd383463a.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f7e7b736-2cff-4c2a-9232-352cd383463a.json
index 5b561bd342..f2c8a87c12 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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index 93e8cadebd..9d56d2f366 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f9854ba6-989d-43bf-828b-7240b8a65291.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--f9854ba6-989d-43bf-828b-7240b8a65291.json
index 2ca0a85466..f2f85c27b2 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--fd6d56b2-d84e-4d2a-b37d-d4678d3e08a6.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--fd6d56b2-d84e-4d2a-b37d-d4678d3e08a6.json
index f92f943b00..6792dbbb87 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--feae299d-e34f-4fc9-8545-486d0905bd41.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--feae299d-e34f-4fc9-8545-486d0905bd41.json
index 57749e48ef..2156dc4a4c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ff742eeb-1f90-4f5a-8b92-9d40fffd99ca.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ff742eeb-1f90-4f5a-8b92-9d40fffd99ca.json
index 83f4db6954..41085e20ae 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ff8e0c38-be47-410f-a2d3-a3d24a87c617.json b/mobile-attack/malware/malware--ff8e0c38-be47-410f-a2d3-a3d24a87c617.json
index aeacb86a1c..32ac4eee7a 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/marking-definition/marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168.json b/mobile-attack/marking-definition/marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168.json
index cea751aaea..0cccbd9bc6 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/mobile-attack.json b/mobile-attack/mobile-attack.json
index 8dffe12f86..9c55a512b3 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/mobile-attack.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
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Techniques such as [Evade Analysis Environment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1523) exist that can enable adversaries to bypass vetting.","modified":"2022-04-06T14:47:46.019Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Application Vetting","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-27T20:18:19.004Z","name":"Application Developer Guidance","description":"This mitigation describes any guidance or training given to developers of applications to avoid introducing security weaknesses that an adversary may be able to take advantage 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(2016, June 14). Apple will require HTTPS connections for iOS apps by the end of 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/14/apple-will-require-https-connections-for-ios-apps-by-the-end-of-2016/"},{"source_name":"Android-NetworkSecurityConfig","description":"Google. (n.d.). Network Security Configuration. Retrieved December 19, 2016.","url":"https://developer.android.com/training/articles/security-config.html"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","name":"Encrypt Network Traffic","description":"Application developers should encrypt all of their application network traffic using the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol to ensure protection of sensitive data and deter network-based attacks. If desired, application developers could perform message-based encryption of data before passing it for TLS encryption.\n\niOS's App Transport Security feature can be used to help ensure that all application network traffic is appropriately protected. Apple intends to mandate use of App Transport Security  (Citation: TechCrunch-ATS) for all apps in the Apple App Store unless appropriate justification is given.\n\nAndroid's Network Security Configuration feature similarly can be used by app developers to help ensure that all of their application network traffic is appropriately protected  (Citation: Android-NetworkSecurityConfig).\n\nUse of Virtual Private Network (VPN) tunnels, e.g. using the IPsec protocol, can help mitigate some types of network attacks as well.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"course-of-action--8ccd428d-39da-4e8f-a55b-d48ea1d56e58","type":"course-of-action","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:49.554Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1003","external_id":"M1003"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","name":"Lock Bootloader","description":"On devices that provide the capability to unlock the bootloader (hence allowing any operating system code to be flashed onto the device), perform periodic checks to ensure that the bootloader is locked.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"course-of-action--bcecd036-f40e-4916-9f8e-fd0ccf0ece8d","type":"course-of-action","created":"2019-10-18T12:51:36.488Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"M1001","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1001"}],"modified":"2019-10-18T14:56:15.631Z","name":"Security Updates","description":"Install security updates in response to discovered vulnerabilities.\n\nPurchase devices with a vendor and/or mobile carrier commitment to provide security updates in a prompt manner for a set period of time.\n\nDecommission devices that will no longer receive security updates.\n\nLimit or block access to enterprise resources from devices that have not installed recent security updates.\n\nOn Android devices, access can be controlled based on each device's security patch level. On iOS devices, access can be controlled based on the iOS version.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"course-of-action--cf2cccb1-cab8-431a-8ecf-f7874d05f433","type":"course-of-action","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:52.601Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1010","external_id":"M1010"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","name":"Deploy Compromised Device Detection Method","description":"A variety of methods exist that can be used to enable enterprises to identify compromised (e.g. rooted/jailbroken) devices, whether using security mechanisms built directly into the device, third-party mobile security applications, enterprise mobility management (EMM)/mobile device management (MDM) capabilities, or other methods. Some methods may be trivial to evade while others may be more sophisticated.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-15T15:06:03.428Z","name":"Interconnection Filtering","description":"In order to mitigate Signaling System 7 (SS7) exploitation, the Communications, Security, Reliability, and Interoperability Council (CSRIC) describes filtering interconnections between network operators to block inappropriate requests (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport).","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"course-of-action","id":"course-of-action--e829ee51-1caf-4665-ba15-7f8979634124","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:50.181Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1014","external_id":"M1014"},{"source_name":"CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport","description":"Communications Security, Reliability, Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (2017, March). Working Group 10 Legacy Systems Risk Reductions Final Report. 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Applications that do request Device Administrator access should be carefully scrutinized and only allowed to be used if a valid reason exists.","modified":"2022-04-06T14:47:19.714Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Caution with Device Administrator Access","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"course-of-action--ff4821f6-5afb-481b-8c0f-26c28c0d666c","type":"course-of-action","created":"2019-10-18T12:50:35.335Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"M1002","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1002"}],"modified":"2019-10-18T14:52:53.019Z","name":"Attestation","description":"Enable remote attestation capabilities when available (such as Android SafetyNet or Samsung Knox TIMA Attestation) and prohibit devices that fail the attestation from accessing enterprise resources.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["CarbonSteal"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--007ebf84-4e14-44c7-a5aa-151d5de85320","type":"malware","created":"2020-11-10T16:50:38.917Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0529","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529"},{"source_name":"Lookout Uyghur Campaign","url":"https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf","description":"A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020."}],"modified":"2021-09-20T13:54:19.819Z","name":"CarbonSteal","description":"[CarbonSteal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529) is one of a family of four surveillanceware tools that share a common C2 infrastructure. [CarbonSteal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0529) primarily deals with audio surveillance. (Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)","x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_contributors":["Aviran Hazum, Check Point","Sergey Persikov, Check Point"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Cerberus"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--037f44f0-0c07-4c7f-b40e-0325b5b228a9","type":"malware","created":"2020-06-26T15:32:24.569Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0480","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0480"},{"source_name":"Threat Fabric Cerberus","url":"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html","description":"Threat Fabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. 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The iOS malware known as [Tangelo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0329) is believed to be from the same developer. (Citation: Lookout-StealthMango)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.3","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["Stealth Mango"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--085eb36d-697d-4d9a-bac3-96eb879fe73c","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0328","external_id":"S0328"},{"source_name":"Stealth Mango","description":"(Citation: Lookout-StealthMango)"},{"source_name":"Lookout-StealthMango","description":"Lookout. (n.d.). Stealth Mango & Tangelo. 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New Wormable Android Malware Spreads by Creating Auto-Replies to Messages in WhatsApp. Retrieved January 26, 2024.","url":"https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/new-wormable-android-malware-spreads-by-creating-auto-replies-to-messages-in-whatsapp/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-04-21T18:53:30.817Z","name":"Bread","description":"[Bread](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0432) was a large-scale billing fraud malware family known for employing many different cloaking and obfuscation techniques in an attempt to continuously evade Google Play Store’s malware detection. 1,700 unique Bread apps were detected and removed from the Google Play Store before being downloaded by users.(Citation: Google Bread)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_contributors":["Sergey Persikov, Check Point","Jonathan Shimonovich, Check Point","Aviran Hazum, Check Point"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Bread","Joker"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--108b2817-bc01-404e-8e1b-8cdeec846326","created":"2020-05-04T14:04:55.823Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0432","external_id":"S0432"},{"source_name":"Joker","description":"(Citation: Google Bread)"},{"source_name":"Google Bread","description":"A. Guertin, V. Kotov, Android Security & Privacy Team. (2020, January 9). PHA Family Highlights: Bread (and Friends) . Retrieved April 27, 2020.","url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2020/01/pha-family-highlights-bread-and-friends.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-10-07T21:29:43.845Z","name":"Hornbill","description":"[Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) is one of two mobile malware families known to be used by the APT [Confucius](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0142). Analysis suggests that [Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) was first active in early 2018. While [Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) and [Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) overlap in core capabilities, [Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) has tools and behaviors suggesting more passive reconnaissance.(Citation: lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["Hornbill"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--15d78a95-af6a-4b06-8dae-76bedb0ec5a1","created":"2023-06-09T19:07:18.101Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077","external_id":"S1077"},{"source_name":"lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221","description":"Apurva Kumar, Kristin Del Rosso. (2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. Retrieved June 9, 2023.","url":"https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-novel-confucius-apt-android-spyware-linked-to-india-pakistan-conflict"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Judy","description":"[Judy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0325) is auto-clicking adware that was distributed through multiple apps in the Google Play Store. (Citation: CheckPoint-Judy)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","type":"malware","id":"malware--172444ab-97fc-4d94-b142-179452bfb760","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0325","external_id":"S0325"},{"source_name":"Judy","description":"(Citation: CheckPoint-Judy)"},{"source_name":"CheckPoint-Judy","description":"CheckPoint. (2017, May 25). The Judy Malware: Possibly the largest malware campaign found on Google Play. Retrieved September 18, 2018.","url":"https://blog.checkpoint.com/2017/05/25/judy-malware-possibly-largest-malware-campaign-found-google-play/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"OldBoot","description":"[OldBoot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0285) is an Android malware family. (Citation: HackerNews-OldBoot)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","type":"malware","id":"malware--2074b2ad-612e-4758-adce-7901c1b49bbc","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:45.155Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0285","external_id":"S0285"},{"source_name":"OldBoot","description":"(Citation: HackerNews-OldBoot)"},{"source_name":"HackerNews-OldBoot","description":"Sudhir K Bansal. (2014, January 28). First widely distributed Android bootkit Malware infects more than 350,000 Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"http://thehackernews.com/2014/01/first-widely-distributed-android.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Gooligan","description":"[Gooligan](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0290) is a malware family that runs privilege escalation exploits on Android devices and then uses its escalated privileges to steal authentication tokens that can be used to access data from many Google applications. [Gooligan](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0290) has been described as part of the Ghost Push Android malware family. (Citation: Gooligan Citation) (Citation: Ludwig-GhostPush) (Citation: Lookout-Gooligan)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["Gooligan","Ghost Push"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--20d56cd6-8dff-4871-9889-d32d254816de","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:43.242Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0290","external_id":"S0290"},{"source_name":"Gooligan","description":"(Citation: Gooligan Citation) (Citation: Ludwig-GhostPush) (Citation: Lookout-Gooligan)"},{"source_name":"Ghost Push","description":"Gooligan has been described as being part of the Ghost Push Android malware family. (Citation: Ludwig-GhostPush) (Citation: Lookout-Gooligan)"},{"source_name":"Gooligan Citation","description":"Check Point Research Team. (2016, November 30). More Than 1 Million Google Accounts Breached by Gooligan. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"http://blog.checkpoint.com/2016/11/30/1-million-google-accounts-breached-gooligan/"},{"source_name":"Ludwig-GhostPush","description":"Adrian Ludwig. (2016, November 29). The fight against Ghost Push continues. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"https://plus.google.com/+AdrianLudwig/posts/GXzJ8vaAFsi"},{"source_name":"Lookout-Gooligan","description":"Lookout. (2016, December 1). Ghost Push and Gooligan: One and the same. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2016/12/01/ghost-push-gooligan/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"SpyNote RAT","description":"[SpyNote RAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0305) (Remote Access Trojan) is a family of malicious Android apps. The [SpyNote RAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0305) builder tool can be used to develop malicious apps with the malware's functionality. (Citation: Zscaler-SpyNote)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["SpyNote RAT"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--20dbaf05-59b8-4dc6-8777-0b17f4553a23","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:45.794Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0305","external_id":"S0305"},{"source_name":"SpyNote RAT","description":"(Citation: Zscaler-SpyNote)"},{"source_name":"Zscaler-SpyNote","description":"Shivang Desai. (2017, January 23). SpyNote RAT posing as Netflix app. Retrieved January 26, 2017.","url":"https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/research/spynote-rat-posing-netflix-app"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_contributors":["Ohad Mana, Check Point","Aviran Hazum, Check Point","Sergey Persikov, Check Point"],"x_mitre_aliases":["TrickMo"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--21170624-89db-4e99-bf27-58d26be07c3a","type":"malware","created":"2020-04-24T17:46:31.111Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0427","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427"},{"source_name":"SecurityIntelligence TrickMo","url":"https://securityintelligence.com/posts/trickbot-pushing-a-2fa-bypass-app-to-bank-customers-in-germany/","description":"P. Asinovsky. (2020, March 24). TrickBot Pushing a 2FA Bypass App to Bank Customers in Germany. Retrieved April 24, 2020."}],"modified":"2020-09-11T15:57:37.561Z","name":"TrickMo","description":"[TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) a 2FA bypass mobile banking trojan, most likely being distributed by [TrickBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266). [TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) has been primarily targeting users located in Germany.(Citation: SecurityIntelligence TrickMo)\n\n[TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) is designed to steal transaction authorization numbers (TANs), which are typically used as one-time passwords.(Citation: SecurityIntelligence TrickMo) ","x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["INSOMNIA"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--21b7e0b0-0dea-4ccc-8ad4-8da51fe3a901","type":"malware","created":"2020-06-02T14:32:31.461Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0463","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0463"},{"source_name":"Volexity Insomnia","url":"https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/04/21/evil-eye-threat-actor-resurfaces-with-ios-exploit-and-updated-implant/","description":"A. Case, D. Lassalle, M. Meltzer, S. Koessel, et al.. (2020, April 21). Evil Eye Threat Actor Resurfaces with iOS Exploit and Updated Implant. 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Believed to have been first active in January 2023, [Chameleon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1083) has been observed targeting users in Australia and Poland by masquerading as official apps.(Citation: cyble_chameleon_0423)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Yasuhito Kawanishi, NEC Corporation","Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India","Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Chameleon"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--2cf00c5a-857d-4cb6-8f03-82f15bee0f6f","created":"2023-08-16T16:30:44.598Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1083","external_id":"S1083"},{"source_name":"cyble_chameleon_0423","description":"Cyble Research & Intelligence Labs. (2023, April 13). Banking Trojan targeting mobile users in Australia and Poland. Retrieved August 16, 2023.","url":"https://cyble.com/blog/chameleon-a-new-android-malware-spotted-in-the-wild/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Exodus","Exodus One","Exodus Two"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--3049b2f2-e323-4cdb-91cb-13b37b904cbb","type":"malware","created":"2019-09-03T19:45:47.826Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0405","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0405"},{"source_name":"Exodus One","description":"(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019)"},{"source_name":"Exodus Two","description":"(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019)"},{"source_name":"SWB Exodus March 2019","url":"https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html","description":"Security Without Borders. 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The RAT was available for purchase for $300 and came bundled with a utility to inject the RAT into legitimate applications.(Citation: Lookout-Dendroid)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"2.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["Dendroid"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--317a2c10-d489-431e-b6b2-f0251fddc88e","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:37.438Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0301","external_id":"S0301"},{"source_name":"Dendroid","description":"(Citation: Lookout-Dendroid)"},{"source_name":"Lookout-Dendroid","description":"Marc Rogers. (2014, March 6). Dendroid malware can take over your camera, record audio, and sneak into Google Play. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2014/03/06/dendroid/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"WireLurker","description":"[WireLurker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0312) is a family of macOS malware that targets iOS devices connected over USB. (Citation: PaloAlto-WireLurker)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","type":"malware","id":"malware--326eaf7b-5784-4f08-8fc2-61fd5d5bc5fb","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:37.020Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0312","external_id":"S0312"},{"source_name":"WireLurker","description":"Claud Xiao. (n.d.). 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Retrieved January 24, 2017.","url":"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2014/11/wirelurker-new-era-os-x-ios-malware/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Desert Scorpion"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--3271c107-92c4-442e-9506-e76d62230ee8","type":"malware","created":"2020-09-11T14:54:16.188Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0505","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0505"},{"source_name":"Lookout Desert Scorpion","url":"https://blog.lookout.com/desert-scorpion-google-play","description":"A. Blaich, M. Flossman. (2018, April 16). Lookout finds new surveillanceware in Google Play with ties to known threat actor targeting the Middle East. 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It has been advertised and sold to target high-value victims.(Citation: Lookout-Pegasus)(Citation: PegasusCitizenLab) The Android version is tracked separately under [Pegasus for Android](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0316).","x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_aliases":["Pegasus for iOS"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--33d9d91d-aad9-49d5-a516-220ce101ac8a","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:44.238Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0289","external_id":"S0289"},{"source_name":"Pegasus for iOS","description":"(Citation: Lookout-Pegasus) (Citation: PegasusCitizenLab)"},{"source_name":"PegasusCitizenLab","description":"Bill Marczak and John Scott-Railton. (2016, August 24). The Million Dollar Dissident: NSO Group’s iPhone Zero-Days used against a UAE Human Rights Defender. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"https://citizenlab.ca/2016/08/million-dollar-dissident-iphone-zero-day-nso-group-uae/"},{"source_name":"Lookout-Pegasus","description":"Lookout. (2016). Technical Analysis of Pegasus Spyware. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/lookout-pegasus-technical-analysis.pdf"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Tangelo","description":"[Tangelo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0329) is iOS malware that is believed to be from the same developers as the [Stealth Mango](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0328) Android malware. 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It has capabilities to intercept calls to banking institutions and even maintain realistic dialogues with the victim using pre-recorded audio snippets.(Citation: kaspersky_fakecalls_0422) ","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India","Hiroki Nagahama, NEC Corporation","Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Fakecalls"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--429e1526-6293-495b-8808-af7f9a66c4be","created":"2023-07-21T19:49:44.577Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1080","external_id":"S1080"},{"source_name":"kaspersky_fakecalls_0422","description":"Igor Golovin. (2022, April 11). Fakecalls: a talking Trojan. 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[S.O.V.A.](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1062), which is Russian for \"owl\", contains features not commonly found in Android malware, such as session cookie theft.(Citation: threatfabric_sova_0921)(Citation: cleafy_sova_1122)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["S.O.V.A."],"type":"malware","id":"malware--4b53eb01-57d7-47b4-b078-22766b002b36","created":"2023-02-06T19:34:43.026Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1062","external_id":"S1062"},{"source_name":"cleafy_sova_1122","description":"Francesco Lubatti, Federico Valentini. (2022, November 8). SOVA malware is back and is evolving rapidly. 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Retrieved February 6, 2017.","url":"http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/android-malware-uses-blog-posts-as-cc/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"DualToy","description":"[DualToy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0315) is Windows malware that installs malicious applications onto Android and iOS devices connected over USB. (Citation: PaloAlto-DualToy)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","type":"malware","id":"malware--507fe748-5e4a-4b45-9e9f-8b1115f4e878","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:41.721Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0315","external_id":"S0315"},{"source_name":"DualToy","description":"(Citation: PaloAlto-DualToy)"},{"source_name":"PaloAlto-DualToy","description":"Claud Xiao. (2016, September 13). DualToy: New Windows Trojan Sideloads Risky Apps to Android and iOS Devices. Retrieved January 24, 2017.","url":"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/dualtoy-new-windows-trojan-sideloads-risky-apps-to-android-and-ios-devices/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Mandrake","oxide","briar","ricinus","darkmatter"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--52c994fa-b6c8-45a8-9586-a4275cf19307","type":"malware","created":"2020-07-15T20:20:58.846Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0485","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485"},{"source_name":"oxide","description":"(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)"},{"source_name":"briar","description":"(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)"},{"source_name":"ricinus","description":"(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)"},{"source_name":"darkmatter","description":"(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)"},{"source_name":"Bitdefender Mandrake","url":"https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/329/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-Mandrake-creat4464-en-EN-interactive.pdf","description":"R. Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020."}],"modified":"2020-09-11T15:52:12.097Z","name":"Mandrake","description":"[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) is a sophisticated Android espionage platform that has been active in the wild since at least 2016. [Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) is very actively maintained, with sophisticated features and attacks that are executed with surgical precision.\n\n[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) has gone undetected for several years by providing legitimate, ad-free applications with social media and real reviews to back the apps. The malware is only activated when the operators issue a specific command.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-04-10T21:58:07.962Z","name":"HilalRAT","description":"[HilalRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1128) is a remote access-capable Android malware, developed and used by [UNC788](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1029).(Citation: Meta Adversarial Threat Report 2022)   [HilalRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1128) is capable of collecting data, such as device location, call logs, etc., and is capable of executing actions, such as activating a device's camera and microphone.(Citation: Meta Adversarial Threat Report 2022)  ","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Denise Tan"],"x_mitre_aliases":["HilalRAT"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--55714f87-6178-4b89-b3e5-d3a643f647ca","created":"2024-04-02T19:01:36.303Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1128","external_id":"S1128"},{"source_name":"Meta Adversarial Threat Report 2022","description":"Agranovich, D., et al. (2022, April). Adversarial Threat Report. Retrieved April 2, 2024.","url":"https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Meta-Quarterly-Adversarial-Threat-Report_Q1-2022.pdf"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"X-Agent for Android","description":"[X-Agent for Android](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0314) is Android malware that was placed in a repackaged version of a Ukrainian artillery targeting application. The malware reportedly retrieved general location data on where the victim device was used, and therefore could likely indicate the potential location of Ukrainian artillery. 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According to several reports, [Phenakite](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1126) was developed to fill a tooling gap and to target those who owned iPhones instead of Windows desktops or Android phones.(Citation: sentinelone_israel_hamas_war)(Citation: fb_arid_viper)","x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Sittikorn Sangrattanapitak"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Phenakite"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--f97e2718-af50-41df-811f-215ebab45691","created":"2024-03-26T18:47:29.820Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1126","external_id":"S1126"},{"source_name":"fb_arid_viper","description":"Flossman, M., Scott, M. (2021, April). Technical Paper // Taking Action Against Arid Viper. 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[TianySpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1056) is believed to have targeted credentials associated with membership websites of major Japanese telecommunication services.(Citation: trendmicro_tianyspy_0122)  ","x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["TianySpy"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--fd6d56b2-d84e-4d2a-b37d-d4678d3e08a6","created":"2023-01-19T18:05:30.924Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1056","external_id":"S1056"},{"source_name":"trendmicro_tianyspy_0122","description":"Trend Micro. (2022, January 25). TianySpy Malware Uses Smishing Disguised as Message From Telco. Retrieved January 11, 2023.","url":"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/22/a/tianyspy-malware-uses-smishing-disguised-as-message-from-telco.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-10-07T21:33:03.773Z","name":"Sunbird","description":"[Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) is one of two mobile malware families known to be used by the APT [Confucius](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0142).  Analysis suggests that [Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) was first active in early 2017. While [Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) and [Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) overlap in core capabilities, [Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) has a more extensive set of malicious features.(Citation: lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["Sunbird"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--feae299d-e34f-4fc9-8545-486d0905bd41","created":"2023-08-04T18:27:24.614Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082","external_id":"S1082"},{"source_name":"lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221","description":"Apurva Kumar, Kristin Del Rosso. (2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. 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Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/dresscode-potential-impact-enterprises/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Gustuff"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--ff8e0c38-be47-410f-a2d3-a3d24a87c617","type":"malware","created":"2019-09-03T20:08:00.241Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0406","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0406"},{"source_name":"Talos Gustuff Apr 2019","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/gustuff-targets-australia.html","description":"Vitor Ventura. (2019, April 9).  Gustuff banking botnet targets Australia . 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Deep Technical Analysis of the Spyware FlexiSpy for Android. Retrieved September 10, 2019.","url":"https://d3gpjj9d20n0p3.cloudfront.net/fortiguard/research/Dig%20Deep%20into%20FlexiSpy%20for%20Android%28white%20paper%29_KaiLu.pdf","source_name":"FortiGuard-FlexiSpy"},{"source_name":"CyberMerchants-FlexiSpy","url":"http://www.cybermerchantsofdeath.com/blog/2017/04/22/FlexiSpy.html","description":"Actis B. (2017, April 22). FlexSpy Application Analysis. Retrieved September 4, 2019."},{"source_name":"FlexiSpy-Website","url":"https://www.flexispy.com/","description":"FlexiSpy. (n.d.). FlexiSpy. Retrieved September 4, 2019."}],"modified":"2019-10-14T18:08:28.349Z","name":"FlexiSpy","description":"[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) is sophisticated surveillanceware for iOS and Android. Publicly-available, comprehensive analysis has only been found for the Android version.(Citation: FortiGuard-FlexiSpy)(Citation: CyberMerchants-FlexiSpy)\n\n[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) markets itself as a parental control and employee monitoring application.(Citation: FlexiSpy-Website)","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Xbot","description":"[Xbot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0298) is an Android malware family that was observed in 2016 primarily targeting Android users in Russia and Australia. (Citation: PaloAlto-Xbot)","labels":["tool"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","type":"tool","id":"tool--da21929e-40c0-443d-bdf4-6b60d15448b4","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:48.609Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0298","external_id":"S0298"},{"source_name":"Xbot","description":"(Citation: PaloAlto-Xbot)"},{"source_name":"PaloAlto-Xbot","description":"Cong Zheng, Claud Xiao and Zhi Xu. (2016, February 18). New Android Trojan “Xbot” Phishes Credit Cards and Bank Accounts, Encrypts Devices for Ransom. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/new-android-trojan-xbot-phishes-credit-cards-and-bank-accounts-encrypts-devices-for-ransom/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--0a93fd8e-4a83-4c15-8203-db290e5f2ac6","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0027","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0027","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:02:36.744Z","name":"Initial Access","description":"The adversary is trying to get into your device.\n\nThe initial access tactic represents the vectors adversaries use to gain an initial foothold onto a mobile device.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"initial-access"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--10fa8d8d-1b04-4176-917e-738724239981","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0036","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0036","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:06:42.009Z","name":"Exfiltration","description":"The adversary is trying to steal data.\n\nExfiltration refers to techniques and attributes that result or aid in the adversary removing files and information from the targeted mobile device.\n\nIn the mobile environment, mobile devices are frequently connected to networks outside enterprise control such as cellular networks or public Wi-Fi networks. Adversaries could attempt to evade detection by communicating on these networks, and potentially even by using non-Internet Protocol mechanisms such as Short Message Service (SMS). However, cellular networks often have data caps and/or extra data charges that could increase the potential for adversarial communication to be detected.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"exfiltration"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--363bbeff-bb2a-4734-ac74-d6d37202fe54","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0028","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0028","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:03:15.455Z","name":"Persistence","description":" The adversary is trying to maintain their foothold.\n\nPersistence is any access, action, or configuration change to a mobile device that gives an attacker a persistent presence on the device. Attackers often will need to maintain access to mobile devices through interruptions such as device reboots and potentially even factory data resets.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"persistence"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--3e962de5-3280-43b7-bc10-334fbc1d6fa8","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0029","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0029","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:03:49.343Z","name":"Privilege Escalation","description":" The adversary is trying to gain higher-level permissions.\n\nPrivilege escalation includes techniques that allow an attacker to obtain a higher level of permissions on the mobile device. Attackers may enter the mobile device with very limited privileges and may be required to take advantage of a device weakness to obtain higher privileges necessary to successfully carry out their mission objectives.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"privilege-escalation"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--3f660805-fa2e-42e8-8851-57f9e9b653e3","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0037","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0037","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:06:59.132Z","name":"Command and Control","description":"The adversary is trying to communicate with compromised devices to control them.\n\nThe command and control tactic represents how adversaries communicate with systems under their control within a target network. There are many ways an adversary can establish command and control with various levels of covertness, depending on system configuration and network topology. Due to the wide degree of variation available to the adversary at the network level, only the most common factors were used to describe the differences in command and control. There are still a great many specific techniques within the documented methods, largely due to how easy it is to define new protocols and use existing, legitimate protocols and network services for communication. \n\nThe resulting breakdown should help convey the concept that detecting intrusion through command and control protocols without prior knowledge is a difficult proposition over the long term. Adversaries' main constraints in network-level defense avoidance are testing and deployment of tools to rapidly change their protocols, awareness of existing defensive technologies, and access to legitimate Web services that, when used appropriately, make their tools difficult to distinguish from benign traffic.\n\nAdditionally, in the mobile environment, mobile devices are frequently connected to networks outside enterprise control such as cellular networks or public Wi-Fi networks. Adversaries could attempt to evade detection by communicating on these networks, and potentially even by using non-Internet Protocol mechanisms such as Short Message Service (SMS). However, cellular networks often have data caps and/or extra data charges that could increase the potential for adversarial communication to be detected.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"command-and-control"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--4a800987-a3a8-4d56-a1bd-0d7171431756","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2020-01-27T14:00:49.089Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0041","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0041"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:00:49.089Z","name":"Execution","description":"The adversary is trying to run malicious code.\n\nExecution consists of techniques that result in adversary-controlled code running on a mobile device. Techniques that run malicious code are often paired with techniques from all other tactics to achieve broader goals, like exploring a network or stealing data.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"execution"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--6ebce653-294a-444a-bffb-14c04c8d137e","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0034","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0034","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T16:09:15.308Z","name":"Impact","description":"The adversary is trying to manipulate, interrupt, or destroy your devices and data.\n\nThe impact tactic consists of techniques used by the adversary to execute his or her mission objectives but that do not cleanly fit into another category such as Collection. Mission objectives vary based on each adversary's goals, but examples include toll fraud, destruction of device data, or locking the user out of his or her device until a ransom is paid.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"impact"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--6fcb36b8-3776-483b-8699-42215714fb10","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0031","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0031","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:05:02.718Z","name":"Credential Access","description":"The adversary is trying to steal account names, passwords, or other secrets that enable access to resources.\n\nCredential access represents techniques that can be used by adversaries to obtain access to or control over passwords, tokens, cryptographic keys, or other values that could be used by an adversary to gain unauthorized access to resources. Credential access allows the adversary to assume the identity of an account, with all of that account's permissions on the system and network, and makes it harder for defenders to detect the adversary. With sufficient access within a network, an adversary can create accounts for later use within the environment.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"credential-access"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--7a0d25d3-f0c0-40bf-bf90-c743871b19ba","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0035","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0035","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:06:10.915Z","name":"Collection","description":"The adversary is trying to gather data of interest to their goal.\n\nCollection consists of techniques used to identify and gather information, such as sensitive files, from a target network prior to exfiltration. This category also covers locations on a system or network where the adversary may look for information to exfiltrate.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"collection"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--7be441c2-0095-4b1e-8125-fa8ffda29b0f","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0033","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0033","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:05:37.854Z","name":"Lateral Movement","description":"The adversary is trying to move through your environment.\n\nLateral movement consists of techniques that enable an adversary to access and control remote systems on a network and could, but does not necessarily, include execution of tools on remote systems. The lateral movement techniques could allow an adversary to gather information from a system without needing additional tools, such as a remote access tool.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"lateral-movement"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--987cda6d-eb77-406b-bf68-bcb5f3d2e1df","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0030","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0030","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:04:46.497Z","name":"Defense Evasion","description":" The adversary is trying to avoid being detected.\n\nDefense evasion consists of techniques an adversary may use to evade detection or avoid other defenses. Sometimes these actions are the same as or variations of techniques in other categories that have the added benefit of subverting a particular defense or mitigation. Defense evasion may be considered a set of attributes the adversary applies to all other phases of the operation.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"defense-evasion"},{"modified":"2022-11-07T21:01:17.781Z","name":"Network Effects","description":"The adversary is trying to intercept or manipulate network traffic to or from a device.\n\nThis category refers to network-based techniques that an adversary may be able to use to fulfill his or her objectives without access to the mobile device itself. These include techniques to intercept or manipulate network traffic to and from the mobile device.","x_mitre_deprecated":true,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_shortname":"network-effects","type":"x-mitre-tactic","id":"x-mitre-tactic--9eb4c21e-4fa8-44c9-b167-dbfc455f9210","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0038","external_id":"TA0038"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.0.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--d418cdeb-1b9f-4a6b-a15d-2f89f549f8c1","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0032","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0032","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T16:09:00.466Z","name":"Discovery","description":"The adversary is trying to figure out your environment.\n\nDiscovery consists of techniques that allow the adversary to gain knowledge about the characteristics of the mobile device and potentially other networked systems. When adversaries gain access to a new system, they must orient themselves to what they now have control of and what benefits operating from that system give to their current objective or overall goals during the intrusion. The operating system may provide capabilities that aid in this post-compromise information-gathering phase.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"discovery"},{"modified":"2022-11-07T21:01:36.112Z","name":"Remote Service Effects","description":"The adversary is trying to control or monitor the device using remote services.\n\nThis category refers to techniques involving remote services, such as vendor-provided cloud services (e.g. Google Drive, Google Find My Device, or Apple iCloud), or enterprise mobility management (EMM)/mobile device management (MDM) services that an adversary may be able to use to fulfill his or her objectives without access to the mobile device itself.","x_mitre_deprecated":true,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_shortname":"remote-service-effects","type":"x-mitre-tactic","id":"x-mitre-tactic--e78d7d60-41b5-49b7-b0a9-5c5d4cbabe17","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0039","external_id":"TA0039"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.0.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Scheduled Task/Job","description":"Adversaries may abuse task scheduling functionality to facilitate initial or recurring execution of malicious code. On Android and iOS, APIs and libraries exist to facilitate scheduling tasks to execute at a specified date, time, or interval.\n\nOn Android, the `WorkManager` API allows asynchronous tasks to be scheduled with the system. `WorkManager` was introduced to unify task scheduling on Android, using `JobScheduler`, `GcmNetworkManager`, and `AlarmManager` internally. `WorkManager` offers a lot of flexibility for scheduling, including periodically, one time, or constraint-based (e.g. only when the device is charging).(Citation: Android WorkManager)\n\nOn iOS, the `NSBackgroundActivityScheduler` API allows asynchronous tasks to be scheduled with the system. The tasks can be scheduled to be repeating or non-repeating, however, the system chooses when the tasks will be executed. The app can choose the interval for repeating tasks, or the delay between scheduling and execution for one-time tasks.(Citation: Apple NSBackgroundActivityScheduler)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_detection":"Scheduling tasks/jobs can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Lorin Wu, Trend Micro"],"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--00290ac5-551e-44aa-bbd8-c4b913488a6d","created":"2020-11-04T16:43:31.619Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1603","external_id":"T1603"},{"source_name":"Android WorkManager","description":"Google. (n.d.). Schedule tasks with WorkManager. Retrieved November 4, 2020.","url":"https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/workmanager"},{"source_name":"Apple NSBackgroundActivityScheduler","description":"Apple. (n.d.). NSBackgroundActivityScheduler. Retrieved November 4, 2020.","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nsbackgroundactivityscheduler"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--039bc59c-ecc7-4997-b2b4-4ab728bd91aa","created":"2019-10-30T15:37:55.029Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1540","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1540"},{"source_name":"Fadeev Code Injection Aug 2018","url":"https://fadeevab.com/shared-library-injection-on-android-8/","description":"Alexandr Fadeev. (2018, August 26). Shared Library Injection on Android 8.0. Retrieved October 30, 2019."},{"source_name":"Google Triada June 2019","url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2019/06/pha-family-highlights-triada.html","description":"Lukasz Siewierski. (2019, June 6). PHA Family Highlights: Triada. Retrieved July 16, 2019."},{"source_name":"Shunix Code Injection Mar 2016","url":"https://shunix.com/shared-library-injection-in-android/","description":"Shunix . (2016, March 22). Shared Library Injection in Android. Retrieved October 30, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may use code injection attacks to implant arbitrary code into the address space of a running application. Code is then executed or interpreted by that application. Adversaries utilizing this technique may exploit capabilities to load code in at runtime through dynamic libraries.\n\nWith root access, `ptrace` can be used to target specific applications and load shared libraries into its process memory.(Citation: Shunix Code Injection Mar 2016)(Citation: Fadeev Code Injection Aug 2018) By injecting code, an adversary may be able to gain access to higher permissions held by the targeted application by executing as the targeted application. In addition, the adversary may be able to evade detection or enable persistent access to a system under the guise of the application’s process.(Citation: Google Triada June 2019)\n","modified":"2022-03-30T19:14:20.369Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Code Injection","x_mitre_detection":"Code injection can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-02-07T18:10:46.887Z","name":"Adversary-in-the-Middle","description":"Adversaries may attempt to position themselves between two or more networked devices to support follow-on behaviors such as [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002) or [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1642).  \n\n \n\n[Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1638) can be achieved through several mechanisms. For example, a malicious application may register itself as a VPN client, effectively redirecting device traffic to adversary-owned resources. Registering as a VPN client requires user consent on both Android and iOS; additionally, a special entitlement granted by Apple is needed for iOS devices. Alternatively, a malicious application with escalation privileges may utilize those privileges to gain access to network traffic.   \n\n\n Specific to Android devices, adversary-in-the-disk is a type of AiTM attack where adversaries monitor and manipulate data that is exchanged between applications and external storage.(Citation: mitd_kaspersky)(Citation: mitd_checkpoint)(Citation: mitd_checkpoint_research) To accomplish this, a malicious application firsts requests for access to multimedia files on the device (`READ_EXTERNAL STORAGE` and `WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE`), then the application reads data on the device and/or writes malware to the device. Though the request for access is common, when used maliciously, adversaries may access files and other sensitive data due to abusing the permission. Multiple applications were shown to be vulnerable against this attack; however, scrutiny of permissions and input validations may mitigate this attack.    \n\nOutside of a mobile device, adversaries may be able to capture traffic by employing a rogue base station or Wi-Fi access point. These devices will allow adversaries to capture network traffic after it has left the device, while it is flowing to its destination. On a local network, enterprise techniques could be used, such as [ARP Cache Poisoning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/002) or [DHCP Spoofing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/003).  \n\n \n\nIf applications properly encrypt their network traffic, sensitive data may not be accessible to adversaries, depending on the point of capture. For example, properly implementing Apple’s Application Transport Security (ATS) and Android’s Network Security Configuration (NSC) may prevent sensitive data leaks.(Citation: NSC_Android)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services should look for applications that request VPN access. These applications should be heavily scrutinized since VPN functionality is not very common. Mobile security products can potentially detect rogue Wi-Fi access points if the adversary is attempting to decrypt traffic using an untrusted SSL certificate. \n\n \n\nOn both Android and iOS, users must grant consent to an application to act as a VPN. Both platforms also provide visual context to the user in the top status bar when a VPN connection is active. Users can see registered VPN services in the device settings. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--08e22979-d320-48ed-8711-e7bf94aabb13","created":"2022-04-05T20:11:08.894Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1638","external_id":"T1638"},{"source_name":"mitd_checkpoint","description":"Check Point Research Team. (2018, August 12). Man-in-the-Disk: A New Attack Surface for Android Apps. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","url":"https://blog.checkpoint.com/security/man-in-the-disk-a-new-attack-surface-for-android-apps/"},{"source_name":"mitd_kaspersky","description":"Drozhzhin, A. (2018, August 27). Man-in-the-Disk: A new and dangerous way to hack Android. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","url":"https://usa.kaspersky.com/blog/man-in-the-disk/16089/"},{"source_name":"NSC_Android","description":"Lee, A., Ramirez, T. (2018, August 15). A Security Analyst’s Guide to Network Security Configuration in Android P . Retrieved February 7, 2024.","url":"https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2018/08/15/a-security-analysts-guide-to-network-security-configuration-in-android-p/"},{"source_name":"mitd_checkpoint_research","description":"Makkaveev, S. (2018, August 12). Man-in-the-Disk: Android Apps Exposed via External Storage. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","url":"https://research.checkpoint.com/androids-man-in-the-disk/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-3.html","external_id":"CEL-3"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-0.html","external_id":"APP-0"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-1.html","external_id":"APP-1"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-8.html","external_id":"APP-8"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-12.html","external_id":"ECO-12"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-15T16:23:59.281Z","name":"Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism","description":"Adversaries may circumvent mechanisms designed to control elevated privileges to gain higher-level permissions. Most modern systems contain native elevation control mechanisms that are intended to limit privileges that a user can gain on a machine. Authorization has to be granted to specific users in order to perform tasks that are designated as higher risk. An adversary can use several methods to take advantage of built-in control mechanisms in order to escalate privileges on a system. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"When an application requests administrator permission, users are presented with a popup and the option to grant or deny the request. Application vetting services can detect when an application requests administrator permission. Extra scrutiny could be applied to applications that do","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--08ea902d-ecb5-47ed-a453-2798057bb2d3","created":"2022-04-01T15:54:05.633Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1626","external_id":"T1626"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","external_id":"APP-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-25T19:53:07.406Z","name":"Remote Access Software","description":"Adversaries may use legitimate remote access software, such as `VNC`, `TeamViewer`, `AirDroid`, `AirMirror`, etc., to establish an interactive command and control channel to target mobile devices.  \n\nRemote access applications may be installed and used post-compromise as an alternate communication channel for redundant access or as a way to establish an interactive remote session with the target device. They may also be used as a component of malware to establish a reverse connection to an adversary-controlled system or service. Installation of remote access tools may also include persistence.  ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0b761f2b-197a-40f2-b100-8152cb957c0c","created":"2023-09-25T19:53:07.406Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1663","external_id":"T1663"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--0bcc4ec1-a897-49a9-a9ff-c00df1d1209d","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:08.155Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1454","external_id":"T1454"}],"modified":"2019-04-29T19:35:30.985Z","name":"Malicious SMS Message","description":"Test","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0c71033e-401e-4b97-9309-7a7c95e43a5d","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:18.237Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1470","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1470"},{"source_name":"Elcomsoft-EPPB","url":"https://www.elcomsoft.com/eppb.html","description":"Elcomsoft. (n.d.). Elcomsoft Phone Breaker. Retrieved December 29, 2016."},{"source_name":"Elcomsoft-WhatsApp","url":"https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2017/07/extract-and-decrypt-whatsapp-backups-from-icloud/","description":"Oleg Afonin. (2017, July 20). Extract and Decrypt WhatsApp Backups from iCloud. Retrieved July 6, 2018."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-0.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-0"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-1.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-1"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"An adversary who is able to obtain unauthorized access to or misuse authorized access to cloud backup services (e.g. Google's Android backup service or Apple's iCloud) could use that access to obtain sensitive data stored in device backups. For example, the Elcomsoft Phone Breaker product advertises the ability to retrieve iOS backup data from Apple's iCloud (Citation: Elcomsoft-EPPB). Elcomsoft also describes (Citation: Elcomsoft-WhatsApp) obtaining WhatsApp communication histories from backups stored in iCloud.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:54:11.189Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Obtain Device Cloud Backups","x_mitre_detection":"Google provides the ability for users to view their account activity. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"remote-service-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:43:03.218Z","name":"Uninstall Malicious Application","description":"Adversaries may include functionality in malware that uninstalls the malicious application from the device. This can be achieved by: \n \n* Abusing device owner permissions to perform silent uninstallation using device owner API calls. \n* Abusing root permissions to delete files from the filesystem. \n* Abusing the accessibility service. This requires sending an intent to the system to request uninstallation, and then abusing the accessibility service to click the proper places on the screen to confirm uninstallation.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can see a list of applications that can use accessibility services in the device settings. Application vetting services could look for use of the accessibility service or features that typically require root access.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0cdd66ad-26ac-4338-a764-4972a1e17ee3","created":"2022-03-30T19:31:31.855Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/001","external_id":"T1630.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-43.html","external_id":"APP-43"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:42:18.121Z","name":"Indicator Removal on Host","description":"Adversaries may delete, alter, or hide generated artifacts on a device, including files, jailbreak status, or the malicious application itself. 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Application vetting services could look for use of APIs that could indicate the application is trying to hide activity.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS","Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0d4e3bbb-7af5-4c88-a215-0c0906bc1e8d","created":"2022-03-30T19:28:25.541Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630","external_id":"T1630"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-43.html","external_id":"APP-43"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:52:29.947Z","name":"Supply Chain Compromise","description":"Adversaries may manipulate products or product delivery mechanisms prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise.\n\nSupply chain compromise can take place at any stage of the supply chain including:\n\n* Manipulation of development tools\n* Manipulation of a development environment\n* Manipulation of source code repositories (public or private)\n* Manipulation of source code in open-source dependencies\n* Manipulation of software update/distribution mechanisms\n* Compromised/infected system images\n* Replacement of legitimate software with modified versions\n* Sales of modified/counterfeit products to legitimate distributors\n* Shipment interdiction\n\nWhile supply chain compromise can impact any component of hardware or software, attackers looking to gain execution have often focused on malicious additions to legitimate software in software distribution or update channels. Targeting may be specific to a desired victim set or malicious software may be distributed to a broad set of consumers but only move on to additional tactics on specific victims.  Popular open source projects that are used as dependencies in many applications may also be targeted as a means to add malicious code to users of the dependency, specifically with the widespread usage of third-party advertising libraries.(Citation: Grace-Advertisement)(Citation: NowSecure-RemoteCode)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries could be detected by application vetting services. Malicious software development tools could be detected by enterprises that deploy endpoint protection software on computers that are used to develop mobile apps. Application vetting could detect the usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0d95940f-9583-4e0f-824c-a42c1be47fad","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474","external_id":"T1474"},{"source_name":"Grace-Advertisement","description":"M. Grace et al. (2012, April 16-18). Unsafe exposure analysis of mobile in-app advertisements. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"https://www.csc2.ncsu.edu/faculty/xjiang4/pubs/WISEC12_ADRISK.pdf"},{"source_name":"NowSecure-RemoteCode","description":"Ryan Welton. (2015, June 15). A Pattern for Remote Code Execution using Arbitrary File Writes and MultiDex Applications. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2015/06/15/a-pattern-for-remote-code-execution-using-arbitrary-file-writes-and-multidex-applications/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-6.html","external_id":"APP-6"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-0.html","external_id":"SPC-0"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-1.html","external_id":"SPC-1"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-2.html","external_id":"SPC-2"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-3.html","external_id":"SPC-3"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat 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Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-10.html","external_id":"SPC-10"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-11.html","external_id":"SPC-11"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-12.html","external_id":"SPC-12"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-13.html","external_id":"SPC-13"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-14.html","external_id":"SPC-14"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-15.html","external_id":"SPC-15"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-16.html","external_id":"SPC-16"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-17.html","external_id":"SPC-17"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-18.html","external_id":"SPC-18"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-19.html","external_id":"SPC-19"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-20.html","external_id":"SPC-20"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-21.html","external_id":"SPC-21"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-15T15:06:03.427Z","name":"Impersonate SS7 Nodes","description":"Adversaries may exploit the lack of authentication in signaling system network nodes to track the to track the location of mobile devices by impersonating a node.(Citation: Engel-SS7)(Citation: Engel-SS7-2008)(Citation: 3GPP-Security)(Citation: Positive-SS7)(Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport) \n\n \n\nBy providing the victim’s MSISDN (phone number) and impersonating network internal nodes to query subscriber information from other nodes, adversaries may use data collected from each hop to eventually determine the device’s geographical cell area or nearest cell tower.(Citation: Engel-SS7)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Network carriers may be able to use firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), or Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) to detect and/or block SS7 exploitation.(Citation: CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport) The CSRIC also suggests threat information sharing between telecommunications industry members.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0f4fb01b-d57a-4375-b7a2-342c9d3248f7","created":"2022-04-05T19:49:58.938Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1430/002","external_id":"T1430.002"},{"source_name":"3GPP-Security","description":"3GPP. (2000, January). A Guide to 3rd Generation Security. Retrieved December 19, 2016.","url":"http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/wg3_security/_specs/33900-120.pdf"},{"source_name":"CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport","description":"Communications Security, Reliability, Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (2017, March). Working Group 10 Legacy Systems Risk Reductions Final Report. Retrieved May 24, 2017.","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200330012714/https://www.fcc.gov/files/csric5-wg10-finalreport031517pdf"},{"source_name":"CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport","description":"CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport"},{"source_name":"Positive-SS7","description":"Positive Technologies. (n.d.). SS7 Attack Discovery. Retrieved December 19, 2016.","url":"https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/ptcom/PT-SS7-AD-Data-Sheet-eng.pdf"},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7-2008","description":"Tobias Engel. (2008, December). Locating Mobile Phones using SS7. Retrieved December 19, 2016.","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0n5ySqbfdI"},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7","description":"Tobias Engel. (2014, December). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate.. Retrieved December 19, 2016.","url":"https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-38.html","external_id":"CEL-38"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-08T18:15:15.902Z","name":"Match Legitimate Name or Location","description":"Adversaries may match or approximate the name or location of legitimate files or resources when naming/placing them. This is done for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may be done by giving artifacts the name and icon of a legitimate, trusted application (i.e., Settings), or using a package name that matches legitimate, trusted applications (i.e., `com.google.android.gm`). \n\nAdversaries may also use the same icon of the file or application they are trying to mimic.\n","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Ford Qin, Trend Micro","Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--114fed8b-7eed-4136-8b9c-411c5c7fff4b","created":"2023-07-12T20:45:14.704Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1655/001","external_id":"T1655.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-14.html","external_id":"APP-14"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","external_id":"APP-31"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--11bd699b-f2c2-4e48-bf46-fb3f8acd9799","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:30.462Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1425","external_id":"T1425"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.699Z","name":"Insecure Third-Party Libraries","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:56:20.270Z","name":"Protected User Data","description":"Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to collect data from permission-backed data stores on a device, such as the calendar or contact list. These permissions need to be declared ahead of time. On Android, they must be included in the application’s manifest. On iOS, they must be included in the application’s `Info.plist` file.  \n\n \n\nIn almost all cases, the user is required to grant access to the data store that the application is trying to access. In recent OS versions, vendors have introduced additional privacy controls for users, such as the ability to grant permission to an application only while the application is being actively used by the user. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access [Protected User Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636) without the user’s knowledge or approval. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view permissions granted to an application in device settings. Application vetting services typically flag permissions requested by an application, which can be reviewed by an administrator. Certain dangerous permissions, such as `RECEIVE_SMS`, could receive additional scrutiny.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--11c2c2b7-1fd4-408f-bc2e-fe772ef9df5e","created":"2022-04-01T12:36:41.507Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636","external_id":"T1636"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","external_id":"APP-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--16d73b64-5681-4ea0-9af4-4ad86f7c96e8","created":"2022-04-05T20:15:43.636Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1521.002","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/002"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may employ a known asymmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic, rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Asymmetric cryptography, also known as public key cryptography, uses a keypair per party: one public that can be freely distributed, and one private that should not be distributed. Due to how asymmetric algorithms work, the sender encrypts data with the receiver’s public key and the receiver decrypts the data with their private key. This ensures that only the intended recipient can read the encrypted data. Common public key encryption algorithms include RSA, ElGamal, and ECDSA.\n\nFor efficiency, many protocols (including SSL/TLS) use symmetric cryptography once a connection is established, but use asymmetric cryptography to establish or transmit a key. As such, these protocols are classified as [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/002).","modified":"2022-04-05T20:16:21.324Z","name":"Asymmetric Cryptography","x_mitre_detection":"Since data encryption is a common practice in many legitimate applications and uses standard programming language-specific APIs, encrypting data for command and control communication is regarded as undetectable to the user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"command-and-control","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:55:03.477Z","name":"Software Discovery","description":"Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of applications that are installed on a device. Adversaries may use the information from [Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not to fully infect the target and/or attempts specific actions. \n\n \n\nAdversaries may attempt to enumerate applications for a variety of reasons, such as figuring out what security measures are present or to identify the presence of target applications. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for the Android permission `android.permission.QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES`, and apply extra scrutiny to applications that request it. On iOS, application vetting services could look for usage of the private API `LSApplicationWorkspace` and apply extra scrutiny to applications that employ it.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:28.067Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418","external_id":"T1418"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-12.html","external_id":"APP-12"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:55:23.702Z","name":"Process Discovery","description":"Adversaries may attempt to get information about running processes on a device. Information obtained could be used to gain an understanding of common software/applications running on devices within a network. Adversaries may use the information from [Process Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1424) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. \n\n \n\nRecent Android security enhancements have made it more difficult to obtain a list of running processes. On Android 7 and later, there is no way for an application to obtain the process list without abusing elevated privileges. This is due to the Android kernel utilizing the `hidepid` mount feature. Prior to Android 7, applications could utilize the `ps` command or examine the `/proc` directory on the device.(Citation: Android-SELinuxChanges) \n\n \n\nIn iOS, applications have previously been able to use the `sysctl` command to obtain a list of running processes. This functionality has been removed in later iOS versions. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can typically detect rooted devices, which is an indication that Process Discovery is possible. Application vetting could potentially detect when applications attempt to abuse root access or root the system itself. Further, application vetting services could look for attempted usage of legacy process discovery mechanisms, such as the usage of `ps` or inspection of the `/proc` directory.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--1b51f5bc-b97a-498a-8dbd-bc6b1901bf19","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:33.926Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1424","external_id":"T1424"},{"source_name":"Android-SELinuxChanges","description":"Various. (2016, March 31). Overly restrictive SELinux filesystem permissions in Android N. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=205565"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-16T18:32:30.150Z","name":"Call Log","description":"Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather call log data. On Android, this can be accomplished using the Call Log Content Provider. iOS provides no standard API to access the call log. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access the [Call Log](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/002) without the user’s knowledge or approval. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can manage which applications have permission to access the call log through the device settings screen, revoking the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_CALL_LOG` in an Android application’s manifest. Most applications do not need call log access, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it.  ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--1d1b1558-c833-482e-aabb-d07ef6eae63d","created":"2022-04-01T13:12:23.522Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/002","external_id":"T1636.002"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","external_id":"APP-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:55:33.642Z","name":"Security Software Discovery","description":"Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of security applications and configurations that are installed on a device. This may include things such as mobile security products. Adversaries may use the information from [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418/001) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not to fully infect the target and/or attempt specific actions. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for the Android permission `android.permission.QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES`, and apply extra scrutiny to applications that request it. On iOS, application vetting services could look for usage of the private API `LSApplicationWorkspace` and apply extra scrutiny to applications that employ it.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--1d44f529-6fe6-489f-8a01-6261ac43f05e","created":"2022-03-31T19:50:45.752Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418/001","external_id":"T1418.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-12.html","external_id":"APP-12"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--1f96d624-8409-4472-ad8a-30618ee6b2e2","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:10.699Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1434","external_id":"T1434"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.699Z","name":"App Delivered via Email Attachment","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:57:40.571Z","name":"Ptrace System Calls","description":"Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via ptrace (process trace) system calls in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Ptrace system call injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process.  \n\nPtrace system call injection involves attaching to and modifying a running process. The ptrace system call enables a debugging process to observe and control another process (and each individual thread), including changing memory and register values.(Citation: PTRACE man) Ptrace system call injection is commonly performed by writing arbitrary code into a running process (e.g., by using `malloc`) then invoking that memory with `PTRACE_SETREGS` to set the register containing the next instruction to execute. Ptrace system call injection can also be done with `PTRACE_POKETEXT`/`PTRACE_POKEDATA`, which copy data to a specific address in the target process's memory (e.g., the current address of the next instruction).(Citation: PTRACE man)(Citation: Medium Ptrace JUL 2018)  \n\nPtrace system call injection may not be possible when targeting processes with high-privileges, and on some systems those that are non-child processes.(Citation: BH Linux Inject)  \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via ptrace system call injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for misuse of dynamic libraries.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--1ff89c1b-7615-4fe8-b9cb-63aaf52e6dee","created":"2022-03-30T19:05:17.048Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1631/001","external_id":"T1631.001"},{"source_name":"BH Linux Inject","description":"Colgan, T. (2015, August 15). Linux-Inject. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","url":"https://github.com/gaffe23/linux-inject/blob/master/slides_BHArsenal2015.pdf"},{"source_name":"Medium Ptrace JUL 2018","description":"Jain, S. (2018, July 25). Code injection in running process using ptrace. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","url":"https://medium.com/@jain.sm/code-injection-in-running-process-using-ptrace-d3ea7191a4be"},{"source_name":"PTRACE man","description":"Kerrisk, M. (2020, February 9). PTRACE(2) - Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","url":"http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/ptrace.2.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:59:55.849Z","name":"Impair Defenses","description":"Adversaries may maliciously modify components of a victim environment in order to hinder or disable defensive mechanisms. This not only involves impairing preventative defenses, such as anti-virus, but also detection capabilities that defenders can use to audit activity and identify malicious behavior. This may span both native defenses as well as supplemental capabilities installed by users or mobile endpoint administrators.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products integrated with Samsung Knox for Mobile Threat Defense can monitor processes to see if security tools are killed or stop running. Application vetting can detect many techniques associated with impairing device defenses.(Citation: Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense)","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--20b0931a-8952-42ca-975f-775bad295f1a","created":"2022-04-01T18:42:22.117Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629","external_id":"T1629"},{"source_name":"Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense","description":"Samsung Knox Partner Program. (n.d.). Knox for Mobile Threat Defense. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","url":"https://partner.samsungknox.com/mtd"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","external_id":"APP-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_contributors":["Lukáš Štefanko, ESET"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"attack-pattern--2204c371-6100-4ae0-82f3-25c07c29772a","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:08.613Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","external_id":"T1453","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1453"},{"url":"https://www.skycure.com/blog/accessibility-clickjacking/","description":"Yair Amit. (2016, March 3). “Accessibility Clickjacking” – The Next Evolution in Android Malware that Impacts More Than 500 Million Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","source_name":"Skycure-Accessibility"},{"description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/","source_name":"android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa"},{"source_name":"banking-trojans-google-play","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/10/24/banking-trojans-continue-surface-google-play/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, October 24). Banking Trojans continue to surface on Google Play. Retrieved July 11, 2019."}],"modified":"2020-03-30T14:03:43.761Z","name":"Abuse Accessibility Features","description":"**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417), [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516), and [Input Prompt](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1411) where appropriate.**\n\nA malicious app could abuse Android's accessibility features to capture sensitive data or perform other malicious actions.(Citation: Skycure-Accessibility)\n\nAdversaries may abuse accessibility features on Android to emulate a user's clicks, for example to steal money from a user's bank account.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)(Citation: banking-trojans-google-play)\n\nAdversaries may abuse accessibility features on Android devices to evade defenses by repeatedly clicking the \"Back\" button when a targeted app manager or mobile security app is launched, or when strings suggesting uninstallation are detected in the foreground. This effectively prevents the malicious application from being uninstalled.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"x_mitre_version":"2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:51:07.651Z","name":"Exploitation of Remote Services","description":"Adversaries may exploit remote services of enterprise servers, workstations, or other resources to gain unauthorized access to internal systems once inside of a network. Adversaries may exploit remote services by taking advantage of a mobile device’s access to an internal enterprise network through local connectivity or through a Virtual Private Network (VPN). Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. A common goal for post-compromise exploitation of remote services is for lateral movement to enable access to a remote system. \n\nAn adversary may need to determine if the remote system is in a vulnerable state, which may be done through [Network Service Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1423) or other Discovery methods. These look for common, vulnerable software that may be deployed in the network, the lack of certain patches that may indicate vulnerabilities, or security software that may be used to detect or contain remote exploitation. Servers are likely a high value target for lateral movement exploitation, but endpoint systems may also be at risk if they provide an advantage or access to additional resources.\n\nDepending on the permissions level of the vulnerable remote service, an adversary may achieve [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1404) as a result of lateral movement exploitation as well. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"lateral-movement"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Detecting software exploitation initiated by a mobile device may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash.\n\nNetwork traffic analysis could reveal patterns of compromise if devices attempt to access unusual targets or resources. \n\nApplication vetting may be able to identify applications that perform Discovery or utilize existing connectivity to remotely access hosts within an internal enterprise network. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--22379609-a99f-4a01-bd7e-70f3e105859d","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:13.259Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1428","external_id":"T1428"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-32.html","external_id":"APP-32"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2282a98b-5049-4f61-9381-55baca7c1add","created":"2022-04-01T19:06:27.177Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1437.001","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1437/001"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-29.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-29"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with web protocols traffic to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to remote mobile devices, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the mobile client and server. \n\nWeb protocols such as HTTP and HTTPS are used for web traffic as well as well as notification services native to mobile messaging services such as Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) and newly, Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM), (GCM/FCM: two-way communication) and Apple Push Notification Service (APNS; one-way server-to-device).  Such notification services leverage HTTP/S via the respective API and are commonly abused on Android and iOS respectively in order blend in with routine device traffic making it difficult for enterprises to inspect. ","modified":"2022-04-06T13:07:45.661Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Web Protocols","x_mitre_detection":"Abuse of standard application protocols can be difficult to detect as many legitimate mobile applications leverage such protocols for language-specific APIs. Enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"command-and-control","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-12-26T19:17:13.294Z","name":"Steal Application Access Token","description":"Adversaries can steal user application access tokens as a means of acquiring credentials to access remote systems and resources. This can occur through social engineering or URI hijacking and typically requires user action to grant access, such as through a system “Open With” dialogue.  \n\nApplication access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).(Citation: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019) OAuth is one commonly implemented framework used to issue tokens to users for access to systems. An application desiring access to cloud-based services or protected APIs can gain entry through OAuth 2.0 using a variety of authorization protocols. An example of a commonly-used sequence is Microsoft's Authorization Code Grant flow.(Citation: Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019)(Citation: Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019) An OAuth access token enables a third-party application to interact with resources containing user data in the ways requested without requiring user credentials.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users may be presented with a popup to select the appropriate application to open a URI in. If the user sees an application they do not recognize, they can remove it. When vetting applications for potential security weaknesses, the vetting process could look for insecure use of Intents. Developers should be encouraged to use techniques to ensure that the intent can only be sent to an appropriate destination (e.g., use explicit rather than implicit intents, permission checking, checking of the destination app's signing certificate, or utilizing the App Links feature). For mobile applications using OAuth, encourage use of best practice.(Citation: IETF-OAuthNativeApps)(Citation: Android-AppLinks)","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--233fe2c0-cb41-4765-b454-e0087597fbce","created":"2022-04-01T15:12:50.740Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1635","external_id":"T1635"},{"source_name":"Android-AppLinks","description":"Android. (n.d.). Handling App Links. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://developer.android.com/training/app-links/index.html"},{"source_name":"Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019","description":"Auth0. (n.d.). Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs. Retrieved September 12, 2019.","url":"https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/"},{"source_name":"Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019","description":"Microsoft. (n.d.). Microsoft identity platform and OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow. Retrieved September 12, 2019.","url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/v2-oauth2-auth-code-flow"},{"source_name":"Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019","description":"Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2019.","url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/active-directory-v2-protocols"},{"source_name":"IETF-OAuthNativeApps","description":"W. Denniss and J. Bradley. (2017, October). IETF RFC 8252: OAuth 2.0 for Native Apps. Retrieved November 30, 2018.","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8252"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--24a77e53-0751-46fc-b207-99378fb35c08","created":"2022-04-11T20:05:56.069Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1628.002","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628/002"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to avoid detection by hiding malicious behavior from the user. By doing this, an adversary’s modifications would most likely remain installed on the device for longer, allowing the adversary to continue to operate on that device. \n\nWhile there are many ways this can be accomplished, one method is by using the device’s sensors. By utilizing the various motion sensors on a device, such as accelerometer or gyroscope, an application could detect that the device is being interacted with. That way, the application could continue to run while the device is not in use but cease operating while the user is using the device, hiding anything that would indicate malicious activity was ongoing. Accessing the sensors in this way does not require any permissions from the user, so it would be completely transparent.","modified":"2022-04-11T20:05:56.069Z","name":"User Evasion","x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products may be able to detect some forms of user evasion. Otherwise, the act of hiding malicious activity could be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"defense-evasion","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:37:57.884Z","name":"Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion","description":"Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors after checking for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware’s behavior to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the payload. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping further payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors. \n\nAdversaries may use several methods to accomplish [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633) such as checking for system artifacts associated with analysis or virtualization. Adversaries may also check for legitimate user activity to help determine if it is in an analysis environment. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for applications attempting to get `android.os.SystemProperties` or `getprop` with the runtime `exec()` commands. This could indicate some level of sandbox evasion, as Google recommends against using system properties within applications.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--27d18e87-8f32-4be1-b456-39b90454360f","created":"2022-03-30T17:51:29.550Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633","external_id":"T1633"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--27f483c6-6666-44fa-8532-ffd5fc7dab38","created":"2020-06-24T17:33:49.778Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1579","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1579"},{"source_name":"Apple Keychain Services","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/keychain_services","description":"Apple, Inc.. (n.d.). Keychain Services. Retrieved June 24, 2020."},{"source_name":"Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain","url":"https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2018/12/six-ways-to-decrypt-iphone-passwords-from-the-keychain/","description":"V. Katalov. (2018, December 18). Six Ways to Decrypt iPhone Passwords from the Keychain. Retrieved June 24, 2020."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-11.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"AUT-11"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may collect the keychain storage data from an iOS device to acquire credentials. Keychains are the built-in way for iOS to keep track of users' passwords and credentials for many services and features such as Wi-Fi passwords, websites, secure notes, certificates, private keys, and VPN credentials.\n\nOn the device, the keychain database is stored outside of application sandboxes to prevent unauthorized access to the raw data. Standard iOS APIs allow applications access to their own keychain contained within the database. By utilizing a privilege escalation exploit or existing root access, an adversary can access the entire encrypted database.(Citation: Apple Keychain Services)(Citation: Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain)","modified":"2022-04-01T15:02:43.470Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Keychain","x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can potentially detect jailbroken devices and perform further actions as necessary.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-28T15:36:11.282Z","name":"Application Versioning","description":"An adversary may push an update to a previously benign application to add malicious code. This can be accomplished by pushing an initially benign, functional application to a trusted application store, such as the Google Play Store or the Apple App Store. This allows the adversary to establish a trusted userbase that may grant permissions to the application prior to the introduction of malicious code. Then, an application update could be pushed to introduce malicious code.(Citation: android_app_breaking_bad)\n\nThis technique could also be accomplished by compromising a developer’s account. This would allow an adversary to take advantage of an existing userbase without having to establish the userbase themselves. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Edward Stevens, BT Security","Adam Lichters"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--28fdd23d-aee3-4afe-bc3f-5f1f52929258","created":"2023-09-21T22:16:38.002Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1661","external_id":"T1661"},{"source_name":"android_app_breaking_bad","description":"Stefanko, L. (2023, May 23). Android app breaking bad: From legitimate screen recording to file exfiltration within a year. Retrieved August 28, 2023.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/05/23/android-app-breaking-bad-legitimate-screen-recording-file-exfiltration/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-20.html","external_id":"SPC-20"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--29e07491-8947-43a3-8d4e-9a787c45f3d3","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:17.176Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1413","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1413"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-3.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-3"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-13"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"On versions of Android prior to 4.1, an adversary may use a malicious application that holds the READ_LOGS permission to obtain private keys, passwords, other credentials, or other sensitive data stored in the device's system log. On Android 4.1 and later, an adversary would need to attempt to perform an operating system privilege escalation attack to be able to access the log.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:37:34.463Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Access Sensitive Data in Device Logs","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-07T22:15:34.693Z","name":"Command and Scripting Interpreter","description":"Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries. These interfaces and languages provide ways of interacting with computer systems and are a common feature across many different platforms. Most systems come with some built-in command-line interface and scripting capabilities, for example, Android is a UNIX-like OS and includes a basic [Unix Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1623/001) that can be accessed via the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) or Java’s `Runtime` package.\n\nAdversaries may abuse these technologies in various ways as a means of executing arbitrary commands. Commands and scripts can be embedded in [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0027) payloads delivered to victims as lure documents or as secondary payloads downloaded from an existing C2. Adversaries may also execute commands through interactive terminals/shells. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Command-line activities can potentially be detected through Mobile Threat Defense integrations with lower-level OS APIs. This could grant the MTD agents access to running processes and their parameters, potentially detecting unwanted or malicious shells.\n\nApplication vetting services could detect the invocations of methods that could be used to execute shell commands.(Citation: Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense)","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--29f1f56c-7b7a-4c14-9e39-59577ea2743c","created":"2022-03-30T13:40:37.259Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1623","external_id":"T1623"},{"source_name":"Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense","description":"Samsung Knox Partner Program. (n.d.). Knox for Mobile Threat Defense. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","url":"https://partner.samsungknox.com/mtd"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:40:12.912Z","name":"Disable or Modify Tools","description":"Adversaries may disable security tools to avoid potential detection of their tools and activities. This can take the form of disabling security software, modifying SELinux configuration, or other methods to interfere with security tools scanning or reporting information. This is typically done by abusing device administrator permissions or using system exploits to gain root access to the device to modify protected system files.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view a list of active device administrators in the device settings.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2aa78dfd-cb6f-4c70-9408-137cfd96be49","created":"2022-04-01T18:51:13.963Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629/003","external_id":"T1629.003"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:21:05.728Z","name":"Ingress Tool Transfer","description":"Adversaries may transfer tools or other files from an external system onto a compromised device to facilitate follow-on actions. Files may be copied from an external adversary-controlled system through the command and control channel  or through alternate protocols with another tool such as FTP.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for connections to unknown domains or IP addresses. Application vetting services may indicate precisely what content was requested during application execution.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2bb20118-e6c0-41dc-a07c-283ea4dd0fb8","created":"2020-01-21T15:27:30.182Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1544","external_id":"T1544"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:19:34.225Z","name":"Dynamic Resolution","description":"Adversaries may dynamically establish connections to command and control infrastructure to evade common detections and remediations. This may be achieved by using malware that shares a common algorithm with the infrastructure the adversary uses to receive the malware's communications. This algorithm can be used to dynamically adjust parameters such as the domain name, IP address, or port number the malware uses for command and control.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs), constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There are a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) Content delivery network (CDN) domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, a more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names or rarely visited domains.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2ccc3d39-9598-4d32-9657-42e1c7095d26","created":"2022-04-05T19:57:15.734Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1637","external_id":"T1637"},{"source_name":"Data Driven Security DGA","description":"Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","url":"https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2d646840-f6f5-4619-a5a8-29c8316bbac5","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1477","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1477"},{"source_name":"Forbes-iPhoneSMS","url":"http://www.forbes.com/2009/07/28/hackers-iphone-apple-technology-security-hackers.html","description":"Andy Greenberg. (2009, July 28). How to Hijack 'Every iPhone In The World'. Retrieved December 23, 2016."},{"source_name":"Register-BaseStation","url":"http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/11/12/mobile_pwn2own1/","description":"D. Pauli. (2015, November 12). Samsung S6 calls open to man-in-the-middle base station snooping. Retrieved December 23, 2016."},{"source_name":"ProjectZero-BroadcomWiFi","url":"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/04/over-air-exploiting-broadcoms-wi-fi_4.html","description":"Gal Beniamini. (2017, April 4). Over The Air: Exploiting Broadcom's Wi-Fi Stack. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"Weinmann-Baseband","url":"https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/woot12/woot12-final24.pdf","description":"R. Weinmann. (2012, August 6-7). Baseband Attacks: Remote Exploitation of Memory Corruptions in Cellular Protocol Stacks. Retrieved December 23, 2016."},{"source_name":"SRLabs-SIMCard","url":"https://srlabs.de/bites/rooting-sim-cards/","description":"SRLabs. (n.d.). SIM cards are prone to remote hacking. Retrieved December 23, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"The mobile device may be targeted for exploitation through its interface to cellular networks or other radio interfaces.\n\n### Baseband Vulnerability Exploitation\n\nA message sent over a radio interface (typically cellular, but potentially Bluetooth, GPS, NFC, Wi-Fi(Citation: ProjectZero-BroadcomWiFi) or other) to the mobile device could exploit a vulnerability in code running on the device(Citation: Register-BaseStation)(Citation: Weinmann-Baseband).\n\n### Malicious SMS Message\n\nAn SMS message could contain content designed to exploit vulnerabilities in the SMS parser on the receiving device(Citation: Forbes-iPhoneSMS). An SMS message could also contain a link to a web site containing malicious content designed to exploit the device web browser. Vulnerable SIM cards may be remotely exploited and reprogrammed via SMS messages(Citation: SRLabs-SIMCard).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:42:13.444Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Exploit via Radio Interfaces","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2de38279-043e-47e8-aaad-1b07af6d0790","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:26.890Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1423","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1423"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of services running on remote hosts, including those that may be vulnerable to remote software exploitation. Methods to acquire this information include port scans and vulnerability scans from the mobile device. This technique may take advantage of the mobile device's access to an internal enterprise network either through local connectivity or through a Virtual Private Network (VPN).","modified":"2022-04-11T19:12:38.451Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Network Service Scanning","x_mitre_detection":"Network service scanning can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"discovery","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2f0e8d80-4b8b-4f4a-b5cc-132afe7e057d","created":"2021-09-30T18:18:52.285Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1618","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1618"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to avoid detection by hiding malicious behavior from the user. By doing this, an adversary’s modifications would most likely remain installed on the device for longer, allowing the adversary to continue to operate on that device. \n\nWhile there are many ways this can be accomplished, one method is by using the device’s sensors. By utilizing the various motion sensors on a device, such as accelerometer or gyroscope, an application could detect that the device is being interacted with. That way, the application could continue to run while the device is not in use but cease operating while the user is using the device, hiding anything that would indicate malicious activity was ongoing. Accessing the sensors in this way does not require any permissions from the user, so it would be completely transparent.","modified":"2022-04-11T20:06:56.032Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"User Evasion","x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products may be able to detect some forms of user evasion. Otherwise, the act of hiding malicious activity could be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:41:52.000Z","name":"Exfiltration Over C2 Channel","description":"Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an existing command and control channel. Stolen data is encoded into the normal communications channel using the same protocol as command and control communications.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"exfiltration"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"[Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1646) can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--32063d7f-0a39-440d-a4a3-2694488f96cc","created":"2022-04-01T15:43:45.913Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1646","external_id":"T1646"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-29.html","external_id":"APP-29"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-08T19:20:13.836Z","name":"Exploitation for Privilege Escalation","description":"Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in order to elevate privileges. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in an application, service, within the operating system software, or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. Security constructions, such as permission levels, will often hinder access to information and use of certain techniques. Adversaries will likely need to perform privilege escalation to include use of software exploitation to circumvent those restrictions. \n\nWhen initially gaining access to a device, an adversary may be operating within a lower privileged process which will prevent them from accessing certain resources on the system. Vulnerabilities may exist, usually in operating system components and applications running at higher permissions, that can be exploited to gain higher levels of access on the system. This could enable someone to move from unprivileged or user- level permission to root permissions depending on the component that is vulnerable. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can potentially utilize device APIs to determine if a device has been rooted or jailbroken.  Application vetting services could potentially determine if an application contains code designed to exploit vulnerabilities.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--351c0927-2fc1-4a2c-ad84-cbbee7eb8172","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:29.405Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1404","external_id":"T1404"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-26.html","external_id":"APP-26"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-10T21:57:52.009Z","name":"Call Control","description":"Adversaries may make, forward, or block phone calls without user authorization. This could be used for adversary goals such as audio surveillance, blocking or forwarding calls from the device owner, or C2 communication.\n\nSeveral permissions may be used to programmatically control phone calls, including:\n\n* `ANSWER_PHONE_CALLS` - Allows the application to answer incoming phone calls(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `CALL_PHONE` - Allows the application to initiate a phone call without going through the Dialer interface(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS` - Allows the application to see the number being dialed during an outgoing call with the option to redirect the call to a different number or abort the call altogether(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `MANAGE_OWN_CALLS` - Allows a calling application which manages its own calls through the self-managed `ConnectionService` APIs(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `BIND_TELECOM_CONNECTION_SERVICE` - Required permission when using a `ConnectionService`(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `WRITE_CALL_LOG` - Allows an application to write to the device call log, potentially to hide malicious phone calls(Citation: Android Permissions)\n\nWhen granted some of these permissions, an application can make a phone call without opening the dialer first. However, if an application desires to simply redirect the user to the dialer with a phone number filled in, it can launch an Intent using `Intent.ACTION_DIAL`, which requires no specific permissions. This then requires the user to explicitly initiate the call or use some form of [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516) to programmatically initiate it.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Gaetan van Diemen, ThreatFabric"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view their default phone app in device settings. Users can review available call logs for irregularities, such as missing or unrecognized calls.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69","created":"2021-09-20T13:42:20.824Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1616","external_id":"T1616"},{"source_name":"Android Permissions","description":"Google. (2021, August 11). Manifest.permission. Retrieved September 22, 2021.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-41.html","external_id":"APP-41"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-42.html","external_id":"CEL-42"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-36.html","external_id":"CEL-36"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-18.html","external_id":"CEL-18"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:40:40.166Z","name":"Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol","description":"Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an un-encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server.\n\nAdversaries may opt to obfuscate this data, without the use of encryption, within network protocols that are natively unencrypted (such as HTTP, FTP, or DNS). Adversaries may employ custom or publicly available encoding/compression algorithms (such as base64) or embed data within protocol headers and fields.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"exfiltration"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"[Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639/001)s can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--37047267-3e56-453c-833e-d92b68118120","created":"2022-04-06T13:22:57.683Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639/001","external_id":"T1639.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-30.html","external_id":"APP-30"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-16T18:27:42.752Z","name":"Broadcast Receivers","description":"Adversaries may establish persistence using system mechanisms that trigger execution based on specific events. Mobile operating systems have means to subscribe to events such as receiving an SMS message, device boot completion, or other device activities. \n\nAn intent is a message passed between Android applications or system components. Applications can register to receive broadcast intents at runtime, which are system-wide intents delivered to each app when certain events happen on the device, such as network changes or the user unlocking the screen. Malicious applications can then trigger certain actions within the app based on which broadcast intent was received. \n\nIn addition to Android system intents, malicious applications can register for intents broadcasted by other applications. This allows the malware to respond based on actions in other applications. This behavior typically indicates a more intimate knowledge, or potentially the targeting of specific devices, users, or applications. \n\nIn Android 8 (API level 26), broadcast intent behavior was changed, limiting the implicit intents that applications can register for in the manifest. In most cases, applications that register through the manifest will no longer receive the broadcasts. Now, applications must register context-specific broadcast receivers while the user is actively using the app.(Citation: Android Changes to System Broadcasts) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Alex Hinchliffe, Palo Alto Networks"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services can detect which broadcast intents an application registers for and which permissions it requests. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--3775a580-a1d1-46c4-8147-c614a715f2e9","created":"2022-03-30T14:41:00.672Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1624/001","external_id":"T1624.001"},{"source_name":"Android Changes to System Broadcasts","description":"Google. (2019, December 27). Broadcasts Overview. Retrieved January 27, 2020.","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/broadcasts#changes-system-broadcasts"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--3911658a-6506-4deb-9ab4-595a51ae71ad","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:16.650Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1436","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1436"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may communicate over a commonly used port to bypass firewalls or network detection systems and to blend with normal network activity to avoid more detailed inspection. \n\nThey may use commonly open ports such as\n\n* TCP:80 (HTTP)\n* TCP:443 (HTTPS)\n* TCP:25 (SMTP)\n* TCP/UDP:53 (DNS)\n\nThey may use the protocol associated with the port or a completely different protocol.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:40:47.556Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Commonly Used Port","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"exfiltration"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--393e8c12-a416-4575-ba90-19cc85656796","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:26.104Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1439","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1439"},{"source_name":"mHealth","url":"https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/security-concerns-in-android-mhealth-apps","description":"D. He et al.. (2014). Security Concerns in Android mHealth Apps. Retrieved December 24, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-0.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-0"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-1.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-1"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"If network traffic between the mobile device and remote servers is unencrypted or is encrypted in an insecure manner, then an adversary positioned on the network can eavesdrop on communication.(Citation: mHealth)","modified":"2022-04-05T20:17:46.147Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Eavesdrop on Insecure Network Communication","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-15T16:26:05.050Z","name":"Access Notifications","description":"Adversaries may collect data within notifications sent by the operating system or other applications. Notifications may contain sensitive data such as one-time authentication codes sent over SMS, email, or other mediums. In the case of Credential Access, adversaries may attempt to intercept one-time code sent to the device. Adversaries can also dismiss notifications to prevent the user from noticing that the notification has arrived and can trigger action buttons contained within notifications.(Citation: ESET 2FA Bypass) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services can look for applications requesting the `BIND_NOTIFICATION_LISTENER_SERVICE` permission in a service declaration. Users can also inspect and modify the list of applications that have notification access through the device settings (e.g. Apps & notification -> Special app access -> Notification access). ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--39dd7871-f59b-495f-a9a5-3cb8cc50c9b2","created":"2019-09-15T15:26:08.183Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1517","external_id":"T1517"},{"source_name":"ESET 2FA Bypass","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2019, June 17). Malware sidesteps Google permissions policy with new 2FA bypass technique. Retrieved September 15, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/06/17/malware-google-permissions-2fa-bypass/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--3b0b604f-10db-41a0-b54c-493124d455b9","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:14.982Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1410","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1410"},{"source_name":"Skycure-Profiles","url":"https://www.skycure.com/blog/malicious-profiles-the-sleeping-giant-of-ios-security/","description":"Yair Amit. (2013, March 12). Malicious Profiles - The Sleeping Giant of iOS Security. Retrieved December 22, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary may capture network traffic to and from the device to obtain credentials or other sensitive data, or redirect network traffic to flow through an adversary-controlled gateway to do the same.\n\nA malicious app could register itself as a VPN client on Android or iOS to gain access to network packets. However, on both platforms, the user must grant consent to the app to act as a VPN client, and on iOS the app requires a special entitlement that must be granted by Apple.\n\nAlternatively, if a malicious app is able to escalate operating system privileges, it may be able to use those privileges to gain access to network traffic.\n\nAn adversary could redirect network traffic to an adversary-controlled gateway by establishing a VPN connection or by manipulating the device's proxy settings. For example, Skycure (Citation: Skycure-Profiles) describes the ability to redirect network traffic by installing a malicious iOS Configuration Profile.\n\nIf applications encrypt their network traffic, sensitive data may not be accessible to an adversary, depending on the point of capture.","modified":"2022-04-15T17:52:24.123Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Network Traffic Capture or Redirection","x_mitre_detection":"On both Android and iOS the user must grant consent to an app to act as a VPN. Both platforms also provide visual context to the user in the top status bar when a VPN connection is in place.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--3dd58c80-4c2e-458c-9503-1b2cd273c4d2","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:34.407Z","x_mitre_version":"2.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1411","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1411"},{"source_name":"Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices","url":"http://w2spconf.com/2011/papers/felt-mobilephishing.pdf","description":"A.P. Felt and D. Wagner. (2011, May 26). Phishing on Mobile Devices. Retrieved August 25, 2016."},{"source_name":"Android Background","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities/background-starts","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Restrictions on starting activities from the background. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"Android-getRunningTasks","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/ActivityManager.html#getRunningTasks%28int%29","description":"Android. (n.d.). ActivityManager getRunningTasks documentation. Retrieved January 19, 2017."},{"source_name":"Cloak and Dagger","url":"http://cloak-and-dagger.org/","description":"Fratantonio, Y., et al.. (2017). Cloak & Dagger. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019","url":"https://www.group-ib.com/blog/gustuff","description":"Group-IB. (2019, March 28). Group-IB uncovers Android Trojan named «Gustuff» capable of targeting more than 100 global banking apps, cryptocurrency and marketplace applications. Retrieved September 3, 2019."},{"source_name":"eset-finance","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/09/19/fake-finance-apps-google-play-target-around-world/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2016, July 7). Fake finance apps on Google Play target users from around the world. Retrieved September 24, 2018."},{"source_name":"Hassell-ExploitingAndroid","url":"https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2011kul/materials/D1T1%20-%20Riley%20Hassell%20-%20Exploiting%20Androids%20for%20Fun%20and%20Profit.pdf","description":"R. Hassell. (2011, October 12-13). Exploiting Androids for Fun and Profit. Retrieved October 10, 2019."},{"source_name":"XDA Bubbles","url":"https://www.xda-developers.com/android-q-system-alert-window-deprecate-bubbles/","description":"Rahman, M.. (2019, May 8). Bubbles in Android Q will fully replace the overlay API in a future Android version. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"NowSecure Android Overlay","url":"https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2017/05/25/android-overlay-malware-system-alert-window-permission/","description":"Ramirez, T.. (2017, May 25). ‘SAW’-ing through the UI: Android overlay malware and the System Alert Window permission explained. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"ThreatFabric Cerberus","url":"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html","description":"ThreatFabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"StackOverflow-getRunningAppProcesses","url":"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30619349/android-5-1-1-and-above-getrunningappprocesses-returns-my-application-packag","description":"Various. (n.d.). Android 5.1.1 and above - getRunningAppProcesses() returns my application package only. Retrieved January 19, 2017."},{"source_name":"Skycure-Accessibility","url":"https://www.skycure.com/blog/accessibility-clickjacking/","description":"Yair Amit. (2016, March 3). “Accessibility Clickjacking” – The Next Evolution in Android Malware that Impacts More Than 500 Million Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-31"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"The operating system and installed applications often have legitimate needs to prompt the user for sensitive information such as account credentials, bank account information, or Personally Identifiable Information (PII). Adversaries may mimic this functionality to prompt users for sensitive information.\n\nCompared to traditional PCs, the constrained display size of mobile devices may impair the ability to provide users with contextual information, making users more susceptible to this technique’s use.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)\n\nSpecific approaches to this technique include:\n\n### Impersonate the identity of a legitimate application\n\nA malicious application could impersonate the identity of a legitimate application (e.g. use the same application name and/or icon) and get installed on the device. The malicious app could then prompt the user for sensitive information.(Citation: eset-finance)\n\n### Display a prompt on top of a running legitimate application\n\nA malicious application could display a prompt on top of a running legitimate application to trick users into entering sensitive information into the malicious application rather than the legitimate application. Typically, the malicious application would need to know when the targeted application (and individual activity within the targeted application) is running in the foreground, so that the malicious application knows when to display its prompt. Android 5.0 and 5.1.1, respectively, increased the difficulty of determining the current foreground application through modifications to the `ActivityManager` API.(Citation: Android-getRunningTasks)(Citation: StackOverflow-getRunningAppProcesses). A malicious application can still abuse Android’s accessibility features to determine which application is currently in the foreground.(Citation: ThreatFabric Cerberus) Approaches to display a prompt include:\n\n* A malicious application could start a new activity on top of a running legitimate application.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)(Citation: Hassell-ExploitingAndroid) Android 10 places new restrictions on the ability for an application to start a new activity on top of another application, which may make it more difficult for adversaries to utilize this technique.(Citation: Android Background)\n* A malicious application could create an application overlay window on top of a running legitimate application. Applications must hold the `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission to create overlay windows. This permission is handled differently than typical Android permissions, and at least under certain conditions is automatically granted to applications installed from the Google Play Store.(Citation: Cloak and Dagger)(Citation: NowSecure Android Overlay)(Citation: Skycure-Accessibility) The `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission and its associated ability to create application overlay windows are expected to be deprecated in a future release of Android in favor of a new API.(Citation: XDA Bubbles)\n\n### Fake device notifications\n\nA malicious application could send fake device notifications to the user. Clicking on the device notification could trigger the malicious application to display an input prompt.(Citation: Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019)","modified":"2022-04-05T19:52:32.190Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Input Prompt","x_mitre_detection":"The user can view and manage which applications hold the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission to create overlay windows on top of other apps through the device settings in Apps & notifications -> Special app access -> Display over other apps (the exact menu location may vary between Android versions).","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:39:22.707Z","name":"Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol","description":"Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over a different protocol than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. \n\nAlternate protocols include FTP, SMTP, HTTP/S, DNS, SMB, or any other network protocol not being used as the main command and control channel. Different protocol channels could also include Web services such as cloud storage. Adversaries may opt to also encrypt and/or obfuscate these alternate channels. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"exfiltration"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"[Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639)s can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--3e091a89-a493-4a6c-8e88-d57be19bb98d","created":"2022-04-06T13:19:33.785Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639","external_id":"T1639"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-30.html","external_id":"APP-30"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-02-20T23:39:08.047Z","name":"Internet Connection Discovery","description":"Adversaries may check for Internet connectivity on compromised systems. This may be performed during automated discovery and can be accomplished in numerous ways such as using `adb shell netstat` for Android.(Citation: adb_commands)\n\nAdversaries may use the results and responses from these requests to determine if the mobile devices are capable of communicating with adversary-owned C2 servers before attempting to connect to them. The results may also be used to identify routes, redirectors, and proxy servers.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--45a5fe76-eda3-4d40-8f22-c186efd6278d","created":"2024-02-20T23:39:08.047Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422/001","external_id":"T1422.001"},{"source_name":"adb_commands","description":"Pulimet. (2017, September 11). AdbCommands. Retrieved December 14, 2023.","url":"https://gist.github.com/Pulimet/5013acf2cd5b28e55036c82c91bd56d8"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--45dcbc83-4abc-4de1-b643-e528d1e9df09","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:24.069Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1460","external_id":"T1460"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.703Z","name":"Biometric Spoofing","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-16T18:26:46.043Z","name":"Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts","description":"Adversaries may use scripts automatically executed at boot or logon initialization to establish persistence. Initialization scripts are part of the underlying operating system and are not accessible to the user unless the device has been rooted or jailbroken. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, Verified Boot can detect unauthorized modifications to the system partition.(Citation: Android-VerifiedBoot) Android's SafetyNet API provides remote attestation capabilities, which could potentially be used to identify and respond to compromise devices. Samsung Knox provides a similar remote attestation capability on supported Samsung devices. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--46d818a5-67fa-4585-a7fc-ecf15376c8d5","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:31.294Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1398","external_id":"T1398"},{"source_name":"Android-VerifiedBoot","description":"Android. (n.d.). Verified Boot. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-26.html","external_id":"APP-26"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","external_id":"APP-27"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:44:26.317Z","name":"Execution Guardrails","description":"Adversaries may use execution guardrails to constrain execution or actions based on adversary supplied and environment specific conditions that are expected to be present on the target. Guardrails ensure that a payload only executes against an intended target and reduces collateral damage from an adversary’s campaign. Values an adversary can provide about a target system or environment to use as guardrails may include environment information such as location.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019)\n\nGuardrails can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. This use of guardrails is distinct from typical [System Checks](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633/001). While use of [System Checks](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633/001) may involve checking for known sandbox values and continuing with execution only if there is no match, the use of guardrails will involve checking for an expected target-specific value and only continuing with execution if there is such a match.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Detecting the use of guardrails may be difficult depending on the implementation. Users can review which applications have location and sensitive phone information permissions in the operating system’s settings menu. Application vetting services can detect unnecessary and potentially permissions or API calls.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--498e7b81-238d-404c-aa5e-332904d63286","created":"2022-03-30T20:31:16.624Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627","external_id":"T1627"},{"source_name":"SWB Exodus March 2019","description":"Security Without Borders. (2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019.","url":"https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-09-12T15:20:41.834Z","name":"GUI Input Capture","description":"Adversaries may mimic common operating system GUI components to prompt users for sensitive information with a seemingly legitimate prompt. The operating system and installed applications often have legitimate needs to prompt the user for sensitive information such as account credentials, bank account information, or Personally Identifiable Information (PII). Compared to traditional PCs, the constrained display size of mobile devices may impair the ability to provide users with contextual information, making users more susceptible to this technique’s use.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)\n\nThere are several approaches adversaries may use to mimic this functionality. Adversaries may impersonate the identity of a legitimate application (e.g. use the same application name and/or icon) and, when installed on the device, may prompt the user for sensitive information.(Citation: eset-finance) Adversaries may also send fake device notifications to the user that may trigger the display of an input prompt when clicked.(Citation: Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019) \n\nAdditionally, adversaries may display a prompt on top of a running, legitimate application to trick users into entering sensitive information into a malicious application rather than the legitimate application. Typically, adversaries need to know when the targeted application and the individual activity within the targeted application is running in the foreground to display the prompt at the proper time. Adversaries can abuse Android’s accessibility features to determine which application is currently in the foreground.(Citation: ThreatFabric Cerberus) Two known approaches to displaying a prompt include:\n\n* Adversaries start a new activity on top of a running legitimate application.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)(Citation: Hassell-ExploitingAndroid) Android 10 places new restrictions on the ability for an application to start a new activity on top of another application, which may make it more difficult for adversaries to utilize this technique.(Citation: Android Background)\n* Adversaries create an application overlay window on top of a running legitimate application. Applications must hold the `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission to create overlay windows. This permission is handled differently than typical Android permissions and, at least under certain conditions, is automatically granted to applications installed from the Google Play Store.(Citation: Cloak and Dagger)(Citation: NowSecure Android Overlay)(Citation: Skycure-Accessibility) The `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission and its associated ability to create application overlay windows are expected to be deprecated in a future release of Android in favor of a new API.(Citation: XDA Bubbles)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Android users can view and manage which applications hold the `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission through the device settings in Apps & notifications -> Special app access -> Display over other apps (the exact menu location may vary between Android versions). \n\nApplication vetting services can look for applications requesting the `android.permission.SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission in the list of permissions in the app manifest. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512","created":"2022-04-05T19:48:31.195Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/002","external_id":"T1417.002"},{"source_name":"Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices","description":"A.P. Felt and D. Wagner. (2011, May 26). Phishing on Mobile Devices. Retrieved August 25, 2016.","url":"http://w2spconf.com/2011/papers/felt-mobilephishing.pdf"},{"source_name":"Android Background","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Restrictions on starting activities from the background. Retrieved September 18, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities/background-starts"},{"source_name":"Cloak and Dagger","description":"Fratantonio, Y., et al.. (2017). Cloak & Dagger. Retrieved September 12, 2024.","url":"https://cloak-and-dagger.org/"},{"source_name":"Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019","description":"Group-IB. (2019, March 28). Group-IB uncovers Android Trojan named «Gustuff» capable of targeting more than 100 global banking apps, cryptocurrency and marketplace applications. Retrieved September 3, 2019.","url":"https://www.group-ib.com/blog/gustuff"},{"source_name":"eset-finance","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2016, July 7). Fake finance apps on Google Play target users from around the world. Retrieved September 24, 2018.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/09/19/fake-finance-apps-google-play-target-around-world/"},{"source_name":"Hassell-ExploitingAndroid","description":"R. Hassell. (2011, October 12-13). Exploiting Androids for Fun and Profit. Retrieved October 10, 2019.","url":"https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2011kul/materials/D1T1%20-%20Riley%20Hassell%20-%20Exploiting%20Androids%20for%20Fun%20and%20Profit.pdf"},{"source_name":"XDA Bubbles","description":"Rahman, M.. (2019, May 8). Bubbles in Android Q will fully replace the overlay API in a future Android version. Retrieved September 18, 2019.","url":"https://www.xda-developers.com/android-q-system-alert-window-deprecate-bubbles/"},{"source_name":"NowSecure Android Overlay","description":"Ramirez, T.. (2017, May 25). ‘SAW’-ing through the UI: Android overlay malware and the System Alert Window permission explained. Retrieved September 18, 2019.","url":"https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2017/05/25/android-overlay-malware-system-alert-window-permission/"},{"source_name":"ThreatFabric Cerberus","description":"ThreatFabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved September 18, 2019.","url":"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html"},{"source_name":"Skycure-Accessibility","description":"Yair Amit. (2016, March 3). “Accessibility Clickjacking” – The Next Evolution in Android Malware that Impacts More Than 500 Million Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://www.skycure.com/blog/accessibility-clickjacking/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","external_id":"APP-31"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--4e6620ac-c30c-4f6d-918e-fa20cae7c1ce","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:11.535Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1432","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1432"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-13"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could call standard operating system APIs from a malicious application to gather contact list (i.e., address book) data, or with escalated privileges could directly access files containing contact list data.","modified":"2022-04-01T13:19:41.180Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Access Contact List","x_mitre_detection":"On both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, the user can view which applications have permission to access contact list information through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"collection","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:20:11.752Z","name":"Compromise Client Software Binary","description":"Adversaries may modify system software binaries to establish persistent access to devices. System software binaries are used by the underlying operating system and users over adb or terminal emulators. \n\nAdversaries may make modifications to client software binaries to carry out malicious tasks when those binaries are executed. For example, malware may come with a pre-compiled malicious binary intended to overwrite the genuine one on the device. Since these binaries may be routinely executed by the system or user, the adversary can leverage this for persistent access to the device. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Verified Boot can detect unauthorized modifications to the system partition.(Citation: Android-VerifiedBoot) Android’s SafetyNet API provides remote attestation capabilities, which could potentially be used to identify and respond to compromised devices. Samsung Knox provides a similar remote attestation capability on supported Samsung devices. Application vetting services could detect applications trying to modify files in protected parts of the operating system.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--4f14e30b-8b57-4a7b-9093-2c0778ea99cf","created":"2022-03-30T19:53:27.791Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1645","external_id":"T1645"},{"source_name":"Android-VerifiedBoot","description":"Android. (n.d.). Verified Boot. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","external_id":"APP-27"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:54:40.501Z","name":"Software Packing","description":"Adversaries may perform software packing to conceal their code. Software packing is a method of compressing or encrypting an executable. Packing an executable changes the file signature in an attempt to avoid signature-based detection. Most decompression techniques decompress the executable code in memory. \n\nUtilities used to perform software packing are called packers. An example packer is FTT. A more comprehensive list of known packers is available, but adversaries may create their own packing techniques that do not leave the same artifacts as well-known packers to evade defenses.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for known software packers or artifacts of packing techniques. Packing is not a definitive indicator of malicious activity, because as legitimate software may use packing techniques to reduce binary size or to protect proprietary code.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS","Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--51636761-2e35-44bf-9e56-e337adf97174","created":"2022-03-30T19:20:37.864Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406/002","external_id":"T1406.002"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--51aedbd6-2837-4d15-aeb0-cb09f2bf22ac","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:16.288Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1445","external_id":"T1445"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.701Z","name":"Abuse of iOS Enterprise App Signing Key","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--52651225-0b3a-482d-aa7e-10618fd063b5","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:09.864Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1450","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1450"},{"source_name":"3GPP-Security","url":"http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/wg3_security/_specs/33900-120.pdf","description":"3GPP. (2000, January). A Guide to 3rd Generation Security. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport","url":"https://www.fcc.gov/files/csric5-wg10-finalreport031517pdf","description":"Communications Security, Reliability, Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (2017, March). Working Group 10 Legacy Systems Risk Reductions Final Report. Retrieved May 24, 2017."},{"source_name":"CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport","description":"CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport"},{"source_name":"Positive-SS7","url":"https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/ptcom/PT-SS7-AD-Data-Sheet-eng.pdf","description":"Positive Technologies. (n.d.). SS7 Attack Discovery. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7-2008","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0n5ySqbfdI","description":"Tobias Engel. (2008, December). Locating Mobile Phones using SS7. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7","url":"https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf","description":"Tobias Engel. (2014, December). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate.. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-38.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"CEL-38"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could exploit signaling system vulnerabilities to track the location of mobile devices. (Citation: Engel-SS7) (Citation: Engel-SS7-2008) (Citation: 3GPP-Security) (Citation: Positive-SS7) (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport)","modified":"2022-04-05T19:54:12.657Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Exploit SS7 to Track Device Location","x_mitre_detection":"Network carriers may be able to use firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), or Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) to detect and/or block SS7 exploitation.(Citation: CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport) The CSRIC also suggests threat information sharing between telecommunications industry members.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--52eff1c7-dd30-4121-b762-24ae6fa61bbb","created":"2020-04-28T14:35:37.309Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1575","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1575"},{"source_name":"Google NDK Getting Started","url":"https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides","description":"Google. (2019, December 27). Getting Started with the NDK. Retrieved April 28, 2020."},{"source_name":"MITRE App Vetting Effectiveness","url":"https://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/publications/pr-16-4772-analyzing-effectiveness-mobile-app-vetting-tools-report.pdf","description":"M. Peck, C. Northern. (2016, August 22). Analyzing the Effectiveness of App Vetting Tools in the Enterprise. Retrieved April 28, 2020."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may use Android’s Native Development Kit (NDK) to write native functions that can achieve execution of binaries or functions. Like system calls on a traditional desktop operating system, native code achieves execution on a lower level than normal Android SDK calls.\n\nThe NDK allows developers to write native code in C or C++ that is compiled directly to machine code, avoiding all intermediate languages and steps in compilation that higher level languages, like Java, typically have. The Java Native Interface (JNI) is the component that allows Java functions in the Android app to call functions in a native library.(Citation: Google NDK Getting Started)\n\nAdversaries may also choose to use native functions to execute malicious code since native actions are typically much more difficult to analyze than standard, non-native behaviors.(Citation: MITRE App Vetting Effectiveness)","modified":"2022-04-08T15:46:24.495Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Native API","x_mitre_detection":"This is abuse of standard OS-level APIs and are therefore typically undetectable to the end user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--53263a67-075e-48fa-974b-91c5b5445db7","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1476","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1476"},{"source_name":"IBTimes-ThirdParty","url":"https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/danger-lurks-third-party-android-app-stores-1544861","description":"A Prasad. (2016, February 19). Danger lurks in third-party Android app stores. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"TrendMicro-RootingMalware","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/user-beware-rooting-malware-found-in-3rd-party-app-stores/","description":"Jordan Pan. (2016, February 10). User Beware: Rooting Malware Found in 3rd Party App Stores. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019."},{"source_name":"TrendMicro-FlappyBird","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/flappy-bird-and-third-party-app-stores/","description":"Veo Zhang. (2014, February 18). Flappy Bird and Third-Party App Stores. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-9.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"AUT-9"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-13.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-13"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-21.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-21"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"Malicious applications are a common attack vector used by adversaries to gain a presence on mobile devices. This technique describes installing a malicious application on targeted mobile devices without involving an authorized app store (e.g., Google Play Store or Apple App Store). Adversaries may wish to avoid placing malicious applications in an authorized app store due to increased potential risk of detection or other reasons. However, mobile devices often are configured to allow application installation only from an authorized app store which would prevent this technique from working.\n\nDelivery methods for the malicious application include:\n\n* [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) - Including the mobile app package as an attachment to an email message.\n* [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002) - Including a link to the mobile app package within an email, text message (e.g. SMS, iMessage, Hangouts, WhatsApp, etc.), web site, QR code, or other means.\n* Third-Party App Store - Installed from a third-party app store (as opposed to an authorized app store that the device implicitly trusts as part of its default behavior), which may not apply the same level of scrutiny to apps as applied by an authorized app store.(Citation: IBTimes-ThirdParty)(Citation: TrendMicro-RootingMalware)(Citation: TrendMicro-FlappyBird)\n\nSome Android malware comes with functionality to install additional applications, either automatically or when the adversary instructs it to.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)","modified":"2022-04-06T15:41:16.863Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Deliver Malicious App via Other Means","x_mitre_detection":"* An EMM/MDM or mobile threat defense solution may be able to identify the presence of apps installed from sources other than an authorized app store. \n* An EMM/MDM or mobile threat defense solution may be able to identify Android devices configured to allow apps to be installed from \"Unknown Sources\".\n* Enterprise email security solutions can identify the presence of Android or iOS application packages within email messages.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--537ea573-8a1c-468c-956b-d16d2ed9d067","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:07.827Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1469","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1469"},{"source_name":"Honan-Hacking","url":"https://www.wired.com/2012/08/apple-amazon-mat-honan-hacking/","description":"Mat Honan. (2012, August 6). How Apple and Amazon Security Flaws Led to My Epic Hacking. Retrieved December 29, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-5.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-5"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-7.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"EMM-7"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"An adversary who is able to obtain unauthorized access to or misuse authorized access to cloud services (e.g. Google's Android Device Manager or Apple iCloud's Find my iPhone) or to an EMM console could use that access to wipe enrolled devices (Citation: Honan-Hacking).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:54:28.187Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Remotely Wipe Data Without Authorization","x_mitre_detection":"Google provides the ability for users to view their general account activity. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"remote-service-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-28T17:02:58.893Z","name":"Exploitation for Client Execution","description":"Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in client applications to execute code. Vulnerabilities can exist in software due to insecure coding practices that can lead to unanticipated behavior. Adversaries may take advantage of certain vulnerabilities through targeted exploitation for the purpose of arbitrary code execution. Oftentimes the most valuable exploits to an offensive toolkit are those that can be used to obtain code execution on a remote system because they can be used to gain access to that system. Users will expect to see files related to the applications they commonly used to do work, so they are a useful target for exploit research and development because of their high utility. \n\nAdversaries may use device-based zero-click exploits for code execution. These exploits are powerful because there is no user interaction required for code execution. \n\n### SMS/iMessage Delivery  \n\nSMS and iMessage in iOS are common targets through [Drive-By Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1456), [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1660), etc. Adversaries may use embed malicious links, files, etc. in SMS messages or iMessages. Mobile devices may be compromised through one-click exploits, where the victim must interact with a text message, or zero-click exploits, where no user interaction is required. \n\n### AirDrop \n\nUnique to iOS, AirDrop is a network protocol that allows iOS users to transfer files between iOS devices. Before patches from Apple were released, on iOS 13.4 and earlier, adversaries may force the Apple Wireless Direct Link (AWDL) interface to activate, then exploit a buffer overflow to gain access to the device and run as root without interaction from the user.  ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Giorgi Gurgenidze, ISAC"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--5abfc5e6-3c56-49e7-ad72-502d01acf28b","created":"2023-08-23T22:13:27.313Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1658","external_id":"T1658"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:57:14.285Z","name":"Proxy Through Victim","description":"Adversaries may use a compromised device as a proxy server to the Internet. By utilizing a proxy, adversaries hide the true IP address of their C2 server and associated infrastructure from the destination of the network traffic. This masquerades an adversary’s traffic as legitimate traffic originating from the compromised device, which can evade IP-based restrictions and alerts on certain services, such as bank accounts and social media websites.(Citation: Threat Fabric Exobot)\n\nThe most common type of proxy is a SOCKS proxy. It can typically be implemented using standard OS-level APIs and 3rd party libraries with no indication to the user. On Android, adversaries can use the `Proxy` API to programmatically establish a SOCKS proxy connection, or lower-level APIs to interact directly with raw sockets.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Enterprises may be able to detect anomalous traffic originating from mobile devices, which could indicate compromise.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--5ca3c7ec-55b2-4587-9376-cf6c96f8047a","created":"2020-11-30T14:26:07.728Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1604","external_id":"T1604"},{"source_name":"Threat Fabric Exobot","description":"Threat Fabric. (2017, February). Exobot - Android banking Trojan on the rise. Retrieved October 29, 2020.","url":"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/exobot_android_banking_trojan_on_the_rise.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--60623164-ccd8-4508-a141-b5a34820b3de","created":"2019-09-23T13:11:43.694Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1520","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1520"},{"source_name":"Data Driven Security DGA","url":"https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/","description":"Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"securelist rotexy 2018","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/","description":"T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan – banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may use [Domain Generation Algorithms](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1520) (DGAs) to procedurally generate domain names for command and control communication, and other uses such as malicious application distribution.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)\n\nDGAs increase the difficulty for defenders to block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there potentially could be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.","modified":"2022-04-05T20:03:46.788Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Domain Generation Algorithms","x_mitre_detection":"Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different DGA algorithms, constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There is a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) CDN domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, another more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names or for rarely visited domains.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--62adb627-f647-498e-b4cc-41499361bacb","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:20.727Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1435","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1435"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-13"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could call standard operating system APIs from a malicious application to gather calendar entry data, or with escalated privileges could directly access files containing calendar data.","modified":"2022-04-01T12:50:48.453Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Access Calendar Entries","x_mitre_detection":"On both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, the user can view which applications have permission to access calendar information through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"collection","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--633baf01-6de4-4963-bb54-ff6c6357bed3","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:21.354Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1465","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1465"},{"source_name":"Kaspersky-DarkHotel","url":"https://blog.kaspersky.com/darkhotel-apt/6613/","description":"Alex Drozhzhin. (2014, November 10). Darkhotel: a spy campaign in luxury Asian hotels. Retrieved December 24, 2016."},{"source_name":"NIST-SP800153","url":"http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-153.pdf","description":"M. Souppaya and K. Scarfone. (2012, February). NIST SP 800-153 Guidelines for Securing Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). Retrieved December 24, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/lan-pan-threats/LPN-0.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"LPN-0"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could set up unauthorized Wi-Fi access points or compromise existing access points and, if the device connects to them, carry out network-based attacks such as eavesdropping on or modifying network communication(Citation: NIST-SP800153)(Citation: Kaspersky-DarkHotel).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:51:11.938Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Rogue Wi-Fi Access Points","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:54:25.564Z","name":"Foreground Persistence","description":"Adversaries may abuse Android's `startForeground()` API method to maintain continuous sensor access. Beginning in Android 9, idle applications running in the background no longer have access to device sensors, such as the camera, microphone, and gyroscope.(Citation: Android-SensorsOverview) Applications can retain sensor access by running in the foreground, using Android’s `startForeground()` API method. This informs the system that the user is actively interacting with the application, and it should not be killed. The only requirement to start a foreground service is showing a persistent notification to the user.(Citation: Android-ForegroundServices)\n\nMalicious applications may abuse the `startForeground()` API method to continue running in the foreground, while presenting a notification to the user pretending to be a genuine application. This would allow unhindered access to the device’s sensors, assuming permission has been previously granted.(Citation: BlackHat Sutter Android Foreground 2019)\n\nMalicious applications may also abuse the `startForeground()` API to inform the Android system that the user is actively interacting with the application, thus preventing it from being killed by the low memory killer.(Citation: TrendMicro-Yellow Camera)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Lorin Wu, Trend Micro"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can see persistent notifications in their notification drawer and can subsequently uninstall applications that do not belong. Applications could be vetted for their use of the `startForeground()` API, and could be further scrutinized if usage is found.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--648f8051-1a35-46d3-b1d8-3a3f5cf2cc8e","created":"2019-11-19T17:32:20.373Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1541","external_id":"T1541"},{"source_name":"Android-SensorsOverview","description":"Google. (n.d.). Sensors Overview. Retrieved November 19, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/sensors/sensors_overview#sensors-practices"},{"source_name":"Android-ForegroundServices","description":"Google. (n.d.). Services overview. Retrieved November 19, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/services.html#Foreground"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro-Yellow Camera","description":"Song Wang. (2019, October 18). Fake Photo Beautification Apps on Google Play can Read SMS Verification Code to Trigger Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)/Carrier Billing. Retrieved November 19, 2019.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/fake-photo-beautification-apps-on-google-play-can-read-sms-verification-code-to-trigger-wireless-application-protocol-wap-carrier-billing/"},{"source_name":"BlackHat Sutter Android Foreground 2019","description":"Thomas Sutter. (2019, December). Simple Spyware Androids Invisible Foreground Services and How to (Ab)use Them. Retrieved December 26, 2019.","url":"https://i.blackhat.com/eu-19/Thursday/eu-19-Sutter-Simple-Spyware-Androids-Invisible-Foreground-Services-And-How-To-Abuse-Them.pdf"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-19.html","external_id":"APP-19"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-07T17:13:04.396Z","name":"Replication Through Removable Media","description":"Adversaries may move onto devices by exploiting or copying malware to devices connected via USB. In the case of Lateral Movement, adversaries may utilize the physical connection of a device to a compromised or malicious charging station or PC to bypass application store requirements and install malicious applications directly.(Citation: Lau-Mactans) In the case of Initial Access, adversaries may attempt to exploit the device via the connection to gain access to data stored on the device.(Citation: Krebs-JuiceJacking) Examples of this include: \n \n* Exploiting insecure bootloaders in a Nexus 6 or 6P device over USB and gaining the ability to perform actions including intercepting phone calls, intercepting network traffic, and obtaining the device physical location.(Citation: IBM-NexusUSB) \n* Exploiting weakly-enforced security boundaries in Android devices such as the Google Pixel 2 over USB.(Citation: GoogleProjectZero-OATmeal) \n* Products from Cellebrite and Grayshift purportedly that can exploit some iOS devices using physical access to the data port to unlock the passcode.(Citation: Computerworld-iPhoneCracking) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"lateral-movement"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--667e5707-3843-4da8-bd34-88b922526f0d","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:23.233Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1458","external_id":"T1458"},{"source_name":"Krebs-JuiceJacking","description":"Brian Krebs. (2011, August 17). Beware of Juice-Jacking. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","url":"http://krebsonsecurity.com/2011/08/beware-of-juice-jacking/"},{"source_name":"GoogleProjectZero-OATmeal","description":"Jann Horn. (2018, September 10). OATmeal on the Universal Cereal Bus: Exploiting Android phones over USB. Retrieved September 18, 2018.","url":"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/09/oatmeal-on-universal-cereal-bus.html"},{"source_name":"Lau-Mactans","description":"Lau et al.. (2013). Mactans: Injecting Malware Into iOS Devices Via Malicious Chargers. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","url":"https://media.blackhat.com/us-13/US-13-Lau-Mactans-Injecting-Malware-into-iOS-Devices-via-Malicious-Chargers-WP.pdf"},{"source_name":"Computerworld-iPhoneCracking","description":"Lucas Mearian. (2018, May 9). Two vendors now sell iPhone cracking technology – and police are buying. Retrieved September 21, 2018.","url":"https://www.computerworld.com/article/3268729/apple-ios/two-vendors-now-sell-iphone-cracking-technology-and-police-are-buying.html"},{"source_name":"IBM-NexusUSB","description":"Roee Hay. (2017, January 5). Android Vulnerabilities: Attacking Nexus 6 and 6P Custom Boot Modes. Retrieved January 11, 2017.","url":"https://securityintelligence.com/android-vulnerabilities-attacking-nexus-6-and-6p-custom-boot-modes/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/physical-threats/PHY-1.html","external_id":"PHY-1"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/physical-threats/PHY-2.html","external_id":"PHY-2"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-6.html","external_id":"STA-6"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-16T13:31:29.924Z","name":"Audio Capture","description":"Adversaries may capture audio to collect information by leveraging standard operating system APIs of a mobile device. Examples of audio information adversaries may target include user conversations, surroundings, phone calls, or other sensitive information. \n\n \n\nAndroid and iOS, by default, require that applications request device microphone access from the user.  \n\n \n\nOn Android devices, applications must hold the `RECORD_AUDIO` permission to access the microphone or the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission to access audio output. Because Android does not allow third-party applications to hold the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission by default, only privileged applications, such as those distributed by Google or the device vendor, can access audio output.(Citation: Android Permissions) However, adversaries may be able to gain this access after successfully elevating their privileges. With the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission, adversaries may pass the `MediaRecorder.AudioSource.VOICE_CALL` constant to `MediaRecorder.setAudioOutput`, allowing capture of both voice call uplink and downlink.(Citation: Manifest.permission) \n\n \n\nOn iOS devices, applications must include the `NSMicrophoneUsageDescription` key in their `Info.plist` file to access the microphone.(Citation: Requesting Auth-Media Capture)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"In iOS 14 and up, an orange dot (or orange square if the Differentiate Without Color setting is enabled) appears in the status bar when the microphone is being used by an application. However, there have been demonstrations indicating it may still be possible to access the microphone in the background without triggering this visual indicator by abusing features that natively access the microphone or camera but do not trigger the visual indicators.(Citation: iOS Mic Spyware)\n\n\nIn Android 12 and up, a green dot appears in the status bar when the microphone is being used by an application.(Citation: Android Privacy Indicators)\n \n\nAndroid applications using the `RECORD_AUDIO` permission and iOS applications using `RequestRecordPermission` should be carefully reviewed and monitored. If the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission is found in a third-party Android application, the application should be heavily scrutinized. \n\n \n\nIn both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, users can review which applications have the permission to access the microphone through the device settings screen and revoke permissions as necessary. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"3.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:12.913Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1429","external_id":"T1429"},{"source_name":"Manifest.permission","description":"Android Developers. (2022, March 17). Voice Call. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/media/MediaRecorder.AudioSource#VOICE_CALL"},{"source_name":"Requesting Auth-Media Capture","description":"Apple Developers. (n.d.). Requesting Authorization for Media Capture on iOS. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/avfoundation/cameras_and_media_capture/requesting_authorization_for_media_capture_on_ios"},{"source_name":"Android Permissions","description":"Google. (2021, August 11). Manifest.permission. Retrieved September 22, 2021.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission"},{"source_name":"Android Privacy Indicators","description":"Google. (n.d.). Privacy Indicators. Retrieved April 20, 2022.","url":"https://source.android.com/devices/tech/config/privacy-indicators"},{"source_name":"iOS Mic Spyware","description":"ZecOps Research Team. (2021, November 4). How iOS Malware Can Spy on Users Silently. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://blog.zecops.com/research/how-ios-malware-can-spy-on-users-silently/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-19.html","external_id":"APP-19"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:59:46.686Z","name":"Hijack Execution Flow","description":"Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the way operating systems run applications. Hijacking execution flow can be for the purposes of persistence since this hijacked execution may reoccur over time. \n\nThere are many ways an adversary may hijack the flow of execution. A primary way is by manipulating how the operating system locates programs to be executed. How the operating system locates libraries to be used by a program can also be intercepted. Locations where the operating system looks for programs or resources, such as file directories, could also be poisoned to include malicious payloads.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile threat defense agents could detect unauthorized operating system modifications by using attestation.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--670a4d75-103b-4b14-8a9e-4652fa795edd","created":"2022-03-30T14:49:18.650Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1625","external_id":"T1625"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","external_id":"APP-27"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-07T22:48:30.418Z","name":"Unix Shell","description":"Adversaries may abuse Unix shell commands and scripts for execution. Unix shells are the underlying command prompts on Android and iOS devices. Unix shells can control every aspect of a system, with certain commands requiring elevated privileges that are only accessible if the device has been rooted or jailbroken. \n\nUnix shells also support scripts that enable sequential execution of commands as well as other typical programming operations such as conditionals and loops. Common uses of shell scripts include long or repetitive tasks, or the need to run the same set of commands on multiple systems. \n\nAdversaries may abuse Unix shells to execute various commands or payloads. Interactive shells may be accessed through command and control channels or during lateral movement such as with SSH. Adversaries may also leverage shell scripts to deliver and execute multiple commands on victims or as part of payloads used for persistence. \n\nIf the device has been rooted or jailbroken, adversaries may locate and invoke a superuser binary to elevate their privileges and interact with the system as the root user. This dangerous level of permissions allows the adversary to run special commands and modify protected system files.  ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Command-line activities can potentially be detected through Mobile Threat Defense integrations with lower-level OS APIs. This could grant the MTD agents access to running processes and their parameters, potentially detecting unwanted or malicious shells.\n\nApplication vetting services could detect the invocations of methods that could be used to execute shell commands.(Citation: Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense)","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--693cdbff-ea73-49c6-ac3f-91e7285c31d1","created":"2022-03-30T13:59:50.479Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1623/001","external_id":"T1623.001"},{"source_name":"Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense","description":"Samsung Knox Partner Program. (n.d.). Knox for Mobile Threat Defense. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","url":"https://partner.samsungknox.com/mtd"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6a3f6490-9c44-40de-b059-e5940f246673","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:33.158Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1437","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1437"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-29.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-29"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the mobile device, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the mobile device and server. \n\nAdversaries may utilize many different protocols, including those used for web browsing, transferring files, electronic mail, or DNS.","modified":"2022-04-19T20:03:51.831Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Application Layer Protocol","x_mitre_detection":"Abuse of standard application protocols can be difficult to detect as many legitimate mobile applications leverage such protocols for language-specific APIs. Enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"command-and-control","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--6b846ad0-cc20-4db6-aa34-91561397c5e2","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:11.861Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1431","external_id":"T1431"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.699Z","name":"App Delivered via Web Download","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-08-08T16:23:41.271Z","name":"Download New Code at Runtime","description":"Adversaries may download and execute dynamic code not included in the original application package after installation. This technique is primarily used to evade static analysis checks and pre-publication scans in official app stores. In some cases, more advanced dynamic or behavioral analysis techniques could detect this behavior. However, in conjunction with [Execution Guardrails](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627) techniques, detecting malicious code downloaded after installation could be difficult.\n\nOn Android, dynamic code could include native code, Dalvik code, or JavaScript code that utilizes Android WebView’s `JavascriptInterface` capability. \n\nOn iOS, dynamic code could be downloaded and executed through 3rd party libraries such as JSPatch. (Citation: FireEye-JSPatch) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Existing network infrastructure may detect network calls to known malicious domains or the transfer of malicious payloads over the network. Mobile security products may provide URL inspection services that could determine if a domain being visited is malicious. Application vetting services could look for indications that the application downloads and executes new code at runtime (e.g., on Android, use of `DexClassLoader`, `System.load`, or the WebView `JavaScriptInterface` capability; on iOS, use of JSPatch or similar capabilities). Unfortunately, this is only a partial mitigation, as additional scrutiny would still need to be applied to applications that use these techniques. These techniques are often used without malicious intent, and  applications may employ other techniques to hide their use of these techniques.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.5","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:14.460Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1407","external_id":"T1407"},{"source_name":"FireEye-JSPatch","description":"Jing Xie, Zhaofeng Chen, Jimmy Su. (2016, January 27). HOT OR NOT? THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF IOS REMOTE HOT PATCHING. Retrieved December 9, 2016.","url":"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/01/hot_or_not_the_bene.html"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-20.html","external_id":"APP-20"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-12-05T22:14:54.813Z","name":"Exploitation for Initial Access","description":"Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities to gain initial access to a mobile device. \n\nThis can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Vulnerabilities may be present in applications, services, the underlying operating system, or in the kernel itself. Several well-known mobile device exploits exist, including FORCEDENTRY, StageFright, and BlueBorne. Further, some exploits may be possible to exploit without any user interaction (zero-click), making them particularly dangerous. Mobile operating system vendors are typically very quick to patch such critical bugs, ensuring only a small window where they can be exploited. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6ecbc2eb-e85a-440a-ab68-4d98f8d56fbe","created":"2023-12-05T22:14:54.813Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1664","external_id":"T1664"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6f86d346-f092-4abc-80df-8558a90c426a","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:21.023Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1468","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1468"},{"source_name":"Krebs-Location","url":"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/05/tracking-firm-locationsmart-leaked-location-data-for-customers-of-all-major-u-s-mobile-carriers-in-real-time-via-its-web-site/","description":"Brian Krebs. (2018, May 17). Tracking Firm LocationSmart Leaked Location Data for Customers of All Major U.S. Mobile Carriers Without Consent in Real Time Via Its Web Site. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-5.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-5"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-7.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"EMM-7"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary who is able to obtain unauthorized access to or misuse authorized access to cloud services (e.g. Google's Android Device Manager or Apple iCloud's Find my iPhone) or to an enterprise mobility management (EMM) / mobile device management (MDM) server console could use that access to track mobile devices.(Citation: Krebs-Location)","modified":"2022-04-05T19:40:25.068Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Remotely Track Device Without Authorization","x_mitre_detection":"Google sends a notification to the device when Android Device Manager is used to locate it. Additionally, Google provides the ability for users to view their general account activity. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"remote-service-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:51:04.432Z","name":"System Checks","description":"Adversaries may employ various system checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behavior after checking for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual environment or sandbox. If the adversary detects a virtual environment, they may alter their malware’s behavior to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for virtualization artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. \n\nChecks could include generic system properties such as host/domain name and samples of network traffic. Adversaries may also check the network adapters addresses, CPU core count, and available memory/drive size. \n\nHardware checks, such as the presence of motion sensors, could also be used to gather evidence that can be indicative a virtual environment. Adversaries may also query for specific readings from these devices. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for applications attempting to get `android.os.SystemProperties` or `getprop` with the runtime `exec()` commands. This could indicate some level of sandbox evasion, as Google recommends against using system properties within applications.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6ffad4be-bfe0-424f-abde-4d9a84a800ad","created":"2022-03-30T17:53:35.582Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633/001","external_id":"T1633.001"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:53:16.029Z","name":"Stored Application Data","description":"Adversaries may try to access and collect application data resident on the device. Adversaries often target popular applications, such as Facebook, WeChat, and Gmail.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019) \n\n \n\nDue to mobile OS sandboxing, this technique is only possible in three scenarios: \n\n \n\n* An application stores files in unprotected external storage \n* An application stores files in its internal storage directory with insecure permissions (e.g. 777) \n* The adversary gains root permissions on the device ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could detect when applications store data insecurely, for example, in unprotected external storage.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"3.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--702055ac-4e54-4ae9-9527-e23a38e0b160","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:15.402Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1409","external_id":"T1409"},{"source_name":"SWB Exodus March 2019","description":"Security Without Borders. (2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019.","url":"https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-0.html","external_id":"AUT-0"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:57:43.022Z","name":"Screen Capture","description":"Adversaries may use screen capture to collect additional information about a target device, such as applications running in the foreground, user data, credentials, or other sensitive information. Applications running in the background can capture screenshots or videos of another application running in the foreground by using the Android `MediaProjectionManager` (generally requires the device user to grant consent).(Citation: Fortinet screencap July 2019)(Citation: Android ScreenCap1 2019) Background applications can also use Android accessibility services to capture screen contents being displayed by a foreground application.(Citation: Lookout-Monokle) An adversary with root access or Android Debug Bridge (adb) access could call the Android `screencap` or `screenrecord` commands.(Citation: Android ScreenCap2 2019)(Citation: Trend Micro ScreenCap July 2015) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"The user can view a list of apps with accessibility service privileges in the device settings. Application vetting services can look for the use of the Android `MediaProjectionManager` class, applying extra scrutiny to applications that use the class.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.3","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--73c26732-6422-4081-8b63-6d0ae93d449e","created":"2019-08-08T18:34:14.178Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1513","external_id":"T1513"},{"source_name":"Android ScreenCap2 2019","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Android Debug Bridge (adb). Retrieved August 8, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb"},{"source_name":"Android ScreenCap1 2019","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Android MediaProjectionManager. Retrieved August 8, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/media/projection/MediaProjectionManager"},{"source_name":"Lookout-Monokle","description":"Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. (2019, July). Monokle: The Mobile Surveillance Tooling of the Special Technology Center. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","url":"https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/lookout-discovers-monokle-threat-report.pdf"},{"source_name":"Fortinet screencap July 2019","description":"Dario Durando. (2019, July 3). BianLian: A New Wave Emerges. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","url":"https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/new-wave-bianlian-malware.html"},{"source_name":"Trend Micro ScreenCap July 2015","description":"Zhang, V. (2015, July 21). Hacking Team RCSAndroid Spying Tool Listens to Calls; Roots Devices to Get In. Retrieved August 8, 2019.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/hacking-team-rcsandroid-spying-tool-listens-to-calls-roots-devices-to-get-in/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-40.html","external_id":"APP-40"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:44:26.748Z","name":"Transmitted Data Manipulation","description":"Adversaries may alter data en route to storage or other systems in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. By manipulating transmitted data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, or decision making.\n\nManipulation may be possible over a network connection or between system processes where there is an opportunity to deploy a tool that will intercept and change information. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target transmission mechanism as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system, typically gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign, in order to have the desired impact.\n\nOne method to achieve [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001) is by modifying the contents of the device clipboard. Malicious applications may monitor clipboard activity through the `ClipboardManager.OnPrimaryClipChangedListener` interface on Android to determine when clipboard contents have changed. Listening to clipboard activity, reading clipboard contents, and modifying clipboard contents requires no explicit application permissions and can be performed by applications running in the background. However, this behavior has changed with the release of Android 10.\n\nAdversaries may use [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001) to replace text prior to being pasted. For example, replacing a copied Bitcoin wallet address with a wallet address that is under adversarial control.\n\n[Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001) was seen within the Android/Clipper.C trojan. This sample was detected by ESET in an application distributed through the Google Play Store targeting cryptocurrency wallet numbers.(Citation: ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Applications could be vetted for their use of the clipboard manager APIs with extra scrutiny given to application that make use of them.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--74e6003f-c7f4-4047-983b-708cc19b96b6","created":"2022-04-06T13:39:39.779Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001","external_id":"T1641.001"},{"source_name":"ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019","description":"ESET. (2019, February 11). First clipper malware discovered on Google Play.. Retrieved July 26, 2019.","url":"https://www.eset.com/uk/about/newsroom/press-releases/first-clipper-malware-discovered-on-google-play-1/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--76c12fc8-a4eb-45d6-a3b7-e371a7248f69","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:07.460Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1452","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1452"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could use access to a compromised device's credentials to attempt to manipulate app store rankings or ratings by triggering application downloads or posting fake reviews of applications. This technique likely requires privileged access (a rooted or jailbroken device).","modified":"2022-04-06T13:57:24.726Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Manipulate App Store Rankings or Ratings","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--77e30eee-fd48-40b4-99ec-73e97c158b58","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:32.008Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1416","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1416"},{"source_name":"Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/ios-url-scheme-susceptible-to-hijacking/","description":"L. Wu, Y. Zhou, M. Li. (2019, July 12).  iOS URL Scheme Susceptible to Hijacking. Retrieved September 11, 2020."},{"source_name":"IETF-PKCE","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636","description":"N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may register Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) to intercept sensitive data.\n\nApplications regularly register URIs with the operating system to act as a response handler for various actions, such as logging into an app using an external account via single sign-on. This allows redirections to that specific URI to be intercepted by the application. If a malicious application were to register for a URI that was already in use by a genuine application, the malicious application may be able to intercept data intended for the genuine application or perform a phishing attack against the genuine application. Intercepted data may include OAuth authorization codes or tokens that could be used by the malicious application to gain access to resources.(Citation: Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking)(Citation: IETF-PKCE)","modified":"2022-04-01T15:17:21.508Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"URI Hijacking","x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users may be presented with a popup to select the appropriate application to open the URI in. If the user sees an application they do not recognize, they can remove it.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:28:54.940Z","name":"Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools","description":"Adversaries may manipulate products or product delivery mechanisms prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Applications often depend on external software to function properly. Popular open source projects that are used as dependencies in many applications may be targeted as a means to add malicious code to users of the dependency.(Citation: Grace-Advertisement)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries could be detected by application vetting services. Malicious software development tools could be detected by enterprises that deploy endpoint protection software on computers that are used to develop mobile apps. Application vetting could detect the usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--7827ced0-95e7-4d05-bdcf-0d8f2d37a3d3","created":"2022-03-28T19:31:51.978Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474/001","external_id":"T1474.001"},{"source_name":"Grace-Advertisement","description":"M. Grace et al. (2012, April 16-18). Unsafe exposure analysis of mobile in-app advertisements. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"https://www.csc2.ncsu.edu/faculty/xjiang4/pubs/WISEC12_ADRISK.pdf"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-6.html","external_id":"APP-6"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-0.html","external_id":"SPC-0"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-3.html","external_id":"SPC-3"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-9.html","external_id":"SPC-9"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-10.html","external_id":"SPC-10"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-15.html","external_id":"SPC-15"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--786f488c-cb1f-4602-89c5-86d982ee326b","created":"2019-10-02T14:46:43.632Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1523","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1523"},{"source_name":"Sophos Anti-emulation","url":"https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2017/04/13/android-malware-anti-emulation-techniques/","description":"Chen Yu et al. . (2017, April 13). Android malware anti-emulation techniques. Retrieved October 2, 2019."},{"source_name":"Xiao-ZergHelper","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/pirated-ios-app-stores-client-successfully-evaded-apple-ios-code-review/","description":"Claud Xiao. (2016, February 21). Pirated iOS App Store’s Client Successfully Evaded Apple iOS Code Review. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Cyberscoop Evade Analysis January 2019","url":"https://www.cyberscoop.com/android-malware-motion-detection-trend-micro/","description":"Jeff Stone. (2019, January 18). Sneaky motion-detection feature found on Android malware. Retrieved October 2, 2019."},{"source_name":"ThreatFabric Cerberus","url":"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html","description":"ThreatFabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"Github Anti-emulator","url":"https://github.com/strazzere/anti-emulator","description":"Tim Strazzere. (n.d.). Android Anti-Emulator. Retrieved October 2, 2019."},{"source_name":"Talos Gustuff Apr 2019","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/gustuff-targets-australia.html","description":"Vitor Ventura. (2019, April 9).  Gustuff banking botnet targets Australia . Retrieved September 3, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Malicious applications may attempt to detect their operating environment prior to fully executing their payloads. These checks are often used to ensure the application is not running within an analysis environment such as a sandbox used for application vetting, security research, or reverse engineering. \nAdversaries may use many different checks such as physical sensors, location, and system properties to fingerprint emulators and sandbox environments.(Citation: Talos Gustuff Apr 2019)(Citation: ThreatFabric Cerberus)(Citation: Xiao-ZergHelper)(Citation: Cyberscoop Evade Analysis January 2019) Adversaries may access `android.os.SystemProperties` via Java reflection to obtain specific system information.(Citation: Github Anti-emulator) Standard values such as phone number, IMEI, IMSI, device IDs, and device drivers may be checked against default signatures of common sandboxes.(Citation: Sophos Anti-emulation)\n","modified":"2022-03-30T17:54:56.590Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Evade Analysis Environment","x_mitre_detection":"Analysis Environment avoidance capabilities can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:43:49.443Z","name":"URI Hijacking","description":"Adversaries may register Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) to intercept sensitive data. \n\nApplications regularly register URIs with the operating system to act as a response handler for various actions, such as logging into an app using an external account via single sign-on. This allows redirections to that specific URI to be intercepted by the application. If an adversary were to register for a URI that was already in use by a genuine application, the adversary may be able to intercept data intended for the genuine application or perform a phishing attack against the genuine application. Intercepted data may include OAuth authorization codes or tokens that could be used by the adversary to gain access to protected resources.(Citation: Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking)(Citation: IETF-PKCE) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Leo Zhang, Trend Micro","Steven Du, Trend Micro"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users may be presented with a popup to select the appropriate application to open the URI in. If the user sees an application they do not recognize, they can remove it. When vetting applications for potential security weaknesses, the vetting process could look for insecure use of Intents. Developers should be encouraged to use techniques to ensure that the intent can only be sent to an appropriate destination (e.g., use explicit rather than implicit intents, permission checking, checking of the destination app's signing certificate, or utilizing the App Links feature). For mobile applications using OAuth, encourage use of best practice. (Citation: IETF-OAuthNativeApps)(Citation: Android-AppLinks)","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--789ef15a-34d9-4b32-a779-8cbbc9eb32f5","created":"2022-04-01T15:15:35.640Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1635/001","external_id":"T1635.001"},{"source_name":"Android-AppLinks","description":"Android. (n.d.). Handling App Links. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://developer.android.com/training/app-links/index.html"},{"source_name":"Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking","description":"L. Wu, Y. Zhou, M. Li. (2019, July 12).  iOS URL Scheme Susceptible to Hijacking. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/ios-url-scheme-susceptible-to-hijacking/"},{"source_name":"IETF-PKCE","description":"N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636"},{"source_name":"IETF-OAuthNativeApps","description":"W. Denniss and J. Bradley. (2017, October). IETF RFC 8252: OAuth 2.0 for Native Apps. Retrieved November 30, 2018.","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8252"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:52:52.097Z","name":"Subvert Trust Controls","description":"Adversaries may undermine security controls that will either warn users of untrusted activity or prevent execution of untrusted applications. Operating systems and security products may contain mechanisms to identify programs or websites as possessing some level of trust. Examples of such features include: an app being allowed to run because it is signed by a valid code signing certificate; an OS prompt alerting the user that an app came from an untrusted source; or getting an indication that you are about to connect to an untrusted site. The method adversaries use will depend on the specific mechanism they seek to subvert. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can use the device settings menu to view trusted CA certificates and look for unexpected or unknown certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies. Users can use the device settings menu to view which applications on the device are allowed to install unknown applications. \n\nOn iOS, the user can use the device settings menu to view installed Configuration Profiles and look for unexpected or unknown profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--79cb02f4-ac4e-4335-8b51-425c9573cce1","created":"2022-03-30T18:05:46.795Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1632","external_id":"T1632"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-7.html","external_id":"STA-7"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--79eec66a-9bd0-4a3f-ac82-19159e94bd44","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:11.116Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1433","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1433"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-13"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"On Android, an adversary could call standard operating system APIs from a malicious application to gather call log data, or with escalated privileges could directly access files containing call log data.\n\nOn iOS, applications do not have access to the call log, so privilege escalation would be required in order to access the data.","modified":"2022-04-01T13:14:43.174Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Access Call Log","x_mitre_detection":"On Android 6.0 and up, the user can view which applications have permission to access call log information through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--8197f026-64da-4700-93b9-b55ba55f3b31","created":"2020-09-11T15:04:14.532Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1581","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581"},{"source_name":"Lookout eSurv","url":"https://blog.lookout.com/esurv-research","description":"A. Bauer. (2019, April 8). Lookout discovers phishing sites distributing new iOS and Android surveillanceware. Retrieved September 11, 2020."},{"source_name":"Apple Location Services","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/corelocation/requesting_authorization_for_location_services","description":"Apple. (n.d.). Requesting Authorization for Location Services. Retrieved September 11, 2020."},{"source_name":"Android Geofencing API","url":"https://developer.android.com/training/location/geofencing","description":"Google. (n.d.). Create and monitor geofences. Retrieved September 11, 2020."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may use a device’s geographical location to limit certain malicious behaviors. For example, malware operators may limit the distribution of a second stage payload to certain geographic regions.(Citation: Lookout eSurv)\n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) is accomplished by persuading the user to grant the application permission to access location services. The application can then collect, process, and exfiltrate the device’s location to perform location-based actions, such as ceasing malicious behavior or showing region-specific advertisements.\n\nOne method to accomplish [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) on Android is to use the built-in Geofencing API to automatically trigger certain behaviors when the device enters or exits a specified radius around a geographical location. Similar to other [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) methods, this requires that the user has granted the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` and `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permissions. The latter is only required if the application targets Android 10 (API level 29) or higher. However, Android 11 introduced additional permission controls that may restrict background location collection based on user permission choices at runtime. These additional controls include “Allow only while using the app”, which will effectively prohibit background location collection.(Citation: Android Geofencing API)\n\nSimilarly, on iOS, developers can use built-in APIs to setup and execute geofencing. Depending on the use case, the app will either need to call `requestWhenInUseAuthorization()` or `requestAlwaysAuthorization()`, depending on when access to the location services is required. Similar to Android, users also have the option to limit when the application can access the device’s location, including one-time use and only when the application is running in the foreground.(Citation: Apple Location Services)\n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. For example, location data could be used to limit malware spread and/or capabilities, which could also potentially evade application analysis environments (ex: malware analysis outside of the target geographic area). Other malicious usages could include showing language-specific [Input Prompt](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1411)s and/or advertisements.","modified":"2022-03-30T20:43:31.244Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Geofencing","x_mitre_detection":"Users can review which applications have location permissions in the operating system’s settings menu. On Android 10 and later, the system shows a notification to the user when an app has been accessing device location in the background.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--82f04b1e-5371-4a6f-be06-411f0f43b483","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:29.774Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1401","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1401"},{"source_name":"Android DeviceAdminInfo","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DeviceAdminInfo","description":"Google. (n.d.). DeviceAdminInfo. Retrieved November 20, 2020."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-22"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may request device administrator permissions to perform malicious actions.\n\nBy abusing the device administration API, adversaries can perform several nefarious actions, such as resetting the device’s password for [Device Lockout](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1446), factory resetting the device to [Delete Device Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1447) and any traces of the malware, disabling all of the device’s cameras, or make it more difficult to uninstall the app.(Citation: Android DeviceAdminInfo)\n\nDevice administrators must be approved by the user at runtime, with a system popup showing which of the actions have been requested by the app. In conjunction with other techniques, such as [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516), an app can programmatically grant itself administrator permissions without any user input.","modified":"2022-04-01T16:52:36.965Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Device Administrator Permissions","x_mitre_detection":"Users can see when an app requests device administrator permissions. Users can also view which apps have device administrator permissions in the settings menu.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--831e3269-da49-48ac-94dc-948008e8fd16","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:34.830Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1443","external_id":"T1443"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.701Z","name":"Remotely Install Application","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:45:39.362Z","name":"Keychain","description":"Adversaries may collect keychain data from an iOS device to acquire credentials. Keychains are the built-in way for iOS to keep track of users' passwords and credentials for many services and features such as Wi-Fi passwords, websites, secure notes, certificates, private keys, and VPN credentials. \n\nOn the device, the keychain database is stored outside of application sandboxes to prevent unauthorized access to the raw data. Standard iOS APIs allow applications access to their own keychain contained within the database. By utilizing a privilege escalation exploit or existing root access, adversaries can access the entire encrypted database.(Citation: Apple Keychain Services)(Citation: Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can potentially detect jailbroken devices. Application vetting services may be able to detect known privilege escalation exploits contained within applications, as well as searching application packages for strings that correlate to known password store locations.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--8605a0ec-b44a-4e98-a7fc-87d4bd3acb66","created":"2022-04-01T15:01:32.169Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1634/001","external_id":"T1634.001"},{"source_name":"Apple Keychain Services","description":"Apple, Inc.. (n.d.). Keychain Services. Retrieved June 24, 2020.","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/keychain_services"},{"source_name":"Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain","description":"V. Katalov. (2018, December 18). Six Ways to Decrypt iPhone Passwords from the Keychain. Retrieved June 24, 2020.","url":"https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2018/12/six-ways-to-decrypt-iphone-passwords-from-the-keychain/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-11.html","external_id":"AUT-11"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--88932a8c-3a17-406f-9431-1da3ff19f6d6","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:29.092Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1403","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1403"},{"source_name":"Sabanal-ART","url":"https://www.blackhat.com/docs/asia-15/materials/asia-15-Sabanal-Hiding-Behind-ART-wp.pdf","description":"Paul Sabanal. (2015). Hiding Behind ART. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"ART (the Android Runtime) compiles optimized code on the device itself to improve performance. An adversary may be able to use escalated privileges to modify the cached code in order to hide malicious behavior. Since the code is compiled on the device, it may not receive the same level of integrity checks that are provided to code running in the system partition.(Citation: Sabanal-ART)","modified":"2022-04-06T15:46:29.338Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Modify Cached Executable Code","x_mitre_detection":"Modifications to cached executable code can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversary behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"attack-pattern--89fcd02f-62dc-40b9-a54b-9ac4b1baef05","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:28.456Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"external_id":"T1419","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1419","source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"},{"url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build","description":"Android. (n.d.). Build. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","source_name":"Android-Build"}],"modified":"2019-10-16T13:24:48.936Z","name":"Device Type Discovery","description":"On Android, device type information is accessible to apps through the android.os.Build class (Citation: Android-Build). Device information could be used to target privilege escalation exploits.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"discovery","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--8c7862ff-3449-4ac6-b0fd-ac1298a822a5","created":"2020-05-04T13:49:34.706Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1576","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1576"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-43.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-43"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may include functionality in malware that uninstalls the malicious application from the device. This can be achieved by:\n\n* Abusing device owner permissions to perform silent uninstallation using device owner API calls.\n* Abusing root permissions to delete files from the filesystem.\n* Abusing the accessibility service. This requires an intent be sent to the system to request uninstallation, and then abusing the accessibility service to click the proper places on the screen to confirm uninstallation.","modified":"2022-03-30T19:34:09.371Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Uninstall Malicious Application","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--8e27551a-5080-4148-a584-c64348212e4f","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:31.694Z","x_mitre_version":"2.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1447","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1447"},{"source_name":"Android DevicePolicyManager 2019","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved September 22, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may wipe a device or delete individual files in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. An application must have administrator access to fully wipe the device, while individual files may not require special permissions to delete depending on their storage location. (Citation: Android DevicePolicyManager 2019)\n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The impact file deletion will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary, but can include deleting update files to evade detection or deleting attacker-specified files for impact.","modified":"2022-03-30T19:50:37.727Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Delete Device Data","x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can detect which applications can request device administrator permissions. Users can view applications with administrator access through the device settings, and may also notice if user data is inexplicably missing.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--8f0e39c6-82c9-41ec-9f93-5696c0f2e274","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:09.082Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1448","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1448"},{"source_name":"Google Bread","url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2020/01/pha-family-highlights-bread-and-friends.html","description":"A. Guertin, V. Kotov, Android Security & Privacy Team. (2020, January 9). PHA Family Highlights: Bread (and Friends) . Retrieved April 27, 2020."},{"source_name":"AndroidSecurity2014","url":"https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/source.android.com/en//security/reports/Google_Android_Security_2014_Report_Final.pdf","description":"Google. (2014). Android Security 2014 Year in Review. Retrieved December 12, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"A malicious app may trigger fraudulent charges on a victim’s carrier billing statement in several different ways, including SMS toll fraud and SMS shortcodes that make purchases.\n\nPerforming SMS fraud relies heavily upon the fact that, when making SMS purchases, the carriers perform device verification but not user verification. This allows adversaries to make purchases on behalf of the user, with little or no user interaction.(Citation: Google Bread)\n\nMalicious applications may also perform toll billing, which occurs when carriers provide payment endpoints over a web page. The application connects to the web page over cellular data so the carrier can directly verify the number, or the application must retrieve a code sent via SMS and enter it into the web page.(Citation: Google Bread)\n\nOn iOS, apps cannot send SMS messages.\n\nOn Android, apps must hold the `SEND_SMS` permission to send SMS messages. Additionally, Android version 4.2 and above has mitigations against this threat by requiring user consent before allowing SMS messages to be sent to premium numbers (Citation: AndroidSecurity2014).","modified":"2022-04-06T13:57:38.841Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Carrier Billing Fraud","x_mitre_detection":"Starting with Android 4.2 the user is prompted and must provide consent before applications can send SMS messages to premium numbers.(Citation: AndroidSecurity2014)\n\nOn Android 6.0 and up, the user can view which applications have permission to send SMS messages through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"attack-pattern--8f142a25-f6c3-4520-bd50-2ae3ab50ed3e","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:17.533Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1415","external_id":"T1415"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-10.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"AUT-10"},{"source_name":"FireEye-Masque2","description":"Hui Xue, Tao Wei, Yulong Zhang, Song Jin, Zhaofeng Chen. (2015, February 19). IOS MASQUE ATTACK REVIVED: BYPASSING PROMPT FOR TRUST AND APP URL SCHEME HIJACKING. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/02/ios_masque_attackre.html"},{"source_name":"Dhanjani-URLScheme","description":"Nitesh Dhanjani. (2010, November 8). Insecure Handling of URL Schemes in Apple’s iOS. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"http://www.dhanjani.com/blog/2010/11/insecure-handling-of-url-schemes-in-apples-ios.html"},{"source_name":"IETF-PKCE","description":"N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636"},{"source_name":"MobileIron-XARA","description":"Michael T. Raggo. (2015, October 1). iOS URL Scheme Hijacking (XARA) Attack Analysis and Countermeasures. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://www.mobileiron.com/en/smartwork-blog/ios-url-scheme-hijacking-xara-attack-analysis-and-countermeasures"}],"modified":"2020-10-23T15:05:40.674Z","name":"URL Scheme Hijacking","description":"An iOS application may be able to maliciously claim a URL scheme, allowing it to intercept calls that are meant for a different application(Citation: FireEye-Masque2)(Citation: Dhanjani-URLScheme). This technique, for example, could be used to capture OAuth authorization codes(Citation: IETF-PKCE) or to phish user credentials(Citation: MobileIron-XARA).","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:34:55.968Z","name":"Bidirectional Communication","description":"Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service channel as a means for sending commands to and receiving output from a compromised system. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems can then send the output from those commands back over that Web service channel. The return traffic may occur in a variety of ways, depending on the Web service being utilized. For example, the return traffic may take the form of the compromised system posting a comment on a forum, issuing a pull request to development project, updating a document hosted on a Web service, or by sending a Tweet. \n\n \n\nPopular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--939808a7-121d-467a-b028-4441ee8b7cee","created":"2022-04-06T15:47:06.071Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481/002","external_id":"T1481.002"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-08T19:21:40.736Z","name":"Non-Standard Port","description":"Adversaries may generate network traffic using a protocol and port pairing that are typically not associated. For example, HTTPS over port 8088 or port 587 as opposed to the traditional port 443. Adversaries may make changes to the standard port used by a protocol to bypass filtering or muddle analysis/parsing of network data.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting reports may show network communications performed by the application, including hosts, ports, protocols, and URLs. Further detection would most likely be at the enterprise level, through packet and/or netflow inspection. Many properly configured firewalls may also naturally block command and control traffic over non-standard ports.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--948a447c-d783-4ba0-8516-a64140fcacd5","created":"2019-08-01T13:44:09.368Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1509","external_id":"T1509"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:32:37.109Z","name":"Compromise Software Supply Chain","description":"Adversaries may manipulate application software prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Supply chain compromise of software can take place in a number of ways, including manipulation of the application source code, manipulation of the update/distribution mechanism for that software, or replacing compiled releases with a modified version.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services can detect malicious code in applications. System partition integrity checking mechanisms can detect unauthorized or malicious code contained in the system partition.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--9558a84e-2d5e-4872-918e-d847494a8ffc","created":"2022-03-28T19:25:17.596Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474/003","external_id":"T1474.003"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-4.html","external_id":"SPC-4"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-11.html","external_id":"SPC-11"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-12.html","external_id":"SPC-12"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-18.html","external_id":"SPC-18"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-20.html","external_id":"SPC-20"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:33:56.861Z","name":"Dead Drop Resolver","description":"Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service to host information that points to additional command and control (C2) infrastructure. Adversaries may post content, known as a dead drop resolver, on Web services with embedded (and often obfuscated/encoded) domains or IP addresses. Once infected, victims will reach out to and be redirected by these resolvers. \n\n \n\nPopular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. \n\n \n\nUse of a dead drop resolver may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis, or enable operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed). ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--986f80f7-ff0e-4f48-87bd-0394814bbce5","created":"2022-04-06T15:41:03.914Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481/001","external_id":"T1481.001"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:50:21.363Z","name":"Location Tracking","description":"Adversaries may track a device’s physical location through use of standard operating system APIs via malicious or exploited applications on the compromised device. \n\n \n\nOn Android, applications holding the `ACCESS_COAURSE_LOCATION` or `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` permissions provide access to the device’s physical location. On Android 10 and up, declaration of the `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permission in an application’s manifest will allow applications to request location access even when the application is running in the background.(Citation: Android Request Location Permissions) Some adversaries have utilized integration of Baidu map services to retrieve geographical location once the location access permissions had been obtained.(Citation: PaloAlto-SpyDealer)(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox) \n\n \n\nOn iOS, applications must include the `NSLocationWhenInUseUsageDescription`, `NSLocationAlwaysAndWhenInUseUsageDescription`, and/or `NSLocationAlwaysUsageDescription` keys in their `Info.plist` file depending on the extent of requested access to location information.(Citation: Apple Requesting Authorization for Location Services) On iOS 8.0 and up, applications call `requestWhenInUseAuthorization()` to request access to location information when the application is in use or `requestAlwaysAuthorization()` to request access to location information regardless of whether the application is in use. With elevated privileges, an adversary may be able to access location data without explicit user consent with the `com.apple.locationd.preauthorized` entitlement key.(Citation: Google Project Zero Insomnia)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Android applications requesting the `ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION`, `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION`, or `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permissions and iOS applications including the `NSLocationWhenInUseUsageDescription`, `NSLocationAlwaysAndWhenInUseUsageDescription`, and/or `NSLocationAlwaysUsageDescription` keys in their `Info.plist` file could be scrutinized during the application vetting process. \n\n \n\nIn both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, users can view which applications have the permission to access the device location through the device settings screen and revoke permissions as necessary.  ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:12.267Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1430","external_id":"T1430"},{"source_name":"Palo Alto HenBox","description":"A. Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019.","url":"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/"},{"source_name":"Android Request Location Permissions","description":"Android Developers. (2022, March 24). Request Location Permissions. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://developer.android.com/training/location/permissions"},{"source_name":"Apple Requesting Authorization for Location Services","description":"Apple Developers. (n.d.). Requesting Authorization for Location Services. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/corelocation/requesting_authorization_for_location_services"},{"source_name":"Google Project Zero Insomnia","description":"I. Beer. (2019, August 29). Implant Teardown. Retrieved June 2, 2020.","url":"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/08/implant-teardown.html"},{"source_name":"PaloAlto-SpyDealer","description":"Wenjun Hu, Cong Zheng and Zhi Xu. (2017, July 6). SpyDealer: Android Trojan Spying on More Than 40 Apps. Retrieved September 18, 2018.","url":"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/07/unit42-spydealer-android-trojan-spying-40-apps/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-24.html","external_id":"APP-24"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:56:34.537Z","name":"Device Administrator Permissions","description":"Adversaries may abuse Android’s device administration API to obtain a higher degree of control over the device. By abusing the API, adversaries can perform several nefarious actions, such as resetting the device’s password for [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1642), factory resetting the device for [File Deletion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/002) and to delete any traces of the malware, disabling all the device’s cameras, or to make it more difficult to uninstall the app.\n\nDevice administrators must be approved by the user at runtime, with a system popup showing which actions have been requested by the app. In conjunction with other techniques, such as [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516), an app can programmatically grant itself administrator permissions without any user input.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users are prompted for approval when an application requests device administrator permissions. Users can see which applications are registered as device administrators in the device settings. Application vetting services can check for the string `BIND_DEVICE_ADMIN` in the application’s manifest. This indicates it can prompt the user for device administrator permissions.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--9c049d7b-c92a-4733-9381-27e2bd2ccadc","created":"2022-04-01T15:59:05.830Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1626/001","external_id":"T1626.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","external_id":"APP-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--9d7c32f4-ab39-49dc-8055-8106bc2294a1","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:17.886Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1446","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1446"},{"source_name":"Xiao-KeyRaider","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/08/keyraider-ios-malware-steals-over-225000-apple-accounts-to-create-free-app-utopia/","description":"Claud Xiao. (2015, August 30). KeyRaider: iOS Malware Steals Over 225,000 Apple Accounts to Create Free App Utopia. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Android resetPassword","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html#resetPassword(java.lang.String,%20int)","description":"Google. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved October 1, 2019."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-28.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-28"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary may seek to lock the legitimate user out of the device, for example to inhibit user interaction or to obtain a ransom payment.\n\nOn Android versions prior to 7, apps can abuse Device Administrator access to reset the device lock passcode to prevent the user from unlocking the device. After Android 7, only device or profile owners (e.g. MDMs) can reset the device’s passcode.(Citation: Android resetPassword)\n\nOn iOS devices, this technique does not work because mobile device management servers can only remove the screen lock passcode, they cannot set a new passcode. However, on jailbroken devices, malware has been discovered that can lock the user out of the device.(Citation: Xiao-KeyRaider)","modified":"2022-04-01T18:49:51.039Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Device Lockout","x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users can review which applications have device administrator access in the device settings, and revoke permission where appropriate.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:58:20.113Z","name":"Remote Device Management Services","description":"An adversary may use access to cloud services (e.g. Google's Android Device Manager or Apple iCloud's Find my iPhone) or to an enterprise mobility management (EMM)/mobile device management (MDM) server console to track the location of mobile devices managed by the service.(Citation: Krebs-Location) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Google sends a notification to the device when Android Device Manager is used to locate it. Additionally, Google provides the ability for users to view their general account activity and alerts users when their credentials have been used on a new device. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity such as when credentials have been used. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--9ef05e3d-52db-4c12-be4f-519214bbe91f","created":"2022-04-05T19:37:15.984Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1430/001","external_id":"T1430.001"},{"source_name":"Krebs-Location","description":"Brian Krebs. (2018, May 17). Tracking Firm LocationSmart Leaked Location Data for Customers of All Major U.S. Mobile Carriers Without Consent in Real Time Via Its Web Site. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","url":"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/05/tracking-firm-locationsmart-leaked-location-data-for-customers-of-all-major-u-s-mobile-carriers-in-real-time-via-its-web-site/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-5.html","external_id":"ECO-5"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-7.html","external_id":"EMM-7"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-27T21:09:27.288Z","name":"Data Destruction","description":"Adversaries may destroy data and files on specific devices or in large numbers to interrupt availability to systems, services, and network resources. Data destruction is likely to render stored data irrecoverable by forensic techniques through overwriting files or data on local and remote drives.  \n\nTo achieve data destruction, adversaries may use the `pm uninstall` command to uninstall packages or the `rm` command to remove specific files. For example, adversaries may first use `pm uninstall` to uninstall non-system apps, and then use `rm (-f) <file(s)>` to delete specific files, further hiding malicious activity.(Citation: rootnik_rooting_tool)(Citation: abuse_native_linux_tools)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--9ef14445-6f35-4ed0-a042-5024f13a9242","created":"2023-09-22T19:09:15.698Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1662","external_id":"T1662"},{"source_name":"rootnik_rooting_tool","description":"Hu, W., et al. (2015, December 4). Rootnik Android Trojan Abuses Commercial Rooting Tool and Steals Private Information. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","url":"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/rootnik-android-trojan-abuses-commercial-rooting-tool-and-steals-private-information/"},{"source_name":"abuse_native_linux_tools","description":"Surana, N., et al. (2022, September 8). How Malicious Actors Abuse Native Linux Tools in Attacks. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","url":"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_za/research/22/i/how-malicious-actors-abuse-native-linux-tools-in-their-attacks.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a0464539-e1b7-4455-a355-12495987c300","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:13.625Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1427","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1427"},{"source_name":"ArsTechnica-PoisonTap","url":"http://arstechnica.com/security/2016/11/meet-poisontap-the-5-tool-that-ransacks-password-protected-computers/","description":"Dan Goodin. (2016, November 16). Meet PoisonTap, the $5 tool that ransacks password-protected computers. Retrieved December 22, 2016."},{"source_name":"Wang-ExploitingUSB","url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1920314","description":"Z. Wang and A. Stavrou. (2010, December 6-10). Exploiting smart-phone USB connectivity for fun and profit. Retrieved December 22, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/physical-threats/PHY-2.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"PHY-2"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"With escalated privileges, an adversary could program the mobile device to impersonate USB devices such as input devices (keyboard and mouse), storage devices, and/or networking devices in order to attack a physically connected PC(Citation: Wang-ExploitingUSB)(Citation: ArsTechnica-PoisonTap) This technique has been demonstrated on Android. We are unaware of any demonstrations on iOS.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:39:14.695Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Attack PC via USB Connection","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"lateral-movement"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--a21a6a79-f9a1-4c87-aed9-ba2d79536881","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:05.928Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1441","external_id":"T1441"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.700Z","name":"Stolen Developer Credentials or Signing Keys","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a5de0540-73e7-4c67-96da-4143afedc7ed","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:22.296Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1467","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1467"},{"source_name":"Computerworld-Femtocell","url":"http://www.computerworld.com/article/2484538/cybercrime-hacking/researchers-exploit-cellular-tech-flaws-to-intercept-phone-calls.html","description":"Jaikumar Vijayan. (2013, August 1). Researchers exploit cellular tech flaws to intercept phone calls. Retrieved December 24, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-7.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"CEL-7"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could set up a rogue cellular base station and then use it to eavesdrop on or manipulate cellular device communication. A compromised cellular femtocell could be used to carry out this technique(Citation: Computerworld-Femtocell).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:52:41.578Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Rogue Cellular Base Station","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_contributors":["Karim Hasanen, @_karimhasanen"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a64a820a-cb21-471f-920c-506a2ff04fa5","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:20.329Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1451","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1451"},{"source_name":"Betanews-Simswap","url":"http://betanews.com/2016/02/12/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sim-swap-scams/","description":"Alex Cambell. (2016, February 12). Everything you need to know about SIM swap scams. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Krebs-SimSwap","url":"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/05/t-mobile-employee-made-unauthorized-sim-swap-to-steal-instagram-account/","description":"Brian Krebs. (2018, May 18). T-Mobile Employee Made Unauthorized ‘SIM Swap’ to Steal Instagram Account. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"TechCrunch-SimSwap","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/23/i-was-hacked/","description":"John Biggs. (2017, August 23). I was hacked. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"Motherboard-Simswap2","url":"https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/3ky5a5/criminals-recruit-telecom-employees-sim-swapping-port-out-scam","description":"Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai. (2018, August 3). How Criminals Recruit Telecom Employees to Help Them Hijack SIM Cards. Retrieved August 11, 2018."},{"source_name":"Motherboard-Simswap1","url":"https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/vbqax3/hackers-sim-swapping-steal-phone-numbers-instagram-bitcoin","description":"Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai. (2018, July 17). The SIM Hijackers. Retrieved August 11, 2018."},{"source_name":"Guardian-Simswap","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/apr/16/sim-swap-fraud-mobile-banking-fraudsters","description":"Miles Brignall. (2016, April 16). Sim-swap fraud claims another mobile banking victim. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"NYGov-Simswap","url":"http://www.dos.ny.gov/consumerprotection/scams/att-sim.html","description":"New York Department of State. (2016, February 12). AT&T SIM-Card Switch Scam. Retrieved August 23, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-22.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"STA-22"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"An adversary could convince the mobile network operator (e.g. through social networking, forged identification, or insider attacks performed by trusted employees) to issue a new SIM card and associate it with an existing phone number and account.(Citation: NYGov-Simswap)(Citation: Motherboard-Simswap2) The adversary could then obtain SMS messages or hijack phone calls intended for someone else.(Citation: Betanews-Simswap)\n\nOne use case is intercepting authentication messages or phone calls to obtain illicit access to online banking or other online accounts, as many online services allow account password resets by sending an authentication code over SMS to a phone number associated with the account.(Citation: Guardian-Simswap)(Citation: Motherboard-Simswap1)(Citation: Krebs-SimSwap)(Citation: TechCrunch-SimSwap)","modified":"2022-04-06T15:53:54.872Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"SIM Card Swap","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:44:36.145Z","name":"Input Capture","description":"Adversaries may use methods of capturing user input to obtain credentials or collect information. During normal device usage, users often provide credentials to various locations, such as login pages/portals or system dialog boxes. Input capture mechanisms may be transparent to the user (e.g. [Keylogging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/001)) or rely on deceiving the user into providing input into what they believe to be a genuine application prompt (e.g. [GUI Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/002)).","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services can look for applications requesting the permissions granting access to accessibility services or application overlay. Users can view and manage installed third-party keyboards.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.3","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a8c31121-852b-46bd-9ba4-674ae5afe7ad","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:27.660Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417","external_id":"T1417"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","external_id":"APP-31"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-13.html","external_id":"AUT-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:57:17.144Z","name":"Generate Traffic from Victim","description":"Adversaries may generate outbound traffic from devices. This is typically performed to manipulate external outcomes, such as to achieve carrier billing fraud or to manipulate app store rankings or ratings. Outbound traffic is typically generated as SMS messages or general web traffic, but may take other forms as well.\n\nIf done via SMS messages, Android apps must hold the `SEND_SMS` permission. Additionally, sending an SMS message requires user consent if the recipient is a premium number. Applications cannot send SMS messages on iOS","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users can review which applications can use premium SMS features in the “Special access” page within application settings. Application vetting services can detect when applications request the `SEND_SMS` permission, which should be infrequently used.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a8e971b8-8dc7-4514-8249-ae95427ec467","created":"2022-04-06T13:55:14.390Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1643","external_id":"T1643"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-16.html","external_id":"APP-16"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:18:29.556Z","name":"Disguise Root/Jailbreak Indicators","description":"An adversary could use knowledge of the techniques used by security software to evade detection.(Citation: Brodie)(Citation: Tan) For example, some mobile security products perform compromised device detection by searching for particular artifacts such as an installed \"su\" binary, but that check could be evaded by naming the binary something else. Similarly, polymorphic code techniques could be used to evade signature-based detection.(Citation: Rastogi)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can use attestation to detect compromised devices.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a91262d5-b9ff-463f-b8d2-12e4ea1eb3c9","created":"2022-04-08T16:29:30.087Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/003","external_id":"T1630.003"},{"source_name":"Brodie","description":"Daniel Brodie. (2016). Practical Attacks against Mobile Device Management (MDM). Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://media.blackhat.com/eu-13/briefings/Brodie/bh-eu-13-lacoon-attacks-mdm-brodie-wp.pdf"},{"source_name":"Rastogi","description":"Vaibhav Rastogi, Yan Chen, and Xuxian Jiang. (2013, May). DroidChameleon: Evaluating Android Anti-malware against Transformation Attacks. Retrieved December 9, 2016.","url":"http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~vrastogi/static/papers/rcj13b.pdf"},{"source_name":"Tan","description":"Vincent Tan. (2016, August). BAD FOR ENTERPRISE: ATTACKING BYOD ENTERPRISE MOBILE SECURITY SOLUTIONS. Retrieved February 4, 2017.","url":"http://www.blackhat.com/us-16/briefings.html#bad-for-enterprise-attacking-byod-enterprise-mobile-security-solutions"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-5.html","external_id":"EMM-5"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_contributors":["Alex Hinchliffe, Palo Alto Networks"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a93ccb8f-3996-42e2-b7c7-bb599d4e205f","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:35.247Z","x_mitre_version":"2.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1444","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1444"},{"source_name":"Palo Alto HenBox","url":"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/","description":"A. Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019."},{"source_name":"Zhou","url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6234407","description":"Yajin Zhou and Xuxian Jiang. (2012, May). Dissecting Android Malware: Characterization and Evolution. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-31"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-14.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-14"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"An adversary could distribute developed malware by masquerading the malware as a legitimate application. This can be done in two different ways: by embedding the malware in a legitimate application, or by pretending to be a legitimate application.\n\nEmbedding the malware in a legitimate application is done by downloading the application, disassembling it, adding the malicious code, and then re-assembling it.(Citation: Zhou) The app would appear to be the original app, but would contain additional malicious functionality. The adversary could then publish the malicious application to app stores or use another delivery method.\n\nPretending to be a legitimate application relies heavily on lack of scrutinization by the user. Typically, a malicious app pretending to be a legitimate one will have many similar details as the legitimate one, such as name, icon, and description.(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox)\n\nMalicious applications may also masquerade as legitimate applications when requesting access to the accessibility service in order to appear as legitimate to the user, increasing the likelihood that the access will be granted.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:45:52.558Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Masquerade as Legitimate Application","x_mitre_detection":"Users can detect malicious applications by watching for nuances that could indicate the application is not the intended one when it is being installed.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--a9cab8f6-4c94-4c9b-9e7d-9d863ff53431","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:19.682Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1457","external_id":"T1457"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.703Z","name":"Malicious Media Content","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-16T18:28:28.234Z","name":"Calendar Entries","description":"Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather calendar entry data. On Android, this can be accomplished using the Calendar Content Provider. On iOS, this can be accomplished using the `EventKit` framework. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access [Calendar Entries](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/001) without the user’s knowledge or approval. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On both Android and iOS, the user can manage which applications have permission to access calendar information through the device settings screen, revoke the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_CALENDAR` or `android.permission.WRITE_CALENDAR` in an Android application’s manifest, or `NSCalendarsUsageDescription` in an iOS application’s `Info.plist` file. Most applications do not need calendar access, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a9fa0d30-a8ff-45bf-922e-7720da0b7922","created":"2022-04-01T12:48:27.021Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/001","external_id":"T1636.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","external_id":"APP-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:52:24.758Z","name":"File Deletion","description":"Adversaries may wipe a device or delete individual files in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. An application must have administrator access to fully wipe the device, while individual files may not require special permissions to delete depending on their storage location.(Citation: Android DevicePolicyManager 2019) \n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The impact file deletion will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary, but can include deleting update files to evade detection or deleting attacker-specified files for impact.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can detect which applications can request device administrator permissions. Users can view applications with administrator access through the device settings, and may also notice if user data is inexplicably missing. Application vetting services could be extra scrutinous of applications that request device administrator permissions.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ab7400b7-3476-4776-9545-ef3fa373de63","created":"2022-03-30T19:36:09.691Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/002","external_id":"T1630.002"},{"source_name":"Android DevicePolicyManager 2019","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved September 22, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:39:10.201Z","name":"Device Lockout","description":"An adversary may seek to inhibit user interaction by locking the legitimate user out of the device. This is typically accomplished by requesting device administrator permissions and then locking the screen using `DevicePolicyManager.lockNow()`. Other novel techniques for locking the user out of the device have been observed, such as showing a persistent overlay, using carefully crafted “call” notification screens, and locking HTML pages in the foreground. These techniques can be very difficult to get around, and typically require booting the device into safe mode to uninstall the malware.(Citation: Microsoft MalLockerB)(Citation: Talos GPlayed)(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)\n\nPrior to Android 7, device administrators were able to reset the device lock passcode to prevent the user from unlocking the device. The release of Android 7 introduced updates that only allow device or profile owners (e.g. MDMs) to reset the device’s passcode.(Citation: Android resetPassword)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view a list of device administrators in device settings and revoke permission where appropriate. Applications that request device administrator permissions should be scrutinized further for malicious behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--acf8fd2a-dc98-43b4-8d37-64e10728e591","created":"2022-04-01T18:49:03.892Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629/002","external_id":"T1629.002"},{"source_name":"Microsoft MalLockerB","description":"D. Venkatesan. (2020, October 8). Sophisticated new Android malware marks the latest evolution of mobile ransomware . Retrieved October 29, 2020.","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/10/08/sophisticated-new-android-malware-marks-the-latest-evolution-of-mobile-ransomware/"},{"source_name":"Android resetPassword","description":"Google. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved October 1, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html#resetPassword(java.lang.String,%20int)"},{"source_name":"securelist rotexy 2018","description":"T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan – banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/"},{"source_name":"Talos GPlayed","description":"V. Ventura. (2018, October 11).  GPlayed Trojan - .Net playing with Google Market . Retrieved November 24, 2020.","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/10/gplayedtrojan.html"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","external_id":"APP-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:48:39.936Z","name":"Keylogging","description":"Adversaries may log user keystrokes to intercept credentials or other information from the user as the user types them.\n\nSome methods of keylogging include:\n\n* Masquerading as a legitimate third-party keyboard to record user keystrokes.(Citation: Zeltser-Keyboard) On both Android and iOS, users must explicitly authorize the use of third-party keyboard apps. Users should be advised to use extreme caution before granting this authorization when it is requested.\n* Abusing accessibility features. On Android, adversaries may abuse accessibility features to record keystrokes by registering an `AccessibilityService` class, overriding the `onAccessibilityEvent` method, and listening for the `AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_TEXT_CHANGED` event type. The event object passed into the function will contain the data that the user typed. \n*Additional methods of keylogging may be possible if root access is available. \n","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users can view and manage which applications have third-party keyboard access through the device settings in System -> Languages & input -> Virtual keyboard. On iOS, users can view and manage which applications have third-party keyboard access through the device settings in General -> Keyboard. \n\nApplication vetting services can look for applications requesting the `android.permission.BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE` permission in a service declaration. On Android, users can view and manage which applications can use accessibility services through the device settings in Accessibility. The exact device settings menu locations may vary between operating system versions.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47","created":"2022-04-05T19:45:03.000Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/001","external_id":"T1417.001"},{"source_name":"Zeltser-Keyboard","description":"Lenny Zeltser. (2016, July 30). Security of Third-Party Keyboard Apps on Mobile Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://zeltser.com/third-party-keyboards-security/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-13.html","external_id":"AUT-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:58:57.001Z","name":"SMS Control","description":"Adversaries may delete, alter, or send SMS messages without user authorization. This could be used to hide C2 SMS messages, spread malware, or various external effects.\n\nThis can be accomplished by requesting the `RECEIVE_SMS` or `SEND_SMS` permissions depending on what the malware is attempting to do. If the app is set as the default SMS handler on the device, the `SMS_DELIVER` broadcast intent can be registered, which allows the app to write to the SMS content provider. The content provider directly modifies the messaging database on the device, which could allow malicious applications with this ability to insert, modify, or delete arbitrary messages on the device.(Citation: SMS KitKat)(Citation: Android SmsProvider)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view the default SMS handler in system settings.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b","created":"2020-09-11T15:14:33.730Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1582","external_id":"T1582"},{"source_name":"Android SmsProvider","description":"Google. (n.d.). SmsProvider.java. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","url":"https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/providers/TelephonyProvider/+/7e7c274/src/com/android/providers/telephony/SmsProvider.java"},{"source_name":"SMS KitKat","description":"S.Main, D. Braun. (2013, October 14).  Getting Your SMS Apps Ready for KitKat. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","url":"https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2013/10/getting-your-sms-apps-ready-for-kitkat.html"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-16.html","external_id":"APP-16"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-41.html","external_id":"CEL-41"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--b332a960-3c04-495a-827f-f17a5daed3a6","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:14.003Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1408","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1408"},{"source_name":"Brodie","url":"https://media.blackhat.com/eu-13/briefings/Brodie/bh-eu-13-lacoon-attacks-mdm-brodie-wp.pdf","description":"Daniel Brodie. (2016). Practical Attacks against Mobile Device Management (MDM). Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"source_name":"Rastogi","url":"http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~vrastogi/static/papers/rcj13b.pdf","description":"Vaibhav Rastogi, Yan Chen, and Xuxian Jiang. (2013, May). DroidChameleon: Evaluating Android Anti-malware against Transformation Attacks. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"source_name":"Tan","url":"http://www.blackhat.com/us-16/briefings.html#bad-for-enterprise-attacking-byod-enterprise-mobile-security-solutions","description":"Vincent Tan. (2016, August). BAD FOR ENTERPRISE: ATTACKING BYOD ENTERPRISE MOBILE SECURITY SOLUTIONS. Retrieved February 4, 2017."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-5.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"EMM-5"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could use knowledge of the techniques used by security software to evade detection(Citation: Brodie)(Citation: Tan). For example, some mobile security products perform compromised device detection by searching for particular artifacts such as an installed \"su\" binary, but that check could be evaded by naming the binary something else. Similarly, polymorphic code techniques could be used to evade signature-based detection(Citation: Rastogi).","modified":"2022-04-08T16:29:55.321Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Disguise Root/Jailbreak Indicators","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--b3c2e5de-0941-4b57-ba61-af029eb5517a","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:27.307Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1438","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1438"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-30.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-30"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data over a different network medium than the command and control channel. If the command and control network is a standard Internet connection, the exfiltration may occur, for example, via Bluetooth, or another radio frequency (RF) channel. \n\nAdversaries may choose to do this if they have sufficient access or proximity, and the connection might not be secured or defended as well as the primary Internet-connected channel because it is not routed through the same enterprise network. ","modified":"2022-04-18T19:46:02.529Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Exfiltration Over Other Network Medium","x_mitre_detection":"Exfiltration over other network mediums can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"command-and-control","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--b765efd1-02e6-4e67-aebf-0fef5c37e54b","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:26.473Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1440","external_id":"T1440"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.700Z","name":"Detect App Analysis Environment","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:55:54.442Z","name":"Process Injection","description":"Adversaries may inject code into processes in order to evade process-based defenses or even elevate privileges. Process injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. Running code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via process injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. \n\nBoth Android and iOS have no legitimate way to achieve process injection. The only way this is possible is by abusing existing root access or exploiting a vulnerability.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for misuse of dynamic libraries.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--b7c0e45f-0206-4f75-96e7-fe7edad3aaff","created":"2022-03-30T18:50:43.393Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1631","external_id":"T1631"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--b928b94a-4966-4e2a-9e61-36505b896ebc","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:24.905Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1462","external_id":"T1462"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.704Z","name":"Malicious Software Development Tools","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--bb4387ab-7a51-468b-bf5f-a9a8612f0303","created":"2022-04-05T20:14:17.310Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1521.001","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/001"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may employ a known symmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic, rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Symmetric encryption algorithms use the same key for plaintext encryption and ciphertext decryption. Common symmetric encryption algorithms include AES, Blowfish, and RC4.","modified":"2022-04-05T20:14:17.310Z","name":"Symmetric Cryptography","x_mitre_detection":"Since data encryption is a common practice in many legitimate applications and uses standard programming language-specific APIs, encrypting data for command and control communication is regarded as undetectable to the user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"command-and-control","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--bd4d32f5-eed4-4018-a649-40b229dd1d69","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:30.127Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1402","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1402"},{"source_name":"Android Changes to System Broadcasts","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/broadcasts#changes-system-broadcasts","description":"Google. (2019, December 27). Broadcasts Overview. Retrieved January 27, 2020."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An intent is a message passed between Android application or system components. Applications can register to receive broadcast intents at runtime, which are system-wide intents delivered to each app when certain events happen on the device, such as network changes or the user unlocking the screen. Malicious applications can then trigger certain actions within the app based on which broadcast intent was received.\n\nFurther, malicious applications can register for intents broadcasted by other applications in addition to the Android system itself. This allows the malware to respond based on actions in other applications. This behavior typically indicates a more intimate knowledge, or potentially the targeting of specific devices, users, or applications.\n\nIn Android 8 (API level 26), broadcast intent behavior was changed, limiting the implicit intents that applications can register for in the manifest. In most cases, applications that register through the manifest will no longer receive the broadcasts. Now, applications must register context-specific broadcast receivers while the user is actively using the app.(Citation: Android Changes to System Broadcasts)","modified":"2022-03-30T14:43:46.019Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Broadcast Receivers","x_mitre_detection":"Broadcast intent receivers are part of standard OS-level APIs and are therefore typically undetectable to the end user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-02-21T20:44:44.404Z","name":"Wi-Fi Discovery","description":"Adversaries may search for information about Wi-Fi networks, such as network names and passwords, on compromised systems. Adversaries may use Wi-Fi information as part of [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0032) or [Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0031) activity to support both ongoing and future campaigns. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--be63612f-a48f-44f2-a7a6-1763509fcf80","created":"2024-02-21T20:44:44.404Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422/002","external_id":"T1422.002"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:21:12.603Z","name":"Compromise Hardware Supply Chain","description":"Adversaries may manipulate hardware components in products prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. By modifying hardware or firmware in the supply chain, adversaries can insert a backdoor into consumer networks that may be difficult to detect and give the adversary a high degree of control over the system. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Integrity checking mechanisms can potentially detect unauthorized hardware modifications.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c08366bb-8d11-4921-853f-f0a3b6a2a1da","created":"2022-03-28T19:30:15.556Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474/002","external_id":"T1474.002"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-1.html","external_id":"SPC-1"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-2.html","external_id":"SPC-2"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-4.html","external_id":"SPC-4"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-5.html","external_id":"SPC-5"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-6.html","external_id":"SPC-6"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-7.html","external_id":"SPC-7"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-8.html","external_id":"SPC-8"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-13.html","external_id":"SPC-13"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-16.html","external_id":"SPC-16"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-17.html","external_id":"SPC-17"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-21.html","external_id":"SPC-21"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-09-12T15:17:00.569Z","name":"Clipboard Data","description":"Adversaries may abuse clipboard manager APIs to obtain sensitive information copied to the device clipboard. For example, passwords being copied and pasted from a password manager application could be captured by a malicious application installed on the device.(Citation: Fahl-Clipboard) \n\n \n\nOn Android, applications can use the `ClipboardManager.OnPrimaryClipChangedListener()` API to register as a listener and monitor the clipboard for changes. However, starting in Android 10, this can only be used if the application is in the foreground, or is set as the device’s default input method editor (IME).(Citation: Github Capture Clipboard 2019)(Citation: Android 10 Privacy Changes) \n\n \n\nOn iOS, this can be accomplished by accessing the `UIPasteboard.general.string` field. However, starting in iOS 14, upon accessing the clipboard, the user will be shown a system notification if the accessed text originated in a different application. For example, if the user copies the text of an iMessage from the Messages application, the notification will read “application_name has pasted from Messages” when the text was pasted in a different application.(Citation: UIPPasteboard)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could detect usage of standard clipboard APIs.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"3.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c4b96c0b-cb58-497a-a1c2-bb447d79d692","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:19.996Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1414","external_id":"T1414"},{"source_name":"Android 10 Privacy Changes","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Privacy changes in Android 10. Retrieved September 11, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#clipboard-data"},{"source_name":"UIPPasteboard","description":"Apple Developer. (n.d.). UIPasteboard. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uipasteboard"},{"source_name":"Fahl-Clipboard","description":"Fahl, S, et al.. (2013). Hey, You, Get Off of My Clipboard. Retrieved September 12, 2024.","url":"https://saschafahl.de/static/paper/pwmanagers2013.pdf"},{"source_name":"Github Capture Clipboard 2019","description":"Pearce, G. (, January). Retrieved August 8, 2019.","url":"https://github.com/grepx/android-clipboard-security"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-35.html","external_id":"APP-35"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c5089859-b21f-40a3-8be4-63e381b8b1c0","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:30.890Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1400","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1400"},{"source_name":"Android-VerifiedBoot","url":"https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/","description":"Android. (n.d.). Verified Boot. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"source_name":"Apple-iOSSecurityGuide","url":"https://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf","description":"Apple. (2016, May). iOS Security. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-27"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"If an adversary can escalate privileges, he or she may be able to use those privileges to place malicious code in the device system partition, where it may persist after device resets and may not be easily removed by the device user.\n\nMany Android devices provide the ability to unlock the bootloader for development purposes. An unlocked bootloader may provide the ability for an adversary to modify the system partition. Even if the bootloader is locked, it may be possible for an adversary to escalate privileges and then modify the system partition.","modified":"2022-03-30T15:18:21.242Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Modify System Partition","x_mitre_detection":"Android devices with the Verified Boot capability (Citation: Android-VerifiedBoot) perform cryptographic checks of the integrity of the system partition.\n\nThe Android SafetyNet API's remote attestation capability could potentially be used to identify and respond to compromised devices.\n\nSamsung KNOX also provides a remote attestation capability on supported Samsung Android devices.\n\niOS devices will fail to boot or fail to allow device activation if unauthorized modifications are detected.(Citation: Apple-iOSSecurityGuide)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:55:32.497Z","name":"Data Manipulation","description":"Adversaries may insert, delete, or alter data in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. By manipulating data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, or decision making.\n\nThe type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target application, process, and the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system, typically gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign, in order to have the desired impact.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for use of standard APIs (e.g. the clipboard API) that could indicate data manipulation is occurring.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c548d8c4-a0a3-4a24-bb79-2a84abbc7b36","created":"2022-04-06T13:34:46.021Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641","external_id":"T1641"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:58:33.873Z","name":"SMS Messages","description":"Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather SMS messages. On Android, this can be accomplished using the SMS Content Provider. iOS provides no standard API to access SMS messages. \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access [SMS Messages](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/004) without the user’s knowledge or approval. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can manage which applications have permission to access SMS messages through the device settings screen, revoking the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_SMS` in an Android application’s manifest. Most applications do not need access to SMS messages, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c6421411-ae61-42bb-9098-73fddb315002","created":"2022-04-01T13:25:30.923Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/004","external_id":"T1636.004"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","external_id":"APP-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:31:37.317Z","name":"Web Service","description":"Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying data to/from a compromised system. Popular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. \n\n \n\nUse of Web services may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis, or enable operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed). \n\n ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.3","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c6a146ae-9c63-4606-97ff-e261e76e8380","created":"2019-02-01T17:29:43.503Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481","external_id":"T1481"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-08T19:20:51.220Z","name":"System Runtime API Hijacking","description":"Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the way an operating system runs applications. Hijacking execution flow can be for the purposes of persistence since this hijacked execution may reoccur at later points in time. \n\n\nOn Android, adversaries may overwrite the standard OS API library with a malicious alternative to hook into core functions to achieve persistence. By doing this, the adversary’s code will be executed every time the overwritten API function is called by an app on the infected device.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile threat defense agents could detect unauthorized operating system modifications by using attestation. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c6e17ca2-08b5-4379-9786-89bd05241831","created":"2022-03-30T15:07:51.646Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1625/001","external_id":"T1625.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","external_id":"APP-27"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--c91c304a-975d-4501-9789-0db1c57afd3f","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:07.149Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1455","external_id":"T1455"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.702Z","name":"Exploit Baseband Vulnerability","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-09-08T19:19:37.927Z","name":"Credentials from Password Store","description":"Adversaries may search common password storage locations to obtain user credentials. Passwords can be stored in several places on a device, depending on the operating system or application holding the credentials. There are also specific applications that store passwords to make it easier for users to manage and maintain. Once credentials are obtained, they can be used to perform lateral movement and access restricted information.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can potentially detect jailbroken devices. Application vetting services may be able to detect known privilege escalation exploits contained within applications, as well as searching application packages for strings that correlate to known password store locations.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--cc6e0637-76d2-4af3-a604-9d8d3ff8a6b3","created":"2022-04-01T14:55:10.494Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1634","external_id":"T1634"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-11.html","external_id":"AUT-11"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Hooking","description":"Adversaries may utilize hooking to hide the presence of artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection. Hooking can be used to modify return values or data structures of system APIs and function calls. This process typically involves using 3rd party root frameworks, such as Xposed or Magisk, with either a system exploit or pre-existing root access. By including custom modules for root frameworks, adversaries can hook system APIs and alter the return value and/or system data structures to alter functionality/visibility of various aspects of the system.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_detection":"Hooking can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Jörg Abraham, EclecticIQ"],"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ccde43e4-78f9-4f32-b401-c081e7db71ea","created":"2021-09-24T14:47:34.182Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1617","external_id":"T1617"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--cde2cb84-455e-410c-8aa9-086f2788bcd2","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1478","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1478"},{"source_name":"Talos-MDM","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/07/Mobile-Malware-Campaign-uses-Malicious-MDM.html","description":"Warren Mercer, Paul Rascagneres, Andrew Williams. (2018, July 12). Advanced Mobile Malware Campaign in India uses Malicious MDM. Retrieved September 24, 2018."},{"source_name":"Symantec-iOSProfile","url":"https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/malicious-profiles-sleeping-giant-ios-security","description":"Yair Amit. (2013, March 12). Malicious Profiles – The Sleeping Giant of iOS Security. Retrieved September 24, 2018."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-7.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"STA-7"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could attempt to install insecure or malicious configuration settings on the mobile device, through means such as phishing emails or text messages either directly containing the configuration settings as an attachment, or containing a web link to the configuration settings. The device user may be tricked into installing the configuration settings through social engineering techniques (Citation: Symantec-iOSProfile).\n\nFor example, an unwanted Certification Authority (CA) certificate could be placed in the device's trusted certificate store, increasing the device's susceptibility to adversary-in-the-middle network attacks seeking to eavesdrop on or manipulate the device's network communication ([Eavesdrop on Insecure Network Communication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1439) and [Manipulate Device Communication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1463)).\n\nOn iOS, malicious Configuration Profiles could contain unwanted Certification Authority (CA) certificates or other insecure settings such as unwanted proxy server or VPN settings to route the device's network traffic through an adversary's system. The device could also potentially be enrolled into a malicious Mobile Device Management (MDM) system (Citation: Talos-MDM).","modified":"2022-03-30T18:18:15.903Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Install Insecure or Malicious Configuration","x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can view trusted CA certificates through the device settings and look for unexpected certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies.\n\nOn iOS, the user can view installed Configuration Profiles through the device settings and look for unexpected profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"defense-evasion","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"},{"phase_name":"initial-access","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:53:35.087Z","name":"File and Directory Discovery","description":"Adversaries may enumerate files and directories or search in specific device locations for desired information within a filesystem. Adversaries may use the information from [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1420) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including deciding if the adversary should fully infect the target and/or attempt specific actions. \n\nOn Android, Linux file permissions and SELinux policies typically stringently restrict what can be accessed by apps without taking advantage of a privilege escalation exploit. The contents of the external storage directory are generally visible, which could present concerns if sensitive data is inappropriately stored there. iOS's security architecture generally restricts the ability to perform any type of [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1420) without use of escalated privileges. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users are presented with a permissions popup when an application requests access to external device storage.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--cf28ca46-1fd3-46b4-b1f6-ec0b72361848","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:21.965Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1420","external_id":"T1420"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-41.html","external_id":"STA-41"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-09T14:38:34.859Z","name":"Obfuscated Files or Information","description":"Adversaries may attempt to make a payload or file difficult to discover or analyze by encrypting, encoding, or otherwise obfuscating its contents on the device or in transit. This is common behavior that can be used across different platforms and the network to evade defenses. \n \nPayloads may be compressed, archived, or encrypted in order to avoid detection. These payloads may be used during Initial Access or later to mitigate detection. Portions of files can also be encoded to hide the plaintext strings that would otherwise help defenders with discovery. Payloads may also be split into separate, seemingly benign files that only reveal malicious functionality when reassembled.(Citation: Microsoft MalLockerB) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Dynamic analysis, when used in application vetting, may in some cases be able to identify malicious code in obfuscated or encrypted form by detecting the code at execution time (after it is deobfuscated or decrypted). Some application vetting techniques apply reputation analysis of the application developer and can alert to potentially suspicious applications without actual examination of application code.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"3.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d13fa042-8f26-44e1-a2a8-af0bf8e2ac9a","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:32.328Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406","external_id":"T1406"},{"source_name":"Microsoft MalLockerB","description":"D. Venkatesan. (2020, October 8). Sophisticated new Android malware marks the latest evolution of mobile ransomware . Retrieved October 29, 2020.","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/10/08/sophisticated-new-android-malware-marks-the-latest-evolution-of-mobile-ransomware/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-21.html","external_id":"APP-21"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-08T22:50:32.775Z","name":"Input Injection","description":"A malicious application can inject input to the user interface to mimic user interaction through the abuse of Android's accessibility APIs.\n\n[Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516) can be achieved using any of the following methods:\n\n* Mimicking user clicks on the screen, for example to steal money from a user's PayPal account.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)\n* Injecting global actions, such as `GLOBAL_ACTION_BACK` (programatically mimicking a physical back button press), to trigger actions on behalf of the user.(Citation: Talos Gustuff Apr 2019)\n* Inserting input into text fields on behalf of the user. This method is used legitimately to auto-fill text fields by applications such as password managers.(Citation: bitwarden autofill logins)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Lukáš Štefanko, ESET"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view applications that have registered accessibility services in the accessibility menu within the device settings.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d1f1337e-aea7-454c-86bd-482a98ffaf62","created":"2019-09-15T15:26:22.356Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516","external_id":"T1516"},{"source_name":"bitwarden autofill logins","description":"Bitwarden. (n.d.).  Auto-fill logins on Android . Retrieved September 15, 2019.","url":"https://help.bitwarden.com/article/auto-fill-android/"},{"source_name":"android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/"},{"source_name":"Talos Gustuff Apr 2019","description":"Vitor Ventura. (2019, April 9).  Gustuff banking botnet targets Australia . Retrieved September 3, 2019.","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/gustuff-targets-australia.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:51:23.109Z","name":"Network Denial of Service","description":"Adversaries may perform Network Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to degrade or block the availability of targeted resources to users. Network DoS can be performed by exhausting the network bandwidth that services rely on, or by jamming the signal going to or coming from devices. \n\nA Network DoS will occur when an adversary is able to jam radio signals (e.g. Wi-Fi, cellular, GPS) around a device to prevent it from communicating. For example, to jam cellular signal, an adversary may use a handheld signal jammer, which jam devices within the jammer’s operational range.(Citation: NIST-SP800187) \n\nUsage of cellular jamming has been documented in several arrests reported in the news.(Citation: CNET-Celljammer)(Citation: NYTimes-Celljam)(Citation: Digitaltrends-Celljam)(Citation: Arstechnica-Celljam)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Unexpected loss of radio signal could indicate that a device is being actively jammed.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.3","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d2e112dc-f6d4-488d-b8df-ecbfb57a0a2d","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:25.740Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1464","external_id":"T1464"},{"source_name":"CNET-Celljammer","description":"Chris Matyszczyk. (2014, May 1). FCC: Man used device to jam drivers' cell phone calls. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","url":"https://www.cnet.com/news/man-put-cell-phone-jammer-in-car-to-stop-driver-calls-fcc-says/"},{"source_name":"Arstechnica-Celljam","description":"David Kravets. (2016, March 10). Man accused of jamming passengers’ cell phones on Chicago subway. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","url":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/03/man-accused-of-jamming-passengers-cell-phones-on-chicago-subway/"},{"source_name":"NIST-SP800187","description":"Jeffrey Cichonski, Joshua M Franklin, Michael Bartock. (2017, December). Guide to LTE Security. Retrieved January 20, 2017.","url":"http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-187/sp800_187_draft.pdf"},{"source_name":"NYTimes-Celljam","description":"Matt Richtel. (2007, November 4). Devices Enforce Silence of Cellphones, Illegally. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/technology/04jammer.html"},{"source_name":"Digitaltrends-Celljam","description":"Trevor Mogg. (2015, June 5). Florida teacher punished after signal-jamming his students’ cell phones. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","url":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/florida-teacher-punished-after-signal-jamming-his-students-cell-phones/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-7.html","external_id":"CEL-7"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-8.html","external_id":"CEL-8"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/lan-pan-threats/LPN-5.html","external_id":"LPN-5"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/gps-threats/GPS-0.html","external_id":"GPS-0"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Compromise Application Executable","description":"Adversaries may modify applications installed on a device to establish persistent access to a victim. These malicious modifications can be used to make legitimate applications carry out adversary tasks when these applications are in use.\n\nThere are multiple ways an adversary can inject malicious code into applications. One method is by taking advantages of device vulnerabilities, the most well-known being Janus, an Android vulnerability that allows adversaries to add extra bytes to APK (application) and DEX (executable) files without affecting the file's signature. By being able to add arbitrary bytes to valid applications, attackers can seamlessly inject code into genuine executables without the user's knowledge.(Citation: Guardsquare Janus)\n\nAdversaries may also rebuild applications to include malicious modifications. This can be achieved by decompiling the genuine application, merging it with the malicious code, and recompiling it.(Citation: CheckPoint Agent Smith)\n\nAdversaries may also take action to conceal modifications to application executables and bypass user consent. These actions include altering modifications to appear as an update or exploiting vulnerabilities that allow activities of the malicious application to run inside a system application.(Citation: CheckPoint Agent Smith)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_detection":"This behavior is seamless to the user and is typically undetectable.","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d3bc5020-f6a2-41c0-8ccb-5e563101b60c","created":"2020-05-07T15:24:49.068Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1577","external_id":"T1577"},{"source_name":"Guardsquare Janus","description":"Guarsquare. (2017, November 13). New Android vulnerability allows attackers to modify apps without affecting their signatures. Retrieved May 7, 2020.","url":"https://www.guardsquare.com/en/blog/new-android-vulnerability-allows-attackers-modify-apps-without-affecting-their-signatures"},{"source_name":"CheckPoint Agent Smith","description":"A. Hazum, F. He, I. Marom, B. Melnykov, A. Polkovnichenko. (2019, July 10). Agent Smith: A New Species of Mobile Malware. Retrieved May 7, 2020.","url":"https://research.checkpoint.com/2019/agent-smith-a-new-species-of-mobile-malware/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:43:46.177Z","name":"Event Triggered Execution","description":"Adversaries may establish persistence using system mechanisms that trigger execution based on specific events. Mobile operating systems have means to subscribe to events such as receiving an SMS message, device boot completion, or other device activities. \n\nAdversaries may abuse these mechanisms as a means of maintaining persistent access to a victim via automatically and repeatedly executing malicious code. After gaining access to a victim’s system, adversaries may create or modify event triggers to point to malicious content that will be executed whenever the event trigger is invoked. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services can detect which broadcast intents an application registers for and which permissions it requests. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d446b9f0-06a9-4a8d-97ee-298cfee84f14","created":"2022-03-30T14:25:41.721Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1624","external_id":"T1624"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-02-20T23:35:22.949Z","name":"System Network Configuration Discovery","description":"Adversaries may look for details about the network configuration and settings, such as IP and/or MAC addresses, of devices they access or through information discovery of remote systems. \n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Network Configuration Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining certain access within the target network and what actions to do next. \n\nOn Android, details of onboard network interfaces are accessible to apps through the `java.net.NetworkInterface` class.(Citation: NetworkInterface) Previously, the Android `TelephonyManager` class could be used to gather telephony-related device identifiers, information such as the IMSI, IMEI, and phone number. However, starting with Android 10, only preloaded, carrier, the default SMS, or device and profile owner applications can access the telephony-related device identifiers.(Citation: TelephonyManager) \n\n \n\nOn iOS, gathering network configuration information is not possible without root access. \n\n \n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Network Configuration Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining certain access within the target network and what actions to do next. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for usage of the `READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE` Android permission. This could indicate that non-system apps are attempting to access information that they do not have access to.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.4","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:32.740Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422","external_id":"T1422"},{"source_name":"NetworkInterface","description":"Android. (n.d.). NetworkInterface. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/java/net/NetworkInterface.html"},{"source_name":"TelephonyManager","description":"Android. (n.d.). TelephonyManager. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/telephony/TelephonyManager.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d731c21e-f27d-4756-b418-0e2aaabd6d63","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:25.322Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1463","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1463"},{"source_name":"FireEye-SSL","url":"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/08/ssl-vulnerabilities-who-listens-when-android-applications-talk.html","description":"Adrian Mettler, Yulong Zhang, Vishwanath Raman. (2014, August 20). SSL VULNERABILITIES: WHO LISTENS WHEN ANDROID APPLICATIONS TALK?. Retrieved December 24, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-1.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-1"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"If network traffic between the mobile device and a remote server is not securely protected, then an attacker positioned on the network may be able to manipulate network communication without being detected. For example, FireEye researchers found in 2014 that 68% of the top 1,000 free applications in the Google Play Store had at least one Transport Layer Security (TLS) implementation vulnerability potentially opening the applications' network traffic to adversary-in-the-middle attacks (Citation: FireEye-SSL).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:44:48.421Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Manipulate Device Communication","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:38:27.848Z","name":"Video Capture","description":"An adversary can leverage a device’s cameras to gather information by capturing video recordings. Images may also be captured, potentially in specified intervals, in lieu of video files.  \n\n \n\nMalware or scripts may interact with the device cameras through an available API provided by the operating system. Video or image files may be written to disk and exfiltrated later. This technique differs from [Screen Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1513) due to use of the device’s cameras for video recording rather than capturing the victim’s screen. \n\n \n\nIn Android, an application must hold the `android.permission.CAMERA` permission to access the cameras. In iOS, applications must include the `NSCameraUsageDescription` key in the `Info.plist` file. In both cases, the user must grant permission to the requesting application to use the camera. If the device has been rooted or jailbroken, an adversary may be able to access the camera without knowledge of the user.  ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"The user can view which applications have permission to use the camera through the device settings screen, where the user can then choose to revoke the permissions. During the vetting process, applications using the Android permission `android.permission.CAMERA`, or the iOS `NSCameraUsageDescription` plist entry could be given closer scrutiny. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d8940e76-f9c1-4912-bea6-e21c251370b6","created":"2019-08-09T16:14:58.254Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1512","external_id":"T1512"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-19.html","external_id":"APP-19"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:35:55.739Z","name":"One-Way Communication","description":"Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service channel as a means for sending commands to a compromised system without receiving return output. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems may opt to send the output from those commands back over a different C2 channel, including to another distinct Web service. Alternatively, compromised systems may return no output at all in cases where adversaries want to send instructions to systems and do not want a response. \n\n \n\nPopular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d916f176-a1ca-4a78-9fdd-4058bc28162e","created":"2022-04-06T15:52:07.711Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481/003","external_id":"T1481.003"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d9db3d46-66ca-44b4-9daa-1ef97cb7465a","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1475","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1475"},{"source_name":"Oberheide-Bouncer","url":"https://jon.oberheide.org/files/summercon12-bouncer.pdf","description":"Jon Oberheide and Charlie Miller. (2012). Dissecting the Android Bouncer. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Oberheide-RemoteInstall","url":"https://jon.oberheide.org/blog/2010/06/25/remote-kill-and-install-on-google-android/","description":"Jon Oberheide. (2010, June 25). Remote Kill and Install on Google Android. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Percoco-Bouncer","url":"https://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-12/Briefings/Percoco/BH_US_12_Percoco_Adventures_in_Bouncerland_WP.pdf","description":"Nicholas J. Percoco and Sean Schulte. (2012). Adventures in BouncerLand. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Konoth","url":"http://www.vvdveen.com/publications/BAndroid.pdf","description":"Radhesh Krishnan Konoth, Victor van der Veen, and Herbert Bos. (n.d.). How Anywhere Computing Just Killed Your Phone-Based Two-Factor Authentication. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Petsas","url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2592796","description":"Thanasis Petsas, Giannis Voyatzis, Elias Athanasopoulos, Michalis Polychronakis, Sotiris Ioannidis. (2014, April). Rage Against the Virtual Machine: Hindering Dynamic Analysis of Android Malware. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Wang","url":"https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity13/technical-sessions/presentation/wang_tielei","description":"Tielei Wang, Kangjie Lu, Long Lu, Simon Chung, and Wenke Lee. (2013, August). Jekyll on iOS: When Benign Apps Become Evil. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-4.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-4"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-16.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-16"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-17.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-17"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-20.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-20"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-21.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-21"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-22.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-22"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"Malicious applications are a common attack vector used by adversaries to gain a presence on mobile devices. Mobile devices often are configured to allow application installation only from an authorized app store (e.g., Google Play Store or Apple App Store). An adversary may seek to place a malicious application in an authorized app store, enabling the application to be installed onto targeted devices.\n\nApp stores typically require developer registration and use vetting techniques to identify malicious applications. Adversaries may use these techniques against app store defenses:\n\n* [Download New Code at Runtime](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1407)\n* [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406)\n\nAdversaries may also seek to evade vetting by placing code in a malicious application to detect whether it is running in an app analysis environment and, if so, avoid performing malicious actions while under analysis. (Citation: Petsas) (Citation: Oberheide-Bouncer) (Citation: Percoco-Bouncer) (Citation: Wang)\n\nAdversaries may also use fake identities, payment cards, etc., to create developer accounts to publish malicious applications to app stores. (Citation: Oberheide-Bouncer)\n\nAdversaries may also use control of a target's Google account to use the Google Play Store's remote installation capability to install apps onto the Android devices associated with the Google account. (Citation: Oberheide-RemoteInstall) (Citation: Konoth) (Only applications that are available for download through the Google Play Store can be remotely installed using this technique.)","modified":"2022-04-06T15:41:33.827Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Deliver Malicious App via Authorized App Store","x_mitre_detection":"* An EMM/MDM or mobile threat defense solution can identify the presence of unwanted or known insecure or malicious apps on devices.\n* Developers can scan (or have a third party scan on their behalf) the app stores for presence of unauthorized apps that were submitted using the developer's identity.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:55:09.397Z","name":"Data Encrypted for Impact","description":"An adversary may encrypt files stored on a mobile device to prevent the user from accessing them. This may be done in order to extract monetary compensation from a victim in exchange for decryption or a decryption key (ransomware) or to render data permanently inaccessible in cases where the key is not saved or transmitted.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services may be able to detect if an application attempts to encrypt files, although this may be benign behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"3.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d9e88203-2b5d-405f-a406-2933b1e3d7e4","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:10.285Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1471","external_id":"T1471"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-28.html","external_id":"APP-28"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-28T15:38:41.106Z","name":"Prevent Application Removal","description":"Adversaries may abuse the Android device administration API to prevent the user from uninstalling a target application. In earlier versions of Android, device administrator applications needed their administration capabilities explicitly deactivated by the user before the application could be uninstalled. This was later updated so the user could deactivate and uninstall the administrator application in one step.\n\nAdversaries may also abuse the device accessibility APIs to prevent removal. This set of APIs allows the application to perform certain actions on behalf of the user and programmatically determine what is being shown on the screen. The malicious application could monitor the device screen for certain modals (e.g., the confirmation modal to uninstall an application) and inject screen input or a back button tap to close the modal. For example, Android's `performGlobalAction(int)` API could be utilized to prevent the user from removing the malicious application from the device after installation. If the user wants to uninstall the malicious application, two cases may occur, both preventing the user from removing the application.\n\n* Case 1: If the integer argument passed to the API call is `2` or `GLOBAL_ACTION_HOME`, the malicious application may direct the user to the home screen from settings screen \n\n* Case 2: If the integer argument passed to the API call is `1` or `GLOBAL_ACTION_BACK`, the malicious application may emulate the back press event ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Shankar Raman, Gen Digital and Abhinand, Amrita University"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view a list of device administrators and applications that have registered accessibility services in device settings. Users can typically visually see when an action happens that they did not initiate and can subsequently review installed applications for any out of place or unknown ones. Applications that register an accessibility service or request device administrator permissions should be scrutinized further for malicious behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--dc01774a-d1c1-45fb-b506-0a5d1d6593d9","created":"2022-04-01T18:44:32.808Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629/001","external_id":"T1629.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","external_id":"APP-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--dd818ea5-adf5-41c7-93b5-f3b839a219fb","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:33.574Z","x_mitre_version":"2.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1421","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1421"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of network connections to or from the compromised device they are currently accessing or from remote systems by querying for information over the network. \n\n \n\nThis is typically accomplished by utilizing device APIs to collect information about nearby networks, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular tower connections. On Android, this can be done by querying the respective APIs: \n\n \n\n* `WifiInfo` for information about the current Wi-Fi connection, as well as nearby Wi-Fi networks. Querying the `WiFiInfo` API requires the application to hold the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` permission. \n\n* `BluetoothAdapter` for information about Bluetooth devices, which also requires the application to hold several permissions granted by the user at runtime. \n\n* For Android versions prior to Q, applications can use the `TelephonyManager.getNeighboringCellInfo()` method. For Q and later, applications can use the `TelephonyManager.getAllCellInfo()` method. Both methods require the application hold the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` permission.","modified":"2022-03-31T16:31:12.821Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"System Network Connections Discovery","x_mitre_detection":"System Network Connections Discovery can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"discovery","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-29T19:45:39.608Z","name":"Phishing","description":"Adversaries may send malicious content to users in order to gain access to their mobile devices. All forms of phishing are electronically delivered social engineering. Adversaries can conduct both non-targeted phishing, such as in mass malware spam campaigns, as well as more targeted phishing tailored for a specific individual, company, or industry, known as “spearphishing”.  Phishing often involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source, as well as evasion techniques, such as removing or manipulating emails or metadata/headers from compromised accounts being abused to send messages.\n\nMobile phishing may take various forms. For example, adversaries may send emails containing malicious attachments or links, typically to deliver and then execute malicious code on victim devices. Phishing may also be conducted via third-party services, like social media platforms.  \n\nMobile devices are a particularly attractive target for adversaries executing phishing campaigns.  Due to their smaller form factor than traditional desktop endpoints, users may not be able to notice minor differences between genuine and phishing websites. Further, mobile devices have additional sensors and radios that allow adversaries to execute phishing attempts over several different vectors, such as: \n\n- SMS messages: Adversaries may send SMS messages (known as “smishing”) from compromised devices to potential targets to convince the target to, for example, install malware, navigate to a specific website, or enable certain insecure configurations on their device.\n- Quick Response (QR) Codes: Adversaries may use QR codes (known as “quishing”) to redirect users to a phishing website. For example, an adversary could replace a legitimate public QR Code with one that leads to a different destination, such as a phishing website. A malicious QR code could also be delivered via other means, such as SMS or email. In the latter case, an adversary could utilize a malicious QR code in an email to pivot from the user’s desktop computer to their mobile device.\n- Phone Calls: Adversaries may call victims (known as “vishing”) to persuade them to perform an action, such as providing login credentials or navigating to a malicious website. This could also be used as a technique to perform the initial access on a mobile device, but then pivot to a computer/other network by having the victim perform an action on a desktop computer.\n","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Vijay Lalwani","Will Thomas, Equinix","Adam Mashinchi","Sam Seabrook, Duke Energy","Naveen Devaraja, bolttech","Brian Donohue"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--defc1257-4db1-4fb3-8ef5-bb77f63146df","created":"2023-09-21T19:35:15.552Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1660","external_id":"T1660"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-9.html","external_id":"AUT-9"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-04-16T20:24:13.854Z","name":"SSL Pinning","description":"Adversaries may use [SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003)  to protect the C2 traffic from being intercepted and analyzed.\n\n[SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003)  is a technique commonly utilized by legitimate websites to ensure that encrypted communications are only allowed with a pre-defined certificate. If another certificate is presented, it could indicate device compromise, traffic interception, or another upstream issue. While benign usages are common, it is also possible for adversaries to abuse this technology to protect malicious C2 traffic.\n\nIn normal, not pinned SSL validation, when a client connects to a server using HTTPS, it typically checks whether the server’s SSL/TLS certificate is signed by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA) in the device’s trust store. If the certificate is valid and signed by a trusted CA, the connection is established. However, with [SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003) , the client is configured to trust a specific SSL/TLS certificate or public key, rather than relying on the device’s trust store. This means that even if the server’s certificate is signed by a trusted CA, the client will only establish the connection of the certificate or key is pinned.\n\nThere are two types of [SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003) :\n\n1.\tCertificate Pinning: The client stores a copy of the server’s certificate and compares it with the certificate received during the SSL handshake. If the certificates match, then the client proceeds with the connection. This approach also works with self-signed certificates.\n\n2.\tPublic Key Pinning: Instead of pinning the entire certificate, the client pins just the public key extracted from the certificate. This is often more flexible, as it allows the server to renew its certificate without having to update the pinned certificate or breaking the SSL connection.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Takahashi Wataru, NEC Corporation","Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India","Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--dfafc230-5465-4993-8dc5-f51fa9fec002","created":"2024-03-29T15:04:38.566Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003","external_id":"T1521.003"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-10-16T16:23:05.146Z","name":"Lockscreen Bypass","description":"An adversary with physical access to a mobile device may seek to bypass the device’s lockscreen. Several methods exist to accomplish this, including:\n\n* Biometric spoofing: If biometric authentication is used, an adversary could attempt to spoof a mobile device’s biometric authentication mechanism. Both iOS and Android partly mitigate this attack by requiring the device’s passcode rather than biometrics to unlock the device after every device restart, and after a set or random amount of time.(Citation: SRLabs-Fingerprint)(Citation: TheSun-FaceID)\n* Unlock code bypass: An adversary could attempt to brute-force or otherwise guess the lockscreen passcode (typically a PIN or password), including physically observing (“shoulder surfing”) the device owner’s use of the lockscreen passcode. Mobile OS vendors partly mitigate this by implementing incremental backoff timers after a set number of failed unlock attempts, as well as a configurable full device wipe after several failed unlock attempts.\n* Vulnerability exploit: Techniques have been periodically demonstrated that exploit mobile devices to bypass the lockscreen. The vulnerabilities are generally patched by the device or OS vendor once disclosed.(Citation: Wired-AndroidBypass)(Citation: Kaspersky-iOSBypass)\n","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can see if someone is watching them type in their device passcode.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.3","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--dfe29258-ce59-421c-9dee-e85cb9fa90cd","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:24.488Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1461","external_id":"T1461"},{"source_name":"Wired-AndroidBypass","description":"Andy Greenberg. (2015, September 15). Hack Brief: Emergency Number Hack Bypasses Android Lock Screens. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","url":"https://www.wired.com/2015/09/hack-brief-new-emergency-number-hack-easily-bypasses-android-lock-screens/"},{"source_name":"Kaspersky-iOSBypass","description":"Chris Brook. (2016, November 17). iOS 10 Passcode Bypass Can Access Photos, Contacts. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","url":"https://threatpost.com/ios-10-passcode-bypass-can-access-photos-contacts/122033/"},{"source_name":"TheSun-FaceID","description":"Sean Keach. (2018, February 15). Brit mates BREAK Apple’s face unlock and vow to never buy iPhone again. Retrieved September 18, 2018.","url":"https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/5584082/iphone-x-face-unlock-tricked-broken/"},{"source_name":"SRLabs-Fingerprint","description":"SRLabs. (n.d.). Fingerprints are not fit for secure device unlocking. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","url":"https://srlabs.de/bites/spoofing-fingerprints/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e083305c-49e7-4c87-aae8-9689213bffbe","created":"2020-12-16T20:16:07.673Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1605","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1605"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may use built-in command-line interfaces to interact with the device and execute commands. Android provides a bash shell that can be interacted with over the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) or programmatically using Java’s `Runtime` package. On iOS, adversaries can interact with the underlying runtime shell if the device has been jailbroken.\n\nIf the device has been rooted or jailbroken, adversaries may locate and invoke a superuser binary to elevate their privileges and interact with the system as the root user. This dangerous level of permissions allows the adversary to run special commands and modify protected system files.","modified":"2022-03-30T14:00:45.099Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Command-Line Interface","x_mitre_detection":"Command-Line Interface execution can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:40:11.937Z","name":"Contact List","description":"Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather contact list data. On Android, this can be accomplished using the Contacts Content Provider. On iOS, this can be accomplished using the `Contacts` framework. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access the [Contact List](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/003) without the user’s knowledge or approval. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On both Android and iOS, the user can manage which applications have permission to access the contact list through the device settings screen, revoking the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_CONTACTS` in an Android application’s manifest, or `NSContactsUsageDescription` in an iOS application’s `Info.plist` file. Most applications do not need contact list access, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS","Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e0b9ecb8-a7d1-43c7-aa30-8e19c6a92c86","created":"2022-04-01T13:17:52.740Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/003","external_id":"T1636.003"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","external_id":"APP-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a","created":"2019-10-10T15:12:42.790Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1533","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1533"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-41.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"STA-41"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may search local system sources, such as file systems or local databases, to find files of interest and sensitive data prior to exfiltration.  \n\n \n\nAccess to local system data, which includes information stored by the operating system, often requires escalated privileges. Examples of local system data include authentication tokens, the device keyboard cache, Wi-Fi passwords, and photos. On Android, adversaries may also attempt to access files from external storage which may require additional storage-related permissions. \n\n ","modified":"2022-04-01T16:53:27.576Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Data from Local System","x_mitre_detection":"Accessing data from the local system can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-15T16:34:51.917Z","name":"Account Access Removal","description":"Adversaries may interrupt availability of system and network resources by inhibiting access to accounts utilized by legitimate users. Accounts may be deleted, locked, or manipulated (ex: credentials changed) to remove access to accounts. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could closely scrutinize applications that request Device Administrator permissions.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e2c2249a-eb82-4614-8dd4-9c514dde65e2","created":"2022-04-06T13:29:47.590Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1640","external_id":"T1640"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:19.265Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1426","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1426"},{"source_name":"Android-Build","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build","description":"Android. (n.d.). Build. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-12.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-12"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to get detailed information about a device’s operating system and hardware, including versions, patches, and architecture. Adversaries may use the information from [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1426) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not to fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. \n\n \n\nOn Android, much of this information is programmatically accessible to applications through the `android.os.Build` class. (Citation: Android-Build) iOS is much more restrictive with what information is visible to applications. Typically, applications will only be able to query the device model and which version of iOS it is running. ","modified":"2022-04-11T19:21:34.776Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"System Information Discovery","x_mitre_detection":"System information discovery can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"discovery","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--e30cc912-7ea1-4683-9219-543b86cbdec9","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:28.786Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1442","external_id":"T1442"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.701Z","name":"Fake Developer Accounts","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e399430e-30b7-48c5-b70a-f44dc8c175cb","created":"2019-07-26T14:15:31.451Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1510","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1510"},{"source_name":"Android 10 Privacy Changes","url":"https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#clipboard-data","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Privacy changes in Android 10. Retrieved September 11, 2019."},{"source_name":"Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin August 2018","url":"https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=17517750","description":"Dr.Webb. (2018, August 8). Android.Clipper.1.origin. Retrieved July 26, 2019."},{"source_name":"Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin2 August 2018","url":"https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=17517761","description":"Dr.Webb. (2018, August 8). Android.Clipper.2.origin. Retrieved July 26, 2019."},{"source_name":"ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019","url":"https://www.eset.com/uk/about/newsroom/press-releases/first-clipper-malware-discovered-on-google-play-1/","description":"ESET. (2019, February 11). First clipper malware discovered on Google Play.. Retrieved July 26, 2019."},{"source_name":"Welivesecurity Clipboard Modification February 2019","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/02/08/first-clipper-malware-google-play/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2019, February 8). First clipper malware discovered on Google Play. Retrieved July 26, 2019."},{"source_name":"Syracuse Clipboard Modification 2014","url":"http://www.cis.syr.edu/~wedu/Research/paper/clipboard_attack_dimva2014.pdf","description":"Zhang, X; Du, W. (2014, January). Attacks on Android Clipboard. Retrieved July 26, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may abuse clipboard functionality to intercept and replace information in the Android device clipboard.(Citation: ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019)(Citation: Welivesecurity Clipboard Modification February 2019)(Citation: Syracuse Clipboard Modification 2014) Malicious applications may monitor the clipboard activity through the <code>ClipboardManager.OnPrimaryClipChangedListener</code> interface on Android to determine when the clipboard contents have changed.(Citation: Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin2 August 2018)(Citation: Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin August 2018) Listening to clipboard activity, reading the clipboard contents, and modifying the clipboard contents requires no explicit application permissions and can be performed by applications running in the background, however, this behavior has changed with the release of Android 10.(Citation: Android 10 Privacy Changes)\n\nAdversaries may use [Clipboard Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1510) to replace text prior to being pasted, for example, replacing a copied Bitcoin wallet address with a wallet address that is under adversarial control.\n\n[Clipboard Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1510) had been seen within the Android/Clipper.C trojan. This sample had been detected by ESET in an application distributed through the Google Play Store targeting cryptocurrency wallet numbers.(Citation: ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019)","modified":"2022-04-06T13:41:17.512Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Clipboard Modification","x_mitre_detection":"Modifying clipboard content can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec","created":"2019-10-10T15:00:44.181Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1532","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1532"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may compress and/or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration. Compressing data can help to obfuscate its contents and minimize use of network resources. Encryption can be used to hide information that is being exfiltrated from detection or make exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender. \n\n \n\nBoth compression and encryption are done prior to exfiltration, and can be performed using a utility, programming library, or custom algorithm.  ","modified":"2022-04-01T15:01:02.140Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Archive Collected Data","x_mitre_detection":"Many encryption mechanisms are built into standard application-accessible APIs and are therefore undetectable to the end user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"collection","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:58:14.240Z","name":"Geofencing","description":"Adversaries may use a device’s geographical location to limit certain malicious behaviors. For example, malware operators may limit the distribution of a second stage payload to certain geographic regions.(Citation: Lookout eSurv)\n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001) is accomplished by persuading the user to grant the application permission to access location services. The application can then collect, process, and exfiltrate the device’s location to perform location-based actions, such as ceasing malicious behavior or showing region-specific advertisements. \n\nOne method to accomplish [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001) on Android is to use the built-in Geofencing API to automatically trigger certain behaviors when the device enters or exits a specified radius around a geographical location. Similar to  other [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001) methods, this requires that the user has granted the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` and `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permissions. The latter is only required if the application targets Android 10 (API level 29) or higher. However, Android 11 introduced additional permission controls that may restrict background location collection based on user permission choices at runtime. These additional controls include \"Allow only while using the app\", which will effectively prohibit background location collection.  \n\nSimilarly, on iOS, developers can use built-in APIs to setup and execute geofencing. Depending on the use case, the app will either need to call `requestWhenInUseAuthorization()` or `requestAlwaysAuthorization()`, depending on when access to the location services is required. Similar to Android, users also have the option to limit when the application can access the device’s location, including one-time use and only when the application is running in the foreground.  \n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001) can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. For example, location data could be used to limit malware spread and/or capabilities, which could also potentially evade application analysis environments (ex: malware analysis outside of the target geographic area). Other malicious usages could include showing language-specific input prompts and/or advertisements.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can review which applications have location permissions in the operating system’s settings menu. On Android 10 and later, the system shows a notification to the user when an app has been accessing device location in the background. Application vetting services can detect unnecessary and potentially abused location permissions or API calls.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e422b6fa-4739-46b9-992e-82f1b350c780","created":"2022-03-30T20:36:03.177Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001","external_id":"T1627.001"},{"source_name":"Lookout eSurv","description":"A. Bauer. (2019, April 8). Lookout discovers phishing sites distributing new iOS and Android surveillanceware. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","url":"https://blog.lookout.com/esurv-research"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e4c347e9-fb91-4bc5-83b8-391e389131e2","created":"2019-07-10T15:18:16.753Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1507","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1507"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may use device sensors to collect information about nearby networks, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.","modified":"2022-03-31T16:33:55.068Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Network Information Discovery","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e8b4e1ec-8e3b-484c-9038-4459b1ed8060","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:15.920Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1412","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1412"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"A malicious application could capture sensitive data sent via SMS, including authentication credentials. SMS is frequently used to transmit codes used for multi-factor authentication.\n\nOn Android, a malicious application must request and obtain permission (either at app install time or run time) in order to receive SMS messages. Alternatively, a malicious application could attempt to perform an operating system privilege escalation attack to bypass the permission requirement.\n\nOn iOS, applications cannot access SMS messages in normal operation, so an adversary would need to attempt to perform an operating system privilege escalation attack to potentially be able to access SMS messages.","modified":"2022-04-01T13:27:29.880Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Capture SMS Messages","x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can view which applications have permission to access SMS messages through the device settings, and the user can choose to revoke the permission.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-04-17T16:50:41.414Z","name":"Conceal Multimedia Files","description":"Adversaries may attempt to hide multimedia files from the user. By doing so, adversaries may conceal captured files, such as pictures, videos and/or screenshots, then later exfiltrate those files.  \n\nSpecific to Android devices, if the `.nomedia` file is present in a folder, multimedia files in that folder will not be visible to the user in the Gallery application. Additionally, other applications are asked not to scan the folder with the `.nomedia` file, effectively making the folder appear invisible to the user.  \n\nThis technique is often used by stalkerware and spyware applications.  ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Shankar Raman, Amrita University, Gen Digital, Traboda"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ea132c68-b518-4478-ae8d-1763cda26ee3","created":"2024-02-20T21:44:32.669Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628/003","external_id":"T1628.003"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:41:56.376Z","name":"Endpoint Denial of Service","description":"Adversaries may perform Endpoint Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to degrade or block the availability of services to users.\n\nOn Android versions prior to 7, apps can abuse Device Administrator access to reset the device lock passcode, preventing the user from unlocking the device. After Android 7, only device or profile owners (e.g. MDMs) can reset the device’s passcode.(Citation: Android resetPassword)\n\nOn iOS devices, this technique does not work because mobile device management servers can only remove the screen lock passcode; they cannot set a new passcode. However, on jailbroken devices, malware has been discovered that can lock the user out of the device.(Citation: Xiao-KeyRaider)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users can review which applications have Device Administrator access in the device settings and revoke permission where appropriate. Application vetting services can detect and closely scrutinize applications that utilize Device Administrator access.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--eb6cf439-1bcb-4d10-bc68-1eed844ed7b3","created":"2022-04-06T13:52:05.619Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1642","external_id":"T1642"},{"source_name":"Xiao-KeyRaider","description":"Claud Xiao. (2015, August 30). KeyRaider: iOS Malware Steals Over 225,000 Apple Accounts to Create Free App Utopia. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/08/keyraider-ios-malware-steals-over-225000-apple-accounts-to-create-free-app-utopia/"},{"source_name":"Android resetPassword","description":"Google. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved October 1, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html#resetPassword(java.lang.String,%20int)"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:53:59.025Z","name":"Out of Band Data","description":"Adversaries may communicate with compromised devices using out of band data streams. This could be done for a variety of reasons, including evading network traffic monitoring, as a backup method of command and control, or for data exfiltration if the device is not connected to any Internet-providing networks (i.e. cellular or Wi-Fi). Several out of band data streams exist, such as SMS messages, NFC, and Bluetooth. \n\n \n\nOn Android, applications can read push notifications to capture content from SMS messages, or other out of band data streams. This requires that the user manually grant notification access to the application via the settings menu. However, the application could launch an Intent to take the user directly there. \n\n \n\nOn iOS, there is no way to programmatically read push notifications. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"If a user sees a notification with text they do not recognize, they should review their list of installed applications.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ec4c4baa-026f-43e8-8f56-58c36f3162dd","created":"2022-04-06T15:27:34.300Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1644","external_id":"T1644"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ed2c05a1-4f81-4d97-9e1b-aff01c34ae84","created":"2019-10-01T14:18:47.762Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1521","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may explicitly employ a known encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if necessary secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.","modified":"2022-04-05T20:11:35.852Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Encrypted Channel","x_mitre_detection":"Since data encryption is a common practice in many legitimate applications and uses standard programming language-specific APIs, encrypting data for command and control communication is regarded as undetectable to the user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ef771e03-e080-43b4-a619-ac6f84899884","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:22.716Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1405","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1405"},{"source_name":"EkbergTEE","url":"https://usmile.at/symposium/program/2015/ekberg","description":"Jan-Erik Ekberg. (2015, September 10). Android and trusted execution environments. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"source_name":"Thomas-TrustZone","url":"https://usmile.at/symposium/program/2015/thomas-holmes","description":"Josh Thomas and Charles Holmes. (2015, September). An infestation of dragons: Exploring vulnerabilities in the ARM TrustZone architecture. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"source_name":"QualcommKeyMaster","url":"https://bits-please.blogspot.in/2016/06/extracting-qualcomms-keymaster-keys.html","description":"laginimaineb. (2016, June). Extracting Qualcomm's KeyMaster Keys - Breaking Android Full Disk Encryption. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"source_name":"laginimaineb-TEE","url":"http://bits-please.blogspot.co.il/2016/05/war-of-worlds-hijacking-linux-kernel.html","description":"laginimaineb. (2016, May). War of the Worlds - Hijacking the Linux Kernel from QSEE. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-27"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"A malicious app or other attack vector could be used to exploit vulnerabilities in code running within the Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) (Citation: Thomas-TrustZone). The adversary could then obtain privileges held by the TEE potentially including the ability to access cryptographic keys or other sensitive data (Citation: QualcommKeyMaster). Escalated operating system privileges may be first required in order to have the ability to attack the TEE (Citation: EkbergTEE). If not, privileges within the TEE can potentially be used to exploit the operating system (Citation: laginimaineb-TEE).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:41:57.666Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Exploit TEE Vulnerability","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-09-12T19:47:06.884Z","name":"Suppress Application Icon","description":"A malicious application could suppress its icon from being displayed to the user in the application launcher. This hides the fact that it is installed, and can make it more difficult for the user to uninstall the application. Hiding the application's icon programmatically does not require any special permissions. \n\nThis behavior has been seen in the BankBot/Spy Banker family of malware.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)(Citation: sunny-stolen-credentials)(Citation: bankbot-spybanker) \n\nBeginning in Android 10, changes were introduced to inhibit malicious applications’ ability to hide their icon. If an app is a system app, requests no permissions, or does not have a launcher activity, the application’s icon will be fully hidden. Further, if the device is fully managed or the application is in a work profile, the icon will be fully hidden. Otherwise, a synthesized activity is shown, which is a launcher icon that represents the app’s details page in the system settings. If the user clicks the synthesized activity in the launcher, they are taken to the application’s details page in the system settings.(Citation: Android 10 Limitations to Hiding App Icons)(Citation: LauncherApps getActivityList)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Emily Ratliff, IBM"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"The user can examine the list of all installed applications, including those with a suppressed icon, in the device settings. If the user is redirected to the device settings when tapping an application’s icon, they should inspect the application to ensure it is genuine. Application vetting services could potentially detect the usage of APIs intended for suppressing the application’s icon.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--f05fc151-aa62-47e3-ae57-2d1b23d64bf6","created":"2022-03-30T20:06:22.194Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628/001","external_id":"T1628.001"},{"source_name":"Android 10 Limitations to Hiding App Icons","description":"Android. (n.d.). Android 10 Release Notes: Limitations to hiding app icons. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","url":"https://source.android.com/setup/start/android-10-release#limitations_to_hiding_app_icons"},{"source_name":"LauncherApps getActivityList","description":"Android. (n.d.). LauncherApps: getActivityList. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/kotlin/android/content/pm/LauncherApps#getactivitylist"},{"source_name":"sunny-stolen-credentials","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2017, February 22). Sunny with a chance of stolen credentials: Malicious weather app found on Google Play. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/02/22/sunny-chance-stolen-credentials-malicious-weather-app-found-google-play/"},{"source_name":"android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/"},{"source_name":"bankbot-spybanker","description":"NJCCIC. (2017, March 2). BankBot/Spy Banker. Retrieved September 12, 2024.","url":"https://www.cyber.nj.gov/threat-landscape/malware/trojans/bankbot-spy-banker"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--f1c3d071-0c24-483d-aca0-e8b8496ce468","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:18.583Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1399","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1399"},{"source_name":"Apple-iOSSecurityGuide","url":"https://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf","description":"Apple. (2016, May). iOS Security. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"source_name":"Roth-Rootkits","url":"https://hackinparis.com/data/slides/2013/Slidesthomasroth.pdf","description":"Thomas Roth. (2013). Next generation mobile rootkits. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-27"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"If an adversary can escalate privileges, he or she may be able to use those privileges to place malicious code in the device's Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) or other similar isolated execution environment where the code can evade detection, may persist after device resets, and may not be removable by the device user. Running code within the TEE may provide an adversary with the ability to monitor or tamper with overall device behavior.(Citation: Roth-Rootkits)","modified":"2022-04-06T15:48:41.647Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Modify Trusted Execution Environment","x_mitre_detection":"Devices may perform cryptographic integrity checks of code running within the TEE at boot time.\n\niOS devices will fail to boot if the software running within the Secure Enclave does not pass signature verification.(Citation: Apple-iOSSecurityGuide)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--f296fc9c-2ff5-43ee-941e-6b49c438270a","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:23.652Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1459","external_id":"T1459"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.703Z","name":"Device Unlock Code Guessing or Brute Force","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--f58cd69a-e548-478b-9248-8a9af881dc34","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:21.667Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1466","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1466"},{"source_name":"NIST-SP800187","url":"http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-187/sp800_187_draft.pdf","description":"Jeffrey Cichonski, Joshua M Franklin, Michael Bartock. (2017, December). Guide to LTE Security. Retrieved January 20, 2017."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-3.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"CEL-3"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could cause the mobile device to use less secure protocols, for example by jamming frequencies used by newer protocols such as LTE and only allowing older protocols such as GSM to communicate(Citation: NIST-SP800187). Use of less secure protocols may make communication easier to eavesdrop upon or manipulate.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:50:42.480Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Downgrade to Insecure Protocols","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-08T18:14:46.081Z","name":"Masquerading","description":"Adversaries may attempt to manipulate features of their artifacts to make them appear legitimate or benign to users and/or security tools. Masquerading occurs when the name, location, or appearance of an object, legitimate or malicious, is manipulated or abused for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may include manipulating file metadata, tricking users into misidentifying the file type, and giving legitimate task or service names.\n\nRenaming abusable system utilities to evade security monitoring is also a form of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1655)\n","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"\n","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--f856eaab-e84a-4265-a8a2-7bf37e5dc2fc","created":"2023-07-12T20:29:48.758Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1655","external_id":"T1655"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-14.html","external_id":"APP-14"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","external_id":"APP-31"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--f981d199-2720-467e-9dc9-eea04dbe05cf","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:18.937Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1472","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1472"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could seek to generate fraudulent advertising revenue from mobile devices, for example by triggering automatic clicks of advertising links without user involvement.","modified":"2022-04-06T13:57:49.177Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Generate Fraudulent Advertising Revenue","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--f9e4f526-ac9d-4df5-8949-833a82a1d2df","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:09.446Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1473","external_id":"T1473"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.704Z","name":"Malicious or Vulnerable Built-in Device Functionality","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fa801609-ca8e-415e-815e-65f3826ff4df","created":"2022-03-30T19:19:23.777Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1406.001","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406/001"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may use steganography techniques in order to prevent the detection of hidden information. Steganographic techniques can be used to hide data in digital media such as images, audio tracks, video clips, or text files.","modified":"2022-04-21T17:30:16.229Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Steganography","x_mitre_detection":"Detection of steganography is difficult unless detectable artifacts with a known signature are left behind by the obfuscation process. Look for strings are other signatures left in system artifacts related to decoding steganography.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"defense-evasion","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fb3fa94a-3aee-4ab0-b7e7-abdf0a51286d","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:06.524Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1449","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1449"},{"source_name":"3GPP-Security","url":"http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/wg3_security/_specs/33900-120.pdf","description":"3GPP. (2000, January). A Guide to 3rd Generation Security. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport","url":"https://www.fcc.gov/files/csric5-wg10-finalreport031517pdf","description":"Communications Security, Reliability, Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (2017, March). Working Group 10 Legacy Systems Risk Reductions Final Report. Retrieved May 24, 2017."},{"source_name":"TheRegister-SS7","url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/05/03/hackers_fire_up_ss7_flaw/","description":"Iain Thomson. (2017, May 3). After years of warnings, mobile network hackers exploit SS7 flaws to drain bank accounts. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"Positive-SS7","url":"https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/ptcom/PT-SS7-AD-Data-Sheet-eng.pdf","description":"Positive Technologies. (n.d.). SS7 Attack Discovery. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7-2008","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0n5ySqbfdI","description":"Tobias Engel. (2008, December). Locating Mobile Phones using SS7. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7","url":"https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf","description":"Tobias Engel. (2014, December). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate.. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-37.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"CEL-37"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"An adversary could exploit signaling system vulnerabilities to redirect calls or text messages (SMS) to a phone number under the attacker's control. The adversary could then act as an adversary-in-the-middle to intercept or manipulate the communication. (Citation: Engel-SS7) (Citation: Engel-SS7-2008) (Citation: 3GPP-Security) (Citation: Positive-SS7) (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport) Interception of SMS messages could enable adversaries to obtain authentication codes used for multi-factor authentication(Citation: TheRegister-SS7).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:53:27.032Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Exploit SS7 to Redirect Phone Calls/SMS","x_mitre_detection":"Network carriers may be able to use firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), or Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) to detect and/or block SS7 exploitation as described by the Communications, Security, Reliability, and Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport) The CSRIC also suggests threat information sharing between telecommunications industry members.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:59:57.485Z","name":"Hide Artifacts","description":"Adversaries may attempt to hide artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection. Mobile operating systems have features and developer APIs to hide various artifacts, such as an application’s launcher icon. These APIs have legitimate usages, such as hiding an icon to avoid application drawer clutter when an application does not have a usable interface. Adversaries may abuse these features and APIs to hide artifacts from the user to evade detection.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"The user can examine the list of all installed applications in the device settings. Application vetting services could potentially detect the usage of APIs intended for artifact hiding.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fc53309d-ebd5-4573-9242-57024ebdad4f","created":"2022-03-30T20:00:12.654Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628","external_id":"T1628"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-16T18:37:55.822Z","name":"Code Signing Policy Modification","description":"Adversaries may modify code signing policies to enable execution of applications signed with unofficial or unknown keys. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on an app from a developer, guaranteeing that the program has not been tampered with and comes from an official source. Security controls can include enforcement mechanisms to ensure that only valid, signed code can be run on a device. \n\nMobile devices generally enable these security controls by default, such as preventing the installation of unknown applications on Android. Adversaries may modify these policies in a number of ways, including [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516) or malicious configuration profiles.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can use the device settings menu to view trusted CA certificates and look for unexpected or unknown certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies. Users can use the device settings menu to view which applications on the device are allowed to install unknown applications.\n\nOn iOS, the user can use the device settings menu to view installed Configuration Profiles and look for unexpected or unknown profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fcb11f06-ce0e-490b-bcc1-04a1623579f0","created":"2022-03-30T18:13:26.003Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1632/001","external_id":"T1632.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-7.html","external_id":"STA-7"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:19:54.832Z","name":"Domain Generation Algorithms","description":"Adversaries may use [Domain Generation Algorithms](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1637/001) (DGAs) to procedurally generate domain names for uses such as command and control communication   or malicious application distribution.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)\n\nDGAs increase the difficulty for defenders to block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there could potentially be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different DGA algorithms, constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There are a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) CDN domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, a more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fd211238-f767-4599-8c0d-9dca36624626","created":"2022-04-05T19:59:03.161Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1637/001","external_id":"T1637.001"},{"source_name":"Data Driven Security DGA","description":"Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","url":"https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"},{"source_name":"securelist rotexy 2018","description":"T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan – banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-07T17:12:07.620Z","name":"Drive-By Compromise","description":"Adversaries may gain access to a system through a user visiting a website over the normal course of browsing. With this technique, the user's web browser is typically targeted for exploitation, but adversaries may also use compromised websites for non-exploitation behavior such as acquiring an [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001).\n\nMultiple ways of delivering exploit code to a browser exist, including:\n\n* A legitimate website is compromised where adversaries have injected some form of malicious code such as JavaScript, iFrames, and cross-site scripting.\n* Malicious ads are paid for and served through legitimate ad providers.\n* Built-in web application interfaces are leveraged for the insertion of any other kind of object that can be used to display web content or contain a script that executes on the visiting client (e.g. forum posts, comments, and other user controllable web content).\n\nOften the website used by an adversary is one visited by a specific community, such as government, a particular industry, or region, where the goal is to compromise a specific user or set of users based on a shared interest. This kind of targeted attack is referred to a strategic web compromise or watering hole attack. There are several known examples of this occurring.(Citation: Lookout-StealthMango)\n\nTypical drive-by compromise process:\n\n1. A user visits a website that is used to host the adversary controlled content.\n2. Scripts automatically execute, typically searching versions of the browser and plugins for a potentially vulnerable version. \n    * The user may be required to assist in this process by enabling scripting or active website components and ignoring warning dialog boxes.\n3. Upon finding a vulnerable version, exploit code is delivered to the browser.\n4. If exploitation is successful, then it will give the adversary code execution on the user's system unless other protections are in place.\n    * In some cases a second visit to the website after the initial scan is required before exploit code is delivered.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can often alert the user if their device is vulnerable to known exploits.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fd339382-bfec-4bf0-8d47-1caedc9e7e57","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:06.822Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1456","external_id":"T1456"},{"source_name":"Lookout-StealthMango","description":"Lookout. (n.d.). Stealth Mango & Tangelo. 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Hiding the application's icon programmatically does not require any special permissions.\n\nThis behavior has been seen in the BankBot/Spy Banker family of malware.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)(Citation: sunny-stolen-credentials)(Citation: bankbot-spybanker)","modified":"2022-03-30T20:07:33.279Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Suppress Application Icon","x_mitre_detection":"The user can examine the list of all installed applications, including those with a suppressed icon, in the device settings.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--0008005f-ca51-47c3-8369-55ee5de1c65a","created":"2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Zscaler-SpyNote","description":"Shivang Desai. 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Retrieved June 2, 2020."}],"modified":"2020-06-02T14:32:31.875Z","description":"[INSOMNIA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0463) can collect the device’s name, serial number, iOS version, total disk space, and free disk space.(Citation: Google Project Zero Insomnia) ","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--21b7e0b0-0dea-4ccc-8ad4-8da51fe3a901","target_ref":"attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--09ad7d9f-d618-46c2-a9f3-e4a943245a72","created":"2023-09-21T19:37:48.020Z","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-09-21T19:37:48.020Z","description":"Users can be trained to identify social engineering techniques and phishing emails.","relationship_type":"mitigates","source_ref":"course-of-action--653492e3-27be-4a0e-b08c-938dd2b7e0e1","target_ref":"attack-pattern--defc1257-4db1-4fb3-8ef5-bb77f63146df","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--09c55c29-ce4f-4d3e-a940-f3a4b6f07bca","created":"2022-04-06T13:22:57.754Z","x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"","modified":"2022-04-06T13:22:57.754Z","relationship_type":"subtechnique-of","source_ref":"attack-pattern--37047267-3e56-453c-833e-d92b68118120","target_ref":"attack-pattern--3e091a89-a493-4a6c-8e88-d57be19bb98d","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--09c6bbd4-9058-4657-9d8e-656439637ac6","created":"2023-03-16T18:32:47.895Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-08-10T22:15:16.326Z","description":"Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_CALL_LOG` in an Android application’s manifest. 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Retrieved December 18, 2020."}],"modified":"2020-12-18T20:14:47.412Z","description":"[TERRACOTTA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0545) has included native modules.(Citation: WhiteOps TERRACOTTA)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--e296b110-46d3-4f7a-894c-cc71ea50168c","target_ref":"attack-pattern--52eff1c7-dd30-4121-b762-24ae6fa61bbb","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--0a610208-06af-425f-a9af-cd0899261e33","type":"relationship","created":"2020-09-11T15:45:38.450Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/coronavirus-update-app-leads-to-project-spy-android-and-ios-spyware/","description":"T. Bao, J. Lu. (2020, April 14).  Coronavirus Update App Leads to Project Spy Android and iOS Spyware. Retrieved April 24, 2020."}],"modified":"2020-09-11T15:45:38.450Z","description":"[Corona Updates](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0425) can send SMS messages.(Citation: TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--366c800f-97a8-48d5-b0a6-79d00198252a","target_ref":"attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--0a737289-c62d-4c0a-a857-6d116f774864","type":"relationship","created":"2020-06-26T15:12:40.077Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"ESET DEFENSOR ID","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/05/22/insidious-android-malware-gives-up-all-malicious-features-but-one-gain-stealth/","description":"L. Stefanko. (2020, May 22). 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Mobile Cyberespionage Campaign ‘Bouncing Golf’ Affects Middle East. 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This could indicate that non-system apps are attempting to access information that they do not have access to.","relationship_type":"detects","source_ref":"x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43","target_ref":"attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9cfc30de-3e68-4361-a213-3c37ce27b70e","created":"2023-03-20T18:52:52.011Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-08-09T14:51:29.206Z","description":"On Android, the user can use the device settings menu to view trusted CA certificates and look for unexpected or unknown certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies. Users can use the device settings menu to view which applications on the device are allowed to install unknown applications.\n\nOn iOS, the user can use the device settings menu to view installed Configuration Profiles and look for unexpected or unknown profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.","relationship_type":"detects","source_ref":"x-mitre-data-component--56c2b384-77f8-461f-a71a-76f7888ebfb6","target_ref":"attack-pattern--79cb02f4-ac4e-4335-8b51-425c9573cce1","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9cfcda7d-bb82-4122-a38b-fec4f5532856","created":"2020-05-04T14:04:56.211Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Google Bread","description":"A. Guertin, V. Kotov, Android Security & Privacy Team. (2020, January 9). PHA Family Highlights: Bread (and Friends) . Retrieved April 27, 2020.","url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2020/01/pha-family-highlights-bread-and-friends.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T17:03:51.504Z","description":"[Bread](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0432) communicates with the C2 server using HTTP requests.(Citation: Google Bread)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--108b2817-bc01-404e-8e1b-8cdeec846326","target_ref":"attack-pattern--2282a98b-5049-4f61-9381-55baca7c1add","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9d264e84-27b2-4867-82c8-55486a969d7c","type":"relationship","created":"2020-12-17T20:15:22.489Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"Palo Alto HenBox","url":"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/","description":"A. Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019."}],"modified":"2020-12-17T20:15:22.489Z","description":"[HenBox](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0544) can obtain a list of running processes.(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--aef537ba-10c2-40ed-a57a-80b8508aada4","target_ref":"attack-pattern--1b51f5bc-b97a-498a-8dbd-bc6b1901bf19","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9d2a9348-5d0a-43b0-8776-e9bbddc659c7","created":"2023-03-20T18:48:56.995Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-08-09T15:53:41.268Z","description":"Application vetting services can look for applications requesting the `android.permission.BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE` permission in a service declaration. On Android, the user can view and manage which applications can use accessibility services through the device settings in Accessibility. The exact device settings menu locations may vary between operating system versions.","relationship_type":"detects","source_ref":"x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43","target_ref":"attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9d4c1d68-3cc8-4cf9-b3ee-1525d0ce32de","type":"relationship","created":"2019-10-14T20:49:24.571Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"description":"T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan – banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/","source_name":"securelist rotexy 2018"}],"modified":"2019-10-14T20:49:24.571Z","description":"[Rotexy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0411) collects information about running processes.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--0626c181-93cb-4860-9cb0-dff3b1c13063","target_ref":"attack-pattern--1b51f5bc-b97a-498a-8dbd-bc6b1901bf19","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9d72c60b-d5d1-4b50-a01f-3882ddb335d9","created":"2019-09-04T14:28:15.316Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Lookout-Monokle","description":"Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. (2019, July). Monokle: The Mobile Surveillance Tooling of the Special Technology Center. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","url":"https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/lookout-discovers-monokle-threat-report.pdf"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T21:26:48.912Z","description":"[Monokle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0407) can remount the system partition as read/write to install attacker-specified certificates.(Citation: Lookout-Monokle) ","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--6a7aaab1-3e0a-48bb-ba66-bbf7665c0a65","target_ref":"attack-pattern--4f14e30b-8b57-4a7b-9093-2c0778ea99cf","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9dec6b2f-790a-4da9-86c9-1f4b7141c32c","type":"relationship","created":"2019-09-04T15:38:56.562Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"description":"K. Lu. (n.d.). Deep Technical Analysis of the Spyware FlexiSpy for Android. Retrieved September 10, 2019.","url":"https://d3gpjj9d20n0p3.cloudfront.net/fortiguard/research/Dig%20Deep%20into%20FlexiSpy%20for%20Android%28white%20paper%29_KaiLu.pdf","source_name":"FortiGuard-FlexiSpy"}],"modified":"2019-10-14T18:08:28.500Z","description":"[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) can communicate with the command and control server over ports 12512 and 12514.(Citation: FortiGuard-FlexiSpy)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"tool--1622fd3d-fcfc-4d02-ac49-f2d786f79b81","target_ref":"attack-pattern--948a447c-d783-4ba0-8516-a64140fcacd5","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9e3921a8-a9e1-48c4-9b61-ff190c104f63","type":"relationship","created":"2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"url":"http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/hacking-team-rcsandroid-spying-tool-listens-to-calls-roots-devices-to-get-in/","description":"Veo Zhang. (2015, July 21). Hacking Team RCSAndroid Spying Tool Listens to Calls; Roots Devices to Get In. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","source_name":"TrendMicro-RCSAndroid"}],"modified":"2019-08-09T17:53:48.793Z","description":"[RCSAndroid](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0295) can monitor clipboard content.(Citation: TrendMicro-RCSAndroid)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--363bc05d-13cb-4e98-a5b7-e250f2bbdc2b","target_ref":"attack-pattern--c4b96c0b-cb58-497a-a1c2-bb447d79d692","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9e458d77-c856-4b02-82a7-50947b232dc3","type":"relationship","created":"2021-10-01T14:42:49.183Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"SecureList BusyGasper","url":"https://securelist.com/busygasper-the-unfriendly-spy/87627/","description":"Alexey Firsh. (2018, August 29). BusyGasper – the unfriendly spy. Retrieved October 1, 2021."}],"modified":"2021-10-06T15:32:46.533Z","description":"[BusyGasper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0655) can download a payload or updates from either its C2 server or email attachments in the adversary’s inbox.(Citation: SecureList BusyGasper)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--e110f94a-e2c5-4f5f-ba78-9c2ab6d2d9e4","target_ref":"attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9e66ec3b-cdd6-461c-bd84-e75316818e15","type":"relationship","created":"2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"CrowdStrike-Android","description":"CrowdStrike Global Intelligence Team. (2016). Use of Fancy Bear Android Malware in Tracking of Ukrainian FIeld Artillery Units. Retrieved February 6, 2017.","url":"https://www.crowdstrike.com/wp-content/brochures/FancyBearTracksUkrainianArtillery.pdf"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","description":"[X-Agent for Android](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0314) was believed to have been used to obtain locational data of Ukrainian artillery forces.(Citation: CrowdStrike-Android)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--56660521-6db4-4e5a-a927-464f22954b7c","target_ref":"attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9e95ef68-0650-49eb-888f-47c211481be9","created":"2023-03-20T18:51:40.217Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-08-09T17:16:36.672Z","description":"Application vetting may be able to identify applications that perform [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0032) or utilize existing connectivity to remotely access hosts within an internal enterprise network. ","relationship_type":"detects","source_ref":"x-mitre-data-component--764ee29e-48d6-4934-8e6b-7a606aaaafc0","target_ref":"attack-pattern--22379609-a99f-4a01-bd7e-70f3e105859d","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9f83d618-a42d-4797-b9fe-030affdbd13f","created":"2023-01-18T19:46:45.399Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"nccgroup_sharkbot_0322","description":"RIFT: Research and Intelligence Fusion Team. (2022, March 3). SharkBot: a “new” generation Android banking Trojan being distributed on Google Play Store. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","url":"https://research.nccgroup.com/2022/03/03/sharkbot-a-new-generation-android-banking-trojan-being-distributed-on-google-play-store/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-03-27T18:49:35.020Z","description":"[SharkBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1055) can hide and send SMS messages. [SharkBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1055) can also change which application is the device’s default SMS handler.(Citation: nccgroup_sharkbot_0322)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--9cd72f5c-bec0-4f7e-bb6d-296937116291","target_ref":"attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9f9a0349-ca95-4bde-8d8d-af524ce19bc7","created":"2022-04-15T16:00:43.483Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"SecureList DVMap June 2017","description":"R. Unuchek. (2017, June 8). Dvmap: the first Android malware with code injection. Retrieved December 10, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/dvmap-the-first-android-malware-with-code-injection/78648/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T20:52:33.829Z","description":"[Dvmap](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0420) can turn off `VerifyApps`, and can grant Device Administrator permissions via commands only, rather than using the UI.(Citation: SecureList DVMap June 2017)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--22b596a6-d288-4409-8520-5f2846f85514","target_ref":"attack-pattern--2aa78dfd-cb6f-4c70-9408-137cfd96be49","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9fa03a70-ad00-4148-ae5e-8315f3e618d2","created":"2020-07-15T20:20:59.375Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Bitdefender Mandrake","description":"R. Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020.","url":"https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/329/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-Mandrake-creat4464-en-EN-interactive.pdf"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T21:29:29.307Z","description":"[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) can abuse device administrator permissions to ensure that it cannot be uninstalled until its permissions are revoked.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--52c994fa-b6c8-45a8-9586-a4275cf19307","target_ref":"attack-pattern--dc01774a-d1c1-45fb-b506-0a5d1d6593d9","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9fb0c414-6216-4b42-a080-cb42ef4011c5","created":"2024-04-17T13:12:54.126Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"welivesecurity_ahrat_0523","description":"Lukas Stefanko. (2023, May 23). Android app breaking bad: From legitimate screen recording to file exfiltration within a year. Retrieved December 18, 2023.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/05/23/android-app-breaking-bad-legitimate-screen-recording-file-exfiltration/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2024-04-17T13:12:54.126Z","description":"[AhRat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1095) can communicate with the C2 using HTTPS requests.(Citation: welivesecurity_ahrat_0523)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--24c8f6db-71e0-41ef-a1dc-83399a5b17e5","target_ref":"attack-pattern--ed2c05a1-4f81-4d97-9e1b-aff01c34ae84","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9fdc5fee-2250-4894-8333-466910023533","created":"2024-02-20T23:42:43.674Z","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2024-02-20T23:42:43.674Z","description":"Application vetting services could look for usage of the `READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE` Android permission. This could indicate that non-system apps are attempting to access information that they do not have access to. 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Retrieved January 27, 2020.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/mobile-cyberespionage-campaign-bouncing-golf-affects-middle-east/","source_name":"Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019"}],"modified":"2020-03-26T20:50:07.266Z","description":"[GolfSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0421) encrypts data using a simple XOR operation with a pre-configured key prior to exfiltration.(Citation: Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--c19cfc89-5ac6-4d2d-a236-70d2b32e007c","target_ref":"attack-pattern--e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--e723d78f-b6c3-4ba5-8946-b44e651834e3","created":"2023-03-16T13:32:02.290Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-08-10T21:06:58.988Z","description":"Android applications using the `RECORD_AUDIO` permission and iOS applications using `RequestRecordPermission` should be carefully reviewed and monitored. 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The rise of mobile banker Asacub. Retrieved December 14, 2020.","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rise-of-mobile-banker-asacub/87591/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T20:32:42.890Z","description":"[Asacub](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0540) can collect SMS messages as they are received.(Citation: Securelist Asacub)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--a76b837b-93cc-417d-bf28-c47a6a284fa4","target_ref":"attack-pattern--c6421411-ae61-42bb-9098-73fddb315002","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--e78b2cd9-ef73-45d9-9477-e2e95454e208","type":"relationship","created":"2020-07-20T13:27:33.546Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"Talos-WolfRAT","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2020/05/the-wolf-is-back.html","description":"W. 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Retrieved September 25, 2024.","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2024-09-25T15:03:05.114Z","description":"[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can record phone calls and audio.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--a3c59d82-2c7c-44e5-a869-68e0a3e5935e","target_ref":"attack-pattern--6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--e7b33eb5-6c2e-4743-ac8d-c27d5e7121ac","created":"2020-06-26T15:32:25.060Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Threat Fabric Cerberus","description":"Threat Fabric. 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Retrieved October 1, 2020.","url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1098481/download"},{"source_name":"GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR","description":"Department of Homeland Security and Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016, December 29). GRIZZLY STEPPE – Russian Malicious Cyber Activity. Retrieved January 11, 2017.","url":"https://www.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/publications/JAR_16-20296A_GRIZZLY%20STEPPE-2016-1229.pdf"},{"source_name":"ESET Zebrocy May 2019","description":"ESET Research. (2019, May 22). A journey to Zebrocy land. Retrieved June 20, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/22/journey-zebrocy-land/"},{"source_name":"ESET Sednit Part 3","description":"ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 3: A Mysterious Downloader. Retrieved November 21, 2016.","url":"http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/eset-sednit-part3.pdf"},{"source_name":"Sofacy DealersChoice","description":"Falcone, R. (2018, March 15). 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Retrieved September 13, 2018.","url":"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/07/from-bitly-to-x-agent-how-gru-hackers-targeted-the-2016-presidential-election/"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020","description":"Hacquebord, F., Remorin, L. (2020, December 17). Pawn Storm’s Lack of Sophistication as a Strategy. Retrieved January 13, 2021.","url":"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/l/pawn-storm-lack-of-sophistication-as-a-strategy.html"},{"source_name":"Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018","description":"Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2018, February 20). A Slice of 2017 Sofacy Activity. Retrieved November 27, 2018.","url":"https://securelist.com/a-slice-of-2017-sofacy-activity/83930/"},{"source_name":"Kaspersky Sofacy","description":"Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, December 4). Sofacy APT hits high profile targets with updated toolset. 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Retrieved November 17, 2023.","url":"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"},{"source_name":"Microsoft STRONTIUM New Patterns Cred Harvesting Sept 2020","description":"Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC). (2020, September 10). STRONTIUM: Detecting new patterns in credential harvesting. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/09/10/strontium-detecting-new-patters-credential-harvesting/"},{"source_name":"Microsoft STRONTIUM Aug 2019","description":"MSRC Team. (2019, August 5). Corporate IoT – a path to intrusion. Retrieved August 16, 2019.","url":"https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2019/08/05/corporate-iot-a-path-to-intrusion/"},{"source_name":"DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018","description":"Mueller, R. (2018, July 13). Indictment - United States of America vs. VIKTOR BORISOVICH NETYKSHO, et al. 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[Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) has targeted organizations in Australia, China, Hong Kong, Mongolia, Nepal, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, the United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, Germany, France, and the United States. Targets included government institutions, news media outlets, gambling companies, educational institutions, COVID-19 research organizations, telecommunications companies, religious movements banned in China, and cryptocurrency trading platforms; security researchers assess some [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) operations may be financially motivated.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)\n\n[Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) has used malware commonly used by other Chinese threat groups, including [APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) and the [Winnti Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0044) cluster, however security researchers assess [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006)'s techniques and infrastructure are separate.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)","aliases":["Earth Lusca","TAG-22","Charcoal Typhoon","CHROMIUM","ControlX"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"2.0","type":"intrusion-set","id":"intrusion-set--cc613a49-9bfa-4e22-98d1-15ffbb03f034","created":"2022-07-01T20:12:30.184Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006","external_id":"G1006"},{"source_name":"Charcoal Typhoon","description":"(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"},{"source_name":"ControlX","description":"(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"},{"source_name":"CHROMIUM","description":"(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023) (Citation: Recorded Future RedHotel August 2023)"},{"source_name":"TAG-22","description":"(Citation: Recorded Future TAG-22 July 2021)"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022","description":"Chen, J., et al. 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Retrieved September 25, 2023.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/moustachedbouncer-espionage-against-foreign-diplomats-in-belarus/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_domains":["enterprise-attack","mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-03-29T14:59:30.164Z","name":"Application Assets","description":"Additional assets included with an 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NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020) This group has been active since at least 2009.(Citation: iSIGHT Sandworm 2014)(Citation: CrowdStrike VOODOO BEAR)(Citation: USDOJ Sandworm Feb 2020)(Citation: NCSC Sandworm Feb 2020)\n\nIn October 2020, the US indicted six GRU Unit 74455 officers associated with [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) for the following cyber operations: the 2015 and 2016 attacks against Ukrainian electrical companies and government organizations, the 2017 worldwide [NotPetya](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0368) attack, targeting of the 2017 French presidential campaign, the 2018 [Olympic Destroyer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0365) attack against the Winter Olympic Games, the 2018 operation against the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and attacks against the country of Georgia in 2018 and 2019.(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020) Some of these were conducted with the assistance of GRU Unit 26165, which is also referred to as [APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007).(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018)","aliases":["Sandworm Team","ELECTRUM","Telebots","IRON VIKING","BlackEnergy (Group)","Quedagh","Voodoo Bear","IRIDIUM","Seashell Blizzard","FROZENBARENTS","APT44"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"4.1","x_mitre_contributors":["Dragos Threat Intelligence","Hakan KARABACAK"],"type":"intrusion-set","id":"intrusion-set--381fcf73-60f6-4ab2-9991-6af3cbc35192","created":"2017-05-31T21:32:04.588Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034","external_id":"G0034"},{"source_name":"Voodoo Bear","description":"(Citation: CrowdStrike VOODOO BEAR)(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"},{"source_name":"ELECTRUM","description":"(Citation: Dragos ELECTRUM)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"},{"source_name":"Sandworm Team","description":"(Citation: iSIGHT Sandworm 2014) (Citation: F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014) (Citation: InfoSecurity Sandworm Oct 2014)(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"},{"source_name":"Quedagh","description":"(Citation: iSIGHT Sandworm 2014) (Citation: F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"},{"source_name":"FROZENBARENTS","description":"(Citation: Leonard TAG 2023)"},{"source_name":"APT44","description":"(Citation: mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm)"},{"source_name":"IRIDIUM","description":"(Citation: Microsoft Prestige ransomware October 2022)"},{"source_name":"Seashell Blizzard","description":"(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"},{"source_name":"BlackEnergy (Group)","description":"(Citation: NCSC 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(2023, April 19). Ukraine remains Russia’s biggest cyber focus in 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.","url":"https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/ukraine-remains-russias-biggest-cyber-focus-in-2023/"},{"source_name":"US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018","description":"Brady, S . (2018, October 3). Indictment - United States vs Aleksei Sergeyevich Morenets, et al.. Retrieved October 1, 2020.","url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1098481/download"},{"source_name":"Dragos ELECTRUM","description":"Dragos. (2017, January 1). ELECTRUM Threat Profile. Retrieved June 10, 2020.","url":"https://www.dragos.com/resource/electrum/"},{"source_name":"F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014","description":"F-Secure Labs. (2014). BlackEnergy & Quedagh: The convergence of crimeware and APT attacks. Retrieved March 24, 2016.","url":"https://blog-assets.f-secure.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/15163408/BlackEnergy_Quedagh.pdf"},{"source_name":"iSIGHT Sandworm 2014","description":"Hultquist, J.. 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Retrieved January 19, 2023.","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/10/14/new-prestige-ransomware-impacts-organizations-in-ukraine-and-poland/"},{"source_name":"InfoSecurity Sandworm Oct 2014","description":"Muncaster, P.. (2014, October 14). Microsoft Zero Day Traced to Russian ‘Sandworm’ Hackers. Retrieved October 6, 2017.","url":"https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/microsoft-zero-day-traced-russian/"},{"source_name":"NCSC Sandworm Feb 2020","description":"NCSC. (2020, February 20). NCSC supports US advisory regarding GRU intrusion set Sandworm. Retrieved June 10, 2020.","url":"https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/news/ncsc-supports-sandworm-advisory"},{"source_name":"USDOJ Sandworm Feb 2020","description":"Pompeo, M. (2020, February 20). The United States Condemns Russian Cyber Attack Against the Country of Georgia. Retrieved September 12, 2024.","url":"https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-united-states-condemns-russian-cyber-attack-against-the-country-of-georgia/index.html"},{"source_name":"mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm","description":"Roncone, G. et al. (n.d.). APT44: Unearthing Sandworm. Retrieved July 11, 2024.","url":"https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/apt44-unearthing-sandworm.pdf"},{"source_name":"US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020","description":"Scott W. Brady. (2020, October 15). United States vs. Yuriy Sergeyevich Andrienko et al.. Retrieved November 25, 2020.","url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1328521/download"},{"source_name":"Secureworks IRON VIKING ","description":"Secureworks. (2020, May 1). IRON VIKING Threat Profile. Retrieved June 10, 2020.","url":"https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-profiles/iron-viking"},{"source_name":"UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020","description":"UK NCSC. (2020, October 19). UK exposes series of Russian cyber attacks against Olympic and Paralympic Games . Retrieved November 30, 2020.","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-exposes-series-of-russian-cyber-attacks-against-olympic-and-paralympic-games"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_domains":["enterprise-attack","ics-attack","mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-data-component--61f1d40e-f3d0-4cc6-aa2d-937b6204194f","type":"x-mitre-data-component","created":"2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","modified":"2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z","name":"Process Termination","description":"Exit of a running process (ex: Sysmon EID 5 or Windows EID 4689)","x_mitre_data_source_ref":"x-mitre-data-source--e8b8ede7-337b-4c0c-8c32-5c7872c1ee22","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-04-19T19:35:15.637Z","name":"PROMETHIUM","description":"[PROMETHIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0056) is an activity group focused on espionage that has been active since at least 2012. The group has conducted operations globally with a heavy emphasis on Turkish targets. 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While [Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) and [Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) overlap in core capabilities, [Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) has tools and behaviors suggesting more passive reconnaissance.(Citation: lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["Hornbill"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--15d78a95-af6a-4b06-8dae-76bedb0ec5a1","created":"2023-06-09T19:07:18.101Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077","external_id":"S1077"},{"source_name":"lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221","description":"Apurva Kumar, Kristin Del Rosso. (2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. Retrieved June 9, 2023.","url":"https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-novel-confucius-apt-android-spyware-linked-to-india-pakistan-conflict"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Judy","description":"[Judy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0325) is auto-clicking adware that was distributed through multiple apps in the Google Play Store. 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Retrieved September 18, 2018.","url":"https://blog.checkpoint.com/2017/05/25/judy-malware-possibly-largest-malware-campaign-found-google-play/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"OldBoot","description":"[OldBoot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0285) is an Android malware family. 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(Citation: Ludwig-GhostPush) (Citation: Lookout-Gooligan)"},{"source_name":"Gooligan Citation","description":"Check Point Research Team. (2016, November 30). More Than 1 Million Google Accounts Breached by Gooligan. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"http://blog.checkpoint.com/2016/11/30/1-million-google-accounts-breached-gooligan/"},{"source_name":"Ludwig-GhostPush","description":"Adrian Ludwig. (2016, November 29). The fight against Ghost Push continues. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"https://plus.google.com/+AdrianLudwig/posts/GXzJ8vaAFsi"},{"source_name":"Lookout-Gooligan","description":"Lookout. (2016, December 1). Ghost Push and Gooligan: One and the same. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2016/12/01/ghost-push-gooligan/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"SpyNote RAT","description":"[SpyNote RAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0305) (Remote Access Trojan) is a family of malicious Android apps. The [SpyNote RAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0305) builder tool can be used to develop malicious apps with the malware's functionality. (Citation: Zscaler-SpyNote)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["SpyNote RAT"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--20dbaf05-59b8-4dc6-8777-0b17f4553a23","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:45.794Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0305","external_id":"S0305"},{"source_name":"SpyNote RAT","description":"(Citation: Zscaler-SpyNote)"},{"source_name":"Zscaler-SpyNote","description":"Shivang Desai. (2017, January 23). SpyNote RAT posing as Netflix app. Retrieved January 26, 2017.","url":"https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/research/spynote-rat-posing-netflix-app"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_contributors":["Ohad Mana, Check Point","Aviran Hazum, Check Point","Sergey Persikov, Check Point"],"x_mitre_aliases":["TrickMo"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--21170624-89db-4e99-bf27-58d26be07c3a","type":"malware","created":"2020-04-24T17:46:31.111Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0427","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427"},{"source_name":"SecurityIntelligence TrickMo","url":"https://securityintelligence.com/posts/trickbot-pushing-a-2fa-bypass-app-to-bank-customers-in-germany/","description":"P. Asinovsky. (2020, March 24). TrickBot Pushing a 2FA Bypass App to Bank Customers in Germany. Retrieved April 24, 2020."}],"modified":"2020-09-11T15:57:37.561Z","name":"TrickMo","description":"[TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) a 2FA bypass mobile banking trojan, most likely being distributed by [TrickBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266). [TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) has been primarily targeting users located in Germany.(Citation: SecurityIntelligence TrickMo)\n\n[TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) is designed to steal transaction authorization numbers (TANs), which are typically used as one-time passwords.(Citation: SecurityIntelligence TrickMo) ","x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["INSOMNIA"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--21b7e0b0-0dea-4ccc-8ad4-8da51fe3a901","type":"malware","created":"2020-06-02T14:32:31.461Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0463","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0463"},{"source_name":"Volexity Insomnia","url":"https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/04/21/evil-eye-threat-actor-resurfaces-with-ios-exploit-and-updated-implant/","description":"A. Case, D. Lassalle, M. Meltzer, S. Koessel, et al.. (2020, April 21). Evil Eye Threat Actor Resurfaces with iOS Exploit and Updated Implant. 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Retrieved December 10, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/dvmap-the-first-android-malware-with-code-injection/78648/","source_name":"SecureList DVMap June 2017"}],"modified":"2020-01-22T22:17:23.015Z","name":"Dvmap","description":"[Dvmap](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0420) is rooting malware that injects malicious code into system runtime libraries. It is credited with being the first malware that performs this type of code injection.(Citation: SecureList DVMap June 2017)","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Zen"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--22faaa56-a8ac-4292-9be6-b571b255ee40","type":"malware","created":"2020-07-27T14:14:56.729Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0494","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0494"},{"source_name":"Google Security Zen","url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2019/01/pha-family-highlights-zen-and-its.html","description":"Siewierski, L. (2019, January 11). PHA Family Highlights: Zen and its cousins . Retrieved July 27, 2020."}],"modified":"2020-08-11T14:23:15.002Z","name":"Zen","description":"[Zen](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0494) is Android malware that was first seen in 2013.(Citation: Google Security Zen)","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"NotCompatible","description":"[NotCompatible](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0299) is an Android malware family that was used between at least 2014 and 2016. It has multiple variants that have become more sophisticated over time. 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Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2014/11/19/notcompatible/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2024-04-16T15:46:27.358Z","name":"AhRat","description":"[AhRat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1095) is an Android remote access tool based on the open-source AhMyth remote access tool. [AhRat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1095) initially spread in August 2022 on the Google Play Store via an update containing malicious code to the previously benign application, “iRecorder – Screen Recorder”, which itself was released in September 2021.(Citation: welivesecurity_ahrat_0523)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Edward Stevens","BT Security"],"x_mitre_aliases":["AhRat"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--24c8f6db-71e0-41ef-a1dc-83399a5b17e5","created":"2023-12-18T19:00:02.259Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1095","external_id":"S1095"},{"source_name":"welivesecurity_ahrat_0523","description":"Lukas Stefanko. (2023, May 23). Android app breaking bad: From legitimate screen recording to file exfiltration within a year. Retrieved December 18, 2023.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/05/23/android-app-breaking-bad-legitimate-screen-recording-file-exfiltration/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"XLoader for Android","description":"[XLoader for Android](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0318) is a malicious Android app first observed targeting Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong in 2018. It has more recently been observed targeting South Korean users as a pornography application.(Citation: TrendMicro-XLoader-FakeSpy)(Citation: TrendMicro-XLoader) It is tracked separately from the [XLoader for iOS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0490).","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"2.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["XLoader for Android"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--2740eaf6-2db2-4a40-a63f-f5b166c7059c","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0318","external_id":"S0318"},{"source_name":"XLoader for Android","description":"(Citation: TrendMicro-XLoader)"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro-XLoader-FakeSpy","description":"Hiroaki, H., Wu, L., Wu, L.. (2019, April 2). XLoader Disguises as Android Apps, Has FakeSpy Links. Retrieved July 20, 2020.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/new-version-of-xloader-that-disguises-as-android-apps-and-an-ios-profile-holds-new-links-to-fakespy/"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro-XLoader","description":"Lorin Wu. (2018, April 19). XLoader Android Spyware and Banking Trojan Distributed via DNS Spoofing. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/xloader-android-spyware-and-banking-trojan-distributed-via-dns-spoofing/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.FakeInst.a","description":"[Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.FakeInst.a](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0306) is Android malware. (Citation: Kaspersky-MobileMalware)","labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","type":"malware","id":"malware--28e39395-91e7-4f02-b694-5e079c964da9","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:46.107Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0306","external_id":"S0306"},{"source_name":"Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.FakeInst.a","description":"(Citation: Kaspersky-MobileMalware)"},{"source_name":"Kaspersky-MobileMalware","description":"Roman Unuchek and Victor Chebyshev. (2014, February 24). Mobile Malware Evolution: 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"https://securelist.com/mobile-malware-evolution-2013/58335/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["XLoader for iOS"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--29944858-da52-4d3d-b428-f8a6eb8dde6f","type":"malware","created":"2020-07-20T13:58:53.422Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0490","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0490"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro-XLoader-FakeSpy","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/new-version-of-xloader-that-disguises-as-android-apps-and-an-ios-profile-holds-new-links-to-fakespy/","description":"Hiroaki, H., Wu, L., Wu, L.. (2019, April 2). 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Believed to have been first active in January 2023, [Chameleon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1083) has been observed targeting users in Australia and Poland by masquerading as official apps.(Citation: cyble_chameleon_0423)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Yasuhito Kawanishi, NEC Corporation","Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India","Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Chameleon"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--2cf00c5a-857d-4cb6-8f03-82f15bee0f6f","created":"2023-08-16T16:30:44.598Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1083","external_id":"S1083"},{"source_name":"cyble_chameleon_0423","description":"Cyble Research & Intelligence Labs. (2023, April 13). 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Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/hacking-team-rcsandroid-spying-tool-listens-to-calls-roots-devices-to-get-in/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Corona Updates","Wabi Music","Concipit1248"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--366c800f-97a8-48d5-b0a6-79d00198252a","type":"malware","created":"2020-04-24T15:06:32.870Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0425","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0425"},{"source_name":"Wabi Music","description":"(Citation: TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates)"},{"source_name":"Concipit1248","description":"(Citation: TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates)"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro Coronavirus Updates","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/coronavirus-update-app-leads-to-project-spy-android-and-ios-spyware/","description":"T. 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Retrieved September 24, 2018.","url":"https://securelist.com/skygofree-following-in-the-footsteps-of-hackingteam/83603/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"KeyRaider","description":"[KeyRaider](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0288) is malware that steals Apple account credentials and other data from jailbroken iOS devices. It also has ransomware functionality. 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Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/08/keyraider-ios-malware-steals-over-225000-apple-accounts-to-create-free-app-utopia/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"ZergHelper","description":"[ZergHelper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0287) is iOS riskware that was unique due to its apparent evasion of Apple's App Store review process. No malicious functionality was identified in the app, but it presents security risks. 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Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/pirated-ios-app-stores-client-successfully-evaded-apple-ios-code-review/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["DoubleAgent"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--3d6c4389-3489-40a3-beda-c56e650b6f68","type":"malware","created":"2020-12-24T21:50:02.027Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0550","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0550"},{"source_name":"Lookout Uyghur Campaign","url":"https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf","description":"A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. 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The malware is only activated when the operators issue a specific command.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-04-10T21:58:07.962Z","name":"HilalRAT","description":"[HilalRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1128) is a remote access-capable Android malware, developed and used by [UNC788](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1029).(Citation: Meta Adversarial Threat Report 2022)   [HilalRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1128) is capable of collecting data, such as device location, call logs, etc., and is capable of executing actions, such as activating a device's camera and microphone.(Citation: Meta Adversarial Threat Report 2022)  ","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Denise Tan"],"x_mitre_aliases":["HilalRAT"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--55714f87-6178-4b89-b3e5-d3a643f647ca","created":"2024-04-02T19:01:36.303Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1128","external_id":"S1128"},{"source_name":"Meta Adversarial Threat Report 2022","description":"Agranovich, D., et al. 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Originating in Brazil, [BRATA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1094) was later also found in the UK, Poland, Italy, Spain, and USA, where it is believed to have targeted financial institutions such as banks. There are currently three known variants of [BRATA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1094).(Citation: securelist_brata_0819)(Citation: cleafy_brata_0122)(Citation: mcafee_brata_0421)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India"],"x_mitre_aliases":["BRATA"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--5aff44ab-5a41-49bb-b5d1-b4876d0437f4","created":"2023-12-18T18:06:22.975Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1094","external_id":"S1094"},{"source_name":"cleafy_brata_0122","description":"Federico Valentini, Francesco Lubatti. (2022, January 24). How BRATA is monitoring your bank account. 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(Citation: FinFisher Citation) (Citation: Microsoft SIR Vol 21) (Citation: FireEye FinSpy Sept 2017) (Citation: Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017) (Citation: Microsoft FinFisher March 2018)","x_mitre_platforms":["Windows","Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["enterprise-attack","mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.4","x_mitre_aliases":["FinFisher","FinSpy"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--a5528622-3a8a-4633-86ce-8cdaf8423858","created":"2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0182","external_id":"S0182"},{"source_name":"FinFisher","description":"(Citation: FinFisher Citation) (Citation: Microsoft SIR Vol 21) (Citation: FireEye FinSpy Sept 2017) (Citation: Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017)"},{"source_name":"FinSpy","description":"(Citation: FireEye FinSpy Sept 2017) (Citation: Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017)"},{"source_name":"Microsoft FinFisher March 2018","description":"Allievi, A.,Flori, E. 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As of July 2019 [Agent Smith](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0440) had infected around 25 million devices, primarily targeting India though effects had been observed in other Asian countries as well as Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.(Citation: CheckPoint Agent Smith)","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Asacub","Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.Smaps"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--a76b837b-93cc-417d-bf28-c47a6a284fa4","type":"malware","created":"2020-12-14T15:02:35.007Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0540","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0540"},{"source_name":"Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.Smaps","description":"(Citation: Securelist Asacub)"},{"source_name":"Securelist Asacub","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rise-of-mobile-banker-asacub/87591/","description":"T. 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Frank, L. Rochberger, Y. Rimmer, A. Dahan. (2020, April 30). EventBot: A New Mobile Banking Trojan is Born. 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Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019."}],"modified":"2021-04-12T03:02:06.792Z","name":"HenBox","description":"[HenBox](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0544) is Android malware that attempts to only execute on Xiaomi devices running the MIUI operating system. [HenBox](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0544) has primarily been used to target Uyghurs, a minority Turkic ethnic group.(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox)","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"labels":["malware"],"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_aliases":["Riltok"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"malware--c0efbaae-9e7d-4716-a92d-68373aac7424","type":"malware","created":"2019-08-07T15:57:12.877Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"S0403","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0403"},{"description":"Tatyana Shishkova. (2019, June 25). Riltok mobile Trojan: A banker with global reach. 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While [Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) and [Hornbill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1077) overlap in core capabilities, [Sunbird](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082) has a more extensive set of malicious features.(Citation: lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221)","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_aliases":["Sunbird"],"type":"malware","id":"malware--feae299d-e34f-4fc9-8545-486d0905bd41","created":"2023-08-04T18:27:24.614Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1082","external_id":"S1082"},{"source_name":"lookout_hornbill_sunbird_0221","description":"Apurva Kumar, Kristin Del Rosso. (2021, February 10). Novel Confucius APT Android Spyware Linked to India-Pakistan Conflict. 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Deep Technical Analysis of the Spyware FlexiSpy for Android. Retrieved September 10, 2019.","url":"https://d3gpjj9d20n0p3.cloudfront.net/fortiguard/research/Dig%20Deep%20into%20FlexiSpy%20for%20Android%28white%20paper%29_KaiLu.pdf","source_name":"FortiGuard-FlexiSpy"},{"source_name":"CyberMerchants-FlexiSpy","url":"http://www.cybermerchantsofdeath.com/blog/2017/04/22/FlexiSpy.html","description":"Actis B. (2017, April 22). FlexSpy Application Analysis. Retrieved September 4, 2019."},{"source_name":"FlexiSpy-Website","url":"https://www.flexispy.com/","description":"FlexiSpy. (n.d.). FlexiSpy. Retrieved September 4, 2019."}],"modified":"2019-10-14T18:08:28.349Z","name":"FlexiSpy","description":"[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) is sophisticated surveillanceware for iOS and Android. Publicly-available, comprehensive analysis has only been found for the Android version.(Citation: FortiGuard-FlexiSpy)(Citation: CyberMerchants-FlexiSpy)\n\n[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) markets itself as a parental control and employee monitoring application.(Citation: FlexiSpy-Website)","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Xbot","description":"[Xbot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0298) is an Android malware family that was observed in 2016 primarily targeting Android users in Russia and Australia. (Citation: PaloAlto-Xbot)","labels":["tool"],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","type":"tool","id":"tool--da21929e-40c0-443d-bdf4-6b60d15448b4","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:48.609Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0298","external_id":"S0298"},{"source_name":"Xbot","description":"(Citation: PaloAlto-Xbot)"},{"source_name":"PaloAlto-Xbot","description":"Cong Zheng, Claud Xiao and Zhi Xu. (2016, February 18). New Android Trojan “Xbot” Phishes Credit Cards and Bank Accounts, Encrypts Devices for Ransom. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/new-android-trojan-xbot-phishes-credit-cards-and-bank-accounts-encrypts-devices-for-ransom/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"]},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--0a93fd8e-4a83-4c15-8203-db290e5f2ac6","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0027","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0027","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:02:36.744Z","name":"Initial Access","description":"The adversary is trying to get into your device.\n\nThe initial access tactic represents the vectors adversaries use to gain an initial foothold onto a mobile device.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"initial-access"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--10fa8d8d-1b04-4176-917e-738724239981","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0036","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0036","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:06:42.009Z","name":"Exfiltration","description":"The adversary is trying to steal data.\n\nExfiltration refers to techniques and attributes that result or aid in the adversary removing files and information from the targeted mobile device.\n\nIn the mobile environment, mobile devices are frequently connected to networks outside enterprise control such as cellular networks or public Wi-Fi networks. Adversaries could attempt to evade detection by communicating on these networks, and potentially even by using non-Internet Protocol mechanisms such as Short Message Service (SMS). However, cellular networks often have data caps and/or extra data charges that could increase the potential for adversarial communication to be detected.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"exfiltration"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--363bbeff-bb2a-4734-ac74-d6d37202fe54","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0028","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0028","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:03:15.455Z","name":"Persistence","description":" The adversary is trying to maintain their foothold.\n\nPersistence is any access, action, or configuration change to a mobile device that gives an attacker a persistent presence on the device. Attackers often will need to maintain access to mobile devices through interruptions such as device reboots and potentially even factory data resets.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"persistence"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--3e962de5-3280-43b7-bc10-334fbc1d6fa8","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0029","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0029","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:03:49.343Z","name":"Privilege Escalation","description":" The adversary is trying to gain higher-level permissions.\n\nPrivilege escalation includes techniques that allow an attacker to obtain a higher level of permissions on the mobile device. Attackers may enter the mobile device with very limited privileges and may be required to take advantage of a device weakness to obtain higher privileges necessary to successfully carry out their mission objectives.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"privilege-escalation"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--3f660805-fa2e-42e8-8851-57f9e9b653e3","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0037","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0037","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:06:59.132Z","name":"Command and Control","description":"The adversary is trying to communicate with compromised devices to control them.\n\nThe command and control tactic represents how adversaries communicate with systems under their control within a target network. There are many ways an adversary can establish command and control with various levels of covertness, depending on system configuration and network topology. Due to the wide degree of variation available to the adversary at the network level, only the most common factors were used to describe the differences in command and control. There are still a great many specific techniques within the documented methods, largely due to how easy it is to define new protocols and use existing, legitimate protocols and network services for communication. \n\nThe resulting breakdown should help convey the concept that detecting intrusion through command and control protocols without prior knowledge is a difficult proposition over the long term. Adversaries' main constraints in network-level defense avoidance are testing and deployment of tools to rapidly change their protocols, awareness of existing defensive technologies, and access to legitimate Web services that, when used appropriately, make their tools difficult to distinguish from benign traffic.\n\nAdditionally, in the mobile environment, mobile devices are frequently connected to networks outside enterprise control such as cellular networks or public Wi-Fi networks. Adversaries could attempt to evade detection by communicating on these networks, and potentially even by using non-Internet Protocol mechanisms such as Short Message Service (SMS). However, cellular networks often have data caps and/or extra data charges that could increase the potential for adversarial communication to be detected.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"command-and-control"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--4a800987-a3a8-4d56-a1bd-0d7171431756","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2020-01-27T14:00:49.089Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0041","source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0041"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:00:49.089Z","name":"Execution","description":"The adversary is trying to run malicious code.\n\nExecution consists of techniques that result in adversary-controlled code running on a mobile device. Techniques that run malicious code are often paired with techniques from all other tactics to achieve broader goals, like exploring a network or stealing data.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"execution"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--6ebce653-294a-444a-bffb-14c04c8d137e","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0034","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0034","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T16:09:15.308Z","name":"Impact","description":"The adversary is trying to manipulate, interrupt, or destroy your devices and data.\n\nThe impact tactic consists of techniques used by the adversary to execute his or her mission objectives but that do not cleanly fit into another category such as Collection. Mission objectives vary based on each adversary's goals, but examples include toll fraud, destruction of device data, or locking the user out of his or her device until a ransom is paid.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"impact"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--6fcb36b8-3776-483b-8699-42215714fb10","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0031","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0031","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:05:02.718Z","name":"Credential Access","description":"The adversary is trying to steal account names, passwords, or other secrets that enable access to resources.\n\nCredential access represents techniques that can be used by adversaries to obtain access to or control over passwords, tokens, cryptographic keys, or other values that could be used by an adversary to gain unauthorized access to resources. Credential access allows the adversary to assume the identity of an account, with all of that account's permissions on the system and network, and makes it harder for defenders to detect the adversary. With sufficient access within a network, an adversary can create accounts for later use within the environment.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"credential-access"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--7a0d25d3-f0c0-40bf-bf90-c743871b19ba","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0035","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0035","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:06:10.915Z","name":"Collection","description":"The adversary is trying to gather data of interest to their goal.\n\nCollection consists of techniques used to identify and gather information, such as sensitive files, from a target network prior to exfiltration. This category also covers locations on a system or network where the adversary may look for information to exfiltrate.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"collection"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--7be441c2-0095-4b1e-8125-fa8ffda29b0f","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0033","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0033","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:05:37.854Z","name":"Lateral Movement","description":"The adversary is trying to move through your environment.\n\nLateral movement consists of techniques that enable an adversary to access and control remote systems on a network and could, but does not necessarily, include execution of tools on remote systems. The lateral movement techniques could allow an adversary to gather information from a system without needing additional tools, such as a remote access tool.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"lateral-movement"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--987cda6d-eb77-406b-bf68-bcb5f3d2e1df","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0030","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0030","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T14:04:46.497Z","name":"Defense Evasion","description":" The adversary is trying to avoid being detected.\n\nDefense evasion consists of techniques an adversary may use to evade detection or avoid other defenses. Sometimes these actions are the same as or variations of techniques in other categories that have the added benefit of subverting a particular defense or mitigation. Defense evasion may be considered a set of attributes the adversary applies to all other phases of the operation.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"defense-evasion"},{"modified":"2022-11-07T21:01:17.781Z","name":"Network Effects","description":"The adversary is trying to intercept or manipulate network traffic to or from a device.\n\nThis category refers to network-based techniques that an adversary may be able to use to fulfill his or her objectives without access to the mobile device itself. These include techniques to intercept or manipulate network traffic to and from the mobile device.","x_mitre_deprecated":true,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_shortname":"network-effects","type":"x-mitre-tactic","id":"x-mitre-tactic--9eb4c21e-4fa8-44c9-b167-dbfc455f9210","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0038","external_id":"TA0038"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.0.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-tactic--d418cdeb-1b9f-4a6b-a15d-2f89f549f8c1","type":"x-mitre-tactic","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"external_id":"TA0032","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0032","source_name":"mitre-attack"}],"modified":"2020-01-27T16:09:00.466Z","name":"Discovery","description":"The adversary is trying to figure out your environment.\n\nDiscovery consists of techniques that allow the adversary to gain knowledge about the characteristics of the mobile device and potentially other networked systems. When adversaries gain access to a new system, they must orient themselves to what they now have control of and what benefits operating from that system give to their current objective or overall goals during the intrusion. The operating system may provide capabilities that aid in this post-compromise information-gathering phase.","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_shortname":"discovery"},{"modified":"2022-11-07T21:01:36.112Z","name":"Remote Service Effects","description":"The adversary is trying to control or monitor the device using remote services.\n\nThis category refers to techniques involving remote services, such as vendor-provided cloud services (e.g. Google Drive, Google Find My Device, or Apple iCloud), or enterprise mobility management (EMM)/mobile device management (MDM) services that an adversary may be able to use to fulfill his or her objectives without access to the mobile device itself.","x_mitre_deprecated":true,"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_shortname":"remote-service-effects","type":"x-mitre-tactic","id":"x-mitre-tactic--e78d7d60-41b5-49b7-b0a9-5c5d4cbabe17","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0039","external_id":"TA0039"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.0.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Scheduled Task/Job","description":"Adversaries may abuse task scheduling functionality to facilitate initial or recurring execution of malicious code. On Android and iOS, APIs and libraries exist to facilitate scheduling tasks to execute at a specified date, time, or interval.\n\nOn Android, the `WorkManager` API allows asynchronous tasks to be scheduled with the system. `WorkManager` was introduced to unify task scheduling on Android, using `JobScheduler`, `GcmNetworkManager`, and `AlarmManager` internally. `WorkManager` offers a lot of flexibility for scheduling, including periodically, one time, or constraint-based (e.g. only when the device is charging).(Citation: Android WorkManager)\n\nOn iOS, the `NSBackgroundActivityScheduler` API allows asynchronous tasks to be scheduled with the system. The tasks can be scheduled to be repeating or non-repeating, however, the system chooses when the tasks will be executed. The app can choose the interval for repeating tasks, or the delay between scheduling and execution for one-time tasks.(Citation: Apple NSBackgroundActivityScheduler)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_detection":"Scheduling tasks/jobs can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Lorin Wu, Trend Micro"],"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--00290ac5-551e-44aa-bbd8-c4b913488a6d","created":"2020-11-04T16:43:31.619Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1603","external_id":"T1603"},{"source_name":"Android WorkManager","description":"Google. (n.d.). Schedule tasks with WorkManager. Retrieved November 4, 2020.","url":"https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/workmanager"},{"source_name":"Apple NSBackgroundActivityScheduler","description":"Apple. (n.d.). NSBackgroundActivityScheduler. Retrieved November 4, 2020.","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nsbackgroundactivityscheduler"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--039bc59c-ecc7-4997-b2b4-4ab728bd91aa","created":"2019-10-30T15:37:55.029Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1540","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1540"},{"source_name":"Fadeev Code Injection Aug 2018","url":"https://fadeevab.com/shared-library-injection-on-android-8/","description":"Alexandr Fadeev. (2018, August 26). Shared Library Injection on Android 8.0. Retrieved October 30, 2019."},{"source_name":"Google Triada June 2019","url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2019/06/pha-family-highlights-triada.html","description":"Lukasz Siewierski. (2019, June 6). PHA Family Highlights: Triada. Retrieved July 16, 2019."},{"source_name":"Shunix Code Injection Mar 2016","url":"https://shunix.com/shared-library-injection-in-android/","description":"Shunix . (2016, March 22). Shared Library Injection in Android. Retrieved October 30, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may use code injection attacks to implant arbitrary code into the address space of a running application. Code is then executed or interpreted by that application. Adversaries utilizing this technique may exploit capabilities to load code in at runtime through dynamic libraries.\n\nWith root access, `ptrace` can be used to target specific applications and load shared libraries into its process memory.(Citation: Shunix Code Injection Mar 2016)(Citation: Fadeev Code Injection Aug 2018) By injecting code, an adversary may be able to gain access to higher permissions held by the targeted application by executing as the targeted application. In addition, the adversary may be able to evade detection or enable persistent access to a system under the guise of the application’s process.(Citation: Google Triada June 2019)\n","modified":"2022-03-30T19:14:20.369Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Code Injection","x_mitre_detection":"Code injection can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-02-07T18:10:46.887Z","name":"Adversary-in-the-Middle","description":"Adversaries may attempt to position themselves between two or more networked devices to support follow-on behaviors such as [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002) or [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1642).  \n\n \n\n[Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1638) can be achieved through several mechanisms. For example, a malicious application may register itself as a VPN client, effectively redirecting device traffic to adversary-owned resources. Registering as a VPN client requires user consent on both Android and iOS; additionally, a special entitlement granted by Apple is needed for iOS devices. Alternatively, a malicious application with escalation privileges may utilize those privileges to gain access to network traffic.   \n\n\n Specific to Android devices, adversary-in-the-disk is a type of AiTM attack where adversaries monitor and manipulate data that is exchanged between applications and external storage.(Citation: mitd_kaspersky)(Citation: mitd_checkpoint)(Citation: mitd_checkpoint_research) To accomplish this, a malicious application firsts requests for access to multimedia files on the device (`READ_EXTERNAL STORAGE` and `WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE`), then the application reads data on the device and/or writes malware to the device. Though the request for access is common, when used maliciously, adversaries may access files and other sensitive data due to abusing the permission. Multiple applications were shown to be vulnerable against this attack; however, scrutiny of permissions and input validations may mitigate this attack.    \n\nOutside of a mobile device, adversaries may be able to capture traffic by employing a rogue base station or Wi-Fi access point. These devices will allow adversaries to capture network traffic after it has left the device, while it is flowing to its destination. On a local network, enterprise techniques could be used, such as [ARP Cache Poisoning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/002) or [DHCP Spoofing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/003).  \n\n \n\nIf applications properly encrypt their network traffic, sensitive data may not be accessible to adversaries, depending on the point of capture. For example, properly implementing Apple’s Application Transport Security (ATS) and Android’s Network Security Configuration (NSC) may prevent sensitive data leaks.(Citation: NSC_Android)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services should look for applications that request VPN access. These applications should be heavily scrutinized since VPN functionality is not very common. Mobile security products can potentially detect rogue Wi-Fi access points if the adversary is attempting to decrypt traffic using an untrusted SSL certificate. \n\n \n\nOn both Android and iOS, users must grant consent to an application to act as a VPN. Both platforms also provide visual context to the user in the top status bar when a VPN connection is active. Users can see registered VPN services in the device settings. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--08e22979-d320-48ed-8711-e7bf94aabb13","created":"2022-04-05T20:11:08.894Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1638","external_id":"T1638"},{"source_name":"mitd_checkpoint","description":"Check Point Research Team. (2018, August 12). Man-in-the-Disk: A New Attack Surface for Android Apps. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","url":"https://blog.checkpoint.com/security/man-in-the-disk-a-new-attack-surface-for-android-apps/"},{"source_name":"mitd_kaspersky","description":"Drozhzhin, A. (2018, August 27). Man-in-the-Disk: A new and dangerous way to hack Android. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","url":"https://usa.kaspersky.com/blog/man-in-the-disk/16089/"},{"source_name":"NSC_Android","description":"Lee, A., Ramirez, T. (2018, August 15). A Security Analyst’s Guide to Network Security Configuration in Android P . Retrieved February 7, 2024.","url":"https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2018/08/15/a-security-analysts-guide-to-network-security-configuration-in-android-p/"},{"source_name":"mitd_checkpoint_research","description":"Makkaveev, S. (2018, August 12). Man-in-the-Disk: Android Apps Exposed via External Storage. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","url":"https://research.checkpoint.com/androids-man-in-the-disk/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-3.html","external_id":"CEL-3"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-0.html","external_id":"APP-0"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-1.html","external_id":"APP-1"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-8.html","external_id":"APP-8"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-12.html","external_id":"ECO-12"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-15T16:23:59.281Z","name":"Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism","description":"Adversaries may circumvent mechanisms designed to control elevated privileges to gain higher-level permissions. Most modern systems contain native elevation control mechanisms that are intended to limit privileges that a user can gain on a machine. Authorization has to be granted to specific users in order to perform tasks that are designated as higher risk. An adversary can use several methods to take advantage of built-in control mechanisms in order to escalate privileges on a system. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"When an application requests administrator permission, users are presented with a popup and the option to grant or deny the request. Application vetting services can detect when an application requests administrator permission. Extra scrutiny could be applied to applications that do","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--08ea902d-ecb5-47ed-a453-2798057bb2d3","created":"2022-04-01T15:54:05.633Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1626","external_id":"T1626"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","external_id":"APP-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-25T19:53:07.406Z","name":"Remote Access Software","description":"Adversaries may use legitimate remote access software, such as `VNC`, `TeamViewer`, `AirDroid`, `AirMirror`, etc., to establish an interactive command and control channel to target mobile devices.  \n\nRemote access applications may be installed and used post-compromise as an alternate communication channel for redundant access or as a way to establish an interactive remote session with the target device. They may also be used as a component of malware to establish a reverse connection to an adversary-controlled system or service. Installation of remote access tools may also include persistence.  ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0b761f2b-197a-40f2-b100-8152cb957c0c","created":"2023-09-25T19:53:07.406Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1663","external_id":"T1663"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--0bcc4ec1-a897-49a9-a9ff-c00df1d1209d","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:08.155Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1454","external_id":"T1454"}],"modified":"2019-04-29T19:35:30.985Z","name":"Malicious SMS Message","description":"Test","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0c71033e-401e-4b97-9309-7a7c95e43a5d","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:18.237Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1470","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1470"},{"source_name":"Elcomsoft-EPPB","url":"https://www.elcomsoft.com/eppb.html","description":"Elcomsoft. (n.d.). Elcomsoft Phone Breaker. Retrieved December 29, 2016."},{"source_name":"Elcomsoft-WhatsApp","url":"https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2017/07/extract-and-decrypt-whatsapp-backups-from-icloud/","description":"Oleg Afonin. (2017, July 20). Extract and Decrypt WhatsApp Backups from iCloud. Retrieved July 6, 2018."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-0.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-0"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-1.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-1"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"An adversary who is able to obtain unauthorized access to or misuse authorized access to cloud backup services (e.g. Google's Android backup service or Apple's iCloud) could use that access to obtain sensitive data stored in device backups. For example, the Elcomsoft Phone Breaker product advertises the ability to retrieve iOS backup data from Apple's iCloud (Citation: Elcomsoft-EPPB). Elcomsoft also describes (Citation: Elcomsoft-WhatsApp) obtaining WhatsApp communication histories from backups stored in iCloud.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:54:11.189Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Obtain Device Cloud Backups","x_mitre_detection":"Google provides the ability for users to view their account activity. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"remote-service-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:43:03.218Z","name":"Uninstall Malicious Application","description":"Adversaries may include functionality in malware that uninstalls the malicious application from the device. This can be achieved by: \n \n* Abusing device owner permissions to perform silent uninstallation using device owner API calls. \n* Abusing root permissions to delete files from the filesystem. \n* Abusing the accessibility service. This requires sending an intent to the system to request uninstallation, and then abusing the accessibility service to click the proper places on the screen to confirm uninstallation.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can see a list of applications that can use accessibility services in the device settings. Application vetting services could look for use of the accessibility service or features that typically require root access.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0cdd66ad-26ac-4338-a764-4972a1e17ee3","created":"2022-03-30T19:31:31.855Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/001","external_id":"T1630.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-43.html","external_id":"APP-43"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:42:18.121Z","name":"Indicator Removal on Host","description":"Adversaries may delete, alter, or hide generated artifacts on a device, including files, jailbreak status, or the malicious application itself. These actions may interfere with event collection, reporting, or other notifications used to detect intrusion activity. This may compromise the integrity of mobile security solutions by causing notable events or information to go unreported.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can detect which applications can request device administrator permissions. Users can view applications with administrator access through the device settings, and may also notice if user data is inexplicably missing. Users can see a list of applications that can use accessibility services in the device settings. Application vetting services could look for use of APIs that could indicate the application is trying to hide activity.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS","Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0d4e3bbb-7af5-4c88-a215-0c0906bc1e8d","created":"2022-03-30T19:28:25.541Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630","external_id":"T1630"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-43.html","external_id":"APP-43"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:52:29.947Z","name":"Supply Chain Compromise","description":"Adversaries may manipulate products or product delivery mechanisms prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise.\n\nSupply chain compromise can take place at any stage of the supply chain including:\n\n* Manipulation of development tools\n* Manipulation of a development environment\n* Manipulation of source code repositories (public or private)\n* Manipulation of source code in open-source dependencies\n* Manipulation of software update/distribution mechanisms\n* Compromised/infected system images\n* Replacement of legitimate software with modified versions\n* Sales of modified/counterfeit products to legitimate distributors\n* Shipment interdiction\n\nWhile supply chain compromise can impact any component of hardware or software, attackers looking to gain execution have often focused on malicious additions to legitimate software in software distribution or update channels. Targeting may be specific to a desired victim set or malicious software may be distributed to a broad set of consumers but only move on to additional tactics on specific victims.  Popular open source projects that are used as dependencies in many applications may also be targeted as a means to add malicious code to users of the dependency, specifically with the widespread usage of third-party advertising libraries.(Citation: Grace-Advertisement)(Citation: NowSecure-RemoteCode)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries could be detected by application vetting services. Malicious software development tools could be detected by enterprises that deploy endpoint protection software on computers that are used to develop mobile apps. Application vetting could detect the usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0d95940f-9583-4e0f-824c-a42c1be47fad","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474","external_id":"T1474"},{"source_name":"Grace-Advertisement","description":"M. Grace et al. (2012, April 16-18). Unsafe exposure analysis of mobile in-app advertisements. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"https://www.csc2.ncsu.edu/faculty/xjiang4/pubs/WISEC12_ADRISK.pdf"},{"source_name":"NowSecure-RemoteCode","description":"Ryan Welton. (2015, June 15). A Pattern for Remote Code Execution using Arbitrary File Writes and MultiDex Applications. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2015/06/15/a-pattern-for-remote-code-execution-using-arbitrary-file-writes-and-multidex-applications/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-6.html","external_id":"APP-6"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-0.html","external_id":"SPC-0"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-1.html","external_id":"SPC-1"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-2.html","external_id":"SPC-2"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-3.html","external_id":"SPC-3"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-4.html","external_id":"SPC-4"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-5.html","external_id":"SPC-5"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-6.html","external_id":"SPC-6"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-7.html","external_id":"SPC-7"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-8.html","external_id":"SPC-8"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-9.html","external_id":"SPC-9"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-10.html","external_id":"SPC-10"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-11.html","external_id":"SPC-11"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-12.html","external_id":"SPC-12"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-13.html","external_id":"SPC-13"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-14.html","external_id":"SPC-14"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-15.html","external_id":"SPC-15"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-16.html","external_id":"SPC-16"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-17.html","external_id":"SPC-17"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-18.html","external_id":"SPC-18"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-19.html","external_id":"SPC-19"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-20.html","external_id":"SPC-20"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-21.html","external_id":"SPC-21"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-15T15:06:03.427Z","name":"Impersonate SS7 Nodes","description":"Adversaries may exploit the lack of authentication in signaling system network nodes to track the to track the location of mobile devices by impersonating a node.(Citation: Engel-SS7)(Citation: Engel-SS7-2008)(Citation: 3GPP-Security)(Citation: Positive-SS7)(Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport) \n\n \n\nBy providing the victim’s MSISDN (phone number) and impersonating network internal nodes to query subscriber information from other nodes, adversaries may use data collected from each hop to eventually determine the device’s geographical cell area or nearest cell tower.(Citation: Engel-SS7)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Network carriers may be able to use firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), or Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) to detect and/or block SS7 exploitation.(Citation: CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport) The CSRIC also suggests threat information sharing between telecommunications industry members.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--0f4fb01b-d57a-4375-b7a2-342c9d3248f7","created":"2022-04-05T19:49:58.938Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1430/002","external_id":"T1430.002"},{"source_name":"3GPP-Security","description":"3GPP. (2000, January). A Guide to 3rd Generation Security. Retrieved December 19, 2016.","url":"http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/wg3_security/_specs/33900-120.pdf"},{"source_name":"CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport","description":"Communications Security, Reliability, Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (2017, March). Working Group 10 Legacy Systems Risk Reductions Final Report. Retrieved May 24, 2017.","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200330012714/https://www.fcc.gov/files/csric5-wg10-finalreport031517pdf"},{"source_name":"CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport","description":"CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport"},{"source_name":"Positive-SS7","description":"Positive Technologies. (n.d.). SS7 Attack Discovery. Retrieved December 19, 2016.","url":"https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/ptcom/PT-SS7-AD-Data-Sheet-eng.pdf"},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7-2008","description":"Tobias Engel. (2008, December). Locating Mobile Phones using SS7. Retrieved December 19, 2016.","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0n5ySqbfdI"},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7","description":"Tobias Engel. (2014, December). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate.. Retrieved December 19, 2016.","url":"https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-38.html","external_id":"CEL-38"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-08T18:15:15.902Z","name":"Match Legitimate Name or Location","description":"Adversaries may match or approximate the name or location of legitimate files or resources when naming/placing them. This is done for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may be done by giving artifacts the name and icon of a legitimate, trusted application (i.e., Settings), or using a package name that matches legitimate, trusted applications (i.e., `com.google.android.gm`). \n\nAdversaries may also use the same icon of the file or application they are trying to mimic.\n","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Ford Qin, Trend Micro","Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--114fed8b-7eed-4136-8b9c-411c5c7fff4b","created":"2023-07-12T20:45:14.704Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1655/001","external_id":"T1655.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-14.html","external_id":"APP-14"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","external_id":"APP-31"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--11bd699b-f2c2-4e48-bf46-fb3f8acd9799","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:30.462Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1425","external_id":"T1425"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.699Z","name":"Insecure Third-Party Libraries","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:56:20.270Z","name":"Protected User Data","description":"Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to collect data from permission-backed data stores on a device, such as the calendar or contact list. These permissions need to be declared ahead of time. On Android, they must be included in the application’s manifest. On iOS, they must be included in the application’s `Info.plist` file.  \n\n \n\nIn almost all cases, the user is required to grant access to the data store that the application is trying to access. In recent OS versions, vendors have introduced additional privacy controls for users, such as the ability to grant permission to an application only while the application is being actively used by the user. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access [Protected User Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636) without the user’s knowledge or approval. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view permissions granted to an application in device settings. Application vetting services typically flag permissions requested by an application, which can be reviewed by an administrator. Certain dangerous permissions, such as `RECEIVE_SMS`, could receive additional scrutiny.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--11c2c2b7-1fd4-408f-bc2e-fe772ef9df5e","created":"2022-04-01T12:36:41.507Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636","external_id":"T1636"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","external_id":"APP-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--16d73b64-5681-4ea0-9af4-4ad86f7c96e8","created":"2022-04-05T20:15:43.636Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1521.002","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/002"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may employ a known asymmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic, rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Asymmetric cryptography, also known as public key cryptography, uses a keypair per party: one public that can be freely distributed, and one private that should not be distributed. Due to how asymmetric algorithms work, the sender encrypts data with the receiver’s public key and the receiver decrypts the data with their private key. This ensures that only the intended recipient can read the encrypted data. Common public key encryption algorithms include RSA, ElGamal, and ECDSA.\n\nFor efficiency, many protocols (including SSL/TLS) use symmetric cryptography once a connection is established, but use asymmetric cryptography to establish or transmit a key. As such, these protocols are classified as [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/002).","modified":"2022-04-05T20:16:21.324Z","name":"Asymmetric Cryptography","x_mitre_detection":"Since data encryption is a common practice in many legitimate applications and uses standard programming language-specific APIs, encrypting data for command and control communication is regarded as undetectable to the user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"command-and-control","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:55:03.477Z","name":"Software Discovery","description":"Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of applications that are installed on a device. Adversaries may use the information from [Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not to fully infect the target and/or attempts specific actions. \n\n \n\nAdversaries may attempt to enumerate applications for a variety of reasons, such as figuring out what security measures are present or to identify the presence of target applications. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for the Android permission `android.permission.QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES`, and apply extra scrutiny to applications that request it. On iOS, application vetting services could look for usage of the private API `LSApplicationWorkspace` and apply extra scrutiny to applications that employ it.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:28.067Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418","external_id":"T1418"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-12.html","external_id":"APP-12"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:55:23.702Z","name":"Process Discovery","description":"Adversaries may attempt to get information about running processes on a device. Information obtained could be used to gain an understanding of common software/applications running on devices within a network. Adversaries may use the information from [Process Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1424) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. \n\n \n\nRecent Android security enhancements have made it more difficult to obtain a list of running processes. On Android 7 and later, there is no way for an application to obtain the process list without abusing elevated privileges. This is due to the Android kernel utilizing the `hidepid` mount feature. Prior to Android 7, applications could utilize the `ps` command or examine the `/proc` directory on the device.(Citation: Android-SELinuxChanges) \n\n \n\nIn iOS, applications have previously been able to use the `sysctl` command to obtain a list of running processes. This functionality has been removed in later iOS versions. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can typically detect rooted devices, which is an indication that Process Discovery is possible. Application vetting could potentially detect when applications attempt to abuse root access or root the system itself. Further, application vetting services could look for attempted usage of legacy process discovery mechanisms, such as the usage of `ps` or inspection of the `/proc` directory.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--1b51f5bc-b97a-498a-8dbd-bc6b1901bf19","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:33.926Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1424","external_id":"T1424"},{"source_name":"Android-SELinuxChanges","description":"Various. (2016, March 31). Overly restrictive SELinux filesystem permissions in Android N. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=205565"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-16T18:32:30.150Z","name":"Call Log","description":"Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather call log data. On Android, this can be accomplished using the Call Log Content Provider. iOS provides no standard API to access the call log. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access the [Call Log](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/002) without the user’s knowledge or approval. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can manage which applications have permission to access the call log through the device settings screen, revoking the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_CALL_LOG` in an Android application’s manifest. Most applications do not need call log access, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it.  ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--1d1b1558-c833-482e-aabb-d07ef6eae63d","created":"2022-04-01T13:12:23.522Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/002","external_id":"T1636.002"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","external_id":"APP-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:55:33.642Z","name":"Security Software Discovery","description":"Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of security applications and configurations that are installed on a device. This may include things such as mobile security products. Adversaries may use the information from [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418/001) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not to fully infect the target and/or attempt specific actions. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for the Android permission `android.permission.QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES`, and apply extra scrutiny to applications that request it. On iOS, application vetting services could look for usage of the private API `LSApplicationWorkspace` and apply extra scrutiny to applications that employ it.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--1d44f529-6fe6-489f-8a01-6261ac43f05e","created":"2022-03-31T19:50:45.752Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418/001","external_id":"T1418.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-12.html","external_id":"APP-12"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--1f96d624-8409-4472-ad8a-30618ee6b2e2","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:10.699Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1434","external_id":"T1434"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.699Z","name":"App Delivered via Email Attachment","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:57:40.571Z","name":"Ptrace System Calls","description":"Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via ptrace (process trace) system calls in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Ptrace system call injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process.  \n\nPtrace system call injection involves attaching to and modifying a running process. The ptrace system call enables a debugging process to observe and control another process (and each individual thread), including changing memory and register values.(Citation: PTRACE man) Ptrace system call injection is commonly performed by writing arbitrary code into a running process (e.g., by using `malloc`) then invoking that memory with `PTRACE_SETREGS` to set the register containing the next instruction to execute. Ptrace system call injection can also be done with `PTRACE_POKETEXT`/`PTRACE_POKEDATA`, which copy data to a specific address in the target process's memory (e.g., the current address of the next instruction).(Citation: PTRACE man)(Citation: Medium Ptrace JUL 2018)  \n\nPtrace system call injection may not be possible when targeting processes with high-privileges, and on some systems those that are non-child processes.(Citation: BH Linux Inject)  \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via ptrace system call injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for misuse of dynamic libraries.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--1ff89c1b-7615-4fe8-b9cb-63aaf52e6dee","created":"2022-03-30T19:05:17.048Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1631/001","external_id":"T1631.001"},{"source_name":"BH Linux Inject","description":"Colgan, T. (2015, August 15). Linux-Inject. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","url":"https://github.com/gaffe23/linux-inject/blob/master/slides_BHArsenal2015.pdf"},{"source_name":"Medium Ptrace JUL 2018","description":"Jain, S. (2018, July 25). Code injection in running process using ptrace. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","url":"https://medium.com/@jain.sm/code-injection-in-running-process-using-ptrace-d3ea7191a4be"},{"source_name":"PTRACE man","description":"Kerrisk, M. (2020, February 9). PTRACE(2) - Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","url":"http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/ptrace.2.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:59:55.849Z","name":"Impair Defenses","description":"Adversaries may maliciously modify components of a victim environment in order to hinder or disable defensive mechanisms. This not only involves impairing preventative defenses, such as anti-virus, but also detection capabilities that defenders can use to audit activity and identify malicious behavior. This may span both native defenses as well as supplemental capabilities installed by users or mobile endpoint administrators.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products integrated with Samsung Knox for Mobile Threat Defense can monitor processes to see if security tools are killed or stop running. Application vetting can detect many techniques associated with impairing device defenses.(Citation: Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense)","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--20b0931a-8952-42ca-975f-775bad295f1a","created":"2022-04-01T18:42:22.117Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629","external_id":"T1629"},{"source_name":"Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense","description":"Samsung Knox Partner Program. (n.d.). Knox for Mobile Threat Defense. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","url":"https://partner.samsungknox.com/mtd"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","external_id":"APP-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_contributors":["Lukáš Štefanko, ESET"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"attack-pattern--2204c371-6100-4ae0-82f3-25c07c29772a","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:08.613Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","external_id":"T1453","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1453"},{"url":"https://www.skycure.com/blog/accessibility-clickjacking/","description":"Yair Amit. (2016, March 3). “Accessibility Clickjacking” – The Next Evolution in Android Malware that Impacts More Than 500 Million Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","source_name":"Skycure-Accessibility"},{"description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/","source_name":"android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa"},{"source_name":"banking-trojans-google-play","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/10/24/banking-trojans-continue-surface-google-play/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, October 24). Banking Trojans continue to surface on Google Play. Retrieved July 11, 2019."}],"modified":"2020-03-30T14:03:43.761Z","name":"Abuse Accessibility Features","description":"**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417), [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516), and [Input Prompt](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1411) where appropriate.**\n\nA malicious app could abuse Android's accessibility features to capture sensitive data or perform other malicious actions.(Citation: Skycure-Accessibility)\n\nAdversaries may abuse accessibility features on Android to emulate a user's clicks, for example to steal money from a user's bank account.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)(Citation: banking-trojans-google-play)\n\nAdversaries may abuse accessibility features on Android devices to evade defenses by repeatedly clicking the \"Back\" button when a targeted app manager or mobile security app is launched, or when strings suggesting uninstallation are detected in the foreground. This effectively prevents the malicious application from being uninstalled.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"x_mitre_version":"2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:51:07.651Z","name":"Exploitation of Remote Services","description":"Adversaries may exploit remote services of enterprise servers, workstations, or other resources to gain unauthorized access to internal systems once inside of a network. Adversaries may exploit remote services by taking advantage of a mobile device’s access to an internal enterprise network through local connectivity or through a Virtual Private Network (VPN). Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. A common goal for post-compromise exploitation of remote services is for lateral movement to enable access to a remote system. \n\nAn adversary may need to determine if the remote system is in a vulnerable state, which may be done through [Network Service Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1423) or other Discovery methods. These look for common, vulnerable software that may be deployed in the network, the lack of certain patches that may indicate vulnerabilities, or security software that may be used to detect or contain remote exploitation. Servers are likely a high value target for lateral movement exploitation, but endpoint systems may also be at risk if they provide an advantage or access to additional resources.\n\nDepending on the permissions level of the vulnerable remote service, an adversary may achieve [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1404) as a result of lateral movement exploitation as well. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"lateral-movement"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Detecting software exploitation initiated by a mobile device may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash.\n\nNetwork traffic analysis could reveal patterns of compromise if devices attempt to access unusual targets or resources. \n\nApplication vetting may be able to identify applications that perform Discovery or utilize existing connectivity to remotely access hosts within an internal enterprise network. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--22379609-a99f-4a01-bd7e-70f3e105859d","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:13.259Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1428","external_id":"T1428"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-32.html","external_id":"APP-32"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2282a98b-5049-4f61-9381-55baca7c1add","created":"2022-04-01T19:06:27.177Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1437.001","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1437/001"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-29.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-29"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with web protocols traffic to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to remote mobile devices, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the mobile client and server. \n\nWeb protocols such as HTTP and HTTPS are used for web traffic as well as well as notification services native to mobile messaging services such as Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) and newly, Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM), (GCM/FCM: two-way communication) and Apple Push Notification Service (APNS; one-way server-to-device).  Such notification services leverage HTTP/S via the respective API and are commonly abused on Android and iOS respectively in order blend in with routine device traffic making it difficult for enterprises to inspect. ","modified":"2022-04-06T13:07:45.661Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Web Protocols","x_mitre_detection":"Abuse of standard application protocols can be difficult to detect as many legitimate mobile applications leverage such protocols for language-specific APIs. Enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"command-and-control","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-12-26T19:17:13.294Z","name":"Steal Application Access Token","description":"Adversaries can steal user application access tokens as a means of acquiring credentials to access remote systems and resources. This can occur through social engineering or URI hijacking and typically requires user action to grant access, such as through a system “Open With” dialogue.  \n\nApplication access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).(Citation: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019) OAuth is one commonly implemented framework used to issue tokens to users for access to systems. An application desiring access to cloud-based services or protected APIs can gain entry through OAuth 2.0 using a variety of authorization protocols. An example of a commonly-used sequence is Microsoft's Authorization Code Grant flow.(Citation: Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019)(Citation: Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019) An OAuth access token enables a third-party application to interact with resources containing user data in the ways requested without requiring user credentials.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users may be presented with a popup to select the appropriate application to open a URI in. If the user sees an application they do not recognize, they can remove it. When vetting applications for potential security weaknesses, the vetting process could look for insecure use of Intents. Developers should be encouraged to use techniques to ensure that the intent can only be sent to an appropriate destination (e.g., use explicit rather than implicit intents, permission checking, checking of the destination app's signing certificate, or utilizing the App Links feature). For mobile applications using OAuth, encourage use of best practice.(Citation: IETF-OAuthNativeApps)(Citation: Android-AppLinks)","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--233fe2c0-cb41-4765-b454-e0087597fbce","created":"2022-04-01T15:12:50.740Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1635","external_id":"T1635"},{"source_name":"Android-AppLinks","description":"Android. (n.d.). Handling App Links. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://developer.android.com/training/app-links/index.html"},{"source_name":"Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019","description":"Auth0. (n.d.). Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs. Retrieved September 12, 2019.","url":"https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/"},{"source_name":"Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019","description":"Microsoft. (n.d.). Microsoft identity platform and OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow. Retrieved September 12, 2019.","url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/v2-oauth2-auth-code-flow"},{"source_name":"Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019","description":"Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2019.","url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/active-directory-v2-protocols"},{"source_name":"IETF-OAuthNativeApps","description":"W. Denniss and J. Bradley. (2017, October). IETF RFC 8252: OAuth 2.0 for Native Apps. Retrieved November 30, 2018.","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8252"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--24a77e53-0751-46fc-b207-99378fb35c08","created":"2022-04-11T20:05:56.069Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1628.002","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628/002"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to avoid detection by hiding malicious behavior from the user. By doing this, an adversary’s modifications would most likely remain installed on the device for longer, allowing the adversary to continue to operate on that device. \n\nWhile there are many ways this can be accomplished, one method is by using the device’s sensors. By utilizing the various motion sensors on a device, such as accelerometer or gyroscope, an application could detect that the device is being interacted with. That way, the application could continue to run while the device is not in use but cease operating while the user is using the device, hiding anything that would indicate malicious activity was ongoing. Accessing the sensors in this way does not require any permissions from the user, so it would be completely transparent.","modified":"2022-04-11T20:05:56.069Z","name":"User Evasion","x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products may be able to detect some forms of user evasion. Otherwise, the act of hiding malicious activity could be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"defense-evasion","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:37:57.884Z","name":"Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion","description":"Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors after checking for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware’s behavior to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the payload. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping further payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors. \n\nAdversaries may use several methods to accomplish [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633) such as checking for system artifacts associated with analysis or virtualization. Adversaries may also check for legitimate user activity to help determine if it is in an analysis environment. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for applications attempting to get `android.os.SystemProperties` or `getprop` with the runtime `exec()` commands. This could indicate some level of sandbox evasion, as Google recommends against using system properties within applications.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--27d18e87-8f32-4be1-b456-39b90454360f","created":"2022-03-30T17:51:29.550Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633","external_id":"T1633"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--27f483c6-6666-44fa-8532-ffd5fc7dab38","created":"2020-06-24T17:33:49.778Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1579","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1579"},{"source_name":"Apple Keychain Services","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/keychain_services","description":"Apple, Inc.. (n.d.). Keychain Services. Retrieved June 24, 2020."},{"source_name":"Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain","url":"https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2018/12/six-ways-to-decrypt-iphone-passwords-from-the-keychain/","description":"V. Katalov. (2018, December 18). Six Ways to Decrypt iPhone Passwords from the Keychain. Retrieved June 24, 2020."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-11.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"AUT-11"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may collect the keychain storage data from an iOS device to acquire credentials. Keychains are the built-in way for iOS to keep track of users' passwords and credentials for many services and features such as Wi-Fi passwords, websites, secure notes, certificates, private keys, and VPN credentials.\n\nOn the device, the keychain database is stored outside of application sandboxes to prevent unauthorized access to the raw data. Standard iOS APIs allow applications access to their own keychain contained within the database. By utilizing a privilege escalation exploit or existing root access, an adversary can access the entire encrypted database.(Citation: Apple Keychain Services)(Citation: Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain)","modified":"2022-04-01T15:02:43.470Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Keychain","x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can potentially detect jailbroken devices and perform further actions as necessary.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-28T15:36:11.282Z","name":"Application Versioning","description":"An adversary may push an update to a previously benign application to add malicious code. This can be accomplished by pushing an initially benign, functional application to a trusted application store, such as the Google Play Store or the Apple App Store. This allows the adversary to establish a trusted userbase that may grant permissions to the application prior to the introduction of malicious code. Then, an application update could be pushed to introduce malicious code.(Citation: android_app_breaking_bad)\n\nThis technique could also be accomplished by compromising a developer’s account. This would allow an adversary to take advantage of an existing userbase without having to establish the userbase themselves. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Edward Stevens, BT Security","Adam Lichters"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--28fdd23d-aee3-4afe-bc3f-5f1f52929258","created":"2023-09-21T22:16:38.002Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1661","external_id":"T1661"},{"source_name":"android_app_breaking_bad","description":"Stefanko, L. (2023, May 23). Android app breaking bad: From legitimate screen recording to file exfiltration within a year. Retrieved August 28, 2023.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/05/23/android-app-breaking-bad-legitimate-screen-recording-file-exfiltration/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-20.html","external_id":"SPC-20"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--29e07491-8947-43a3-8d4e-9a787c45f3d3","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:17.176Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1413","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1413"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-3.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-3"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-13"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"On versions of Android prior to 4.1, an adversary may use a malicious application that holds the READ_LOGS permission to obtain private keys, passwords, other credentials, or other sensitive data stored in the device's system log. On Android 4.1 and later, an adversary would need to attempt to perform an operating system privilege escalation attack to be able to access the log.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:37:34.463Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Access Sensitive Data in Device Logs","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-07T22:15:34.693Z","name":"Command and Scripting Interpreter","description":"Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries. These interfaces and languages provide ways of interacting with computer systems and are a common feature across many different platforms. Most systems come with some built-in command-line interface and scripting capabilities, for example, Android is a UNIX-like OS and includes a basic [Unix Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1623/001) that can be accessed via the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) or Java’s `Runtime` package.\n\nAdversaries may abuse these technologies in various ways as a means of executing arbitrary commands. Commands and scripts can be embedded in [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0027) payloads delivered to victims as lure documents or as secondary payloads downloaded from an existing C2. Adversaries may also execute commands through interactive terminals/shells. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Command-line activities can potentially be detected through Mobile Threat Defense integrations with lower-level OS APIs. This could grant the MTD agents access to running processes and their parameters, potentially detecting unwanted or malicious shells.\n\nApplication vetting services could detect the invocations of methods that could be used to execute shell commands.(Citation: Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense)","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--29f1f56c-7b7a-4c14-9e39-59577ea2743c","created":"2022-03-30T13:40:37.259Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1623","external_id":"T1623"},{"source_name":"Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense","description":"Samsung Knox Partner Program. (n.d.). Knox for Mobile Threat Defense. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","url":"https://partner.samsungknox.com/mtd"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:40:12.912Z","name":"Disable or Modify Tools","description":"Adversaries may disable security tools to avoid potential detection of their tools and activities. This can take the form of disabling security software, modifying SELinux configuration, or other methods to interfere with security tools scanning or reporting information. This is typically done by abusing device administrator permissions or using system exploits to gain root access to the device to modify protected system files.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view a list of active device administrators in the device settings.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2aa78dfd-cb6f-4c70-9408-137cfd96be49","created":"2022-04-01T18:51:13.963Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629/003","external_id":"T1629.003"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:21:05.728Z","name":"Ingress Tool Transfer","description":"Adversaries may transfer tools or other files from an external system onto a compromised device to facilitate follow-on actions. Files may be copied from an external adversary-controlled system through the command and control channel  or through alternate protocols with another tool such as FTP.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for connections to unknown domains or IP addresses. Application vetting services may indicate precisely what content was requested during application execution.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2bb20118-e6c0-41dc-a07c-283ea4dd0fb8","created":"2020-01-21T15:27:30.182Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1544","external_id":"T1544"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:19:34.225Z","name":"Dynamic Resolution","description":"Adversaries may dynamically establish connections to command and control infrastructure to evade common detections and remediations. This may be achieved by using malware that shares a common algorithm with the infrastructure the adversary uses to receive the malware's communications. This algorithm can be used to dynamically adjust parameters such as the domain name, IP address, or port number the malware uses for command and control.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs), constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There are a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) Content delivery network (CDN) domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, a more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names or rarely visited domains.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2ccc3d39-9598-4d32-9657-42e1c7095d26","created":"2022-04-05T19:57:15.734Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1637","external_id":"T1637"},{"source_name":"Data Driven Security DGA","description":"Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","url":"https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2d646840-f6f5-4619-a5a8-29c8316bbac5","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1477","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1477"},{"source_name":"Forbes-iPhoneSMS","url":"http://www.forbes.com/2009/07/28/hackers-iphone-apple-technology-security-hackers.html","description":"Andy Greenberg. (2009, July 28). How to Hijack 'Every iPhone In The World'. Retrieved December 23, 2016."},{"source_name":"Register-BaseStation","url":"http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/11/12/mobile_pwn2own1/","description":"D. Pauli. (2015, November 12). Samsung S6 calls open to man-in-the-middle base station snooping. Retrieved December 23, 2016."},{"source_name":"ProjectZero-BroadcomWiFi","url":"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/04/over-air-exploiting-broadcoms-wi-fi_4.html","description":"Gal Beniamini. (2017, April 4). Over The Air: Exploiting Broadcom's Wi-Fi Stack. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"Weinmann-Baseband","url":"https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/woot12/woot12-final24.pdf","description":"R. Weinmann. (2012, August 6-7). Baseband Attacks: Remote Exploitation of Memory Corruptions in Cellular Protocol Stacks. Retrieved December 23, 2016."},{"source_name":"SRLabs-SIMCard","url":"https://srlabs.de/bites/rooting-sim-cards/","description":"SRLabs. (n.d.). SIM cards are prone to remote hacking. Retrieved December 23, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"The mobile device may be targeted for exploitation through its interface to cellular networks or other radio interfaces.\n\n### Baseband Vulnerability Exploitation\n\nA message sent over a radio interface (typically cellular, but potentially Bluetooth, GPS, NFC, Wi-Fi(Citation: ProjectZero-BroadcomWiFi) or other) to the mobile device could exploit a vulnerability in code running on the device(Citation: Register-BaseStation)(Citation: Weinmann-Baseband).\n\n### Malicious SMS Message\n\nAn SMS message could contain content designed to exploit vulnerabilities in the SMS parser on the receiving device(Citation: Forbes-iPhoneSMS). An SMS message could also contain a link to a web site containing malicious content designed to exploit the device web browser. Vulnerable SIM cards may be remotely exploited and reprogrammed via SMS messages(Citation: SRLabs-SIMCard).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:42:13.444Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Exploit via Radio Interfaces","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2de38279-043e-47e8-aaad-1b07af6d0790","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:26.890Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1423","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1423"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of services running on remote hosts, including those that may be vulnerable to remote software exploitation. Methods to acquire this information include port scans and vulnerability scans from the mobile device. This technique may take advantage of the mobile device's access to an internal enterprise network either through local connectivity or through a Virtual Private Network (VPN).","modified":"2022-04-11T19:12:38.451Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Network Service Scanning","x_mitre_detection":"Network service scanning can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"discovery","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--2f0e8d80-4b8b-4f4a-b5cc-132afe7e057d","created":"2021-09-30T18:18:52.285Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1618","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1618"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to avoid detection by hiding malicious behavior from the user. By doing this, an adversary’s modifications would most likely remain installed on the device for longer, allowing the adversary to continue to operate on that device. \n\nWhile there are many ways this can be accomplished, one method is by using the device’s sensors. By utilizing the various motion sensors on a device, such as accelerometer or gyroscope, an application could detect that the device is being interacted with. That way, the application could continue to run while the device is not in use but cease operating while the user is using the device, hiding anything that would indicate malicious activity was ongoing. Accessing the sensors in this way does not require any permissions from the user, so it would be completely transparent.","modified":"2022-04-11T20:06:56.032Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"User Evasion","x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products may be able to detect some forms of user evasion. Otherwise, the act of hiding malicious activity could be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:41:52.000Z","name":"Exfiltration Over C2 Channel","description":"Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an existing command and control channel. Stolen data is encoded into the normal communications channel using the same protocol as command and control communications.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"exfiltration"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"[Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1646) can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--32063d7f-0a39-440d-a4a3-2694488f96cc","created":"2022-04-01T15:43:45.913Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1646","external_id":"T1646"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-29.html","external_id":"APP-29"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-08T19:20:13.836Z","name":"Exploitation for Privilege Escalation","description":"Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in order to elevate privileges. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in an application, service, within the operating system software, or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. Security constructions, such as permission levels, will often hinder access to information and use of certain techniques. Adversaries will likely need to perform privilege escalation to include use of software exploitation to circumvent those restrictions. \n\nWhen initially gaining access to a device, an adversary may be operating within a lower privileged process which will prevent them from accessing certain resources on the system. Vulnerabilities may exist, usually in operating system components and applications running at higher permissions, that can be exploited to gain higher levels of access on the system. This could enable someone to move from unprivileged or user- level permission to root permissions depending on the component that is vulnerable. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can potentially utilize device APIs to determine if a device has been rooted or jailbroken.  Application vetting services could potentially determine if an application contains code designed to exploit vulnerabilities.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--351c0927-2fc1-4a2c-ad84-cbbee7eb8172","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:29.405Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1404","external_id":"T1404"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-26.html","external_id":"APP-26"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-10T21:57:52.009Z","name":"Call Control","description":"Adversaries may make, forward, or block phone calls without user authorization. This could be used for adversary goals such as audio surveillance, blocking or forwarding calls from the device owner, or C2 communication.\n\nSeveral permissions may be used to programmatically control phone calls, including:\n\n* `ANSWER_PHONE_CALLS` - Allows the application to answer incoming phone calls(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `CALL_PHONE` - Allows the application to initiate a phone call without going through the Dialer interface(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS` - Allows the application to see the number being dialed during an outgoing call with the option to redirect the call to a different number or abort the call altogether(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `MANAGE_OWN_CALLS` - Allows a calling application which manages its own calls through the self-managed `ConnectionService` APIs(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `BIND_TELECOM_CONNECTION_SERVICE` - Required permission when using a `ConnectionService`(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `WRITE_CALL_LOG` - Allows an application to write to the device call log, potentially to hide malicious phone calls(Citation: Android Permissions)\n\nWhen granted some of these permissions, an application can make a phone call without opening the dialer first. However, if an application desires to simply redirect the user to the dialer with a phone number filled in, it can launch an Intent using `Intent.ACTION_DIAL`, which requires no specific permissions. This then requires the user to explicitly initiate the call or use some form of [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516) to programmatically initiate it.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Gaetan van Diemen, ThreatFabric"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view their default phone app in device settings. Users can review available call logs for irregularities, such as missing or unrecognized calls.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69","created":"2021-09-20T13:42:20.824Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1616","external_id":"T1616"},{"source_name":"Android Permissions","description":"Google. (2021, August 11). Manifest.permission. Retrieved September 22, 2021.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-41.html","external_id":"APP-41"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-42.html","external_id":"CEL-42"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-36.html","external_id":"CEL-36"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-18.html","external_id":"CEL-18"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:40:40.166Z","name":"Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol","description":"Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an un-encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server.\n\nAdversaries may opt to obfuscate this data, without the use of encryption, within network protocols that are natively unencrypted (such as HTTP, FTP, or DNS). Adversaries may employ custom or publicly available encoding/compression algorithms (such as base64) or embed data within protocol headers and fields.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"exfiltration"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"[Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639/001)s can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--37047267-3e56-453c-833e-d92b68118120","created":"2022-04-06T13:22:57.683Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639/001","external_id":"T1639.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-30.html","external_id":"APP-30"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-16T18:27:42.752Z","name":"Broadcast Receivers","description":"Adversaries may establish persistence using system mechanisms that trigger execution based on specific events. Mobile operating systems have means to subscribe to events such as receiving an SMS message, device boot completion, or other device activities. \n\nAn intent is a message passed between Android applications or system components. Applications can register to receive broadcast intents at runtime, which are system-wide intents delivered to each app when certain events happen on the device, such as network changes or the user unlocking the screen. Malicious applications can then trigger certain actions within the app based on which broadcast intent was received. \n\nIn addition to Android system intents, malicious applications can register for intents broadcasted by other applications. This allows the malware to respond based on actions in other applications. This behavior typically indicates a more intimate knowledge, or potentially the targeting of specific devices, users, or applications. \n\nIn Android 8 (API level 26), broadcast intent behavior was changed, limiting the implicit intents that applications can register for in the manifest. In most cases, applications that register through the manifest will no longer receive the broadcasts. Now, applications must register context-specific broadcast receivers while the user is actively using the app.(Citation: Android Changes to System Broadcasts) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Alex Hinchliffe, Palo Alto Networks"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services can detect which broadcast intents an application registers for and which permissions it requests. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--3775a580-a1d1-46c4-8147-c614a715f2e9","created":"2022-03-30T14:41:00.672Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1624/001","external_id":"T1624.001"},{"source_name":"Android Changes to System Broadcasts","description":"Google. (2019, December 27). Broadcasts Overview. Retrieved January 27, 2020.","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/broadcasts#changes-system-broadcasts"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--3911658a-6506-4deb-9ab4-595a51ae71ad","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:16.650Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1436","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1436"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may communicate over a commonly used port to bypass firewalls or network detection systems and to blend with normal network activity to avoid more detailed inspection. \n\nThey may use commonly open ports such as\n\n* TCP:80 (HTTP)\n* TCP:443 (HTTPS)\n* TCP:25 (SMTP)\n* TCP/UDP:53 (DNS)\n\nThey may use the protocol associated with the port or a completely different protocol.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:40:47.556Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Commonly Used Port","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"exfiltration"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--393e8c12-a416-4575-ba90-19cc85656796","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:26.104Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1439","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1439"},{"source_name":"mHealth","url":"https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/security-concerns-in-android-mhealth-apps","description":"D. He et al.. (2014). Security Concerns in Android mHealth Apps. Retrieved December 24, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-0.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-0"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-1.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-1"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"If network traffic between the mobile device and remote servers is unencrypted or is encrypted in an insecure manner, then an adversary positioned on the network can eavesdrop on communication.(Citation: mHealth)","modified":"2022-04-05T20:17:46.147Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Eavesdrop on Insecure Network Communication","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-15T16:26:05.050Z","name":"Access Notifications","description":"Adversaries may collect data within notifications sent by the operating system or other applications. Notifications may contain sensitive data such as one-time authentication codes sent over SMS, email, or other mediums. In the case of Credential Access, adversaries may attempt to intercept one-time code sent to the device. Adversaries can also dismiss notifications to prevent the user from noticing that the notification has arrived and can trigger action buttons contained within notifications.(Citation: ESET 2FA Bypass) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services can look for applications requesting the `BIND_NOTIFICATION_LISTENER_SERVICE` permission in a service declaration. Users can also inspect and modify the list of applications that have notification access through the device settings (e.g. Apps & notification -> Special app access -> Notification access). ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--39dd7871-f59b-495f-a9a5-3cb8cc50c9b2","created":"2019-09-15T15:26:08.183Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1517","external_id":"T1517"},{"source_name":"ESET 2FA Bypass","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2019, June 17). Malware sidesteps Google permissions policy with new 2FA bypass technique. Retrieved September 15, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/06/17/malware-google-permissions-2fa-bypass/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--3b0b604f-10db-41a0-b54c-493124d455b9","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:14.982Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1410","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1410"},{"source_name":"Skycure-Profiles","url":"https://www.skycure.com/blog/malicious-profiles-the-sleeping-giant-of-ios-security/","description":"Yair Amit. (2013, March 12). Malicious Profiles - The Sleeping Giant of iOS Security. Retrieved December 22, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary may capture network traffic to and from the device to obtain credentials or other sensitive data, or redirect network traffic to flow through an adversary-controlled gateway to do the same.\n\nA malicious app could register itself as a VPN client on Android or iOS to gain access to network packets. However, on both platforms, the user must grant consent to the app to act as a VPN client, and on iOS the app requires a special entitlement that must be granted by Apple.\n\nAlternatively, if a malicious app is able to escalate operating system privileges, it may be able to use those privileges to gain access to network traffic.\n\nAn adversary could redirect network traffic to an adversary-controlled gateway by establishing a VPN connection or by manipulating the device's proxy settings. For example, Skycure (Citation: Skycure-Profiles) describes the ability to redirect network traffic by installing a malicious iOS Configuration Profile.\n\nIf applications encrypt their network traffic, sensitive data may not be accessible to an adversary, depending on the point of capture.","modified":"2022-04-15T17:52:24.123Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Network Traffic Capture or Redirection","x_mitre_detection":"On both Android and iOS the user must grant consent to an app to act as a VPN. Both platforms also provide visual context to the user in the top status bar when a VPN connection is in place.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--3dd58c80-4c2e-458c-9503-1b2cd273c4d2","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:34.407Z","x_mitre_version":"2.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1411","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1411"},{"source_name":"Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices","url":"http://w2spconf.com/2011/papers/felt-mobilephishing.pdf","description":"A.P. Felt and D. Wagner. (2011, May 26). Phishing on Mobile Devices. Retrieved August 25, 2016."},{"source_name":"Android Background","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities/background-starts","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Restrictions on starting activities from the background. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"Android-getRunningTasks","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/ActivityManager.html#getRunningTasks%28int%29","description":"Android. (n.d.). ActivityManager getRunningTasks documentation. Retrieved January 19, 2017."},{"source_name":"Cloak and Dagger","url":"http://cloak-and-dagger.org/","description":"Fratantonio, Y., et al.. (2017). Cloak & Dagger. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019","url":"https://www.group-ib.com/blog/gustuff","description":"Group-IB. (2019, March 28). Group-IB uncovers Android Trojan named «Gustuff» capable of targeting more than 100 global banking apps, cryptocurrency and marketplace applications. Retrieved September 3, 2019."},{"source_name":"eset-finance","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/09/19/fake-finance-apps-google-play-target-around-world/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2016, July 7). Fake finance apps on Google Play target users from around the world. Retrieved September 24, 2018."},{"source_name":"Hassell-ExploitingAndroid","url":"https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2011kul/materials/D1T1%20-%20Riley%20Hassell%20-%20Exploiting%20Androids%20for%20Fun%20and%20Profit.pdf","description":"R. Hassell. (2011, October 12-13). Exploiting Androids for Fun and Profit. Retrieved October 10, 2019."},{"source_name":"XDA Bubbles","url":"https://www.xda-developers.com/android-q-system-alert-window-deprecate-bubbles/","description":"Rahman, M.. (2019, May 8). Bubbles in Android Q will fully replace the overlay API in a future Android version. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"NowSecure Android Overlay","url":"https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2017/05/25/android-overlay-malware-system-alert-window-permission/","description":"Ramirez, T.. (2017, May 25). ‘SAW’-ing through the UI: Android overlay malware and the System Alert Window permission explained. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"ThreatFabric Cerberus","url":"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html","description":"ThreatFabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"StackOverflow-getRunningAppProcesses","url":"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30619349/android-5-1-1-and-above-getrunningappprocesses-returns-my-application-packag","description":"Various. (n.d.). Android 5.1.1 and above - getRunningAppProcesses() returns my application package only. Retrieved January 19, 2017."},{"source_name":"Skycure-Accessibility","url":"https://www.skycure.com/blog/accessibility-clickjacking/","description":"Yair Amit. (2016, March 3). “Accessibility Clickjacking” – The Next Evolution in Android Malware that Impacts More Than 500 Million Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-31"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"The operating system and installed applications often have legitimate needs to prompt the user for sensitive information such as account credentials, bank account information, or Personally Identifiable Information (PII). Adversaries may mimic this functionality to prompt users for sensitive information.\n\nCompared to traditional PCs, the constrained display size of mobile devices may impair the ability to provide users with contextual information, making users more susceptible to this technique’s use.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)\n\nSpecific approaches to this technique include:\n\n### Impersonate the identity of a legitimate application\n\nA malicious application could impersonate the identity of a legitimate application (e.g. use the same application name and/or icon) and get installed on the device. The malicious app could then prompt the user for sensitive information.(Citation: eset-finance)\n\n### Display a prompt on top of a running legitimate application\n\nA malicious application could display a prompt on top of a running legitimate application to trick users into entering sensitive information into the malicious application rather than the legitimate application. Typically, the malicious application would need to know when the targeted application (and individual activity within the targeted application) is running in the foreground, so that the malicious application knows when to display its prompt. Android 5.0 and 5.1.1, respectively, increased the difficulty of determining the current foreground application through modifications to the `ActivityManager` API.(Citation: Android-getRunningTasks)(Citation: StackOverflow-getRunningAppProcesses). A malicious application can still abuse Android’s accessibility features to determine which application is currently in the foreground.(Citation: ThreatFabric Cerberus) Approaches to display a prompt include:\n\n* A malicious application could start a new activity on top of a running legitimate application.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)(Citation: Hassell-ExploitingAndroid) Android 10 places new restrictions on the ability for an application to start a new activity on top of another application, which may make it more difficult for adversaries to utilize this technique.(Citation: Android Background)\n* A malicious application could create an application overlay window on top of a running legitimate application. Applications must hold the `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission to create overlay windows. This permission is handled differently than typical Android permissions, and at least under certain conditions is automatically granted to applications installed from the Google Play Store.(Citation: Cloak and Dagger)(Citation: NowSecure Android Overlay)(Citation: Skycure-Accessibility) The `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission and its associated ability to create application overlay windows are expected to be deprecated in a future release of Android in favor of a new API.(Citation: XDA Bubbles)\n\n### Fake device notifications\n\nA malicious application could send fake device notifications to the user. Clicking on the device notification could trigger the malicious application to display an input prompt.(Citation: Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019)","modified":"2022-04-05T19:52:32.190Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Input Prompt","x_mitre_detection":"The user can view and manage which applications hold the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission to create overlay windows on top of other apps through the device settings in Apps & notifications -> Special app access -> Display over other apps (the exact menu location may vary between Android versions).","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:39:22.707Z","name":"Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol","description":"Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over a different protocol than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. \n\nAlternate protocols include FTP, SMTP, HTTP/S, DNS, SMB, or any other network protocol not being used as the main command and control channel. Different protocol channels could also include Web services such as cloud storage. Adversaries may opt to also encrypt and/or obfuscate these alternate channels. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"exfiltration"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"[Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639)s can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--3e091a89-a493-4a6c-8e88-d57be19bb98d","created":"2022-04-06T13:19:33.785Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1639","external_id":"T1639"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-30.html","external_id":"APP-30"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-02-20T23:39:08.047Z","name":"Internet Connection Discovery","description":"Adversaries may check for Internet connectivity on compromised systems. This may be performed during automated discovery and can be accomplished in numerous ways such as using `adb shell netstat` for Android.(Citation: adb_commands)\n\nAdversaries may use the results and responses from these requests to determine if the mobile devices are capable of communicating with adversary-owned C2 servers before attempting to connect to them. The results may also be used to identify routes, redirectors, and proxy servers.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--45a5fe76-eda3-4d40-8f22-c186efd6278d","created":"2024-02-20T23:39:08.047Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422/001","external_id":"T1422.001"},{"source_name":"adb_commands","description":"Pulimet. (2017, September 11). AdbCommands. Retrieved December 14, 2023.","url":"https://gist.github.com/Pulimet/5013acf2cd5b28e55036c82c91bd56d8"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--45dcbc83-4abc-4de1-b643-e528d1e9df09","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:24.069Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1460","external_id":"T1460"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.703Z","name":"Biometric Spoofing","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-16T18:26:46.043Z","name":"Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts","description":"Adversaries may use scripts automatically executed at boot or logon initialization to establish persistence. Initialization scripts are part of the underlying operating system and are not accessible to the user unless the device has been rooted or jailbroken. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, Verified Boot can detect unauthorized modifications to the system partition.(Citation: Android-VerifiedBoot) Android's SafetyNet API provides remote attestation capabilities, which could potentially be used to identify and respond to compromise devices. Samsung Knox provides a similar remote attestation capability on supported Samsung devices. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--46d818a5-67fa-4585-a7fc-ecf15376c8d5","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:31.294Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1398","external_id":"T1398"},{"source_name":"Android-VerifiedBoot","description":"Android. (n.d.). Verified Boot. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-26.html","external_id":"APP-26"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","external_id":"APP-27"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:44:26.317Z","name":"Execution Guardrails","description":"Adversaries may use execution guardrails to constrain execution or actions based on adversary supplied and environment specific conditions that are expected to be present on the target. Guardrails ensure that a payload only executes against an intended target and reduces collateral damage from an adversary’s campaign. Values an adversary can provide about a target system or environment to use as guardrails may include environment information such as location.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019)\n\nGuardrails can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. This use of guardrails is distinct from typical [System Checks](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633/001). While use of [System Checks](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633/001) may involve checking for known sandbox values and continuing with execution only if there is no match, the use of guardrails will involve checking for an expected target-specific value and only continuing with execution if there is such a match.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Detecting the use of guardrails may be difficult depending on the implementation. Users can review which applications have location and sensitive phone information permissions in the operating system’s settings menu. Application vetting services can detect unnecessary and potentially permissions or API calls.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--498e7b81-238d-404c-aa5e-332904d63286","created":"2022-03-30T20:31:16.624Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627","external_id":"T1627"},{"source_name":"SWB Exodus March 2019","description":"Security Without Borders. (2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019.","url":"https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-09-12T15:20:41.834Z","name":"GUI Input Capture","description":"Adversaries may mimic common operating system GUI components to prompt users for sensitive information with a seemingly legitimate prompt. The operating system and installed applications often have legitimate needs to prompt the user for sensitive information such as account credentials, bank account information, or Personally Identifiable Information (PII). Compared to traditional PCs, the constrained display size of mobile devices may impair the ability to provide users with contextual information, making users more susceptible to this technique’s use.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)\n\nThere are several approaches adversaries may use to mimic this functionality. Adversaries may impersonate the identity of a legitimate application (e.g. use the same application name and/or icon) and, when installed on the device, may prompt the user for sensitive information.(Citation: eset-finance) Adversaries may also send fake device notifications to the user that may trigger the display of an input prompt when clicked.(Citation: Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019) \n\nAdditionally, adversaries may display a prompt on top of a running, legitimate application to trick users into entering sensitive information into a malicious application rather than the legitimate application. Typically, adversaries need to know when the targeted application and the individual activity within the targeted application is running in the foreground to display the prompt at the proper time. Adversaries can abuse Android’s accessibility features to determine which application is currently in the foreground.(Citation: ThreatFabric Cerberus) Two known approaches to displaying a prompt include:\n\n* Adversaries start a new activity on top of a running legitimate application.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)(Citation: Hassell-ExploitingAndroid) Android 10 places new restrictions on the ability for an application to start a new activity on top of another application, which may make it more difficult for adversaries to utilize this technique.(Citation: Android Background)\n* Adversaries create an application overlay window on top of a running legitimate application. Applications must hold the `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission to create overlay windows. This permission is handled differently than typical Android permissions and, at least under certain conditions, is automatically granted to applications installed from the Google Play Store.(Citation: Cloak and Dagger)(Citation: NowSecure Android Overlay)(Citation: Skycure-Accessibility) The `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission and its associated ability to create application overlay windows are expected to be deprecated in a future release of Android in favor of a new API.(Citation: XDA Bubbles)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Android users can view and manage which applications hold the `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission through the device settings in Apps & notifications -> Special app access -> Display over other apps (the exact menu location may vary between Android versions). \n\nApplication vetting services can look for applications requesting the `android.permission.SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission in the list of permissions in the app manifest. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--4c58b7c6-a839-4789-bda9-9de33e4d4512","created":"2022-04-05T19:48:31.195Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/002","external_id":"T1417.002"},{"source_name":"Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices","description":"A.P. Felt and D. Wagner. (2011, May 26). Phishing on Mobile Devices. Retrieved August 25, 2016.","url":"http://w2spconf.com/2011/papers/felt-mobilephishing.pdf"},{"source_name":"Android Background","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Restrictions on starting activities from the background. Retrieved September 18, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities/background-starts"},{"source_name":"Cloak and Dagger","description":"Fratantonio, Y., et al.. (2017). Cloak & Dagger. Retrieved September 12, 2024.","url":"https://cloak-and-dagger.org/"},{"source_name":"Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019","description":"Group-IB. (2019, March 28). Group-IB uncovers Android Trojan named «Gustuff» capable of targeting more than 100 global banking apps, cryptocurrency and marketplace applications. Retrieved September 3, 2019.","url":"https://www.group-ib.com/blog/gustuff"},{"source_name":"eset-finance","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2016, July 7). Fake finance apps on Google Play target users from around the world. Retrieved September 24, 2018.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/09/19/fake-finance-apps-google-play-target-around-world/"},{"source_name":"Hassell-ExploitingAndroid","description":"R. Hassell. (2011, October 12-13). Exploiting Androids for Fun and Profit. Retrieved October 10, 2019.","url":"https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2011kul/materials/D1T1%20-%20Riley%20Hassell%20-%20Exploiting%20Androids%20for%20Fun%20and%20Profit.pdf"},{"source_name":"XDA Bubbles","description":"Rahman, M.. (2019, May 8). Bubbles in Android Q will fully replace the overlay API in a future Android version. Retrieved September 18, 2019.","url":"https://www.xda-developers.com/android-q-system-alert-window-deprecate-bubbles/"},{"source_name":"NowSecure Android Overlay","description":"Ramirez, T.. (2017, May 25). ‘SAW’-ing through the UI: Android overlay malware and the System Alert Window permission explained. Retrieved September 18, 2019.","url":"https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2017/05/25/android-overlay-malware-system-alert-window-permission/"},{"source_name":"ThreatFabric Cerberus","description":"ThreatFabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved September 18, 2019.","url":"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html"},{"source_name":"Skycure-Accessibility","description":"Yair Amit. (2016, March 3). “Accessibility Clickjacking” – The Next Evolution in Android Malware that Impacts More Than 500 Million Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://www.skycure.com/blog/accessibility-clickjacking/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","external_id":"APP-31"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--4e6620ac-c30c-4f6d-918e-fa20cae7c1ce","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:11.535Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1432","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1432"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-13"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could call standard operating system APIs from a malicious application to gather contact list (i.e., address book) data, or with escalated privileges could directly access files containing contact list data.","modified":"2022-04-01T13:19:41.180Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Access Contact List","x_mitre_detection":"On both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, the user can view which applications have permission to access contact list information through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"collection","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:20:11.752Z","name":"Compromise Client Software Binary","description":"Adversaries may modify system software binaries to establish persistent access to devices. System software binaries are used by the underlying operating system and users over adb or terminal emulators. \n\nAdversaries may make modifications to client software binaries to carry out malicious tasks when those binaries are executed. For example, malware may come with a pre-compiled malicious binary intended to overwrite the genuine one on the device. Since these binaries may be routinely executed by the system or user, the adversary can leverage this for persistent access to the device. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Verified Boot can detect unauthorized modifications to the system partition.(Citation: Android-VerifiedBoot) Android’s SafetyNet API provides remote attestation capabilities, which could potentially be used to identify and respond to compromised devices. Samsung Knox provides a similar remote attestation capability on supported Samsung devices. Application vetting services could detect applications trying to modify files in protected parts of the operating system.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--4f14e30b-8b57-4a7b-9093-2c0778ea99cf","created":"2022-03-30T19:53:27.791Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1645","external_id":"T1645"},{"source_name":"Android-VerifiedBoot","description":"Android. (n.d.). Verified Boot. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","external_id":"APP-27"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:54:40.501Z","name":"Software Packing","description":"Adversaries may perform software packing to conceal their code. Software packing is a method of compressing or encrypting an executable. Packing an executable changes the file signature in an attempt to avoid signature-based detection. Most decompression techniques decompress the executable code in memory. \n\nUtilities used to perform software packing are called packers. An example packer is FTT. A more comprehensive list of known packers is available, but adversaries may create their own packing techniques that do not leave the same artifacts as well-known packers to evade defenses.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for known software packers or artifacts of packing techniques. Packing is not a definitive indicator of malicious activity, because as legitimate software may use packing techniques to reduce binary size or to protect proprietary code.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS","Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--51636761-2e35-44bf-9e56-e337adf97174","created":"2022-03-30T19:20:37.864Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406/002","external_id":"T1406.002"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--51aedbd6-2837-4d15-aeb0-cb09f2bf22ac","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:16.288Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1445","external_id":"T1445"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.701Z","name":"Abuse of iOS Enterprise App Signing Key","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--52651225-0b3a-482d-aa7e-10618fd063b5","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:09.864Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1450","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1450"},{"source_name":"3GPP-Security","url":"http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/wg3_security/_specs/33900-120.pdf","description":"3GPP. (2000, January). A Guide to 3rd Generation Security. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport","url":"https://www.fcc.gov/files/csric5-wg10-finalreport031517pdf","description":"Communications Security, Reliability, Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (2017, March). Working Group 10 Legacy Systems Risk Reductions Final Report. Retrieved May 24, 2017."},{"source_name":"CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport","description":"CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport"},{"source_name":"Positive-SS7","url":"https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/ptcom/PT-SS7-AD-Data-Sheet-eng.pdf","description":"Positive Technologies. (n.d.). SS7 Attack Discovery. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7-2008","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0n5ySqbfdI","description":"Tobias Engel. (2008, December). Locating Mobile Phones using SS7. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7","url":"https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf","description":"Tobias Engel. (2014, December). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate.. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-38.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"CEL-38"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could exploit signaling system vulnerabilities to track the location of mobile devices. (Citation: Engel-SS7) (Citation: Engel-SS7-2008) (Citation: 3GPP-Security) (Citation: Positive-SS7) (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport)","modified":"2022-04-05T19:54:12.657Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Exploit SS7 to Track Device Location","x_mitre_detection":"Network carriers may be able to use firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), or Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) to detect and/or block SS7 exploitation.(Citation: CSRIC-WG1-FinalReport) The CSRIC also suggests threat information sharing between telecommunications industry members.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--52eff1c7-dd30-4121-b762-24ae6fa61bbb","created":"2020-04-28T14:35:37.309Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1575","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1575"},{"source_name":"Google NDK Getting Started","url":"https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides","description":"Google. (2019, December 27). Getting Started with the NDK. Retrieved April 28, 2020."},{"source_name":"MITRE App Vetting Effectiveness","url":"https://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/publications/pr-16-4772-analyzing-effectiveness-mobile-app-vetting-tools-report.pdf","description":"M. Peck, C. Northern. (2016, August 22). Analyzing the Effectiveness of App Vetting Tools in the Enterprise. Retrieved April 28, 2020."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may use Android’s Native Development Kit (NDK) to write native functions that can achieve execution of binaries or functions. Like system calls on a traditional desktop operating system, native code achieves execution on a lower level than normal Android SDK calls.\n\nThe NDK allows developers to write native code in C or C++ that is compiled directly to machine code, avoiding all intermediate languages and steps in compilation that higher level languages, like Java, typically have. The Java Native Interface (JNI) is the component that allows Java functions in the Android app to call functions in a native library.(Citation: Google NDK Getting Started)\n\nAdversaries may also choose to use native functions to execute malicious code since native actions are typically much more difficult to analyze than standard, non-native behaviors.(Citation: MITRE App Vetting Effectiveness)","modified":"2022-04-08T15:46:24.495Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Native API","x_mitre_detection":"This is abuse of standard OS-level APIs and are therefore typically undetectable to the end user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--53263a67-075e-48fa-974b-91c5b5445db7","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1476","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1476"},{"source_name":"IBTimes-ThirdParty","url":"https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/danger-lurks-third-party-android-app-stores-1544861","description":"A Prasad. (2016, February 19). Danger lurks in third-party Android app stores. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"TrendMicro-RootingMalware","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/user-beware-rooting-malware-found-in-3rd-party-app-stores/","description":"Jordan Pan. (2016, February 10). User Beware: Rooting Malware Found in 3rd Party App Stores. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019."},{"source_name":"TrendMicro-FlappyBird","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/flappy-bird-and-third-party-app-stores/","description":"Veo Zhang. (2014, February 18). Flappy Bird and Third-Party App Stores. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-9.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"AUT-9"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-13.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-13"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-21.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-21"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"Malicious applications are a common attack vector used by adversaries to gain a presence on mobile devices. This technique describes installing a malicious application on targeted mobile devices without involving an authorized app store (e.g., Google Play Store or Apple App Store). Adversaries may wish to avoid placing malicious applications in an authorized app store due to increased potential risk of detection or other reasons. However, mobile devices often are configured to allow application installation only from an authorized app store which would prevent this technique from working.\n\nDelivery methods for the malicious application include:\n\n* [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) - Including the mobile app package as an attachment to an email message.\n* [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002) - Including a link to the mobile app package within an email, text message (e.g. SMS, iMessage, Hangouts, WhatsApp, etc.), web site, QR code, or other means.\n* Third-Party App Store - Installed from a third-party app store (as opposed to an authorized app store that the device implicitly trusts as part of its default behavior), which may not apply the same level of scrutiny to apps as applied by an authorized app store.(Citation: IBTimes-ThirdParty)(Citation: TrendMicro-RootingMalware)(Citation: TrendMicro-FlappyBird)\n\nSome Android malware comes with functionality to install additional applications, either automatically or when the adversary instructs it to.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)","modified":"2022-04-06T15:41:16.863Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Deliver Malicious App via Other Means","x_mitre_detection":"* An EMM/MDM or mobile threat defense solution may be able to identify the presence of apps installed from sources other than an authorized app store. \n* An EMM/MDM or mobile threat defense solution may be able to identify Android devices configured to allow apps to be installed from \"Unknown Sources\".\n* Enterprise email security solutions can identify the presence of Android or iOS application packages within email messages.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--537ea573-8a1c-468c-956b-d16d2ed9d067","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:07.827Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1469","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1469"},{"source_name":"Honan-Hacking","url":"https://www.wired.com/2012/08/apple-amazon-mat-honan-hacking/","description":"Mat Honan. (2012, August 6). How Apple and Amazon Security Flaws Led to My Epic Hacking. Retrieved December 29, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-5.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-5"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-7.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"EMM-7"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"An adversary who is able to obtain unauthorized access to or misuse authorized access to cloud services (e.g. Google's Android Device Manager or Apple iCloud's Find my iPhone) or to an EMM console could use that access to wipe enrolled devices (Citation: Honan-Hacking).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:54:28.187Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Remotely Wipe Data Without Authorization","x_mitre_detection":"Google provides the ability for users to view their general account activity. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"remote-service-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-28T17:02:58.893Z","name":"Exploitation for Client Execution","description":"Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in client applications to execute code. Vulnerabilities can exist in software due to insecure coding practices that can lead to unanticipated behavior. Adversaries may take advantage of certain vulnerabilities through targeted exploitation for the purpose of arbitrary code execution. Oftentimes the most valuable exploits to an offensive toolkit are those that can be used to obtain code execution on a remote system because they can be used to gain access to that system. Users will expect to see files related to the applications they commonly used to do work, so they are a useful target for exploit research and development because of their high utility. \n\nAdversaries may use device-based zero-click exploits for code execution. These exploits are powerful because there is no user interaction required for code execution. \n\n### SMS/iMessage Delivery  \n\nSMS and iMessage in iOS are common targets through [Drive-By Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1456), [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1660), etc. Adversaries may use embed malicious links, files, etc. in SMS messages or iMessages. Mobile devices may be compromised through one-click exploits, where the victim must interact with a text message, or zero-click exploits, where no user interaction is required. \n\n### AirDrop \n\nUnique to iOS, AirDrop is a network protocol that allows iOS users to transfer files between iOS devices. Before patches from Apple were released, on iOS 13.4 and earlier, adversaries may force the Apple Wireless Direct Link (AWDL) interface to activate, then exploit a buffer overflow to gain access to the device and run as root without interaction from the user.  ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Giorgi Gurgenidze, ISAC"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--5abfc5e6-3c56-49e7-ad72-502d01acf28b","created":"2023-08-23T22:13:27.313Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1658","external_id":"T1658"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:57:14.285Z","name":"Proxy Through Victim","description":"Adversaries may use a compromised device as a proxy server to the Internet. By utilizing a proxy, adversaries hide the true IP address of their C2 server and associated infrastructure from the destination of the network traffic. This masquerades an adversary’s traffic as legitimate traffic originating from the compromised device, which can evade IP-based restrictions and alerts on certain services, such as bank accounts and social media websites.(Citation: Threat Fabric Exobot)\n\nThe most common type of proxy is a SOCKS proxy. It can typically be implemented using standard OS-level APIs and 3rd party libraries with no indication to the user. On Android, adversaries can use the `Proxy` API to programmatically establish a SOCKS proxy connection, or lower-level APIs to interact directly with raw sockets.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Enterprises may be able to detect anomalous traffic originating from mobile devices, which could indicate compromise.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--5ca3c7ec-55b2-4587-9376-cf6c96f8047a","created":"2020-11-30T14:26:07.728Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1604","external_id":"T1604"},{"source_name":"Threat Fabric Exobot","description":"Threat Fabric. (2017, February). Exobot - Android banking Trojan on the rise. Retrieved October 29, 2020.","url":"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/exobot_android_banking_trojan_on_the_rise.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--60623164-ccd8-4508-a141-b5a34820b3de","created":"2019-09-23T13:11:43.694Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1520","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1520"},{"source_name":"Data Driven Security DGA","url":"https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/","description":"Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"securelist rotexy 2018","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/","description":"T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan – banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may use [Domain Generation Algorithms](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1520) (DGAs) to procedurally generate domain names for command and control communication, and other uses such as malicious application distribution.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)\n\nDGAs increase the difficulty for defenders to block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there potentially could be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.","modified":"2022-04-05T20:03:46.788Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Domain Generation Algorithms","x_mitre_detection":"Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different DGA algorithms, constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There is a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) CDN domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, another more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names or for rarely visited domains.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--62adb627-f647-498e-b4cc-41499361bacb","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:20.727Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1435","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1435"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-13"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could call standard operating system APIs from a malicious application to gather calendar entry data, or with escalated privileges could directly access files containing calendar data.","modified":"2022-04-01T12:50:48.453Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Access Calendar Entries","x_mitre_detection":"On both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, the user can view which applications have permission to access calendar information through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"collection","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--633baf01-6de4-4963-bb54-ff6c6357bed3","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:21.354Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1465","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1465"},{"source_name":"Kaspersky-DarkHotel","url":"https://blog.kaspersky.com/darkhotel-apt/6613/","description":"Alex Drozhzhin. (2014, November 10). Darkhotel: a spy campaign in luxury Asian hotels. Retrieved December 24, 2016."},{"source_name":"NIST-SP800153","url":"http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-153.pdf","description":"M. Souppaya and K. Scarfone. (2012, February). NIST SP 800-153 Guidelines for Securing Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). Retrieved December 24, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/lan-pan-threats/LPN-0.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"LPN-0"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could set up unauthorized Wi-Fi access points or compromise existing access points and, if the device connects to them, carry out network-based attacks such as eavesdropping on or modifying network communication(Citation: NIST-SP800153)(Citation: Kaspersky-DarkHotel).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:51:11.938Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Rogue Wi-Fi Access Points","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:54:25.564Z","name":"Foreground Persistence","description":"Adversaries may abuse Android's `startForeground()` API method to maintain continuous sensor access. Beginning in Android 9, idle applications running in the background no longer have access to device sensors, such as the camera, microphone, and gyroscope.(Citation: Android-SensorsOverview) Applications can retain sensor access by running in the foreground, using Android’s `startForeground()` API method. This informs the system that the user is actively interacting with the application, and it should not be killed. The only requirement to start a foreground service is showing a persistent notification to the user.(Citation: Android-ForegroundServices)\n\nMalicious applications may abuse the `startForeground()` API method to continue running in the foreground, while presenting a notification to the user pretending to be a genuine application. This would allow unhindered access to the device’s sensors, assuming permission has been previously granted.(Citation: BlackHat Sutter Android Foreground 2019)\n\nMalicious applications may also abuse the `startForeground()` API to inform the Android system that the user is actively interacting with the application, thus preventing it from being killed by the low memory killer.(Citation: TrendMicro-Yellow Camera)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Lorin Wu, Trend Micro"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can see persistent notifications in their notification drawer and can subsequently uninstall applications that do not belong. Applications could be vetted for their use of the `startForeground()` API, and could be further scrutinized if usage is found.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--648f8051-1a35-46d3-b1d8-3a3f5cf2cc8e","created":"2019-11-19T17:32:20.373Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1541","external_id":"T1541"},{"source_name":"Android-SensorsOverview","description":"Google. (n.d.). Sensors Overview. Retrieved November 19, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/sensors/sensors_overview#sensors-practices"},{"source_name":"Android-ForegroundServices","description":"Google. (n.d.). Services overview. Retrieved November 19, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/services.html#Foreground"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro-Yellow Camera","description":"Song Wang. (2019, October 18). Fake Photo Beautification Apps on Google Play can Read SMS Verification Code to Trigger Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)/Carrier Billing. Retrieved November 19, 2019.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/fake-photo-beautification-apps-on-google-play-can-read-sms-verification-code-to-trigger-wireless-application-protocol-wap-carrier-billing/"},{"source_name":"BlackHat Sutter Android Foreground 2019","description":"Thomas Sutter. (2019, December). Simple Spyware Androids Invisible Foreground Services and How to (Ab)use Them. Retrieved December 26, 2019.","url":"https://i.blackhat.com/eu-19/Thursday/eu-19-Sutter-Simple-Spyware-Androids-Invisible-Foreground-Services-And-How-To-Abuse-Them.pdf"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-19.html","external_id":"APP-19"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-07T17:13:04.396Z","name":"Replication Through Removable Media","description":"Adversaries may move onto devices by exploiting or copying malware to devices connected via USB. In the case of Lateral Movement, adversaries may utilize the physical connection of a device to a compromised or malicious charging station or PC to bypass application store requirements and install malicious applications directly.(Citation: Lau-Mactans) In the case of Initial Access, adversaries may attempt to exploit the device via the connection to gain access to data stored on the device.(Citation: Krebs-JuiceJacking) Examples of this include: \n \n* Exploiting insecure bootloaders in a Nexus 6 or 6P device over USB and gaining the ability to perform actions including intercepting phone calls, intercepting network traffic, and obtaining the device physical location.(Citation: IBM-NexusUSB) \n* Exploiting weakly-enforced security boundaries in Android devices such as the Google Pixel 2 over USB.(Citation: GoogleProjectZero-OATmeal) \n* Products from Cellebrite and Grayshift purportedly that can exploit some iOS devices using physical access to the data port to unlock the passcode.(Citation: Computerworld-iPhoneCracking) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"lateral-movement"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--667e5707-3843-4da8-bd34-88b922526f0d","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:23.233Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1458","external_id":"T1458"},{"source_name":"Krebs-JuiceJacking","description":"Brian Krebs. (2011, August 17). Beware of Juice-Jacking. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","url":"http://krebsonsecurity.com/2011/08/beware-of-juice-jacking/"},{"source_name":"GoogleProjectZero-OATmeal","description":"Jann Horn. (2018, September 10). OATmeal on the Universal Cereal Bus: Exploiting Android phones over USB. Retrieved September 18, 2018.","url":"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/09/oatmeal-on-universal-cereal-bus.html"},{"source_name":"Lau-Mactans","description":"Lau et al.. (2013). Mactans: Injecting Malware Into iOS Devices Via Malicious Chargers. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","url":"https://media.blackhat.com/us-13/US-13-Lau-Mactans-Injecting-Malware-into-iOS-Devices-via-Malicious-Chargers-WP.pdf"},{"source_name":"Computerworld-iPhoneCracking","description":"Lucas Mearian. (2018, May 9). Two vendors now sell iPhone cracking technology – and police are buying. Retrieved September 21, 2018.","url":"https://www.computerworld.com/article/3268729/apple-ios/two-vendors-now-sell-iphone-cracking-technology-and-police-are-buying.html"},{"source_name":"IBM-NexusUSB","description":"Roee Hay. (2017, January 5). Android Vulnerabilities: Attacking Nexus 6 and 6P Custom Boot Modes. Retrieved January 11, 2017.","url":"https://securityintelligence.com/android-vulnerabilities-attacking-nexus-6-and-6p-custom-boot-modes/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/physical-threats/PHY-1.html","external_id":"PHY-1"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/physical-threats/PHY-2.html","external_id":"PHY-2"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-6.html","external_id":"STA-6"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-16T13:31:29.924Z","name":"Audio Capture","description":"Adversaries may capture audio to collect information by leveraging standard operating system APIs of a mobile device. Examples of audio information adversaries may target include user conversations, surroundings, phone calls, or other sensitive information. \n\n \n\nAndroid and iOS, by default, require that applications request device microphone access from the user.  \n\n \n\nOn Android devices, applications must hold the `RECORD_AUDIO` permission to access the microphone or the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission to access audio output. Because Android does not allow third-party applications to hold the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission by default, only privileged applications, such as those distributed by Google or the device vendor, can access audio output.(Citation: Android Permissions) However, adversaries may be able to gain this access after successfully elevating their privileges. With the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission, adversaries may pass the `MediaRecorder.AudioSource.VOICE_CALL` constant to `MediaRecorder.setAudioOutput`, allowing capture of both voice call uplink and downlink.(Citation: Manifest.permission) \n\n \n\nOn iOS devices, applications must include the `NSMicrophoneUsageDescription` key in their `Info.plist` file to access the microphone.(Citation: Requesting Auth-Media Capture)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"In iOS 14 and up, an orange dot (or orange square if the Differentiate Without Color setting is enabled) appears in the status bar when the microphone is being used by an application. However, there have been demonstrations indicating it may still be possible to access the microphone in the background without triggering this visual indicator by abusing features that natively access the microphone or camera but do not trigger the visual indicators.(Citation: iOS Mic Spyware)\n\n\nIn Android 12 and up, a green dot appears in the status bar when the microphone is being used by an application.(Citation: Android Privacy Indicators)\n \n\nAndroid applications using the `RECORD_AUDIO` permission and iOS applications using `RequestRecordPermission` should be carefully reviewed and monitored. If the `CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT` permission is found in a third-party Android application, the application should be heavily scrutinized. \n\n \n\nIn both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, users can review which applications have the permission to access the microphone through the device settings screen and revoke permissions as necessary. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"3.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:12.913Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1429","external_id":"T1429"},{"source_name":"Manifest.permission","description":"Android Developers. (2022, March 17). Voice Call. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/media/MediaRecorder.AudioSource#VOICE_CALL"},{"source_name":"Requesting Auth-Media Capture","description":"Apple Developers. (n.d.). Requesting Authorization for Media Capture on iOS. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/avfoundation/cameras_and_media_capture/requesting_authorization_for_media_capture_on_ios"},{"source_name":"Android Permissions","description":"Google. (2021, August 11). Manifest.permission. Retrieved September 22, 2021.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission"},{"source_name":"Android Privacy Indicators","description":"Google. (n.d.). Privacy Indicators. Retrieved April 20, 2022.","url":"https://source.android.com/devices/tech/config/privacy-indicators"},{"source_name":"iOS Mic Spyware","description":"ZecOps Research Team. (2021, November 4). How iOS Malware Can Spy on Users Silently. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://blog.zecops.com/research/how-ios-malware-can-spy-on-users-silently/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-19.html","external_id":"APP-19"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:59:46.686Z","name":"Hijack Execution Flow","description":"Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the way operating systems run applications. Hijacking execution flow can be for the purposes of persistence since this hijacked execution may reoccur over time. \n\nThere are many ways an adversary may hijack the flow of execution. A primary way is by manipulating how the operating system locates programs to be executed. How the operating system locates libraries to be used by a program can also be intercepted. Locations where the operating system looks for programs or resources, such as file directories, could also be poisoned to include malicious payloads.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile threat defense agents could detect unauthorized operating system modifications by using attestation.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--670a4d75-103b-4b14-8a9e-4652fa795edd","created":"2022-03-30T14:49:18.650Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1625","external_id":"T1625"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","external_id":"APP-27"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-07T22:48:30.418Z","name":"Unix Shell","description":"Adversaries may abuse Unix shell commands and scripts for execution. Unix shells are the underlying command prompts on Android and iOS devices. Unix shells can control every aspect of a system, with certain commands requiring elevated privileges that are only accessible if the device has been rooted or jailbroken. \n\nUnix shells also support scripts that enable sequential execution of commands as well as other typical programming operations such as conditionals and loops. Common uses of shell scripts include long or repetitive tasks, or the need to run the same set of commands on multiple systems. \n\nAdversaries may abuse Unix shells to execute various commands or payloads. Interactive shells may be accessed through command and control channels or during lateral movement such as with SSH. Adversaries may also leverage shell scripts to deliver and execute multiple commands on victims or as part of payloads used for persistence. \n\nIf the device has been rooted or jailbroken, adversaries may locate and invoke a superuser binary to elevate their privileges and interact with the system as the root user. This dangerous level of permissions allows the adversary to run special commands and modify protected system files.  ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Command-line activities can potentially be detected through Mobile Threat Defense integrations with lower-level OS APIs. This could grant the MTD agents access to running processes and their parameters, potentially detecting unwanted or malicious shells.\n\nApplication vetting services could detect the invocations of methods that could be used to execute shell commands.(Citation: Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense)","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--693cdbff-ea73-49c6-ac3f-91e7285c31d1","created":"2022-03-30T13:59:50.479Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1623/001","external_id":"T1623.001"},{"source_name":"Samsung Knox Mobile Threat Defense","description":"Samsung Knox Partner Program. (n.d.). Knox for Mobile Threat Defense. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","url":"https://partner.samsungknox.com/mtd"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6a3f6490-9c44-40de-b059-e5940f246673","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:33.158Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1437","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1437"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-29.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-29"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the mobile device, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the mobile device and server. \n\nAdversaries may utilize many different protocols, including those used for web browsing, transferring files, electronic mail, or DNS.","modified":"2022-04-19T20:03:51.831Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Application Layer Protocol","x_mitre_detection":"Abuse of standard application protocols can be difficult to detect as many legitimate mobile applications leverage such protocols for language-specific APIs. Enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"command-and-control","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--6b846ad0-cc20-4db6-aa34-91561397c5e2","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:11.861Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1431","external_id":"T1431"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.699Z","name":"App Delivered via Web Download","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-08-08T16:23:41.271Z","name":"Download New Code at Runtime","description":"Adversaries may download and execute dynamic code not included in the original application package after installation. This technique is primarily used to evade static analysis checks and pre-publication scans in official app stores. In some cases, more advanced dynamic or behavioral analysis techniques could detect this behavior. However, in conjunction with [Execution Guardrails](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627) techniques, detecting malicious code downloaded after installation could be difficult.\n\nOn Android, dynamic code could include native code, Dalvik code, or JavaScript code that utilizes Android WebView’s `JavascriptInterface` capability. \n\nOn iOS, dynamic code could be downloaded and executed through 3rd party libraries such as JSPatch. (Citation: FireEye-JSPatch) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Existing network infrastructure may detect network calls to known malicious domains or the transfer of malicious payloads over the network. Mobile security products may provide URL inspection services that could determine if a domain being visited is malicious. Application vetting services could look for indications that the application downloads and executes new code at runtime (e.g., on Android, use of `DexClassLoader`, `System.load`, or the WebView `JavaScriptInterface` capability; on iOS, use of JSPatch or similar capabilities). Unfortunately, this is only a partial mitigation, as additional scrutiny would still need to be applied to applications that use these techniques. These techniques are often used without malicious intent, and  applications may employ other techniques to hide their use of these techniques.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.5","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:14.460Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1407","external_id":"T1407"},{"source_name":"FireEye-JSPatch","description":"Jing Xie, Zhaofeng Chen, Jimmy Su. (2016, January 27). HOT OR NOT? THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF IOS REMOTE HOT PATCHING. Retrieved December 9, 2016.","url":"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/01/hot_or_not_the_bene.html"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-20.html","external_id":"APP-20"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-12-05T22:14:54.813Z","name":"Exploitation for Initial Access","description":"Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities to gain initial access to a mobile device. \n\nThis can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Vulnerabilities may be present in applications, services, the underlying operating system, or in the kernel itself. Several well-known mobile device exploits exist, including FORCEDENTRY, StageFright, and BlueBorne. Further, some exploits may be possible to exploit without any user interaction (zero-click), making them particularly dangerous. Mobile operating system vendors are typically very quick to patch such critical bugs, ensuring only a small window where they can be exploited. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6ecbc2eb-e85a-440a-ab68-4d98f8d56fbe","created":"2023-12-05T22:14:54.813Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1664","external_id":"T1664"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6f86d346-f092-4abc-80df-8558a90c426a","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:21.023Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1468","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1468"},{"source_name":"Krebs-Location","url":"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/05/tracking-firm-locationsmart-leaked-location-data-for-customers-of-all-major-u-s-mobile-carriers-in-real-time-via-its-web-site/","description":"Brian Krebs. (2018, May 17). Tracking Firm LocationSmart Leaked Location Data for Customers of All Major U.S. Mobile Carriers Without Consent in Real Time Via Its Web Site. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-5.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-5"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-7.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"EMM-7"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary who is able to obtain unauthorized access to or misuse authorized access to cloud services (e.g. Google's Android Device Manager or Apple iCloud's Find my iPhone) or to an enterprise mobility management (EMM) / mobile device management (MDM) server console could use that access to track mobile devices.(Citation: Krebs-Location)","modified":"2022-04-05T19:40:25.068Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Remotely Track Device Without Authorization","x_mitre_detection":"Google sends a notification to the device when Android Device Manager is used to locate it. Additionally, Google provides the ability for users to view their general account activity. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"remote-service-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:51:04.432Z","name":"System Checks","description":"Adversaries may employ various system checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behavior after checking for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual environment or sandbox. If the adversary detects a virtual environment, they may alter their malware’s behavior to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for virtualization artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. \n\nChecks could include generic system properties such as host/domain name and samples of network traffic. Adversaries may also check the network adapters addresses, CPU core count, and available memory/drive size. \n\nHardware checks, such as the presence of motion sensors, could also be used to gather evidence that can be indicative a virtual environment. Adversaries may also query for specific readings from these devices. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for applications attempting to get `android.os.SystemProperties` or `getprop` with the runtime `exec()` commands. This could indicate some level of sandbox evasion, as Google recommends against using system properties within applications.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--6ffad4be-bfe0-424f-abde-4d9a84a800ad","created":"2022-03-30T17:53:35.582Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1633/001","external_id":"T1633.001"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:53:16.029Z","name":"Stored Application Data","description":"Adversaries may try to access and collect application data resident on the device. Adversaries often target popular applications, such as Facebook, WeChat, and Gmail.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019) \n\n \n\nDue to mobile OS sandboxing, this technique is only possible in three scenarios: \n\n \n\n* An application stores files in unprotected external storage \n* An application stores files in its internal storage directory with insecure permissions (e.g. 777) \n* The adversary gains root permissions on the device ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could detect when applications store data insecurely, for example, in unprotected external storage.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"3.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--702055ac-4e54-4ae9-9527-e23a38e0b160","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:15.402Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1409","external_id":"T1409"},{"source_name":"SWB Exodus March 2019","description":"Security Without Borders. (2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019.","url":"https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-0.html","external_id":"AUT-0"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:57:43.022Z","name":"Screen Capture","description":"Adversaries may use screen capture to collect additional information about a target device, such as applications running in the foreground, user data, credentials, or other sensitive information. Applications running in the background can capture screenshots or videos of another application running in the foreground by using the Android `MediaProjectionManager` (generally requires the device user to grant consent).(Citation: Fortinet screencap July 2019)(Citation: Android ScreenCap1 2019) Background applications can also use Android accessibility services to capture screen contents being displayed by a foreground application.(Citation: Lookout-Monokle) An adversary with root access or Android Debug Bridge (adb) access could call the Android `screencap` or `screenrecord` commands.(Citation: Android ScreenCap2 2019)(Citation: Trend Micro ScreenCap July 2015) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"The user can view a list of apps with accessibility service privileges in the device settings. Application vetting services can look for the use of the Android `MediaProjectionManager` class, applying extra scrutiny to applications that use the class.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.3","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--73c26732-6422-4081-8b63-6d0ae93d449e","created":"2019-08-08T18:34:14.178Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1513","external_id":"T1513"},{"source_name":"Android ScreenCap2 2019","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Android Debug Bridge (adb). Retrieved August 8, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb"},{"source_name":"Android ScreenCap1 2019","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Android MediaProjectionManager. Retrieved August 8, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/media/projection/MediaProjectionManager"},{"source_name":"Lookout-Monokle","description":"Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. (2019, July). Monokle: The Mobile Surveillance Tooling of the Special Technology Center. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","url":"https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/lookout-discovers-monokle-threat-report.pdf"},{"source_name":"Fortinet screencap July 2019","description":"Dario Durando. (2019, July 3). BianLian: A New Wave Emerges. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","url":"https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/new-wave-bianlian-malware.html"},{"source_name":"Trend Micro ScreenCap July 2015","description":"Zhang, V. (2015, July 21). Hacking Team RCSAndroid Spying Tool Listens to Calls; Roots Devices to Get In. Retrieved August 8, 2019.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/hacking-team-rcsandroid-spying-tool-listens-to-calls-roots-devices-to-get-in/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-40.html","external_id":"APP-40"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:44:26.748Z","name":"Transmitted Data Manipulation","description":"Adversaries may alter data en route to storage or other systems in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. By manipulating transmitted data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, or decision making.\n\nManipulation may be possible over a network connection or between system processes where there is an opportunity to deploy a tool that will intercept and change information. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target transmission mechanism as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system, typically gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign, in order to have the desired impact.\n\nOne method to achieve [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001) is by modifying the contents of the device clipboard. Malicious applications may monitor clipboard activity through the `ClipboardManager.OnPrimaryClipChangedListener` interface on Android to determine when clipboard contents have changed. Listening to clipboard activity, reading clipboard contents, and modifying clipboard contents requires no explicit application permissions and can be performed by applications running in the background. However, this behavior has changed with the release of Android 10.\n\nAdversaries may use [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001) to replace text prior to being pasted. For example, replacing a copied Bitcoin wallet address with a wallet address that is under adversarial control.\n\n[Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001) was seen within the Android/Clipper.C trojan. This sample was detected by ESET in an application distributed through the Google Play Store targeting cryptocurrency wallet numbers.(Citation: ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Applications could be vetted for their use of the clipboard manager APIs with extra scrutiny given to application that make use of them.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--74e6003f-c7f4-4047-983b-708cc19b96b6","created":"2022-04-06T13:39:39.779Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641/001","external_id":"T1641.001"},{"source_name":"ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019","description":"ESET. (2019, February 11). First clipper malware discovered on Google Play.. Retrieved July 26, 2019.","url":"https://www.eset.com/uk/about/newsroom/press-releases/first-clipper-malware-discovered-on-google-play-1/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--76c12fc8-a4eb-45d6-a3b7-e371a7248f69","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:07.460Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1452","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1452"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could use access to a compromised device's credentials to attempt to manipulate app store rankings or ratings by triggering application downloads or posting fake reviews of applications. This technique likely requires privileged access (a rooted or jailbroken device).","modified":"2022-04-06T13:57:24.726Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Manipulate App Store Rankings or Ratings","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--77e30eee-fd48-40b4-99ec-73e97c158b58","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:32.008Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1416","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1416"},{"source_name":"Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/ios-url-scheme-susceptible-to-hijacking/","description":"L. Wu, Y. Zhou, M. Li. (2019, July 12).  iOS URL Scheme Susceptible to Hijacking. Retrieved September 11, 2020."},{"source_name":"IETF-PKCE","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636","description":"N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may register Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) to intercept sensitive data.\n\nApplications regularly register URIs with the operating system to act as a response handler for various actions, such as logging into an app using an external account via single sign-on. This allows redirections to that specific URI to be intercepted by the application. If a malicious application were to register for a URI that was already in use by a genuine application, the malicious application may be able to intercept data intended for the genuine application or perform a phishing attack against the genuine application. Intercepted data may include OAuth authorization codes or tokens that could be used by the malicious application to gain access to resources.(Citation: Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking)(Citation: IETF-PKCE)","modified":"2022-04-01T15:17:21.508Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"URI Hijacking","x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users may be presented with a popup to select the appropriate application to open the URI in. If the user sees an application they do not recognize, they can remove it.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:28:54.940Z","name":"Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools","description":"Adversaries may manipulate products or product delivery mechanisms prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Applications often depend on external software to function properly. Popular open source projects that are used as dependencies in many applications may be targeted as a means to add malicious code to users of the dependency.(Citation: Grace-Advertisement)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries could be detected by application vetting services. Malicious software development tools could be detected by enterprises that deploy endpoint protection software on computers that are used to develop mobile apps. Application vetting could detect the usage of insecure or malicious third-party libraries.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--7827ced0-95e7-4d05-bdcf-0d8f2d37a3d3","created":"2022-03-28T19:31:51.978Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474/001","external_id":"T1474.001"},{"source_name":"Grace-Advertisement","description":"M. Grace et al. (2012, April 16-18). Unsafe exposure analysis of mobile in-app advertisements. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","url":"https://www.csc2.ncsu.edu/faculty/xjiang4/pubs/WISEC12_ADRISK.pdf"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-6.html","external_id":"APP-6"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-0.html","external_id":"SPC-0"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-3.html","external_id":"SPC-3"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-9.html","external_id":"SPC-9"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-10.html","external_id":"SPC-10"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-15.html","external_id":"SPC-15"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--786f488c-cb1f-4602-89c5-86d982ee326b","created":"2019-10-02T14:46:43.632Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1523","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1523"},{"source_name":"Sophos Anti-emulation","url":"https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2017/04/13/android-malware-anti-emulation-techniques/","description":"Chen Yu et al. . (2017, April 13). Android malware anti-emulation techniques. Retrieved October 2, 2019."},{"source_name":"Xiao-ZergHelper","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/pirated-ios-app-stores-client-successfully-evaded-apple-ios-code-review/","description":"Claud Xiao. (2016, February 21). Pirated iOS App Store’s Client Successfully Evaded Apple iOS Code Review. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Cyberscoop Evade Analysis January 2019","url":"https://www.cyberscoop.com/android-malware-motion-detection-trend-micro/","description":"Jeff Stone. (2019, January 18). Sneaky motion-detection feature found on Android malware. Retrieved October 2, 2019."},{"source_name":"ThreatFabric Cerberus","url":"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html","description":"ThreatFabric. (2019, August). Cerberus - A new banking Trojan from the underworld. Retrieved September 18, 2019."},{"source_name":"Github Anti-emulator","url":"https://github.com/strazzere/anti-emulator","description":"Tim Strazzere. (n.d.). Android Anti-Emulator. Retrieved October 2, 2019."},{"source_name":"Talos Gustuff Apr 2019","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/gustuff-targets-australia.html","description":"Vitor Ventura. (2019, April 9).  Gustuff banking botnet targets Australia . Retrieved September 3, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Malicious applications may attempt to detect their operating environment prior to fully executing their payloads. These checks are often used to ensure the application is not running within an analysis environment such as a sandbox used for application vetting, security research, or reverse engineering. \nAdversaries may use many different checks such as physical sensors, location, and system properties to fingerprint emulators and sandbox environments.(Citation: Talos Gustuff Apr 2019)(Citation: ThreatFabric Cerberus)(Citation: Xiao-ZergHelper)(Citation: Cyberscoop Evade Analysis January 2019) Adversaries may access `android.os.SystemProperties` via Java reflection to obtain specific system information.(Citation: Github Anti-emulator) Standard values such as phone number, IMEI, IMSI, device IDs, and device drivers may be checked against default signatures of common sandboxes.(Citation: Sophos Anti-emulation)\n","modified":"2022-03-30T17:54:56.590Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Evade Analysis Environment","x_mitre_detection":"Analysis Environment avoidance capabilities can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:43:49.443Z","name":"URI Hijacking","description":"Adversaries may register Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) to intercept sensitive data. \n\nApplications regularly register URIs with the operating system to act as a response handler for various actions, such as logging into an app using an external account via single sign-on. This allows redirections to that specific URI to be intercepted by the application. If an adversary were to register for a URI that was already in use by a genuine application, the adversary may be able to intercept data intended for the genuine application or perform a phishing attack against the genuine application. Intercepted data may include OAuth authorization codes or tokens that could be used by the adversary to gain access to protected resources.(Citation: Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking)(Citation: IETF-PKCE) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Leo Zhang, Trend Micro","Steven Du, Trend Micro"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users may be presented with a popup to select the appropriate application to open the URI in. If the user sees an application they do not recognize, they can remove it. When vetting applications for potential security weaknesses, the vetting process could look for insecure use of Intents. Developers should be encouraged to use techniques to ensure that the intent can only be sent to an appropriate destination (e.g., use explicit rather than implicit intents, permission checking, checking of the destination app's signing certificate, or utilizing the App Links feature). For mobile applications using OAuth, encourage use of best practice. (Citation: IETF-OAuthNativeApps)(Citation: Android-AppLinks)","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--789ef15a-34d9-4b32-a779-8cbbc9eb32f5","created":"2022-04-01T15:15:35.640Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1635/001","external_id":"T1635.001"},{"source_name":"Android-AppLinks","description":"Android. (n.d.). Handling App Links. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://developer.android.com/training/app-links/index.html"},{"source_name":"Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking","description":"L. Wu, Y. Zhou, M. Li. (2019, July 12).  iOS URL Scheme Susceptible to Hijacking. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/ios-url-scheme-susceptible-to-hijacking/"},{"source_name":"IETF-PKCE","description":"N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636"},{"source_name":"IETF-OAuthNativeApps","description":"W. Denniss and J. Bradley. (2017, October). IETF RFC 8252: OAuth 2.0 for Native Apps. Retrieved November 30, 2018.","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8252"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:52:52.097Z","name":"Subvert Trust Controls","description":"Adversaries may undermine security controls that will either warn users of untrusted activity or prevent execution of untrusted applications. Operating systems and security products may contain mechanisms to identify programs or websites as possessing some level of trust. Examples of such features include: an app being allowed to run because it is signed by a valid code signing certificate; an OS prompt alerting the user that an app came from an untrusted source; or getting an indication that you are about to connect to an untrusted site. The method adversaries use will depend on the specific mechanism they seek to subvert. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can use the device settings menu to view trusted CA certificates and look for unexpected or unknown certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies. Users can use the device settings menu to view which applications on the device are allowed to install unknown applications. \n\nOn iOS, the user can use the device settings menu to view installed Configuration Profiles and look for unexpected or unknown profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--79cb02f4-ac4e-4335-8b51-425c9573cce1","created":"2022-03-30T18:05:46.795Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1632","external_id":"T1632"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-7.html","external_id":"STA-7"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--79eec66a-9bd0-4a3f-ac82-19159e94bd44","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:11.116Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1433","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1433"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-13"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"On Android, an adversary could call standard operating system APIs from a malicious application to gather call log data, or with escalated privileges could directly access files containing call log data.\n\nOn iOS, applications do not have access to the call log, so privilege escalation would be required in order to access the data.","modified":"2022-04-01T13:14:43.174Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Access Call Log","x_mitre_detection":"On Android 6.0 and up, the user can view which applications have permission to access call log information through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--8197f026-64da-4700-93b9-b55ba55f3b31","created":"2020-09-11T15:04:14.532Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1581","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581"},{"source_name":"Lookout eSurv","url":"https://blog.lookout.com/esurv-research","description":"A. Bauer. (2019, April 8). Lookout discovers phishing sites distributing new iOS and Android surveillanceware. Retrieved September 11, 2020."},{"source_name":"Apple Location Services","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/corelocation/requesting_authorization_for_location_services","description":"Apple. (n.d.). Requesting Authorization for Location Services. Retrieved September 11, 2020."},{"source_name":"Android Geofencing API","url":"https://developer.android.com/training/location/geofencing","description":"Google. (n.d.). Create and monitor geofences. Retrieved September 11, 2020."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may use a device’s geographical location to limit certain malicious behaviors. For example, malware operators may limit the distribution of a second stage payload to certain geographic regions.(Citation: Lookout eSurv)\n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) is accomplished by persuading the user to grant the application permission to access location services. The application can then collect, process, and exfiltrate the device’s location to perform location-based actions, such as ceasing malicious behavior or showing region-specific advertisements.\n\nOne method to accomplish [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) on Android is to use the built-in Geofencing API to automatically trigger certain behaviors when the device enters or exits a specified radius around a geographical location. Similar to other [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) methods, this requires that the user has granted the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` and `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permissions. The latter is only required if the application targets Android 10 (API level 29) or higher. However, Android 11 introduced additional permission controls that may restrict background location collection based on user permission choices at runtime. These additional controls include “Allow only while using the app”, which will effectively prohibit background location collection.(Citation: Android Geofencing API)\n\nSimilarly, on iOS, developers can use built-in APIs to setup and execute geofencing. Depending on the use case, the app will either need to call `requestWhenInUseAuthorization()` or `requestAlwaysAuthorization()`, depending on when access to the location services is required. Similar to Android, users also have the option to limit when the application can access the device’s location, including one-time use and only when the application is running in the foreground.(Citation: Apple Location Services)\n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. For example, location data could be used to limit malware spread and/or capabilities, which could also potentially evade application analysis environments (ex: malware analysis outside of the target geographic area). Other malicious usages could include showing language-specific [Input Prompt](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1411)s and/or advertisements.","modified":"2022-03-30T20:43:31.244Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Geofencing","x_mitre_detection":"Users can review which applications have location permissions in the operating system’s settings menu. On Android 10 and later, the system shows a notification to the user when an app has been accessing device location in the background.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--82f04b1e-5371-4a6f-be06-411f0f43b483","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:29.774Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1401","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1401"},{"source_name":"Android DeviceAdminInfo","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DeviceAdminInfo","description":"Google. (n.d.). DeviceAdminInfo. Retrieved November 20, 2020."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-22"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may request device administrator permissions to perform malicious actions.\n\nBy abusing the device administration API, adversaries can perform several nefarious actions, such as resetting the device’s password for [Device Lockout](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1446), factory resetting the device to [Delete Device Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1447) and any traces of the malware, disabling all of the device’s cameras, or make it more difficult to uninstall the app.(Citation: Android DeviceAdminInfo)\n\nDevice administrators must be approved by the user at runtime, with a system popup showing which of the actions have been requested by the app. In conjunction with other techniques, such as [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516), an app can programmatically grant itself administrator permissions without any user input.","modified":"2022-04-01T16:52:36.965Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Device Administrator Permissions","x_mitre_detection":"Users can see when an app requests device administrator permissions. Users can also view which apps have device administrator permissions in the settings menu.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--831e3269-da49-48ac-94dc-948008e8fd16","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:34.830Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1443","external_id":"T1443"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.701Z","name":"Remotely Install Application","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:45:39.362Z","name":"Keychain","description":"Adversaries may collect keychain data from an iOS device to acquire credentials. Keychains are the built-in way for iOS to keep track of users' passwords and credentials for many services and features such as Wi-Fi passwords, websites, secure notes, certificates, private keys, and VPN credentials. \n\nOn the device, the keychain database is stored outside of application sandboxes to prevent unauthorized access to the raw data. Standard iOS APIs allow applications access to their own keychain contained within the database. By utilizing a privilege escalation exploit or existing root access, adversaries can access the entire encrypted database.(Citation: Apple Keychain Services)(Citation: Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can potentially detect jailbroken devices. Application vetting services may be able to detect known privilege escalation exploits contained within applications, as well as searching application packages for strings that correlate to known password store locations.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--8605a0ec-b44a-4e98-a7fc-87d4bd3acb66","created":"2022-04-01T15:01:32.169Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1634/001","external_id":"T1634.001"},{"source_name":"Apple Keychain Services","description":"Apple, Inc.. (n.d.). Keychain Services. Retrieved June 24, 2020.","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/keychain_services"},{"source_name":"Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain","description":"V. Katalov. (2018, December 18). Six Ways to Decrypt iPhone Passwords from the Keychain. Retrieved June 24, 2020.","url":"https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2018/12/six-ways-to-decrypt-iphone-passwords-from-the-keychain/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-11.html","external_id":"AUT-11"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--88932a8c-3a17-406f-9431-1da3ff19f6d6","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:29.092Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1403","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1403"},{"source_name":"Sabanal-ART","url":"https://www.blackhat.com/docs/asia-15/materials/asia-15-Sabanal-Hiding-Behind-ART-wp.pdf","description":"Paul Sabanal. (2015). Hiding Behind ART. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"ART (the Android Runtime) compiles optimized code on the device itself to improve performance. An adversary may be able to use escalated privileges to modify the cached code in order to hide malicious behavior. Since the code is compiled on the device, it may not receive the same level of integrity checks that are provided to code running in the system partition.(Citation: Sabanal-ART)","modified":"2022-04-06T15:46:29.338Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Modify Cached Executable Code","x_mitre_detection":"Modifications to cached executable code can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversary behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"attack-pattern--89fcd02f-62dc-40b9-a54b-9ac4b1baef05","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:28.456Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"external_id":"T1419","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1419","source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"},{"url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build","description":"Android. (n.d.). Build. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","source_name":"Android-Build"}],"modified":"2019-10-16T13:24:48.936Z","name":"Device Type Discovery","description":"On Android, device type information is accessible to apps through the android.os.Build class (Citation: Android-Build). Device information could be used to target privilege escalation exploits.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"discovery","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--8c7862ff-3449-4ac6-b0fd-ac1298a822a5","created":"2020-05-04T13:49:34.706Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1576","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1576"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-43.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-43"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may include functionality in malware that uninstalls the malicious application from the device. This can be achieved by:\n\n* Abusing device owner permissions to perform silent uninstallation using device owner API calls.\n* Abusing root permissions to delete files from the filesystem.\n* Abusing the accessibility service. This requires an intent be sent to the system to request uninstallation, and then abusing the accessibility service to click the proper places on the screen to confirm uninstallation.","modified":"2022-03-30T19:34:09.371Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Uninstall Malicious Application","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--8e27551a-5080-4148-a584-c64348212e4f","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:31.694Z","x_mitre_version":"2.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1447","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1447"},{"source_name":"Android DevicePolicyManager 2019","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved September 22, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may wipe a device or delete individual files in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. An application must have administrator access to fully wipe the device, while individual files may not require special permissions to delete depending on their storage location. (Citation: Android DevicePolicyManager 2019)\n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The impact file deletion will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary, but can include deleting update files to evade detection or deleting attacker-specified files for impact.","modified":"2022-03-30T19:50:37.727Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Delete Device Data","x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can detect which applications can request device administrator permissions. Users can view applications with administrator access through the device settings, and may also notice if user data is inexplicably missing.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--8f0e39c6-82c9-41ec-9f93-5696c0f2e274","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:09.082Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1448","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1448"},{"source_name":"Google Bread","url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2020/01/pha-family-highlights-bread-and-friends.html","description":"A. Guertin, V. Kotov, Android Security & Privacy Team. (2020, January 9). PHA Family Highlights: Bread (and Friends) . Retrieved April 27, 2020."},{"source_name":"AndroidSecurity2014","url":"https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/source.android.com/en//security/reports/Google_Android_Security_2014_Report_Final.pdf","description":"Google. (2014). Android Security 2014 Year in Review. Retrieved December 12, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"A malicious app may trigger fraudulent charges on a victim’s carrier billing statement in several different ways, including SMS toll fraud and SMS shortcodes that make purchases.\n\nPerforming SMS fraud relies heavily upon the fact that, when making SMS purchases, the carriers perform device verification but not user verification. This allows adversaries to make purchases on behalf of the user, with little or no user interaction.(Citation: Google Bread)\n\nMalicious applications may also perform toll billing, which occurs when carriers provide payment endpoints over a web page. The application connects to the web page over cellular data so the carrier can directly verify the number, or the application must retrieve a code sent via SMS and enter it into the web page.(Citation: Google Bread)\n\nOn iOS, apps cannot send SMS messages.\n\nOn Android, apps must hold the `SEND_SMS` permission to send SMS messages. Additionally, Android version 4.2 and above has mitigations against this threat by requiring user consent before allowing SMS messages to be sent to premium numbers (Citation: AndroidSecurity2014).","modified":"2022-04-06T13:57:38.841Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Carrier Billing Fraud","x_mitre_detection":"Starting with Android 4.2 the user is prompted and must provide consent before applications can send SMS messages to premium numbers.(Citation: AndroidSecurity2014)\n\nOn Android 6.0 and up, the user can view which applications have permission to send SMS messages through the device settings screen, and the user can choose to revoke the permissions.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"attack-pattern--8f142a25-f6c3-4520-bd50-2ae3ab50ed3e","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:17.533Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1415","external_id":"T1415"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-10.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"AUT-10"},{"source_name":"FireEye-Masque2","description":"Hui Xue, Tao Wei, Yulong Zhang, Song Jin, Zhaofeng Chen. (2015, February 19). IOS MASQUE ATTACK REVIVED: BYPASSING PROMPT FOR TRUST AND APP URL SCHEME HIJACKING. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/02/ios_masque_attackre.html"},{"source_name":"Dhanjani-URLScheme","description":"Nitesh Dhanjani. (2010, November 8). Insecure Handling of URL Schemes in Apple’s iOS. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"http://www.dhanjani.com/blog/2010/11/insecure-handling-of-url-schemes-in-apples-ios.html"},{"source_name":"IETF-PKCE","description":"N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636"},{"source_name":"MobileIron-XARA","description":"Michael T. Raggo. (2015, October 1). iOS URL Scheme Hijacking (XARA) Attack Analysis and Countermeasures. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://www.mobileiron.com/en/smartwork-blog/ios-url-scheme-hijacking-xara-attack-analysis-and-countermeasures"}],"modified":"2020-10-23T15:05:40.674Z","name":"URL Scheme Hijacking","description":"An iOS application may be able to maliciously claim a URL scheme, allowing it to intercept calls that are meant for a different application(Citation: FireEye-Masque2)(Citation: Dhanjani-URLScheme). This technique, for example, could be used to capture OAuth authorization codes(Citation: IETF-PKCE) or to phish user credentials(Citation: MobileIron-XARA).","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:34:55.968Z","name":"Bidirectional Communication","description":"Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service channel as a means for sending commands to and receiving output from a compromised system. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems can then send the output from those commands back over that Web service channel. The return traffic may occur in a variety of ways, depending on the Web service being utilized. For example, the return traffic may take the form of the compromised system posting a comment on a forum, issuing a pull request to development project, updating a document hosted on a Web service, or by sending a Tweet. \n\n \n\nPopular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--939808a7-121d-467a-b028-4441ee8b7cee","created":"2022-04-06T15:47:06.071Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481/002","external_id":"T1481.002"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-08T19:21:40.736Z","name":"Non-Standard Port","description":"Adversaries may generate network traffic using a protocol and port pairing that are typically not associated. For example, HTTPS over port 8088 or port 587 as opposed to the traditional port 443. Adversaries may make changes to the standard port used by a protocol to bypass filtering or muddle analysis/parsing of network data.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting reports may show network communications performed by the application, including hosts, ports, protocols, and URLs. Further detection would most likely be at the enterprise level, through packet and/or netflow inspection. Many properly configured firewalls may also naturally block command and control traffic over non-standard ports.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--948a447c-d783-4ba0-8516-a64140fcacd5","created":"2019-08-01T13:44:09.368Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1509","external_id":"T1509"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:32:37.109Z","name":"Compromise Software Supply Chain","description":"Adversaries may manipulate application software prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Supply chain compromise of software can take place in a number of ways, including manipulation of the application source code, manipulation of the update/distribution mechanism for that software, or replacing compiled releases with a modified version.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services can detect malicious code in applications. System partition integrity checking mechanisms can detect unauthorized or malicious code contained in the system partition.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--9558a84e-2d5e-4872-918e-d847494a8ffc","created":"2022-03-28T19:25:17.596Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474/003","external_id":"T1474.003"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-4.html","external_id":"SPC-4"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-11.html","external_id":"SPC-11"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-12.html","external_id":"SPC-12"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-18.html","external_id":"SPC-18"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-20.html","external_id":"SPC-20"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:33:56.861Z","name":"Dead Drop Resolver","description":"Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service to host information that points to additional command and control (C2) infrastructure. Adversaries may post content, known as a dead drop resolver, on Web services with embedded (and often obfuscated/encoded) domains or IP addresses. Once infected, victims will reach out to and be redirected by these resolvers. \n\n \n\nPopular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. \n\n \n\nUse of a dead drop resolver may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis, or enable operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed). ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--986f80f7-ff0e-4f48-87bd-0394814bbce5","created":"2022-04-06T15:41:03.914Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481/001","external_id":"T1481.001"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:50:21.363Z","name":"Location Tracking","description":"Adversaries may track a device’s physical location through use of standard operating system APIs via malicious or exploited applications on the compromised device. \n\n \n\nOn Android, applications holding the `ACCESS_COAURSE_LOCATION` or `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` permissions provide access to the device’s physical location. On Android 10 and up, declaration of the `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permission in an application’s manifest will allow applications to request location access even when the application is running in the background.(Citation: Android Request Location Permissions) Some adversaries have utilized integration of Baidu map services to retrieve geographical location once the location access permissions had been obtained.(Citation: PaloAlto-SpyDealer)(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox) \n\n \n\nOn iOS, applications must include the `NSLocationWhenInUseUsageDescription`, `NSLocationAlwaysAndWhenInUseUsageDescription`, and/or `NSLocationAlwaysUsageDescription` keys in their `Info.plist` file depending on the extent of requested access to location information.(Citation: Apple Requesting Authorization for Location Services) On iOS 8.0 and up, applications call `requestWhenInUseAuthorization()` to request access to location information when the application is in use or `requestAlwaysAuthorization()` to request access to location information regardless of whether the application is in use. With elevated privileges, an adversary may be able to access location data without explicit user consent with the `com.apple.locationd.preauthorized` entitlement key.(Citation: Google Project Zero Insomnia)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Android applications requesting the `ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION`, `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION`, or `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permissions and iOS applications including the `NSLocationWhenInUseUsageDescription`, `NSLocationAlwaysAndWhenInUseUsageDescription`, and/or `NSLocationAlwaysUsageDescription` keys in their `Info.plist` file could be scrutinized during the application vetting process. \n\n \n\nIn both Android (6.0 and up) and iOS, users can view which applications have the permission to access the device location through the device settings screen and revoke permissions as necessary.  ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:12.267Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1430","external_id":"T1430"},{"source_name":"Palo Alto HenBox","description":"A. Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019.","url":"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/"},{"source_name":"Android Request Location Permissions","description":"Android Developers. (2022, March 24). Request Location Permissions. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://developer.android.com/training/location/permissions"},{"source_name":"Apple Requesting Authorization for Location Services","description":"Apple Developers. (n.d.). Requesting Authorization for Location Services. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/corelocation/requesting_authorization_for_location_services"},{"source_name":"Google Project Zero Insomnia","description":"I. Beer. (2019, August 29). Implant Teardown. Retrieved June 2, 2020.","url":"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/08/implant-teardown.html"},{"source_name":"PaloAlto-SpyDealer","description":"Wenjun Hu, Cong Zheng and Zhi Xu. (2017, July 6). SpyDealer: Android Trojan Spying on More Than 40 Apps. Retrieved September 18, 2018.","url":"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/07/unit42-spydealer-android-trojan-spying-40-apps/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-24.html","external_id":"APP-24"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:56:34.537Z","name":"Device Administrator Permissions","description":"Adversaries may abuse Android’s device administration API to obtain a higher degree of control over the device. By abusing the API, adversaries can perform several nefarious actions, such as resetting the device’s password for [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1642), factory resetting the device for [File Deletion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/002) and to delete any traces of the malware, disabling all the device’s cameras, or to make it more difficult to uninstall the app.\n\nDevice administrators must be approved by the user at runtime, with a system popup showing which actions have been requested by the app. In conjunction with other techniques, such as [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516), an app can programmatically grant itself administrator permissions without any user input.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users are prompted for approval when an application requests device administrator permissions. Users can see which applications are registered as device administrators in the device settings. Application vetting services can check for the string `BIND_DEVICE_ADMIN` in the application’s manifest. This indicates it can prompt the user for device administrator permissions.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--9c049d7b-c92a-4733-9381-27e2bd2ccadc","created":"2022-04-01T15:59:05.830Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1626/001","external_id":"T1626.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","external_id":"APP-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--9d7c32f4-ab39-49dc-8055-8106bc2294a1","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:17.886Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1446","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1446"},{"source_name":"Xiao-KeyRaider","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/08/keyraider-ios-malware-steals-over-225000-apple-accounts-to-create-free-app-utopia/","description":"Claud Xiao. (2015, August 30). KeyRaider: iOS Malware Steals Over 225,000 Apple Accounts to Create Free App Utopia. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Android resetPassword","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html#resetPassword(java.lang.String,%20int)","description":"Google. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved October 1, 2019."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-28.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-28"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary may seek to lock the legitimate user out of the device, for example to inhibit user interaction or to obtain a ransom payment.\n\nOn Android versions prior to 7, apps can abuse Device Administrator access to reset the device lock passcode to prevent the user from unlocking the device. After Android 7, only device or profile owners (e.g. MDMs) can reset the device’s passcode.(Citation: Android resetPassword)\n\nOn iOS devices, this technique does not work because mobile device management servers can only remove the screen lock passcode, they cannot set a new passcode. However, on jailbroken devices, malware has been discovered that can lock the user out of the device.(Citation: Xiao-KeyRaider)","modified":"2022-04-01T18:49:51.039Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Device Lockout","x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users can review which applications have device administrator access in the device settings, and revoke permission where appropriate.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:58:20.113Z","name":"Remote Device Management Services","description":"An adversary may use access to cloud services (e.g. Google's Android Device Manager or Apple iCloud's Find my iPhone) or to an enterprise mobility management (EMM)/mobile device management (MDM) server console to track the location of mobile devices managed by the service.(Citation: Krebs-Location) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Google sends a notification to the device when Android Device Manager is used to locate it. Additionally, Google provides the ability for users to view their general account activity and alerts users when their credentials have been used on a new device. Apple iCloud also provides notifications to users of account activity such as when credentials have been used. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--9ef05e3d-52db-4c12-be4f-519214bbe91f","created":"2022-04-05T19:37:15.984Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1430/001","external_id":"T1430.001"},{"source_name":"Krebs-Location","description":"Brian Krebs. (2018, May 17). Tracking Firm LocationSmart Leaked Location Data for Customers of All Major U.S. Mobile Carriers Without Consent in Real Time Via Its Web Site. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","url":"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/05/tracking-firm-locationsmart-leaked-location-data-for-customers-of-all-major-u-s-mobile-carriers-in-real-time-via-its-web-site/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-5.html","external_id":"ECO-5"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-7.html","external_id":"EMM-7"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-27T21:09:27.288Z","name":"Data Destruction","description":"Adversaries may destroy data and files on specific devices or in large numbers to interrupt availability to systems, services, and network resources. Data destruction is likely to render stored data irrecoverable by forensic techniques through overwriting files or data on local and remote drives.  \n\nTo achieve data destruction, adversaries may use the `pm uninstall` command to uninstall packages or the `rm` command to remove specific files. For example, adversaries may first use `pm uninstall` to uninstall non-system apps, and then use `rm (-f) <file(s)>` to delete specific files, further hiding malicious activity.(Citation: rootnik_rooting_tool)(Citation: abuse_native_linux_tools)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--9ef14445-6f35-4ed0-a042-5024f13a9242","created":"2023-09-22T19:09:15.698Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1662","external_id":"T1662"},{"source_name":"rootnik_rooting_tool","description":"Hu, W., et al. (2015, December 4). Rootnik Android Trojan Abuses Commercial Rooting Tool and Steals Private Information. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","url":"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/rootnik-android-trojan-abuses-commercial-rooting-tool-and-steals-private-information/"},{"source_name":"abuse_native_linux_tools","description":"Surana, N., et al. (2022, September 8). How Malicious Actors Abuse Native Linux Tools in Attacks. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","url":"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_za/research/22/i/how-malicious-actors-abuse-native-linux-tools-in-their-attacks.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a0464539-e1b7-4455-a355-12495987c300","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:13.625Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1427","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1427"},{"source_name":"ArsTechnica-PoisonTap","url":"http://arstechnica.com/security/2016/11/meet-poisontap-the-5-tool-that-ransacks-password-protected-computers/","description":"Dan Goodin. (2016, November 16). Meet PoisonTap, the $5 tool that ransacks password-protected computers. Retrieved December 22, 2016."},{"source_name":"Wang-ExploitingUSB","url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1920314","description":"Z. Wang and A. Stavrou. (2010, December 6-10). Exploiting smart-phone USB connectivity for fun and profit. Retrieved December 22, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/physical-threats/PHY-2.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"PHY-2"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"With escalated privileges, an adversary could program the mobile device to impersonate USB devices such as input devices (keyboard and mouse), storage devices, and/or networking devices in order to attack a physically connected PC(Citation: Wang-ExploitingUSB)(Citation: ArsTechnica-PoisonTap) This technique has been demonstrated on Android. We are unaware of any demonstrations on iOS.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:39:14.695Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Attack PC via USB Connection","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"lateral-movement"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--a21a6a79-f9a1-4c87-aed9-ba2d79536881","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:05.928Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1441","external_id":"T1441"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.700Z","name":"Stolen Developer Credentials or Signing Keys","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a5de0540-73e7-4c67-96da-4143afedc7ed","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:22.296Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1467","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1467"},{"source_name":"Computerworld-Femtocell","url":"http://www.computerworld.com/article/2484538/cybercrime-hacking/researchers-exploit-cellular-tech-flaws-to-intercept-phone-calls.html","description":"Jaikumar Vijayan. (2013, August 1). Researchers exploit cellular tech flaws to intercept phone calls. Retrieved December 24, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-7.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"CEL-7"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could set up a rogue cellular base station and then use it to eavesdrop on or manipulate cellular device communication. A compromised cellular femtocell could be used to carry out this technique(Citation: Computerworld-Femtocell).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:52:41.578Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Rogue Cellular Base Station","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_contributors":["Karim Hasanen, @_karimhasanen"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a64a820a-cb21-471f-920c-506a2ff04fa5","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:20.329Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1451","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1451"},{"source_name":"Betanews-Simswap","url":"http://betanews.com/2016/02/12/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sim-swap-scams/","description":"Alex Cambell. (2016, February 12). Everything you need to know about SIM swap scams. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Krebs-SimSwap","url":"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/05/t-mobile-employee-made-unauthorized-sim-swap-to-steal-instagram-account/","description":"Brian Krebs. (2018, May 18). T-Mobile Employee Made Unauthorized ‘SIM Swap’ to Steal Instagram Account. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"TechCrunch-SimSwap","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/23/i-was-hacked/","description":"John Biggs. (2017, August 23). I was hacked. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"Motherboard-Simswap2","url":"https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/3ky5a5/criminals-recruit-telecom-employees-sim-swapping-port-out-scam","description":"Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai. (2018, August 3). How Criminals Recruit Telecom Employees to Help Them Hijack SIM Cards. Retrieved August 11, 2018."},{"source_name":"Motherboard-Simswap1","url":"https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/vbqax3/hackers-sim-swapping-steal-phone-numbers-instagram-bitcoin","description":"Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai. (2018, July 17). The SIM Hijackers. Retrieved August 11, 2018."},{"source_name":"Guardian-Simswap","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/apr/16/sim-swap-fraud-mobile-banking-fraudsters","description":"Miles Brignall. (2016, April 16). Sim-swap fraud claims another mobile banking victim. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"NYGov-Simswap","url":"http://www.dos.ny.gov/consumerprotection/scams/att-sim.html","description":"New York Department of State. (2016, February 12). AT&T SIM-Card Switch Scam. Retrieved August 23, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-22.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"STA-22"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"An adversary could convince the mobile network operator (e.g. through social networking, forged identification, or insider attacks performed by trusted employees) to issue a new SIM card and associate it with an existing phone number and account.(Citation: NYGov-Simswap)(Citation: Motherboard-Simswap2) The adversary could then obtain SMS messages or hijack phone calls intended for someone else.(Citation: Betanews-Simswap)\n\nOne use case is intercepting authentication messages or phone calls to obtain illicit access to online banking or other online accounts, as many online services allow account password resets by sending an authentication code over SMS to a phone number associated with the account.(Citation: Guardian-Simswap)(Citation: Motherboard-Simswap1)(Citation: Krebs-SimSwap)(Citation: TechCrunch-SimSwap)","modified":"2022-04-06T15:53:54.872Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"SIM Card Swap","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:44:36.145Z","name":"Input Capture","description":"Adversaries may use methods of capturing user input to obtain credentials or collect information. During normal device usage, users often provide credentials to various locations, such as login pages/portals or system dialog boxes. Input capture mechanisms may be transparent to the user (e.g. [Keylogging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/001)) or rely on deceiving the user into providing input into what they believe to be a genuine application prompt (e.g. [GUI Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/002)).","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services can look for applications requesting the permissions granting access to accessibility services or application overlay. Users can view and manage installed third-party keyboards.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.3","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a8c31121-852b-46bd-9ba4-674ae5afe7ad","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:27.660Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417","external_id":"T1417"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","external_id":"APP-31"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-13.html","external_id":"AUT-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:57:17.144Z","name":"Generate Traffic from Victim","description":"Adversaries may generate outbound traffic from devices. This is typically performed to manipulate external outcomes, such as to achieve carrier billing fraud or to manipulate app store rankings or ratings. Outbound traffic is typically generated as SMS messages or general web traffic, but may take other forms as well.\n\nIf done via SMS messages, Android apps must hold the `SEND_SMS` permission. Additionally, sending an SMS message requires user consent if the recipient is a premium number. Applications cannot send SMS messages on iOS","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users can review which applications can use premium SMS features in the “Special access” page within application settings. Application vetting services can detect when applications request the `SEND_SMS` permission, which should be infrequently used.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a8e971b8-8dc7-4514-8249-ae95427ec467","created":"2022-04-06T13:55:14.390Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1643","external_id":"T1643"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-16.html","external_id":"APP-16"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:18:29.556Z","name":"Disguise Root/Jailbreak Indicators","description":"An adversary could use knowledge of the techniques used by security software to evade detection.(Citation: Brodie)(Citation: Tan) For example, some mobile security products perform compromised device detection by searching for particular artifacts such as an installed \"su\" binary, but that check could be evaded by naming the binary something else. Similarly, polymorphic code techniques could be used to evade signature-based detection.(Citation: Rastogi)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can use attestation to detect compromised devices.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a91262d5-b9ff-463f-b8d2-12e4ea1eb3c9","created":"2022-04-08T16:29:30.087Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/003","external_id":"T1630.003"},{"source_name":"Brodie","description":"Daniel Brodie. (2016). Practical Attacks against Mobile Device Management (MDM). Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://media.blackhat.com/eu-13/briefings/Brodie/bh-eu-13-lacoon-attacks-mdm-brodie-wp.pdf"},{"source_name":"Rastogi","description":"Vaibhav Rastogi, Yan Chen, and Xuxian Jiang. (2013, May). DroidChameleon: Evaluating Android Anti-malware against Transformation Attacks. Retrieved December 9, 2016.","url":"http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~vrastogi/static/papers/rcj13b.pdf"},{"source_name":"Tan","description":"Vincent Tan. (2016, August). BAD FOR ENTERPRISE: ATTACKING BYOD ENTERPRISE MOBILE SECURITY SOLUTIONS. Retrieved February 4, 2017.","url":"http://www.blackhat.com/us-16/briefings.html#bad-for-enterprise-attacking-byod-enterprise-mobile-security-solutions"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-5.html","external_id":"EMM-5"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_contributors":["Alex Hinchliffe, Palo Alto Networks"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a93ccb8f-3996-42e2-b7c7-bb599d4e205f","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:35.247Z","x_mitre_version":"2.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1444","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1444"},{"source_name":"Palo Alto HenBox","url":"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/","description":"A. Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019."},{"source_name":"Zhou","url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6234407","description":"Yajin Zhou and Xuxian Jiang. (2012, May). Dissecting Android Malware: Characterization and Evolution. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-31"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-14.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-14"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"An adversary could distribute developed malware by masquerading the malware as a legitimate application. This can be done in two different ways: by embedding the malware in a legitimate application, or by pretending to be a legitimate application.\n\nEmbedding the malware in a legitimate application is done by downloading the application, disassembling it, adding the malicious code, and then re-assembling it.(Citation: Zhou) The app would appear to be the original app, but would contain additional malicious functionality. The adversary could then publish the malicious application to app stores or use another delivery method.\n\nPretending to be a legitimate application relies heavily on lack of scrutinization by the user. Typically, a malicious app pretending to be a legitimate one will have many similar details as the legitimate one, such as name, icon, and description.(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox)\n\nMalicious applications may also masquerade as legitimate applications when requesting access to the accessibility service in order to appear as legitimate to the user, increasing the likelihood that the access will be granted.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:45:52.558Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Masquerade as Legitimate Application","x_mitre_detection":"Users can detect malicious applications by watching for nuances that could indicate the application is not the intended one when it is being installed.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--a9cab8f6-4c94-4c9b-9e7d-9d863ff53431","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:19.682Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1457","external_id":"T1457"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.703Z","name":"Malicious Media Content","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-16T18:28:28.234Z","name":"Calendar Entries","description":"Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather calendar entry data. On Android, this can be accomplished using the Calendar Content Provider. On iOS, this can be accomplished using the `EventKit` framework. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access [Calendar Entries](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/001) without the user’s knowledge or approval. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On both Android and iOS, the user can manage which applications have permission to access calendar information through the device settings screen, revoke the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_CALENDAR` or `android.permission.WRITE_CALENDAR` in an Android application’s manifest, or `NSCalendarsUsageDescription` in an iOS application’s `Info.plist` file. Most applications do not need calendar access, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--a9fa0d30-a8ff-45bf-922e-7720da0b7922","created":"2022-04-01T12:48:27.021Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/001","external_id":"T1636.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","external_id":"APP-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:52:24.758Z","name":"File Deletion","description":"Adversaries may wipe a device or delete individual files in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. An application must have administrator access to fully wipe the device, while individual files may not require special permissions to delete depending on their storage location.(Citation: Android DevicePolicyManager 2019) \n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The impact file deletion will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary, but can include deleting update files to evade detection or deleting attacker-specified files for impact.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can detect which applications can request device administrator permissions. Users can view applications with administrator access through the device settings, and may also notice if user data is inexplicably missing. Application vetting services could be extra scrutinous of applications that request device administrator permissions.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ab7400b7-3476-4776-9545-ef3fa373de63","created":"2022-03-30T19:36:09.691Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1630/002","external_id":"T1630.002"},{"source_name":"Android DevicePolicyManager 2019","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved September 22, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:39:10.201Z","name":"Device Lockout","description":"An adversary may seek to inhibit user interaction by locking the legitimate user out of the device. This is typically accomplished by requesting device administrator permissions and then locking the screen using `DevicePolicyManager.lockNow()`. Other novel techniques for locking the user out of the device have been observed, such as showing a persistent overlay, using carefully crafted “call” notification screens, and locking HTML pages in the foreground. These techniques can be very difficult to get around, and typically require booting the device into safe mode to uninstall the malware.(Citation: Microsoft MalLockerB)(Citation: Talos GPlayed)(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)\n\nPrior to Android 7, device administrators were able to reset the device lock passcode to prevent the user from unlocking the device. The release of Android 7 introduced updates that only allow device or profile owners (e.g. MDMs) to reset the device’s passcode.(Citation: Android resetPassword)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view a list of device administrators in device settings and revoke permission where appropriate. Applications that request device administrator permissions should be scrutinized further for malicious behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--acf8fd2a-dc98-43b4-8d37-64e10728e591","created":"2022-04-01T18:49:03.892Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629/002","external_id":"T1629.002"},{"source_name":"Microsoft MalLockerB","description":"D. Venkatesan. (2020, October 8). Sophisticated new Android malware marks the latest evolution of mobile ransomware . Retrieved October 29, 2020.","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/10/08/sophisticated-new-android-malware-marks-the-latest-evolution-of-mobile-ransomware/"},{"source_name":"Android resetPassword","description":"Google. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved October 1, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html#resetPassword(java.lang.String,%20int)"},{"source_name":"securelist rotexy 2018","description":"T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan – banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/"},{"source_name":"Talos GPlayed","description":"V. Ventura. (2018, October 11).  GPlayed Trojan - .Net playing with Google Market . Retrieved November 24, 2020.","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/10/gplayedtrojan.html"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","external_id":"APP-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:48:39.936Z","name":"Keylogging","description":"Adversaries may log user keystrokes to intercept credentials or other information from the user as the user types them.\n\nSome methods of keylogging include:\n\n* Masquerading as a legitimate third-party keyboard to record user keystrokes.(Citation: Zeltser-Keyboard) On both Android and iOS, users must explicitly authorize the use of third-party keyboard apps. Users should be advised to use extreme caution before granting this authorization when it is requested.\n* Abusing accessibility features. On Android, adversaries may abuse accessibility features to record keystrokes by registering an `AccessibilityService` class, overriding the `onAccessibilityEvent` method, and listening for the `AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_TEXT_CHANGED` event type. The event object passed into the function will contain the data that the user typed. \n*Additional methods of keylogging may be possible if root access is available. \n","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users can view and manage which applications have third-party keyboard access through the device settings in System -> Languages & input -> Virtual keyboard. On iOS, users can view and manage which applications have third-party keyboard access through the device settings in General -> Keyboard. \n\nApplication vetting services can look for applications requesting the `android.permission.BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE` permission in a service declaration. On Android, users can view and manage which applications can use accessibility services through the device settings in Accessibility. The exact device settings menu locations may vary between operating system versions.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47","created":"2022-04-05T19:45:03.000Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417/001","external_id":"T1417.001"},{"source_name":"Zeltser-Keyboard","description":"Lenny Zeltser. (2016, July 30). Security of Third-Party Keyboard Apps on Mobile Devices. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://zeltser.com/third-party-keyboards-security/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-13.html","external_id":"AUT-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:58:57.001Z","name":"SMS Control","description":"Adversaries may delete, alter, or send SMS messages without user authorization. This could be used to hide C2 SMS messages, spread malware, or various external effects.\n\nThis can be accomplished by requesting the `RECEIVE_SMS` or `SEND_SMS` permissions depending on what the malware is attempting to do. If the app is set as the default SMS handler on the device, the `SMS_DELIVER` broadcast intent can be registered, which allows the app to write to the SMS content provider. The content provider directly modifies the messaging database on the device, which could allow malicious applications with this ability to insert, modify, or delete arbitrary messages on the device.(Citation: SMS KitKat)(Citation: Android SmsProvider)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view the default SMS handler in system settings.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b","created":"2020-09-11T15:14:33.730Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1582","external_id":"T1582"},{"source_name":"Android SmsProvider","description":"Google. (n.d.). SmsProvider.java. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","url":"https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/providers/TelephonyProvider/+/7e7c274/src/com/android/providers/telephony/SmsProvider.java"},{"source_name":"SMS KitKat","description":"S.Main, D. Braun. (2013, October 14).  Getting Your SMS Apps Ready for KitKat. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","url":"https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2013/10/getting-your-sms-apps-ready-for-kitkat.html"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-16.html","external_id":"APP-16"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-41.html","external_id":"CEL-41"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--b332a960-3c04-495a-827f-f17a5daed3a6","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:14.003Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1408","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1408"},{"source_name":"Brodie","url":"https://media.blackhat.com/eu-13/briefings/Brodie/bh-eu-13-lacoon-attacks-mdm-brodie-wp.pdf","description":"Daniel Brodie. (2016). Practical Attacks against Mobile Device Management (MDM). Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"source_name":"Rastogi","url":"http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~vrastogi/static/papers/rcj13b.pdf","description":"Vaibhav Rastogi, Yan Chen, and Xuxian Jiang. (2013, May). DroidChameleon: Evaluating Android Anti-malware against Transformation Attacks. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"source_name":"Tan","url":"http://www.blackhat.com/us-16/briefings.html#bad-for-enterprise-attacking-byod-enterprise-mobile-security-solutions","description":"Vincent Tan. (2016, August). BAD FOR ENTERPRISE: ATTACKING BYOD ENTERPRISE MOBILE SECURITY SOLUTIONS. Retrieved February 4, 2017."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-5.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"EMM-5"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could use knowledge of the techniques used by security software to evade detection(Citation: Brodie)(Citation: Tan). For example, some mobile security products perform compromised device detection by searching for particular artifacts such as an installed \"su\" binary, but that check could be evaded by naming the binary something else. Similarly, polymorphic code techniques could be used to evade signature-based detection(Citation: Rastogi).","modified":"2022-04-08T16:29:55.321Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Disguise Root/Jailbreak Indicators","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--b3c2e5de-0941-4b57-ba61-af029eb5517a","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:27.307Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1438","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1438"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-30.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-30"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data over a different network medium than the command and control channel. If the command and control network is a standard Internet connection, the exfiltration may occur, for example, via Bluetooth, or another radio frequency (RF) channel. \n\nAdversaries may choose to do this if they have sufficient access or proximity, and the connection might not be secured or defended as well as the primary Internet-connected channel because it is not routed through the same enterprise network. ","modified":"2022-04-18T19:46:02.529Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Exfiltration Over Other Network Medium","x_mitre_detection":"Exfiltration over other network mediums can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"command-and-control","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--b765efd1-02e6-4e67-aebf-0fef5c37e54b","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:26.473Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1440","external_id":"T1440"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.700Z","name":"Detect App Analysis Environment","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:55:54.442Z","name":"Process Injection","description":"Adversaries may inject code into processes in order to evade process-based defenses or even elevate privileges. Process injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. Running code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via process injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. \n\nBoth Android and iOS have no legitimate way to achieve process injection. The only way this is possible is by abusing existing root access or exploiting a vulnerability.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for misuse of dynamic libraries.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--b7c0e45f-0206-4f75-96e7-fe7edad3aaff","created":"2022-03-30T18:50:43.393Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1631","external_id":"T1631"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--b928b94a-4966-4e2a-9e61-36505b896ebc","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:24.905Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1462","external_id":"T1462"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.704Z","name":"Malicious Software Development Tools","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--bb4387ab-7a51-468b-bf5f-a9a8612f0303","created":"2022-04-05T20:14:17.310Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1521.001","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/001"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may employ a known symmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic, rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Symmetric encryption algorithms use the same key for plaintext encryption and ciphertext decryption. Common symmetric encryption algorithms include AES, Blowfish, and RC4.","modified":"2022-04-05T20:14:17.310Z","name":"Symmetric Cryptography","x_mitre_detection":"Since data encryption is a common practice in many legitimate applications and uses standard programming language-specific APIs, encrypting data for command and control communication is regarded as undetectable to the user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"command-and-control","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--bd4d32f5-eed4-4018-a649-40b229dd1d69","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:30.127Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1402","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1402"},{"source_name":"Android Changes to System Broadcasts","url":"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/broadcasts#changes-system-broadcasts","description":"Google. (2019, December 27). Broadcasts Overview. Retrieved January 27, 2020."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An intent is a message passed between Android application or system components. Applications can register to receive broadcast intents at runtime, which are system-wide intents delivered to each app when certain events happen on the device, such as network changes or the user unlocking the screen. Malicious applications can then trigger certain actions within the app based on which broadcast intent was received.\n\nFurther, malicious applications can register for intents broadcasted by other applications in addition to the Android system itself. This allows the malware to respond based on actions in other applications. This behavior typically indicates a more intimate knowledge, or potentially the targeting of specific devices, users, or applications.\n\nIn Android 8 (API level 26), broadcast intent behavior was changed, limiting the implicit intents that applications can register for in the manifest. In most cases, applications that register through the manifest will no longer receive the broadcasts. Now, applications must register context-specific broadcast receivers while the user is actively using the app.(Citation: Android Changes to System Broadcasts)","modified":"2022-03-30T14:43:46.019Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Broadcast Receivers","x_mitre_detection":"Broadcast intent receivers are part of standard OS-level APIs and are therefore typically undetectable to the end user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-02-21T20:44:44.404Z","name":"Wi-Fi Discovery","description":"Adversaries may search for information about Wi-Fi networks, such as network names and passwords, on compromised systems. Adversaries may use Wi-Fi information as part of [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0032) or [Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0031) activity to support both ongoing and future campaigns. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--be63612f-a48f-44f2-a7a6-1763509fcf80","created":"2024-02-21T20:44:44.404Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422/002","external_id":"T1422.002"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:21:12.603Z","name":"Compromise Hardware Supply Chain","description":"Adversaries may manipulate hardware components in products prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. By modifying hardware or firmware in the supply chain, adversaries can insert a backdoor into consumer networks that may be difficult to detect and give the adversary a high degree of control over the system. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Integrity checking mechanisms can potentially detect unauthorized hardware modifications.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c08366bb-8d11-4921-853f-f0a3b6a2a1da","created":"2022-03-28T19:30:15.556Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474/002","external_id":"T1474.002"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-1.html","external_id":"SPC-1"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-2.html","external_id":"SPC-2"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-4.html","external_id":"SPC-4"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-5.html","external_id":"SPC-5"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-6.html","external_id":"SPC-6"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-7.html","external_id":"SPC-7"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-8.html","external_id":"SPC-8"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-13.html","external_id":"SPC-13"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-16.html","external_id":"SPC-16"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-17.html","external_id":"SPC-17"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/supply-chain-threats/SPC-21.html","external_id":"SPC-21"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-09-12T15:17:00.569Z","name":"Clipboard Data","description":"Adversaries may abuse clipboard manager APIs to obtain sensitive information copied to the device clipboard. For example, passwords being copied and pasted from a password manager application could be captured by a malicious application installed on the device.(Citation: Fahl-Clipboard) \n\n \n\nOn Android, applications can use the `ClipboardManager.OnPrimaryClipChangedListener()` API to register as a listener and monitor the clipboard for changes. However, starting in Android 10, this can only be used if the application is in the foreground, or is set as the device’s default input method editor (IME).(Citation: Github Capture Clipboard 2019)(Citation: Android 10 Privacy Changes) \n\n \n\nOn iOS, this can be accomplished by accessing the `UIPasteboard.general.string` field. However, starting in iOS 14, upon accessing the clipboard, the user will be shown a system notification if the accessed text originated in a different application. For example, if the user copies the text of an iMessage from the Messages application, the notification will read “application_name has pasted from Messages” when the text was pasted in a different application.(Citation: UIPPasteboard)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could detect usage of standard clipboard APIs.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"3.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c4b96c0b-cb58-497a-a1c2-bb447d79d692","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:19.996Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1414","external_id":"T1414"},{"source_name":"Android 10 Privacy Changes","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Privacy changes in Android 10. Retrieved September 11, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#clipboard-data"},{"source_name":"UIPPasteboard","description":"Apple Developer. (n.d.). UIPasteboard. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uipasteboard"},{"source_name":"Fahl-Clipboard","description":"Fahl, S, et al.. (2013). Hey, You, Get Off of My Clipboard. Retrieved September 12, 2024.","url":"https://saschafahl.de/static/paper/pwmanagers2013.pdf"},{"source_name":"Github Capture Clipboard 2019","description":"Pearce, G. (, January). Retrieved August 8, 2019.","url":"https://github.com/grepx/android-clipboard-security"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-35.html","external_id":"APP-35"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c5089859-b21f-40a3-8be4-63e381b8b1c0","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:30.890Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1400","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1400"},{"source_name":"Android-VerifiedBoot","url":"https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/","description":"Android. (n.d.). Verified Boot. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"source_name":"Apple-iOSSecurityGuide","url":"https://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf","description":"Apple. (2016, May). iOS Security. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-27"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"If an adversary can escalate privileges, he or she may be able to use those privileges to place malicious code in the device system partition, where it may persist after device resets and may not be easily removed by the device user.\n\nMany Android devices provide the ability to unlock the bootloader for development purposes. An unlocked bootloader may provide the ability for an adversary to modify the system partition. Even if the bootloader is locked, it may be possible for an adversary to escalate privileges and then modify the system partition.","modified":"2022-03-30T15:18:21.242Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Modify System Partition","x_mitre_detection":"Android devices with the Verified Boot capability (Citation: Android-VerifiedBoot) perform cryptographic checks of the integrity of the system partition.\n\nThe Android SafetyNet API's remote attestation capability could potentially be used to identify and respond to compromised devices.\n\nSamsung KNOX also provides a remote attestation capability on supported Samsung Android devices.\n\niOS devices will fail to boot or fail to allow device activation if unauthorized modifications are detected.(Citation: Apple-iOSSecurityGuide)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:55:32.497Z","name":"Data Manipulation","description":"Adversaries may insert, delete, or alter data in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. By manipulating data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, or decision making.\n\nThe type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target application, process, and the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system, typically gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign, in order to have the desired impact.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for use of standard APIs (e.g. the clipboard API) that could indicate data manipulation is occurring.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c548d8c4-a0a3-4a24-bb79-2a84abbc7b36","created":"2022-04-06T13:34:46.021Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1641","external_id":"T1641"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:58:33.873Z","name":"SMS Messages","description":"Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather SMS messages. On Android, this can be accomplished using the SMS Content Provider. iOS provides no standard API to access SMS messages. \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access [SMS Messages](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/004) without the user’s knowledge or approval. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can manage which applications have permission to access SMS messages through the device settings screen, revoking the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_SMS` in an Android application’s manifest. Most applications do not need access to SMS messages, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c6421411-ae61-42bb-9098-73fddb315002","created":"2022-04-01T13:25:30.923Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/004","external_id":"T1636.004"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","external_id":"APP-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:31:37.317Z","name":"Web Service","description":"Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying data to/from a compromised system. Popular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. \n\n \n\nUse of Web services may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis, or enable operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed). \n\n ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.3","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c6a146ae-9c63-4606-97ff-e261e76e8380","created":"2019-02-01T17:29:43.503Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481","external_id":"T1481"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-08T19:20:51.220Z","name":"System Runtime API Hijacking","description":"Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the way an operating system runs applications. Hijacking execution flow can be for the purposes of persistence since this hijacked execution may reoccur at later points in time. \n\n\nOn Android, adversaries may overwrite the standard OS API library with a malicious alternative to hook into core functions to achieve persistence. By doing this, the adversary’s code will be executed every time the overwritten API function is called by an app on the infected device.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile threat defense agents could detect unauthorized operating system modifications by using attestation. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--c6e17ca2-08b5-4379-9786-89bd05241831","created":"2022-03-30T15:07:51.646Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1625/001","external_id":"T1625.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","external_id":"APP-27"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--c91c304a-975d-4501-9789-0db1c57afd3f","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:07.149Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1455","external_id":"T1455"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.702Z","name":"Exploit Baseband Vulnerability","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-09-08T19:19:37.927Z","name":"Credentials from Password Store","description":"Adversaries may search common password storage locations to obtain user credentials. Passwords can be stored in several places on a device, depending on the operating system or application holding the credentials. There are also specific applications that store passwords to make it easier for users to manage and maintain. Once credentials are obtained, they can be used to perform lateral movement and access restricted information.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can potentially detect jailbroken devices. Application vetting services may be able to detect known privilege escalation exploits contained within applications, as well as searching application packages for strings that correlate to known password store locations.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--cc6e0637-76d2-4af3-a604-9d8d3ff8a6b3","created":"2022-04-01T14:55:10.494Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1634","external_id":"T1634"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-11.html","external_id":"AUT-11"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Hooking","description":"Adversaries may utilize hooking to hide the presence of artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection. Hooking can be used to modify return values or data structures of system APIs and function calls. This process typically involves using 3rd party root frameworks, such as Xposed or Magisk, with either a system exploit or pre-existing root access. By including custom modules for root frameworks, adversaries can hook system APIs and alter the return value and/or system data structures to alter functionality/visibility of various aspects of the system.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_detection":"Hooking can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_contributors":["Jörg Abraham, EclecticIQ"],"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ccde43e4-78f9-4f32-b401-c081e7db71ea","created":"2021-09-24T14:47:34.182Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1617","external_id":"T1617"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--cde2cb84-455e-410c-8aa9-086f2788bcd2","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1478","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1478"},{"source_name":"Talos-MDM","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/07/Mobile-Malware-Campaign-uses-Malicious-MDM.html","description":"Warren Mercer, Paul Rascagneres, Andrew Williams. (2018, July 12). Advanced Mobile Malware Campaign in India uses Malicious MDM. Retrieved September 24, 2018."},{"source_name":"Symantec-iOSProfile","url":"https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/malicious-profiles-sleeping-giant-ios-security","description":"Yair Amit. (2013, March 12). Malicious Profiles – The Sleeping Giant of iOS Security. Retrieved September 24, 2018."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-7.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"STA-7"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could attempt to install insecure or malicious configuration settings on the mobile device, through means such as phishing emails or text messages either directly containing the configuration settings as an attachment, or containing a web link to the configuration settings. The device user may be tricked into installing the configuration settings through social engineering techniques (Citation: Symantec-iOSProfile).\n\nFor example, an unwanted Certification Authority (CA) certificate could be placed in the device's trusted certificate store, increasing the device's susceptibility to adversary-in-the-middle network attacks seeking to eavesdrop on or manipulate the device's network communication ([Eavesdrop on Insecure Network Communication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1439) and [Manipulate Device Communication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1463)).\n\nOn iOS, malicious Configuration Profiles could contain unwanted Certification Authority (CA) certificates or other insecure settings such as unwanted proxy server or VPN settings to route the device's network traffic through an adversary's system. The device could also potentially be enrolled into a malicious Mobile Device Management (MDM) system (Citation: Talos-MDM).","modified":"2022-03-30T18:18:15.903Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Install Insecure or Malicious Configuration","x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can view trusted CA certificates through the device settings and look for unexpected certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies.\n\nOn iOS, the user can view installed Configuration Profiles through the device settings and look for unexpected profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"defense-evasion","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"},{"phase_name":"initial-access","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:53:35.087Z","name":"File and Directory Discovery","description":"Adversaries may enumerate files and directories or search in specific device locations for desired information within a filesystem. Adversaries may use the information from [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1420) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including deciding if the adversary should fully infect the target and/or attempt specific actions. \n\nOn Android, Linux file permissions and SELinux policies typically stringently restrict what can be accessed by apps without taking advantage of a privilege escalation exploit. The contents of the external storage directory are generally visible, which could present concerns if sensitive data is inappropriately stored there. iOS's security architecture generally restricts the ability to perform any type of [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1420) without use of escalated privileges. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users are presented with a permissions popup when an application requests access to external device storage.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--cf28ca46-1fd3-46b4-b1f6-ec0b72361848","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:21.965Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1420","external_id":"T1420"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-41.html","external_id":"STA-41"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-09T14:38:34.859Z","name":"Obfuscated Files or Information","description":"Adversaries may attempt to make a payload or file difficult to discover or analyze by encrypting, encoding, or otherwise obfuscating its contents on the device or in transit. This is common behavior that can be used across different platforms and the network to evade defenses. \n \nPayloads may be compressed, archived, or encrypted in order to avoid detection. These payloads may be used during Initial Access or later to mitigate detection. Portions of files can also be encoded to hide the plaintext strings that would otherwise help defenders with discovery. Payloads may also be split into separate, seemingly benign files that only reveal malicious functionality when reassembled.(Citation: Microsoft MalLockerB) ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Dynamic analysis, when used in application vetting, may in some cases be able to identify malicious code in obfuscated or encrypted form by detecting the code at execution time (after it is deobfuscated or decrypted). Some application vetting techniques apply reputation analysis of the application developer and can alert to potentially suspicious applications without actual examination of application code.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"3.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d13fa042-8f26-44e1-a2a8-af0bf8e2ac9a","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:32.328Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406","external_id":"T1406"},{"source_name":"Microsoft MalLockerB","description":"D. Venkatesan. (2020, October 8). Sophisticated new Android malware marks the latest evolution of mobile ransomware . Retrieved October 29, 2020.","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/10/08/sophisticated-new-android-malware-marks-the-latest-evolution-of-mobile-ransomware/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-21.html","external_id":"APP-21"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-08T22:50:32.775Z","name":"Input Injection","description":"A malicious application can inject input to the user interface to mimic user interaction through the abuse of Android's accessibility APIs.\n\n[Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516) can be achieved using any of the following methods:\n\n* Mimicking user clicks on the screen, for example to steal money from a user's PayPal account.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)\n* Injecting global actions, such as `GLOBAL_ACTION_BACK` (programatically mimicking a physical back button press), to trigger actions on behalf of the user.(Citation: Talos Gustuff Apr 2019)\n* Inserting input into text fields on behalf of the user. This method is used legitimately to auto-fill text fields by applications such as password managers.(Citation: bitwarden autofill logins)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Lukáš Štefanko, ESET"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view applications that have registered accessibility services in the accessibility menu within the device settings.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d1f1337e-aea7-454c-86bd-482a98ffaf62","created":"2019-09-15T15:26:22.356Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516","external_id":"T1516"},{"source_name":"bitwarden autofill logins","description":"Bitwarden. (n.d.).  Auto-fill logins on Android . Retrieved September 15, 2019.","url":"https://help.bitwarden.com/article/auto-fill-android/"},{"source_name":"android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/"},{"source_name":"Talos Gustuff Apr 2019","description":"Vitor Ventura. (2019, April 9).  Gustuff banking botnet targets Australia . Retrieved September 3, 2019.","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/gustuff-targets-australia.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:51:23.109Z","name":"Network Denial of Service","description":"Adversaries may perform Network Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to degrade or block the availability of targeted resources to users. Network DoS can be performed by exhausting the network bandwidth that services rely on, or by jamming the signal going to or coming from devices. \n\nA Network DoS will occur when an adversary is able to jam radio signals (e.g. Wi-Fi, cellular, GPS) around a device to prevent it from communicating. For example, to jam cellular signal, an adversary may use a handheld signal jammer, which jam devices within the jammer’s operational range.(Citation: NIST-SP800187) \n\nUsage of cellular jamming has been documented in several arrests reported in the news.(Citation: CNET-Celljammer)(Citation: NYTimes-Celljam)(Citation: Digitaltrends-Celljam)(Citation: Arstechnica-Celljam)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Unexpected loss of radio signal could indicate that a device is being actively jammed.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.3","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d2e112dc-f6d4-488d-b8df-ecbfb57a0a2d","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:25.740Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1464","external_id":"T1464"},{"source_name":"CNET-Celljammer","description":"Chris Matyszczyk. (2014, May 1). FCC: Man used device to jam drivers' cell phone calls. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","url":"https://www.cnet.com/news/man-put-cell-phone-jammer-in-car-to-stop-driver-calls-fcc-says/"},{"source_name":"Arstechnica-Celljam","description":"David Kravets. (2016, March 10). Man accused of jamming passengers’ cell phones on Chicago subway. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","url":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/03/man-accused-of-jamming-passengers-cell-phones-on-chicago-subway/"},{"source_name":"NIST-SP800187","description":"Jeffrey Cichonski, Joshua M Franklin, Michael Bartock. (2017, December). Guide to LTE Security. Retrieved January 20, 2017.","url":"http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-187/sp800_187_draft.pdf"},{"source_name":"NYTimes-Celljam","description":"Matt Richtel. (2007, November 4). Devices Enforce Silence of Cellphones, Illegally. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/technology/04jammer.html"},{"source_name":"Digitaltrends-Celljam","description":"Trevor Mogg. (2015, June 5). Florida teacher punished after signal-jamming his students’ cell phones. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","url":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/florida-teacher-punished-after-signal-jamming-his-students-cell-phones/"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-7.html","external_id":"CEL-7"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-8.html","external_id":"CEL-8"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/lan-pan-threats/LPN-5.html","external_id":"LPN-5"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/gps-threats/GPS-0.html","external_id":"GPS-0"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2022-10-24T15:09:07.609Z","name":"Compromise Application Executable","description":"Adversaries may modify applications installed on a device to establish persistent access to a victim. These malicious modifications can be used to make legitimate applications carry out adversary tasks when these applications are in use.\n\nThere are multiple ways an adversary can inject malicious code into applications. One method is by taking advantages of device vulnerabilities, the most well-known being Janus, an Android vulnerability that allows adversaries to add extra bytes to APK (application) and DEX (executable) files without affecting the file's signature. By being able to add arbitrary bytes to valid applications, attackers can seamlessly inject code into genuine executables without the user's knowledge.(Citation: Guardsquare Janus)\n\nAdversaries may also rebuild applications to include malicious modifications. This can be achieved by decompiling the genuine application, merging it with the malicious code, and recompiling it.(Citation: CheckPoint Agent Smith)\n\nAdversaries may also take action to conceal modifications to application executables and bypass user consent. These actions include altering modifications to appear as an update or exploiting vulnerabilities that allow activities of the malicious application to run inside a system application.(Citation: CheckPoint Agent Smith)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_detection":"This behavior is seamless to the user and is typically undetectable.","x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d3bc5020-f6a2-41c0-8ccb-5e563101b60c","created":"2020-05-07T15:24:49.068Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1577","external_id":"T1577"},{"source_name":"Guardsquare Janus","description":"Guarsquare. (2017, November 13). New Android vulnerability allows attackers to modify apps without affecting their signatures. Retrieved May 7, 2020.","url":"https://www.guardsquare.com/en/blog/new-android-vulnerability-allows-attackers-modify-apps-without-affecting-their-signatures"},{"source_name":"CheckPoint Agent Smith","description":"A. Hazum, F. He, I. Marom, B. Melnykov, A. Polkovnichenko. (2019, July 10). Agent Smith: A New Species of Mobile Malware. Retrieved May 7, 2020.","url":"https://research.checkpoint.com/2019/agent-smith-a-new-species-of-mobile-malware/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:43:46.177Z","name":"Event Triggered Execution","description":"Adversaries may establish persistence using system mechanisms that trigger execution based on specific events. Mobile operating systems have means to subscribe to events such as receiving an SMS message, device boot completion, or other device activities. \n\nAdversaries may abuse these mechanisms as a means of maintaining persistent access to a victim via automatically and repeatedly executing malicious code. After gaining access to a victim’s system, adversaries may create or modify event triggers to point to malicious content that will be executed whenever the event trigger is invoked. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services can detect which broadcast intents an application registers for and which permissions it requests. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d446b9f0-06a9-4a8d-97ee-298cfee84f14","created":"2022-03-30T14:25:41.721Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1624","external_id":"T1624"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-02-20T23:35:22.949Z","name":"System Network Configuration Discovery","description":"Adversaries may look for details about the network configuration and settings, such as IP and/or MAC addresses, of devices they access or through information discovery of remote systems. \n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Network Configuration Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining certain access within the target network and what actions to do next. \n\nOn Android, details of onboard network interfaces are accessible to apps through the `java.net.NetworkInterface` class.(Citation: NetworkInterface) Previously, the Android `TelephonyManager` class could be used to gather telephony-related device identifiers, information such as the IMSI, IMEI, and phone number. However, starting with Android 10, only preloaded, carrier, the default SMS, or device and profile owner applications can access the telephony-related device identifiers.(Citation: TelephonyManager) \n\n \n\nOn iOS, gathering network configuration information is not possible without root access. \n\n \n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Network Configuration Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining certain access within the target network and what actions to do next. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"discovery"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could look for usage of the `READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE` Android permission. This could indicate that non-system apps are attempting to access information that they do not have access to.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.4","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:32.740Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422","external_id":"T1422"},{"source_name":"NetworkInterface","description":"Android. (n.d.). NetworkInterface. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/java/net/NetworkInterface.html"},{"source_name":"TelephonyManager","description":"Android. (n.d.). TelephonyManager. Retrieved December 21, 2016.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/telephony/TelephonyManager.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d731c21e-f27d-4756-b418-0e2aaabd6d63","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:25.322Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1463","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1463"},{"source_name":"FireEye-SSL","url":"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/08/ssl-vulnerabilities-who-listens-when-android-applications-talk.html","description":"Adrian Mettler, Yulong Zhang, Vishwanath Raman. (2014, August 20). SSL VULNERABILITIES: WHO LISTENS WHEN ANDROID APPLICATIONS TALK?. Retrieved December 24, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-1.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-1"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"If network traffic between the mobile device and a remote server is not securely protected, then an attacker positioned on the network may be able to manipulate network communication without being detected. For example, FireEye researchers found in 2014 that 68% of the top 1,000 free applications in the Google Play Store had at least one Transport Layer Security (TLS) implementation vulnerability potentially opening the applications' network traffic to adversary-in-the-middle attacks (Citation: FireEye-SSL).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:44:48.421Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Manipulate Device Communication","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:38:27.848Z","name":"Video Capture","description":"An adversary can leverage a device’s cameras to gather information by capturing video recordings. Images may also be captured, potentially in specified intervals, in lieu of video files.  \n\n \n\nMalware or scripts may interact with the device cameras through an available API provided by the operating system. Video or image files may be written to disk and exfiltrated later. This technique differs from [Screen Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1513) due to use of the device’s cameras for video recording rather than capturing the victim’s screen. \n\n \n\nIn Android, an application must hold the `android.permission.CAMERA` permission to access the cameras. In iOS, applications must include the `NSCameraUsageDescription` key in the `Info.plist` file. In both cases, the user must grant permission to the requesting application to use the camera. If the device has been rooted or jailbroken, an adversary may be able to access the camera without knowledge of the user.  ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"The user can view which applications have permission to use the camera through the device settings screen, where the user can then choose to revoke the permissions. During the vetting process, applications using the Android permission `android.permission.CAMERA`, or the iOS `NSCameraUsageDescription` plist entry could be given closer scrutiny. ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d8940e76-f9c1-4912-bea6-e21c251370b6","created":"2019-08-09T16:14:58.254Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1512","external_id":"T1512"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-19.html","external_id":"APP-19"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:35:55.739Z","name":"One-Way Communication","description":"Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service channel as a means for sending commands to a compromised system without receiving return output. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems may opt to send the output from those commands back over a different C2 channel, including to another distinct Web service. Alternatively, compromised systems may return no output at all in cases where adversaries want to send instructions to systems and do not want a response. \n\n \n\nPopular websites and social media, acting as a mechanism for C2, may give a significant amount of cover. This is due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services may provide a list of connections made or received by an application, or a list of domains contacted by the application.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d916f176-a1ca-4a78-9fdd-4058bc28162e","created":"2022-04-06T15:52:07.711Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481/003","external_id":"T1481.003"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d9db3d46-66ca-44b4-9daa-1ef97cb7465a","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1475","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1475"},{"source_name":"Oberheide-Bouncer","url":"https://jon.oberheide.org/files/summercon12-bouncer.pdf","description":"Jon Oberheide and Charlie Miller. (2012). Dissecting the Android Bouncer. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Oberheide-RemoteInstall","url":"https://jon.oberheide.org/blog/2010/06/25/remote-kill-and-install-on-google-android/","description":"Jon Oberheide. (2010, June 25). Remote Kill and Install on Google Android. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Percoco-Bouncer","url":"https://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-12/Briefings/Percoco/BH_US_12_Percoco_Adventures_in_Bouncerland_WP.pdf","description":"Nicholas J. Percoco and Sean Schulte. (2012). Adventures in BouncerLand. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Konoth","url":"http://www.vvdveen.com/publications/BAndroid.pdf","description":"Radhesh Krishnan Konoth, Victor van der Veen, and Herbert Bos. (n.d.). How Anywhere Computing Just Killed Your Phone-Based Two-Factor Authentication. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Petsas","url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2592796","description":"Thanasis Petsas, Giannis Voyatzis, Elias Athanasopoulos, Michalis Polychronakis, Sotiris Ioannidis. (2014, April). Rage Against the Virtual Machine: Hindering Dynamic Analysis of Android Malware. Retrieved December 12, 2016."},{"source_name":"Wang","url":"https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity13/technical-sessions/presentation/wang_tielei","description":"Tielei Wang, Kangjie Lu, Long Lu, Simon Chung, and Wenke Lee. (2013, August). Jekyll on iOS: When Benign Apps Become Evil. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-4.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-4"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-16.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-16"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-17.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-17"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-20.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-20"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-21.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-21"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-22.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"ECO-22"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"Malicious applications are a common attack vector used by adversaries to gain a presence on mobile devices. Mobile devices often are configured to allow application installation only from an authorized app store (e.g., Google Play Store or Apple App Store). An adversary may seek to place a malicious application in an authorized app store, enabling the application to be installed onto targeted devices.\n\nApp stores typically require developer registration and use vetting techniques to identify malicious applications. Adversaries may use these techniques against app store defenses:\n\n* [Download New Code at Runtime](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1407)\n* [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406)\n\nAdversaries may also seek to evade vetting by placing code in a malicious application to detect whether it is running in an app analysis environment and, if so, avoid performing malicious actions while under analysis. (Citation: Petsas) (Citation: Oberheide-Bouncer) (Citation: Percoco-Bouncer) (Citation: Wang)\n\nAdversaries may also use fake identities, payment cards, etc., to create developer accounts to publish malicious applications to app stores. (Citation: Oberheide-Bouncer)\n\nAdversaries may also use control of a target's Google account to use the Google Play Store's remote installation capability to install apps onto the Android devices associated with the Google account. (Citation: Oberheide-RemoteInstall) (Citation: Konoth) (Only applications that are available for download through the Google Play Store can be remotely installed using this technique.)","modified":"2022-04-06T15:41:33.827Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Deliver Malicious App via Authorized App Store","x_mitre_detection":"* An EMM/MDM or mobile threat defense solution can identify the presence of unwanted or known insecure or malicious apps on devices.\n* Developers can scan (or have a third party scan on their behalf) the app stores for presence of unauthorized apps that were submitted using the developer's identity.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:55:09.397Z","name":"Data Encrypted for Impact","description":"An adversary may encrypt files stored on a mobile device to prevent the user from accessing them. This may be done in order to extract monetary compensation from a victim in exchange for decryption or a decryption key (ransomware) or to render data permanently inaccessible in cases where the key is not saved or transmitted.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services may be able to detect if an application attempts to encrypt files, although this may be benign behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"3.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--d9e88203-2b5d-405f-a406-2933b1e3d7e4","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:10.285Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1471","external_id":"T1471"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-28.html","external_id":"APP-28"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-28T15:38:41.106Z","name":"Prevent Application Removal","description":"Adversaries may abuse the Android device administration API to prevent the user from uninstalling a target application. In earlier versions of Android, device administrator applications needed their administration capabilities explicitly deactivated by the user before the application could be uninstalled. This was later updated so the user could deactivate and uninstall the administrator application in one step.\n\nAdversaries may also abuse the device accessibility APIs to prevent removal. This set of APIs allows the application to perform certain actions on behalf of the user and programmatically determine what is being shown on the screen. The malicious application could monitor the device screen for certain modals (e.g., the confirmation modal to uninstall an application) and inject screen input or a back button tap to close the modal. For example, Android's `performGlobalAction(int)` API could be utilized to prevent the user from removing the malicious application from the device after installation. If the user wants to uninstall the malicious application, two cases may occur, both preventing the user from removing the application.\n\n* Case 1: If the integer argument passed to the API call is `2` or `GLOBAL_ACTION_HOME`, the malicious application may direct the user to the home screen from settings screen \n\n* Case 2: If the integer argument passed to the API call is `1` or `GLOBAL_ACTION_BACK`, the malicious application may emulate the back press event ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Shankar Raman, Gen Digital and Abhinand, Amrita University"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can view a list of device administrators and applications that have registered accessibility services in device settings. Users can typically visually see when an action happens that they did not initiate and can subsequently review installed applications for any out of place or unknown ones. Applications that register an accessibility service or request device administrator permissions should be scrutinized further for malicious behavior.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--dc01774a-d1c1-45fb-b506-0a5d1d6593d9","created":"2022-04-01T18:44:32.808Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1629/001","external_id":"T1629.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html","external_id":"APP-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--dd818ea5-adf5-41c7-93b5-f3b839a219fb","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:33.574Z","x_mitre_version":"2.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1421","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1421"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of network connections to or from the compromised device they are currently accessing or from remote systems by querying for information over the network. \n\n \n\nThis is typically accomplished by utilizing device APIs to collect information about nearby networks, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular tower connections. On Android, this can be done by querying the respective APIs: \n\n \n\n* `WifiInfo` for information about the current Wi-Fi connection, as well as nearby Wi-Fi networks. Querying the `WiFiInfo` API requires the application to hold the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` permission. \n\n* `BluetoothAdapter` for information about Bluetooth devices, which also requires the application to hold several permissions granted by the user at runtime. \n\n* For Android versions prior to Q, applications can use the `TelephonyManager.getNeighboringCellInfo()` method. For Q and later, applications can use the `TelephonyManager.getAllCellInfo()` method. Both methods require the application hold the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` permission.","modified":"2022-03-31T16:31:12.821Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"System Network Connections Discovery","x_mitre_detection":"System Network Connections Discovery can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"discovery","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-29T19:45:39.608Z","name":"Phishing","description":"Adversaries may send malicious content to users in order to gain access to their mobile devices. All forms of phishing are electronically delivered social engineering. Adversaries can conduct both non-targeted phishing, such as in mass malware spam campaigns, as well as more targeted phishing tailored for a specific individual, company, or industry, known as “spearphishing”.  Phishing often involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source, as well as evasion techniques, such as removing or manipulating emails or metadata/headers from compromised accounts being abused to send messages.\n\nMobile phishing may take various forms. For example, adversaries may send emails containing malicious attachments or links, typically to deliver and then execute malicious code on victim devices. Phishing may also be conducted via third-party services, like social media platforms.  \n\nMobile devices are a particularly attractive target for adversaries executing phishing campaigns.  Due to their smaller form factor than traditional desktop endpoints, users may not be able to notice minor differences between genuine and phishing websites. Further, mobile devices have additional sensors and radios that allow adversaries to execute phishing attempts over several different vectors, such as: \n\n- SMS messages: Adversaries may send SMS messages (known as “smishing”) from compromised devices to potential targets to convince the target to, for example, install malware, navigate to a specific website, or enable certain insecure configurations on their device.\n- Quick Response (QR) Codes: Adversaries may use QR codes (known as “quishing”) to redirect users to a phishing website. For example, an adversary could replace a legitimate public QR Code with one that leads to a different destination, such as a phishing website. A malicious QR code could also be delivered via other means, such as SMS or email. In the latter case, an adversary could utilize a malicious QR code in an email to pivot from the user’s desktop computer to their mobile device.\n- Phone Calls: Adversaries may call victims (known as “vishing”) to persuade them to perform an action, such as providing login credentials or navigating to a malicious website. This could also be used as a technique to perform the initial access on a mobile device, but then pivot to a computer/other network by having the victim perform an action on a desktop computer.\n","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Vijay Lalwani","Will Thomas, Equinix","Adam Mashinchi","Sam Seabrook, Duke Energy","Naveen Devaraja, bolttech","Brian Donohue"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--defc1257-4db1-4fb3-8ef5-bb77f63146df","created":"2023-09-21T19:35:15.552Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1660","external_id":"T1660"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-9.html","external_id":"AUT-9"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-04-16T20:24:13.854Z","name":"SSL Pinning","description":"Adversaries may use [SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003)  to protect the C2 traffic from being intercepted and analyzed.\n\n[SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003)  is a technique commonly utilized by legitimate websites to ensure that encrypted communications are only allowed with a pre-defined certificate. If another certificate is presented, it could indicate device compromise, traffic interception, or another upstream issue. While benign usages are common, it is also possible for adversaries to abuse this technology to protect malicious C2 traffic.\n\nIn normal, not pinned SSL validation, when a client connects to a server using HTTPS, it typically checks whether the server’s SSL/TLS certificate is signed by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA) in the device’s trust store. If the certificate is valid and signed by a trusted CA, the connection is established. However, with [SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003) , the client is configured to trust a specific SSL/TLS certificate or public key, rather than relying on the device’s trust store. This means that even if the server’s certificate is signed by a trusted CA, the client will only establish the connection of the certificate or key is pinned.\n\nThere are two types of [SSL Pinning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003) :\n\n1.\tCertificate Pinning: The client stores a copy of the server’s certificate and compares it with the certificate received during the SSL handshake. If the certificates match, then the client proceeds with the connection. This approach also works with self-signed certificates.\n\n2.\tPublic Key Pinning: Instead of pinning the entire certificate, the client pins just the public key extracted from the certificate. This is often more flexible, as it allows the server to renew its certificate without having to update the pinned certificate or breaking the SSL connection.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Takahashi Wataru, NEC Corporation","Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India","Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--dfafc230-5465-4993-8dc5-f51fa9fec002","created":"2024-03-29T15:04:38.566Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521/003","external_id":"T1521.003"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-10-16T16:23:05.146Z","name":"Lockscreen Bypass","description":"An adversary with physical access to a mobile device may seek to bypass the device’s lockscreen. Several methods exist to accomplish this, including:\n\n* Biometric spoofing: If biometric authentication is used, an adversary could attempt to spoof a mobile device’s biometric authentication mechanism. Both iOS and Android partly mitigate this attack by requiring the device’s passcode rather than biometrics to unlock the device after every device restart, and after a set or random amount of time.(Citation: SRLabs-Fingerprint)(Citation: TheSun-FaceID)\n* Unlock code bypass: An adversary could attempt to brute-force or otherwise guess the lockscreen passcode (typically a PIN or password), including physically observing (“shoulder surfing”) the device owner’s use of the lockscreen passcode. Mobile OS vendors partly mitigate this by implementing incremental backoff timers after a set number of failed unlock attempts, as well as a configurable full device wipe after several failed unlock attempts.\n* Vulnerability exploit: Techniques have been periodically demonstrated that exploit mobile devices to bypass the lockscreen. The vulnerabilities are generally patched by the device or OS vendor once disclosed.(Citation: Wired-AndroidBypass)(Citation: Kaspersky-iOSBypass)\n","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can see if someone is watching them type in their device passcode.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.3","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--dfe29258-ce59-421c-9dee-e85cb9fa90cd","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:24.488Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1461","external_id":"T1461"},{"source_name":"Wired-AndroidBypass","description":"Andy Greenberg. (2015, September 15). Hack Brief: Emergency Number Hack Bypasses Android Lock Screens. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","url":"https://www.wired.com/2015/09/hack-brief-new-emergency-number-hack-easily-bypasses-android-lock-screens/"},{"source_name":"Kaspersky-iOSBypass","description":"Chris Brook. (2016, November 17). iOS 10 Passcode Bypass Can Access Photos, Contacts. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","url":"https://threatpost.com/ios-10-passcode-bypass-can-access-photos-contacts/122033/"},{"source_name":"TheSun-FaceID","description":"Sean Keach. (2018, February 15). Brit mates BREAK Apple’s face unlock and vow to never buy iPhone again. Retrieved September 18, 2018.","url":"https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/5584082/iphone-x-face-unlock-tricked-broken/"},{"source_name":"SRLabs-Fingerprint","description":"SRLabs. (n.d.). Fingerprints are not fit for secure device unlocking. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","url":"https://srlabs.de/bites/spoofing-fingerprints/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e083305c-49e7-4c87-aae8-9689213bffbe","created":"2020-12-16T20:16:07.673Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1605","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1605"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may use built-in command-line interfaces to interact with the device and execute commands. Android provides a bash shell that can be interacted with over the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) or programmatically using Java’s `Runtime` package. On iOS, adversaries can interact with the underlying runtime shell if the device has been jailbroken.\n\nIf the device has been rooted or jailbroken, adversaries may locate and invoke a superuser binary to elevate their privileges and interact with the system as the root user. This dangerous level of permissions allows the adversary to run special commands and modify protected system files.","modified":"2022-03-30T14:00:45.099Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Command-Line Interface","x_mitre_detection":"Command-Line Interface execution can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"execution"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T15:40:11.937Z","name":"Contact List","description":"Adversaries may utilize standard operating system APIs to gather contact list data. On Android, this can be accomplished using the Contacts Content Provider. On iOS, this can be accomplished using the `Contacts` framework. \n\n \n\nIf the device has been jailbroken or rooted, an adversary may be able to access the [Contact List](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/003) without the user’s knowledge or approval. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On both Android and iOS, the user can manage which applications have permission to access the contact list through the device settings screen, revoking the permission if necessary. Application vetting services could look for `android.permission.READ_CONTACTS` in an Android application’s manifest, or `NSContactsUsageDescription` in an iOS application’s `Info.plist` file. Most applications do not need contact list access, so extra scrutiny could be applied to those that request it.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["iOS","Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e0b9ecb8-a7d1-43c7-aa30-8e19c6a92c86","created":"2022-04-01T13:17:52.740Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1636/003","external_id":"T1636.003"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html","external_id":"APP-13"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a","created":"2019-10-10T15:12:42.790Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1533","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1533"},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-41.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"STA-41"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may search local system sources, such as file systems or local databases, to find files of interest and sensitive data prior to exfiltration.  \n\n \n\nAccess to local system data, which includes information stored by the operating system, often requires escalated privileges. Examples of local system data include authentication tokens, the device keyboard cache, Wi-Fi passwords, and photos. On Android, adversaries may also attempt to access files from external storage which may require additional storage-related permissions. \n\n ","modified":"2022-04-01T16:53:27.576Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Data from Local System","x_mitre_detection":"Accessing data from the local system can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-15T16:34:51.917Z","name":"Account Access Removal","description":"Adversaries may interrupt availability of system and network resources by inhibiting access to accounts utilized by legitimate users. Accounts may be deleted, locked, or manipulated (ex: credentials changed) to remove access to accounts. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Application vetting services could closely scrutinize applications that request Device Administrator permissions.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e2c2249a-eb82-4614-8dd4-9c514dde65e2","created":"2022-04-06T13:29:47.590Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1640","external_id":"T1640"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:19.265Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1426","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1426"},{"source_name":"Android-Build","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build","description":"Android. (n.d.). Build. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-12.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-12"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may attempt to get detailed information about a device’s operating system and hardware, including versions, patches, and architecture. Adversaries may use the information from [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1426) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not to fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. \n\n \n\nOn Android, much of this information is programmatically accessible to applications through the `android.os.Build` class. (Citation: Android-Build) iOS is much more restrictive with what information is visible to applications. Typically, applications will only be able to query the device model and which version of iOS it is running. ","modified":"2022-04-11T19:21:34.776Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"System Information Discovery","x_mitre_detection":"System information discovery can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"discovery","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--e30cc912-7ea1-4683-9219-543b86cbdec9","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:28.786Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1442","external_id":"T1442"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.701Z","name":"Fake Developer Accounts","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e399430e-30b7-48c5-b70a-f44dc8c175cb","created":"2019-07-26T14:15:31.451Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1510","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1510"},{"source_name":"Android 10 Privacy Changes","url":"https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#clipboard-data","description":"Android Developers. (n.d.). Privacy changes in Android 10. Retrieved September 11, 2019."},{"source_name":"Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin August 2018","url":"https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=17517750","description":"Dr.Webb. (2018, August 8). Android.Clipper.1.origin. Retrieved July 26, 2019."},{"source_name":"Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin2 August 2018","url":"https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=17517761","description":"Dr.Webb. (2018, August 8). Android.Clipper.2.origin. Retrieved July 26, 2019."},{"source_name":"ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019","url":"https://www.eset.com/uk/about/newsroom/press-releases/first-clipper-malware-discovered-on-google-play-1/","description":"ESET. (2019, February 11). First clipper malware discovered on Google Play.. Retrieved July 26, 2019."},{"source_name":"Welivesecurity Clipboard Modification February 2019","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/02/08/first-clipper-malware-google-play/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2019, February 8). First clipper malware discovered on Google Play. Retrieved July 26, 2019."},{"source_name":"Syracuse Clipboard Modification 2014","url":"http://www.cis.syr.edu/~wedu/Research/paper/clipboard_attack_dimva2014.pdf","description":"Zhang, X; Du, W. (2014, January). Attacks on Android Clipboard. Retrieved July 26, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may abuse clipboard functionality to intercept and replace information in the Android device clipboard.(Citation: ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019)(Citation: Welivesecurity Clipboard Modification February 2019)(Citation: Syracuse Clipboard Modification 2014) Malicious applications may monitor the clipboard activity through the <code>ClipboardManager.OnPrimaryClipChangedListener</code> interface on Android to determine when the clipboard contents have changed.(Citation: Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin2 August 2018)(Citation: Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin August 2018) Listening to clipboard activity, reading the clipboard contents, and modifying the clipboard contents requires no explicit application permissions and can be performed by applications running in the background, however, this behavior has changed with the release of Android 10.(Citation: Android 10 Privacy Changes)\n\nAdversaries may use [Clipboard Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1510) to replace text prior to being pasted, for example, replacing a copied Bitcoin wallet address with a wallet address that is under adversarial control.\n\n[Clipboard Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1510) had been seen within the Android/Clipper.C trojan. This sample had been detected by ESET in an application distributed through the Google Play Store targeting cryptocurrency wallet numbers.(Citation: ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019)","modified":"2022-04-06T13:41:17.512Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Clipboard Modification","x_mitre_detection":"Modifying clipboard content can be difficult to detect, and therefore enterprises may be better served focusing on detection at other stages of adversarial behavior.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec","created":"2019-10-10T15:00:44.181Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1532","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1532"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may compress and/or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration. Compressing data can help to obfuscate its contents and minimize use of network resources. Encryption can be used to hide information that is being exfiltrated from detection or make exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender. \n\n \n\nBoth compression and encryption are done prior to exfiltration, and can be performed using a utility, programming library, or custom algorithm.  ","modified":"2022-04-01T15:01:02.140Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Archive Collected Data","x_mitre_detection":"Many encryption mechanisms are built into standard application-accessible APIs and are therefore undetectable to the end user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"collection","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:58:14.240Z","name":"Geofencing","description":"Adversaries may use a device’s geographical location to limit certain malicious behaviors. For example, malware operators may limit the distribution of a second stage payload to certain geographic regions.(Citation: Lookout eSurv)\n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001) is accomplished by persuading the user to grant the application permission to access location services. The application can then collect, process, and exfiltrate the device’s location to perform location-based actions, such as ceasing malicious behavior or showing region-specific advertisements. \n\nOne method to accomplish [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001) on Android is to use the built-in Geofencing API to automatically trigger certain behaviors when the device enters or exits a specified radius around a geographical location. Similar to  other [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001) methods, this requires that the user has granted the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` and `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permissions. The latter is only required if the application targets Android 10 (API level 29) or higher. However, Android 11 introduced additional permission controls that may restrict background location collection based on user permission choices at runtime. These additional controls include \"Allow only while using the app\", which will effectively prohibit background location collection.  \n\nSimilarly, on iOS, developers can use built-in APIs to setup and execute geofencing. Depending on the use case, the app will either need to call `requestWhenInUseAuthorization()` or `requestAlwaysAuthorization()`, depending on when access to the location services is required. Similar to Android, users also have the option to limit when the application can access the device’s location, including one-time use and only when the application is running in the foreground.  \n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001) can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. For example, location data could be used to limit malware spread and/or capabilities, which could also potentially evade application analysis environments (ex: malware analysis outside of the target geographic area). Other malicious usages could include showing language-specific input prompts and/or advertisements.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Users can review which applications have location permissions in the operating system’s settings menu. On Android 10 and later, the system shows a notification to the user when an app has been accessing device location in the background. Application vetting services can detect unnecessary and potentially abused location permissions or API calls.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e422b6fa-4739-46b9-992e-82f1b350c780","created":"2022-03-30T20:36:03.177Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1627/001","external_id":"T1627.001"},{"source_name":"Lookout eSurv","description":"A. Bauer. (2019, April 8). Lookout discovers phishing sites distributing new iOS and Android surveillanceware. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","url":"https://blog.lookout.com/esurv-research"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e4c347e9-fb91-4bc5-83b8-391e389131e2","created":"2019-07-10T15:18:16.753Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1507","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1507"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"Adversaries may use device sensors to collect information about nearby networks, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.","modified":"2022-03-31T16:33:55.068Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Network Information Discovery","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--e8b4e1ec-8e3b-484c-9038-4459b1ed8060","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:15.920Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1412","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1412"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"A malicious application could capture sensitive data sent via SMS, including authentication credentials. SMS is frequently used to transmit codes used for multi-factor authentication.\n\nOn Android, a malicious application must request and obtain permission (either at app install time or run time) in order to receive SMS messages. Alternatively, a malicious application could attempt to perform an operating system privilege escalation attack to bypass the permission requirement.\n\nOn iOS, applications cannot access SMS messages in normal operation, so an adversary would need to attempt to perform an operating system privilege escalation attack to potentially be able to access SMS messages.","modified":"2022-04-01T13:27:29.880Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Capture SMS Messages","x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can view which applications have permission to access SMS messages through the device settings, and the user can choose to revoke the permission.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"collection"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-04-17T16:50:41.414Z","name":"Conceal Multimedia Files","description":"Adversaries may attempt to hide multimedia files from the user. By doing so, adversaries may conceal captured files, such as pictures, videos and/or screenshots, then later exfiltrate those files.  \n\nSpecific to Android devices, if the `.nomedia` file is present in a folder, multimedia files in that folder will not be visible to the user in the Gallery application. Additionally, other applications are asked not to scan the folder with the `.nomedia` file, effectively making the folder appear invisible to the user.  \n\nThis technique is often used by stalkerware and spyware applications.  ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Shankar Raman, Amrita University, Gen Digital, Traboda"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ea132c68-b518-4478-ae8d-1763cda26ee3","created":"2024-02-20T21:44:32.669Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628/003","external_id":"T1628.003"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:41:56.376Z","name":"Endpoint Denial of Service","description":"Adversaries may perform Endpoint Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to degrade or block the availability of services to users.\n\nOn Android versions prior to 7, apps can abuse Device Administrator access to reset the device lock passcode, preventing the user from unlocking the device. After Android 7, only device or profile owners (e.g. MDMs) can reset the device’s passcode.(Citation: Android resetPassword)\n\nOn iOS devices, this technique does not work because mobile device management servers can only remove the screen lock passcode; they cannot set a new passcode. However, on jailbroken devices, malware has been discovered that can lock the user out of the device.(Citation: Xiao-KeyRaider)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, users can review which applications have Device Administrator access in the device settings and revoke permission where appropriate. Application vetting services can detect and closely scrutinize applications that utilize Device Administrator access.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--eb6cf439-1bcb-4d10-bc68-1eed844ed7b3","created":"2022-04-06T13:52:05.619Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1642","external_id":"T1642"},{"source_name":"Xiao-KeyRaider","description":"Claud Xiao. (2015, August 30). KeyRaider: iOS Malware Steals Over 225,000 Apple Accounts to Create Free App Utopia. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/08/keyraider-ios-malware-steals-over-225000-apple-accounts-to-create-free-app-utopia/"},{"source_name":"Android resetPassword","description":"Google. (n.d.). DevicePolicyManager. Retrieved October 1, 2019.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html#resetPassword(java.lang.String,%20int)"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:53:59.025Z","name":"Out of Band Data","description":"Adversaries may communicate with compromised devices using out of band data streams. This could be done for a variety of reasons, including evading network traffic monitoring, as a backup method of command and control, or for data exfiltration if the device is not connected to any Internet-providing networks (i.e. cellular or Wi-Fi). Several out of band data streams exist, such as SMS messages, NFC, and Bluetooth. \n\n \n\nOn Android, applications can read push notifications to capture content from SMS messages, or other out of band data streams. This requires that the user manually grant notification access to the application via the settings menu. However, the application could launch an Intent to take the user directly there. \n\n \n\nOn iOS, there is no way to programmatically read push notifications. ","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"If a user sees a notification with text they do not recognize, they should review their list of installed applications.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ec4c4baa-026f-43e8-8f56-58c36f3162dd","created":"2022-04-06T15:27:34.300Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1644","external_id":"T1644"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ed2c05a1-4f81-4d97-9e1b-aff01c34ae84","created":"2019-10-01T14:18:47.762Z","x_mitre_version":"2.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1521","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may explicitly employ a known encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if necessary secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.","modified":"2022-04-05T20:11:35.852Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Encrypted Channel","x_mitre_detection":"Since data encryption is a common practice in many legitimate applications and uses standard programming language-specific APIs, encrypting data for command and control communication is regarded as undetectable to the user.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--ef771e03-e080-43b4-a619-ac6f84899884","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:22.716Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1405","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1405"},{"source_name":"EkbergTEE","url":"https://usmile.at/symposium/program/2015/ekberg","description":"Jan-Erik Ekberg. (2015, September 10). Android and trusted execution environments. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"source_name":"Thomas-TrustZone","url":"https://usmile.at/symposium/program/2015/thomas-holmes","description":"Josh Thomas and Charles Holmes. (2015, September). An infestation of dragons: Exploring vulnerabilities in the ARM TrustZone architecture. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"source_name":"QualcommKeyMaster","url":"https://bits-please.blogspot.in/2016/06/extracting-qualcomms-keymaster-keys.html","description":"laginimaineb. (2016, June). Extracting Qualcomm's KeyMaster Keys - Breaking Android Full Disk Encryption. Retrieved December 9, 2016."},{"source_name":"laginimaineb-TEE","url":"http://bits-please.blogspot.co.il/2016/05/war-of-worlds-hijacking-linux-kernel.html","description":"laginimaineb. (2016, May). War of the Worlds - Hijacking the Linux Kernel from QSEE. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-27"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"A malicious app or other attack vector could be used to exploit vulnerabilities in code running within the Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) (Citation: Thomas-TrustZone). The adversary could then obtain privileges held by the TEE potentially including the ability to access cryptographic keys or other sensitive data (Citation: QualcommKeyMaster). Escalated operating system privileges may be first required in order to have the ability to attack the TEE (Citation: EkbergTEE). If not, privileges within the TEE can potentially be used to exploit the operating system (Citation: laginimaineb-TEE).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:41:57.666Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Exploit TEE Vulnerability","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"credential-access"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"privilege-escalation"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-09-12T19:47:06.884Z","name":"Suppress Application Icon","description":"A malicious application could suppress its icon from being displayed to the user in the application launcher. This hides the fact that it is installed, and can make it more difficult for the user to uninstall the application. Hiding the application's icon programmatically does not require any special permissions. \n\nThis behavior has been seen in the BankBot/Spy Banker family of malware.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)(Citation: sunny-stolen-credentials)(Citation: bankbot-spybanker) \n\nBeginning in Android 10, changes were introduced to inhibit malicious applications’ ability to hide their icon. If an app is a system app, requests no permissions, or does not have a launcher activity, the application’s icon will be fully hidden. Further, if the device is fully managed or the application is in a work profile, the icon will be fully hidden. Otherwise, a synthesized activity is shown, which is a launcher icon that represents the app’s details page in the system settings. If the user clicks the synthesized activity in the launcher, they are taken to the application’s details page in the system settings.(Citation: Android 10 Limitations to Hiding App Icons)(Citation: LauncherApps getActivityList)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_contributors":["Emily Ratliff, IBM"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"The user can examine the list of all installed applications, including those with a suppressed icon, in the device settings. If the user is redirected to the device settings when tapping an application’s icon, they should inspect the application to ensure it is genuine. Application vetting services could potentially detect the usage of APIs intended for suppressing the application’s icon.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--f05fc151-aa62-47e3-ae57-2d1b23d64bf6","created":"2022-03-30T20:06:22.194Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628/001","external_id":"T1628.001"},{"source_name":"Android 10 Limitations to Hiding App Icons","description":"Android. (n.d.). Android 10 Release Notes: Limitations to hiding app icons. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","url":"https://source.android.com/setup/start/android-10-release#limitations_to_hiding_app_icons"},{"source_name":"LauncherApps getActivityList","description":"Android. (n.d.). LauncherApps: getActivityList. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","url":"https://developer.android.com/reference/kotlin/android/content/pm/LauncherApps#getactivitylist"},{"source_name":"sunny-stolen-credentials","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2017, February 22). Sunny with a chance of stolen credentials: Malicious weather app found on Google Play. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/02/22/sunny-chance-stolen-credentials-malicious-weather-app-found-google-play/"},{"source_name":"android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/"},{"source_name":"bankbot-spybanker","description":"NJCCIC. (2017, March 2). BankBot/Spy Banker. Retrieved September 12, 2024.","url":"https://www.cyber.nj.gov/threat-landscape/malware/trojans/bankbot-spy-banker"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--f1c3d071-0c24-483d-aca0-e8b8496ce468","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:18.583Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1399","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1399"},{"source_name":"Apple-iOSSecurityGuide","url":"https://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf","description":"Apple. (2016, May). iOS Security. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"source_name":"Roth-Rootkits","url":"https://hackinparis.com/data/slides/2013/Slidesthomasroth.pdf","description":"Thomas Roth. (2013). Next generation mobile rootkits. Retrieved December 21, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"APP-27"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"If an adversary can escalate privileges, he or she may be able to use those privileges to place malicious code in the device's Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) or other similar isolated execution environment where the code can evade detection, may persist after device resets, and may not be removable by the device user. Running code within the TEE may provide an adversary with the ability to monitor or tamper with overall device behavior.(Citation: Roth-Rootkits)","modified":"2022-04-06T15:48:41.647Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Modify Trusted Execution Environment","x_mitre_detection":"Devices may perform cryptographic integrity checks of code running within the TEE at boot time.\n\niOS devices will fail to boot if the software running within the Secure Enclave does not pass signature verification.(Citation: Apple-iOSSecurityGuide)","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"},{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"persistence"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--f296fc9c-2ff5-43ee-941e-6b49c438270a","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:23.652Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1459","external_id":"T1459"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.703Z","name":"Device Unlock Code Guessing or Brute Force","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--f58cd69a-e548-478b-9248-8a9af881dc34","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:21.667Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1466","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1466"},{"source_name":"NIST-SP800187","url":"http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-187/sp800_187_draft.pdf","description":"Jeffrey Cichonski, Joshua M Franklin, Michael Bartock. (2017, December). Guide to LTE Security. Retrieved January 20, 2017."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-3.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"CEL-3"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could cause the mobile device to use less secure protocols, for example by jamming frequencies used by newer protocols such as LTE and only allowing older protocols such as GSM to communicate(Citation: NIST-SP800187). Use of less secure protocols may make communication easier to eavesdrop upon or manipulate.","modified":"2022-04-06T15:50:42.480Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Downgrade to Insecure Protocols","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-09-08T18:14:46.081Z","name":"Masquerading","description":"Adversaries may attempt to manipulate features of their artifacts to make them appear legitimate or benign to users and/or security tools. Masquerading occurs when the name, location, or appearance of an object, legitimate or malicious, is manipulated or abused for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may include manipulating file metadata, tricking users into misidentifying the file type, and giving legitimate task or service names.\n\nRenaming abusable system utilities to evade security monitoring is also a form of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1655)\n","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"\n","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--f856eaab-e84a-4265-a8a2-7bf37e5dc2fc","created":"2023-07-12T20:29:48.758Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1655","external_id":"T1655"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-14.html","external_id":"APP-14"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html","external_id":"APP-31"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--f981d199-2720-467e-9dc9-eea04dbe05cf","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:18.937Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1472","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1472"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"An adversary could seek to generate fraudulent advertising revenue from mobile devices, for example by triggering automatic clicks of advertising links without user involvement.","modified":"2022-04-06T13:57:49.177Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Generate Fraudulent Advertising Revenue","x_mitre_detection":"","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"impact"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"id":"attack-pattern--f9e4f526-ac9d-4df5-8949-833a82a1d2df","type":"attack-pattern","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:09.446Z","revoked":true,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1473","external_id":"T1473"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T01:05:10.704Z","name":"Malicious or Vulnerable Built-in Device Functionality","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fa801609-ca8e-415e-815e-65f3826ff4df","created":"2022-03-30T19:19:23.777Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1406.001","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406/001"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Adversaries may use steganography techniques in order to prevent the detection of hidden information. Steganographic techniques can be used to hide data in digital media such as images, audio tracks, video clips, or text files.","modified":"2022-04-21T17:30:16.229Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Steganography","x_mitre_detection":"Detection of steganography is difficult unless detectable artifacts with a known signature are left behind by the obfuscation process. Look for strings are other signatures left in system artifacts related to decoding steganography.","kill_chain_phases":[{"phase_name":"defense-evasion","kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fb3fa94a-3aee-4ab0-b7e7-abdf0a51286d","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:06.524Z","x_mitre_version":"1.2","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1449","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1449"},{"source_name":"3GPP-Security","url":"http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/wg3_security/_specs/33900-120.pdf","description":"3GPP. (2000, January). A Guide to 3rd Generation Security. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport","url":"https://www.fcc.gov/files/csric5-wg10-finalreport031517pdf","description":"Communications Security, Reliability, Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (2017, March). Working Group 10 Legacy Systems Risk Reductions Final Report. Retrieved May 24, 2017."},{"source_name":"TheRegister-SS7","url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/05/03/hackers_fire_up_ss7_flaw/","description":"Iain Thomson. (2017, May 3). After years of warnings, mobile network hackers exploit SS7 flaws to drain bank accounts. Retrieved November 8, 2018."},{"source_name":"Positive-SS7","url":"https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/ptcom/PT-SS7-AD-Data-Sheet-eng.pdf","description":"Positive Technologies. (n.d.). SS7 Attack Discovery. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7-2008","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0n5ySqbfdI","description":"Tobias Engel. (2008, December). Locating Mobile Phones using SS7. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"source_name":"Engel-SS7","url":"https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf","description":"Tobias Engel. (2014, December). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate.. Retrieved December 19, 2016."},{"url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-37.html","source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","external_id":"CEL-37"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":true,"revoked":false,"description":"An adversary could exploit signaling system vulnerabilities to redirect calls or text messages (SMS) to a phone number under the attacker's control. The adversary could then act as an adversary-in-the-middle to intercept or manipulate the communication. (Citation: Engel-SS7) (Citation: Engel-SS7-2008) (Citation: 3GPP-Security) (Citation: Positive-SS7) (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport) Interception of SMS messages could enable adversaries to obtain authentication codes used for multi-factor authentication(Citation: TheRegister-SS7).","modified":"2022-04-06T15:53:27.032Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Exploit SS7 to Redirect Phone Calls/SMS","x_mitre_detection":"Network carriers may be able to use firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), or Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) to detect and/or block SS7 exploitation as described by the Communications, Security, Reliability, and Interoperability Council (CSRIC). (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport) The CSRIC also suggests threat information sharing between telecommunications industry members.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"network-effects"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Without Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-20T18:59:57.485Z","name":"Hide Artifacts","description":"Adversaries may attempt to hide artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection. Mobile operating systems have features and developer APIs to hide various artifacts, such as an application’s launcher icon. These APIs have legitimate usages, such as hiding an icon to avoid application drawer clutter when an application does not have a usable interface. Adversaries may abuse these features and APIs to hide artifacts from the user to evade detection.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"The user can examine the list of all installed applications in the device settings. Application vetting services could potentially detect the usage of APIs intended for artifact hiding.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fc53309d-ebd5-4573-9242-57024ebdad4f","created":"2022-03-30T20:00:12.654Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1628","external_id":"T1628"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-03-16T18:37:55.822Z","name":"Code Signing Policy Modification","description":"Adversaries may modify code signing policies to enable execution of applications signed with unofficial or unknown keys. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on an app from a developer, guaranteeing that the program has not been tampered with and comes from an official source. Security controls can include enforcement mechanisms to ensure that only valid, signed code can be run on a device. \n\nMobile devices generally enable these security controls by default, such as preventing the installation of unknown applications on Android. Adversaries may modify these policies in a number of ways, including [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516) or malicious configuration profiles.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"On Android, the user can use the device settings menu to view trusted CA certificates and look for unexpected or unknown certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies. Users can use the device settings menu to view which applications on the device are allowed to install unknown applications.\n\nOn iOS, the user can use the device settings menu to view installed Configuration Profiles and look for unexpected or unknown profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fcb11f06-ce0e-490b-bcc1-04a1623579f0","created":"2022-03-30T18:13:26.003Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1632/001","external_id":"T1632.001"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-7.html","external_id":"STA-7"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-14T16:19:54.832Z","name":"Domain Generation Algorithms","description":"Adversaries may use [Domain Generation Algorithms](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1637/001) (DGAs) to procedurally generate domain names for uses such as command and control communication   or malicious application distribution.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)\n\nDGAs increase the difficulty for defenders to block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there could potentially be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"command-and-control"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different DGA algorithms, constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There are a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) CDN domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, a more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names ","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":true,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"1.1","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fd211238-f767-4599-8c0d-9dca36624626","created":"2022-04-05T19:59:03.161Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1637/001","external_id":"T1637.001"},{"source_name":"Data Driven Security DGA","description":"Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","url":"https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"},{"source_name":"securelist rotexy 2018","description":"T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan – banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2023-08-07T17:12:07.620Z","name":"Drive-By Compromise","description":"Adversaries may gain access to a system through a user visiting a website over the normal course of browsing. With this technique, the user's web browser is typically targeted for exploitation, but adversaries may also use compromised websites for non-exploitation behavior such as acquiring an [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001).\n\nMultiple ways of delivering exploit code to a browser exist, including:\n\n* A legitimate website is compromised where adversaries have injected some form of malicious code such as JavaScript, iFrames, and cross-site scripting.\n* Malicious ads are paid for and served through legitimate ad providers.\n* Built-in web application interfaces are leveraged for the insertion of any other kind of object that can be used to display web content or contain a script that executes on the visiting client (e.g. forum posts, comments, and other user controllable web content).\n\nOften the website used by an adversary is one visited by a specific community, such as government, a particular industry, or region, where the goal is to compromise a specific user or set of users based on a shared interest. This kind of targeted attack is referred to a strategic web compromise or watering hole attack. There are several known examples of this occurring.(Citation: Lookout-StealthMango)\n\nTypical drive-by compromise process:\n\n1. A user visits a website that is used to host the adversary controlled content.\n2. Scripts automatically execute, typically searching versions of the browser and plugins for a potentially vulnerable version. \n    * The user may be required to assist in this process by enabling scripting or active website components and ignoring warning dialog boxes.\n3. Upon finding a vulnerable version, exploit code is delivered to the browser.\n4. If exploitation is successful, then it will give the adversary code execution on the user's system unless other protections are in place.\n    * In some cases a second visit to the website after the initial scan is required before exploit code is delivered.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"initial-access"}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_detection":"Mobile security products can often alert the user if their device is vulnerable to known exploits.","x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_platforms":["Android","iOS"],"x_mitre_version":"2.2","x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fd339382-bfec-4bf0-8d47-1caedc9e7e57","created":"2017-10-25T14:48:06.822Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1456","external_id":"T1456"},{"source_name":"Lookout-StealthMango","description":"Lookout. (n.d.). Stealth Mango & Tangelo. Retrieved September 27, 2018.","url":"https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/lookout-stealth-mango-srr-us.pdf"},{"source_name":"NIST Mobile Threat Catalogue","url":"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-22.html","external_id":"CEL-22"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"x_mitre_platforms":["Android"],"x_mitre_domains":["mobile-attack"],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"attack-pattern","id":"attack-pattern--fd658820-cbba-4c95-8ac9-0fac6b1099e2","created":"2019-07-11T18:09:42.039Z","x_mitre_version":"1.1","external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","external_id":"T1508","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1508"},{"source_name":"sunny-stolen-credentials","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/02/22/sunny-chance-stolen-credentials-malicious-weather-app-found-google-play/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2017, February 22). Sunny with a chance of stolen credentials: Malicious weather app found on Google Play. Retrieved July 11, 2019."},{"source_name":"android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/","description":"Lukáš Štefanko. (2018, December 11). Android Trojan steals money from PayPal accounts even with 2FA on. Retrieved July 11, 2019."},{"source_name":"bankbot-spybanker","url":"https://www.cyber.nj.gov/threat-profiles/android-malware-variants/bankbot-spybanker","description":"NJCCIC. (2017, March 2). BankBot/Spy Banker. Retrieved July 11, 2019."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":true,"description":"A malicious application could suppress its icon from being displayed to the user in the application launcher to hide the fact that it is installed, and to make it more difficult for the user to uninstall the application. Hiding the application's icon programmatically does not require any special permissions.\n\nThis behavior has been seen in the BankBot/Spy Banker family of malware.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)(Citation: sunny-stolen-credentials)(Citation: bankbot-spybanker)","modified":"2022-03-30T20:07:33.279Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","name":"Suppress Application Icon","x_mitre_detection":"The user can examine the list of all installed applications, including those with a suppressed icon, in the device settings.","kill_chain_phases":[{"kill_chain_name":"mitre-mobile-attack","phase_name":"defense-evasion"}],"x_mitre_is_subtechnique":false,"x_mitre_tactic_type":["Post-Adversary Device Access"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--0008005f-ca51-47c3-8369-55ee5de1c65a","created":"2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Zscaler-SpyNote","description":"Shivang Desai. (2017, January 23). SpyNote RAT posing as Netflix app. Retrieved January 26, 2017.","url":"https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/research/spynote-rat-posing-netflix-app"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T17:43:54.975Z","description":"[SpyNote RAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0305) uses an Android broadcast receiver to automatically start when the device boots.(Citation: Zscaler-SpyNote)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--20dbaf05-59b8-4dc6-8777-0b17f4553a23","target_ref":"attack-pattern--3775a580-a1d1-46c4-8147-c614a715f2e9","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--006b3910-e9c3-4de8-ba49-dff36b1a3308","created":"2023-02-06T19:04:33.224Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"lookout_abstractemu_1021","description":"P Shunk, K Balaam. (2021, October 28). Rooting Malware Makes a Comeback: Lookout Discovers Global Campaign. Retrieved February 6, 2023.","url":"https://www.lookout.com/blog/lookout-discovers-global-rooting-malware-campaign"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-03-27T17:06:11.934Z","description":"[AbstractEmu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1061) can monitor notifications.(Citation: lookout_abstractemu_1021)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--2aec175b-4429-4048-8e09-3ef6cbecfc64","target_ref":"attack-pattern--39dd7871-f59b-495f-a9a5-3cb8cc50c9b2","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--00dc2b34-1b74-4dae-b6e4-b676528d6341","type":"relationship","created":"2019-07-16T14:33:12.085Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"Google Triada June 2019","url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2019/06/pha-family-highlights-triada.html","description":"Lukasz Siewierski. (2019, June 6). PHA Family Highlights: Triada. Retrieved July 16, 2019."}],"modified":"2020-04-27T16:52:49.480Z","description":"[Triada](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0424) utilizes a backdoor in a Play Store app to install additional trojanized apps from the Command and Control server.(Citation: Google Triada June 2019)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--f082fc59-0317-49cf-971f-a1b6296ebb52","target_ref":"attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--0100020b-97d4-4657-bc71-c6a1774055a6","created":"2022-04-20T17:36:25.707Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Lookout Uyghur Campaign","description":"A. Kumar, K. Del Rosso, J. Albrecht, C. Hebeisen. (2020, June 1). Mobile APT Surveillance Campaigns Targeting Uyghurs - A collection of long-running Android tooling connected to a Chinese mAPT actor. Retrieved November 10, 2020.","url":"https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/us/lookout-uyghur-malware-tr-us.pdf"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T20:39:23.114Z","description":"[GoldenEagle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0551) has exfiltrated data via both SMTP and HTTP.(Citation: Lookout Uyghur Campaign)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--0b9c5d11-651a-4378-b129-5c584d0242c5","target_ref":"attack-pattern--32063d7f-0a39-440d-a4a3-2694488f96cc","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--01965668-d033-4aca-a8e5-71a07070e266","type":"relationship","created":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","modified":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","relationship_type":"revoked-by","source_ref":"attack-pattern--45dcbc83-4abc-4de1-b643-e528d1e9df09","target_ref":"attack-pattern--dfe29258-ce59-421c-9dee-e85cb9fa90cd","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--01fd0686-d67f-4396-8812-3533063dd6b4","created":"2023-08-16T16:38:47.766Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"cyble_chameleon_0423","description":"Cyble Research & Intelligence Labs. (2023, April 13). Banking Trojan targeting mobile users in Australia and Poland. Retrieved August 16, 2023.","url":"https://cyble.com/blog/chameleon-a-new-android-malware-spotted-in-the-wild/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-08-16T16:38:47.766Z","description":"[Chameleon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1083) can remove artifacts of its presence and uninstall itself.(Citation: cyble_chameleon_0423)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--2cf00c5a-857d-4cb6-8f03-82f15bee0f6f","target_ref":"attack-pattern--0d4e3bbb-7af5-4c88-a215-0c0906bc1e8d","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--020a1aaa-a444-4f3c-a08b-f1369be276f2","type":"relationship","created":"2020-09-15T15:18:12.398Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"Cybereason FakeSpy","url":"https://www.cybereason.com/blog/fakespy-masquerades-as-postal-service-apps-around-the-world","description":"O. Almkias. (2020, July 1). FakeSpy Masquerades as Postal Service Apps Around the World. 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Flossman. (2017, February 16). ViperRAT: The mobile APT targeting the Israeli Defense Force that should be on your radar. Retrieved September 11, 2020."}],"modified":"2020-09-11T16:22:03.250Z","description":"[ViperRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0506) has been installed in two stages and can secretly install new applications.(Citation: Lookout ViperRAT)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--f666e17c-b290-43b3-8947-b96bd5148fbb","target_ref":"attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--0791f28b-d06f-4fee-9cdb-85a6fd2eed61","type":"relationship","created":"2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"PaloAlto-WireLurker","description":"Claud Xiao. (2014, November 5). 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Retrieved January 24, 2017.","url":"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2014/11/wirelurker-new-era-os-x-ios-malware/"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","description":"[WireLurker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0312) monitors for iOS devices connected via USB to an infected OSX computer and installs downloaded third-party applications or automatically generated malicious applications onto the device.(Citation: PaloAlto-WireLurker)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--326eaf7b-5784-4f08-8fc2-61fd5d5bc5fb","target_ref":"attack-pattern--667e5707-3843-4da8-bd34-88b922526f0d","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--079911c5-0db9-4eb2-ab85-6ed6e118fbbc","created":"2022-03-30T19:36:20.304Z","x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Users should be trained on what device administrator permission request prompts look like, and how to avoid granting permissions on phishing popups.","modified":"2022-03-30T19:36:20.304Z","relationship_type":"mitigates","source_ref":"course-of-action--653492e3-27be-4a0e-b08c-938dd2b7e0e1","target_ref":"attack-pattern--ab7400b7-3476-4776-9545-ef3fa373de63","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--07c727a6-6323-477a-bb55-34e130959b4e","created":"2023-10-10T15:33:57.556Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Bitdefender Mandrake","description":"R. Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020.","url":"https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/329/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-Mandrake-creat4464-en-EN-interactive.pdf"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-10-10T15:33:57.556Z","description":"[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) can mimic an app called “Storage Settings” if it cannot hide its icon.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--52c994fa-b6c8-45a8-9586-a4275cf19307","target_ref":"attack-pattern--114fed8b-7eed-4136-8b9c-411c5c7fff4b","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--07dd3318-2965-4085-be64-a8e956c7b8da","type":"relationship","created":"2020-12-18T20:14:47.319Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"WhiteOps TERRACOTTA","url":"https://www.whiteops.com/blog/terracotta-android-malware-a-technical-study","description":"Satori Threat Intelligence and Research Team. (2020, August). TERRACOTTA Android Malware: A Technical Study. 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(2019, March 29). Exodus: New Android Spyware Made in Italy. Retrieved September 3, 2019.","url":"https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T17:09:45.426Z","description":"[Exodus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0405) Two can exfiltrate calendar events.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019) ","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--3049b2f2-e323-4cdb-91cb-13b37b904cbb","target_ref":"attack-pattern--a9fa0d30-a8ff-45bf-922e-7720da0b7922","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--085f8397-0233-42d7-855e-3dbd709f2eca","created":"2023-01-18T21:39:27.823Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"nccgroup_sharkbot_0322","description":"RIFT: Research and Intelligence Fusion Team. (2022, March 3). SharkBot: a “new” generation Android banking Trojan being distributed on Google Play Store. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","url":"https://research.nccgroup.com/2022/03/03/sharkbot-a-new-generation-android-banking-trojan-being-distributed-on-google-play-store/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-03-27T18:30:43.093Z","description":"[SharkBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1055) can use the Android “Direct Reply” feature to spread the malware to other devices. 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Retrieved September 11, 2020."},{"source_name":"Android App Links","url":"https://developer.android.com/training/app-links/verify-site-associations","description":"Google. (n.d.). Verify Android App Links. Retrieved September 11, 2020."},{"source_name":"IETF-PKCE","url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636","description":"N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"Developers should use Android App Links(Citation: Android App Links) and iOS Universal Links(Citation: iOS Universal Links) to provide a secure binding between URIs and applications, preventing malicious applications from intercepting redirections. Additionally, for OAuth use cases, PKCE(Citation: IETF-PKCE) should be used to prevent use of stolen authorization codes. ","modified":"2022-04-01T15:16:02.324Z","relationship_type":"mitigates","source_ref":"course-of-action--25dc1ce8-eb55-4333-ae30-a7cb4f5894a1","target_ref":"attack-pattern--789ef15a-34d9-4b32-a779-8cbbc9eb32f5","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--088c74f5-4b43-48aa-a2be-275f0c02ffc8","created":"2023-07-21T19:38:06.254Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"lookout_bouldspy_0423","description":"Kyle Schmittle, Alemdar Islamoglu, Paul Shunk, Justin Albrecht. (2023, April 27). Lookout Discovers Android Spyware Tied to Iranian Police Targeting Minorities: BouldSpy. 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(2021, July 21). StrongPity APT Group Deploys Android Malware for the First Time. Retrieved March 19, 2023.","url":"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_za/research/21/g/strongpity-apt-group-deploys-android-malware-for-the-first-time.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2024-04-15T20:30:02.657Z","description":"During [C0033](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0033), [PROMETHIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0056) used [StrongPity](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0491) to collect information regarding available Wi-Fi networks.(Citation: trendmicro_strongpity) ","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"campaign--a82bc5ad-5f95-4c6a-9f25-aaf6f476a3c4","target_ref":"attack-pattern--dd818ea5-adf5-41c7-93b5-f3b839a219fb","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--08a43019-d393-451f-a23c-2dfa17ec40b2","created":"2023-01-18T19:15:24.775Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"cyble_drinik_1022","description":"Cyble. (2022, October 27). Drinik Malware Returns With Advanced Capabilities Targeting Indian Taxpayers. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","url":"https://blog.cyble.com/2022/10/27/drinik-malware-returns-with-advanced-capabilities-targeting-indian-taxpayers/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-03-27T17:51:07.963Z","description":"[Drinik](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1054) can steal incoming SMS messages and send SMS messages from compromised devices. (Citation: cyble_drinik_1022)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--d6e009b7-df5e-447a-bfd2-d5b77374edfe","target_ref":"attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--08c81253-975c-4780-8e85-c72bc6a90c88","created":"2020-10-29T19:21:23.225Z","x_mitre_version":"1.0","external_references":[{"source_name":"WeLiveSecurity AdDisplayAshas","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/10/24/tracking-down-developer-android-adware/","description":"L. Stefanko. (2019, October 24). Tracking down the developer of Android adware affecting millions of users. Retrieved October 29, 2020."}],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"revoked":false,"description":"[Android/AdDisplay.Ashas](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0525) can generate revenue by automatically displaying ads.(Citation: WeLiveSecurity AdDisplayAshas)","modified":"2022-04-19T14:25:41.669Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--f7e7b736-2cff-4c2a-9232-352cd383463a","target_ref":"attack-pattern--a8e971b8-8dc7-4514-8249-ae95427ec467","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--08f1a4b1-96c9-44c2-bc5b-5a779541213b","created":"2019-12-10T16:07:41.081Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"SecureList DVMap June 2017","description":"R. Unuchek. (2017, June 8). Dvmap: the first Android malware with code injection. Retrieved December 10, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/dvmap-the-first-android-malware-with-code-injection/78648/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T20:47:53.438Z","description":"[Dvmap](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0420) replaces `/system/bin/ip` with a malicious version. [Dvmap](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0420) can inject code by patching `libdmv.so` or `libandroid_runtime.so`, depending on the Android OS version. Both libraries are related to the Dalvik and ART runtime environments. The patched functions can only call `/system/bin/ip`, which was replaced with the malicious version.(Citation: SecureList DVMap June 2017)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--22b596a6-d288-4409-8520-5f2846f85514","target_ref":"attack-pattern--c6e17ca2-08b5-4379-9786-89bd05241831","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--09059576-658b-4944-9f7b-df003319fdaa","created":"2024-02-21T00:00:40.770Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"SecurityIntelligence TrickMo","description":"P. Asinovsky. (2020, March 24). TrickBot Pushing a 2FA Bypass App to Bank Customers in Germany. Retrieved April 24, 2020.","url":"https://securityintelligence.com/posts/trickbot-pushing-a-2fa-bypass-app-to-bank-customers-in-germany/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2024-02-21T00:00:40.770Z","description":"[TrickMo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0427) can collect device network configuration information such as IMSI, IMEI, and Wi-Fi connection state.(Citation: SecurityIntelligence TrickMo)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--21170624-89db-4e99-bf27-58d26be07c3a","target_ref":"attack-pattern--45a5fe76-eda3-4d40-8f22-c186efd6278d","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--0972d3cf-717e-4ed2-a89d-9cbe61081956","created":"2020-11-24T17:55:12.873Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Talos GPlayed","description":"V. Ventura. (2018, October 11).  GPlayed Trojan - .Net playing with Google Market . Retrieved November 24, 2020.","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/10/gplayedtrojan.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T17:21:56.899Z","description":"[GPlayed](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0536) has communicated with the C2 using HTTP requests or WebSockets as a backup.(Citation: Talos GPlayed) ","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--a993495c-9813-4372-b9ec-d168c7f7ec0a","target_ref":"attack-pattern--2282a98b-5049-4f61-9381-55baca7c1add","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--0993769f-63fb-4720-bbcf-e6f37f71515e","type":"relationship","created":"2020-06-02T14:32:31.875Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"Google Project Zero Insomnia","url":"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/08/implant-teardown.html","description":"I. 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This could indicate that non-system apps are attempting to access information that they do not have access to.","relationship_type":"detects","source_ref":"x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43","target_ref":"attack-pattern--d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9cfc30de-3e68-4361-a213-3c37ce27b70e","created":"2023-03-20T18:52:52.011Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-08-09T14:51:29.206Z","description":"On Android, the user can use the device settings menu to view trusted CA certificates and look for unexpected or unknown certificates. A mobile security product could similarly examine the trusted CA certificate store for anomalies. Users can use the device settings menu to view which applications on the device are allowed to install unknown applications.\n\nOn iOS, the user can use the device settings menu to view installed Configuration Profiles and look for unexpected or unknown profiles. A Mobile Device Management (MDM) system could use the iOS MDM APIs to examine the list of installed Configuration Profiles for anomalies.","relationship_type":"detects","source_ref":"x-mitre-data-component--56c2b384-77f8-461f-a71a-76f7888ebfb6","target_ref":"attack-pattern--79cb02f4-ac4e-4335-8b51-425c9573cce1","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9cfcda7d-bb82-4122-a38b-fec4f5532856","created":"2020-05-04T14:04:56.211Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Google Bread","description":"A. Guertin, V. Kotov, Android Security & Privacy Team. (2020, January 9). PHA Family Highlights: Bread (and Friends) . Retrieved April 27, 2020.","url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2020/01/pha-family-highlights-bread-and-friends.html"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T17:03:51.504Z","description":"[Bread](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0432) communicates with the C2 server using HTTP requests.(Citation: Google Bread)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--108b2817-bc01-404e-8e1b-8cdeec846326","target_ref":"attack-pattern--2282a98b-5049-4f61-9381-55baca7c1add","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9d264e84-27b2-4867-82c8-55486a969d7c","type":"relationship","created":"2020-12-17T20:15:22.489Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"Palo Alto HenBox","url":"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/","description":"A. Hinchliffe, M. Harbison, J. Miller-Osborn, et al. (2018, March 13). HenBox: The Chickens Come Home to Roost. Retrieved September 9, 2019."}],"modified":"2020-12-17T20:15:22.489Z","description":"[HenBox](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0544) can obtain a list of running processes.(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--aef537ba-10c2-40ed-a57a-80b8508aada4","target_ref":"attack-pattern--1b51f5bc-b97a-498a-8dbd-bc6b1901bf19","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9d2a9348-5d0a-43b0-8776-e9bbddc659c7","created":"2023-03-20T18:48:56.995Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-08-09T15:53:41.268Z","description":"Application vetting services can look for applications requesting the `android.permission.BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE` permission in a service declaration. On Android, the user can view and manage which applications can use accessibility services through the device settings in Accessibility. The exact device settings menu locations may vary between operating system versions.","relationship_type":"detects","source_ref":"x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43","target_ref":"attack-pattern--b1c95426-2550-4621-8028-ceebf28b3a47","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9d4c1d68-3cc8-4cf9-b3ee-1525d0ce32de","type":"relationship","created":"2019-10-14T20:49:24.571Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"description":"T. Shishkova, L. Pikman. (2018, November 22).  The Rotexy mobile Trojan – banker and ransomware. Retrieved September 23, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/","source_name":"securelist rotexy 2018"}],"modified":"2019-10-14T20:49:24.571Z","description":"[Rotexy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0411) collects information about running processes.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--0626c181-93cb-4860-9cb0-dff3b1c13063","target_ref":"attack-pattern--1b51f5bc-b97a-498a-8dbd-bc6b1901bf19","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9d72c60b-d5d1-4b50-a01f-3882ddb335d9","created":"2019-09-04T14:28:15.316Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Lookout-Monokle","description":"Bauer A., Kumar A., Hebeisen C., et al. (2019, July). Monokle: The Mobile Surveillance Tooling of the Special Technology Center. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","url":"https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/lookout-discovers-monokle-threat-report.pdf"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T21:26:48.912Z","description":"[Monokle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0407) can remount the system partition as read/write to install attacker-specified certificates.(Citation: Lookout-Monokle) ","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--6a7aaab1-3e0a-48bb-ba66-bbf7665c0a65","target_ref":"attack-pattern--4f14e30b-8b57-4a7b-9093-2c0778ea99cf","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9dec6b2f-790a-4da9-86c9-1f4b7141c32c","type":"relationship","created":"2019-09-04T15:38:56.562Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"description":"K. Lu. (n.d.). Deep Technical Analysis of the Spyware FlexiSpy for Android. Retrieved September 10, 2019.","url":"https://d3gpjj9d20n0p3.cloudfront.net/fortiguard/research/Dig%20Deep%20into%20FlexiSpy%20for%20Android%28white%20paper%29_KaiLu.pdf","source_name":"FortiGuard-FlexiSpy"}],"modified":"2019-10-14T18:08:28.500Z","description":"[FlexiSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0408) can communicate with the command and control server over ports 12512 and 12514.(Citation: FortiGuard-FlexiSpy)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"tool--1622fd3d-fcfc-4d02-ac49-f2d786f79b81","target_ref":"attack-pattern--948a447c-d783-4ba0-8516-a64140fcacd5","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9e3921a8-a9e1-48c4-9b61-ff190c104f63","type":"relationship","created":"2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"url":"http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/hacking-team-rcsandroid-spying-tool-listens-to-calls-roots-devices-to-get-in/","description":"Veo Zhang. (2015, July 21). Hacking Team RCSAndroid Spying Tool Listens to Calls; Roots Devices to Get In. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","source_name":"TrendMicro-RCSAndroid"}],"modified":"2019-08-09T17:53:48.793Z","description":"[RCSAndroid](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0295) can monitor clipboard content.(Citation: TrendMicro-RCSAndroid)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--363bc05d-13cb-4e98-a5b7-e250f2bbdc2b","target_ref":"attack-pattern--c4b96c0b-cb58-497a-a1c2-bb447d79d692","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9e458d77-c856-4b02-82a7-50947b232dc3","type":"relationship","created":"2021-10-01T14:42:49.183Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"SecureList BusyGasper","url":"https://securelist.com/busygasper-the-unfriendly-spy/87627/","description":"Alexey Firsh. (2018, August 29). BusyGasper – the unfriendly spy. Retrieved October 1, 2021."}],"modified":"2021-10-06T15:32:46.533Z","description":"[BusyGasper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0655) can download a payload or updates from either its C2 server or email attachments in the adversary’s inbox.(Citation: SecureList BusyGasper)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--e110f94a-e2c5-4f5f-ba78-9c2ab6d2d9e4","target_ref":"attack-pattern--6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--9e66ec3b-cdd6-461c-bd84-e75316818e15","type":"relationship","created":"2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"CrowdStrike-Android","description":"CrowdStrike Global Intelligence Team. (2016). Use of Fancy Bear Android Malware in Tracking of Ukrainian FIeld Artillery Units. Retrieved February 6, 2017.","url":"https://www.crowdstrike.com/wp-content/brochures/FancyBearTracksUkrainianArtillery.pdf"}],"modified":"2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z","description":"[X-Agent for Android](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0314) was believed to have been used to obtain locational data of Ukrainian artillery forces.(Citation: CrowdStrike-Android)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--56660521-6db4-4e5a-a927-464f22954b7c","target_ref":"attack-pattern--99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9e95ef68-0650-49eb-888f-47c211481be9","created":"2023-03-20T18:51:40.217Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-08-09T17:16:36.672Z","description":"Application vetting may be able to identify applications that perform [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0032) or utilize existing connectivity to remotely access hosts within an internal enterprise network. ","relationship_type":"detects","source_ref":"x-mitre-data-component--764ee29e-48d6-4934-8e6b-7a606aaaafc0","target_ref":"attack-pattern--22379609-a99f-4a01-bd7e-70f3e105859d","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9f83d618-a42d-4797-b9fe-030affdbd13f","created":"2023-01-18T19:46:45.399Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"nccgroup_sharkbot_0322","description":"RIFT: Research and Intelligence Fusion Team. (2022, March 3). SharkBot: a “new” generation Android banking Trojan being distributed on Google Play Store. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","url":"https://research.nccgroup.com/2022/03/03/sharkbot-a-new-generation-android-banking-trojan-being-distributed-on-google-play-store/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-03-27T18:49:35.020Z","description":"[SharkBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1055) can hide and send SMS messages. [SharkBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1055) can also change which application is the device’s default SMS handler.(Citation: nccgroup_sharkbot_0322)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--9cd72f5c-bec0-4f7e-bb6d-296937116291","target_ref":"attack-pattern--b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9f9a0349-ca95-4bde-8d8d-af524ce19bc7","created":"2022-04-15T16:00:43.483Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"SecureList DVMap June 2017","description":"R. Unuchek. (2017, June 8). Dvmap: the first Android malware with code injection. Retrieved December 10, 2019.","url":"https://securelist.com/dvmap-the-first-android-malware-with-code-injection/78648/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T20:52:33.829Z","description":"[Dvmap](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0420) can turn off `VerifyApps`, and can grant Device Administrator permissions via commands only, rather than using the UI.(Citation: SecureList DVMap June 2017)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--22b596a6-d288-4409-8520-5f2846f85514","target_ref":"attack-pattern--2aa78dfd-cb6f-4c70-9408-137cfd96be49","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9fa03a70-ad00-4148-ae5e-8315f3e618d2","created":"2020-07-15T20:20:59.375Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Bitdefender Mandrake","description":"R. Gevers, M. Tivadar, R. Bleotu, A. M. Barbatei, et al.. (2020, May 14). Uprooting Mandrake: The Story of an Advanced Android Spyware Framework That Went Undetected for 4 Years. Retrieved July 15, 2020.","url":"https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/329/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-Mandrake-creat4464-en-EN-interactive.pdf"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T21:29:29.307Z","description":"[Mandrake](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0485) can abuse device administrator permissions to ensure that it cannot be uninstalled until its permissions are revoked.(Citation: Bitdefender Mandrake)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--52c994fa-b6c8-45a8-9586-a4275cf19307","target_ref":"attack-pattern--dc01774a-d1c1-45fb-b506-0a5d1d6593d9","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9fb0c414-6216-4b42-a080-cb42ef4011c5","created":"2024-04-17T13:12:54.126Z","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"welivesecurity_ahrat_0523","description":"Lukas Stefanko. (2023, May 23). Android app breaking bad: From legitimate screen recording to file exfiltration within a year. Retrieved December 18, 2023.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/05/23/android-app-breaking-bad-legitimate-screen-recording-file-exfiltration/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2024-04-17T13:12:54.126Z","description":"[AhRat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1095) can communicate with the C2 using HTTPS requests.(Citation: welivesecurity_ahrat_0523)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--24c8f6db-71e0-41ef-a1dc-83399a5b17e5","target_ref":"attack-pattern--ed2c05a1-4f81-4d97-9e1b-aff01c34ae84","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"0.1","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--9fdc5fee-2250-4894-8333-466910023533","created":"2024-02-20T23:42:43.674Z","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2024-02-20T23:42:43.674Z","description":"Application vetting services could look for usage of the `READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE` Android permission. This could indicate that non-system apps are attempting to access information that they do not have access to. 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Retrieved January 27, 2020.","url":"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/mobile-cyberespionage-campaign-bouncing-golf-affects-middle-east/","source_name":"Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019"}],"modified":"2020-03-26T20:50:07.266Z","description":"[GolfSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0421) encrypts data using a simple XOR operation with a pre-configured key prior to exfiltration.(Citation: Trend Micro Bouncing Golf 2019)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--c19cfc89-5ac6-4d2d-a236-70d2b32e007c","target_ref":"attack-pattern--e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--e723d78f-b6c3-4ba5-8946-b44e651834e3","created":"2023-03-16T13:32:02.290Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-08-10T21:06:58.988Z","description":"Android applications using the `RECORD_AUDIO` permission and iOS applications using `RequestRecordPermission` should be carefully reviewed and monitored. 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The rise of mobile banker Asacub. Retrieved December 14, 2020.","url":"https://securelist.com/the-rise-of-mobile-banker-asacub/87591/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2023-04-05T20:32:42.890Z","description":"[Asacub](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0540) can collect SMS messages as they are received.(Citation: Securelist Asacub)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--a76b837b-93cc-417d-bf28-c47a6a284fa4","target_ref":"attack-pattern--c6421411-ae61-42bb-9098-73fddb315002","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"relationship--e78b2cd9-ef73-45d9-9477-e2e95454e208","type":"relationship","created":"2020-07-20T13:27:33.546Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","external_references":[{"source_name":"Talos-WolfRAT","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2020/05/the-wolf-is-back.html","description":"W. 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Retrieved September 25, 2024.","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134431/https://cofense.com/blog/infostealer-keylogger-ransomware-one-anubis-targets-250-android-applications/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"modified":"2024-09-25T15:03:05.114Z","description":"[Anubis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0422) can record phone calls and audio.(Citation: Cofense Anubis)","relationship_type":"uses","source_ref":"malware--a3c59d82-2c7c-44e5-a869-68e0a3e5935e","target_ref":"attack-pattern--6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760","x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"type":"relationship","id":"relationship--e7b33eb5-6c2e-4743-ac8d-c27d5e7121ac","created":"2020-06-26T15:32:25.060Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"Threat Fabric Cerberus","description":"Threat Fabric. 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Retrieved October 1, 2020.","url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1098481/download"},{"source_name":"GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR","description":"Department of Homeland Security and Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016, December 29). GRIZZLY STEPPE – Russian Malicious Cyber Activity. Retrieved January 11, 2017.","url":"https://www.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/publications/JAR_16-20296A_GRIZZLY%20STEPPE-2016-1229.pdf"},{"source_name":"ESET Zebrocy May 2019","description":"ESET Research. (2019, May 22). A journey to Zebrocy land. Retrieved June 20, 2019.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/22/journey-zebrocy-land/"},{"source_name":"ESET Sednit Part 3","description":"ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 3: A Mysterious Downloader. Retrieved November 21, 2016.","url":"http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/eset-sednit-part3.pdf"},{"source_name":"Sofacy DealersChoice","description":"Falcone, R. (2018, March 15). 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Retrieved September 13, 2018.","url":"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/07/from-bitly-to-x-agent-how-gru-hackers-targeted-the-2016-presidential-election/"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020","description":"Hacquebord, F., Remorin, L. (2020, December 17). Pawn Storm’s Lack of Sophistication as a Strategy. Retrieved January 13, 2021.","url":"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/l/pawn-storm-lack-of-sophistication-as-a-strategy.html"},{"source_name":"Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018","description":"Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2018, February 20). A Slice of 2017 Sofacy Activity. Retrieved November 27, 2018.","url":"https://securelist.com/a-slice-of-2017-sofacy-activity/83930/"},{"source_name":"Kaspersky Sofacy","description":"Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, December 4). Sofacy APT hits high profile targets with updated toolset. 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Retrieved November 17, 2023.","url":"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"},{"source_name":"Microsoft STRONTIUM New Patterns Cred Harvesting Sept 2020","description":"Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC). (2020, September 10). STRONTIUM: Detecting new patterns in credential harvesting. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/09/10/strontium-detecting-new-patters-credential-harvesting/"},{"source_name":"Microsoft STRONTIUM Aug 2019","description":"MSRC Team. (2019, August 5). Corporate IoT – a path to intrusion. Retrieved August 16, 2019.","url":"https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2019/08/05/corporate-iot-a-path-to-intrusion/"},{"source_name":"DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018","description":"Mueller, R. (2018, July 13). Indictment - United States of America vs. VIKTOR BORISOVICH NETYKSHO, et al. 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[Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) has targeted organizations in Australia, China, Hong Kong, Mongolia, Nepal, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, the United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, Germany, France, and the United States. Targets included government institutions, news media outlets, gambling companies, educational institutions, COVID-19 research organizations, telecommunications companies, religious movements banned in China, and cryptocurrency trading platforms; security researchers assess some [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) operations may be financially motivated.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)\n\n[Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) has used malware commonly used by other Chinese threat groups, including [APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) and the [Winnti Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0044) cluster, however security researchers assess [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006)'s techniques and infrastructure are separate.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)","aliases":["Earth Lusca","TAG-22","Charcoal Typhoon","CHROMIUM","ControlX"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"2.0","type":"intrusion-set","id":"intrusion-set--cc613a49-9bfa-4e22-98d1-15ffbb03f034","created":"2022-07-01T20:12:30.184Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006","external_id":"G1006"},{"source_name":"Charcoal Typhoon","description":"(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"},{"source_name":"ControlX","description":"(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"},{"source_name":"CHROMIUM","description":"(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023) (Citation: Recorded Future RedHotel August 2023)"},{"source_name":"TAG-22","description":"(Citation: Recorded Future TAG-22 July 2021)"},{"source_name":"TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022","description":"Chen, J., et al. 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Retrieved September 25, 2023.","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/moustachedbouncer-espionage-against-foreign-diplomats-in-belarus/"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_domains":["enterprise-attack","mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-03-29T14:59:30.164Z","name":"Application Assets","description":"Additional assets included with an 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NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020) This group has been active since at least 2009.(Citation: iSIGHT Sandworm 2014)(Citation: CrowdStrike VOODOO BEAR)(Citation: USDOJ Sandworm Feb 2020)(Citation: NCSC Sandworm Feb 2020)\n\nIn October 2020, the US indicted six GRU Unit 74455 officers associated with [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) for the following cyber operations: the 2015 and 2016 attacks against Ukrainian electrical companies and government organizations, the 2017 worldwide [NotPetya](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0368) attack, targeting of the 2017 French presidential campaign, the 2018 [Olympic Destroyer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0365) attack against the Winter Olympic Games, the 2018 operation against the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and attacks against the country of Georgia in 2018 and 2019.(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020) Some of these were conducted with the assistance of GRU Unit 26165, which is also referred to as [APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007).(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018)","aliases":["Sandworm Team","ELECTRUM","Telebots","IRON VIKING","BlackEnergy (Group)","Quedagh","Voodoo Bear","IRIDIUM","Seashell Blizzard","FROZENBARENTS","APT44"],"x_mitre_deprecated":false,"x_mitre_version":"4.1","x_mitre_contributors":["Dragos Threat Intelligence","Hakan KARABACAK"],"type":"intrusion-set","id":"intrusion-set--381fcf73-60f6-4ab2-9991-6af3cbc35192","created":"2017-05-31T21:32:04.588Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","revoked":false,"external_references":[{"source_name":"mitre-attack","url":"https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034","external_id":"G0034"},{"source_name":"Voodoo Bear","description":"(Citation: CrowdStrike VOODOO BEAR)(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"},{"source_name":"ELECTRUM","description":"(Citation: Dragos ELECTRUM)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"},{"source_name":"Sandworm Team","description":"(Citation: iSIGHT Sandworm 2014) (Citation: F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014) (Citation: InfoSecurity Sandworm Oct 2014)(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"},{"source_name":"Quedagh","description":"(Citation: iSIGHT Sandworm 2014) (Citation: F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"},{"source_name":"FROZENBARENTS","description":"(Citation: Leonard TAG 2023)"},{"source_name":"APT44","description":"(Citation: mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm)"},{"source_name":"IRIDIUM","description":"(Citation: Microsoft Prestige ransomware October 2022)"},{"source_name":"Seashell Blizzard","description":"(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"},{"source_name":"BlackEnergy (Group)","description":"(Citation: NCSC 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(2023, April 19). Ukraine remains Russia’s biggest cyber focus in 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.","url":"https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/ukraine-remains-russias-biggest-cyber-focus-in-2023/"},{"source_name":"US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018","description":"Brady, S . (2018, October 3). Indictment - United States vs Aleksei Sergeyevich Morenets, et al.. Retrieved October 1, 2020.","url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1098481/download"},{"source_name":"Dragos ELECTRUM","description":"Dragos. (2017, January 1). ELECTRUM Threat Profile. Retrieved June 10, 2020.","url":"https://www.dragos.com/resource/electrum/"},{"source_name":"F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014","description":"F-Secure Labs. (2014). BlackEnergy & Quedagh: The convergence of crimeware and APT attacks. Retrieved March 24, 2016.","url":"https://blog-assets.f-secure.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/15163408/BlackEnergy_Quedagh.pdf"},{"source_name":"iSIGHT Sandworm 2014","description":"Hultquist, J.. 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Retrieved January 19, 2023.","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/10/14/new-prestige-ransomware-impacts-organizations-in-ukraine-and-poland/"},{"source_name":"InfoSecurity Sandworm Oct 2014","description":"Muncaster, P.. (2014, October 14). Microsoft Zero Day Traced to Russian ‘Sandworm’ Hackers. Retrieved October 6, 2017.","url":"https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/microsoft-zero-day-traced-russian/"},{"source_name":"NCSC Sandworm Feb 2020","description":"NCSC. (2020, February 20). NCSC supports US advisory regarding GRU intrusion set Sandworm. Retrieved June 10, 2020.","url":"https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/news/ncsc-supports-sandworm-advisory"},{"source_name":"USDOJ Sandworm Feb 2020","description":"Pompeo, M. (2020, February 20). The United States Condemns Russian Cyber Attack Against the Country of Georgia. Retrieved September 12, 2024.","url":"https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-united-states-condemns-russian-cyber-attack-against-the-country-of-georgia/index.html"},{"source_name":"mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm","description":"Roncone, G. et al. (n.d.). APT44: Unearthing Sandworm. Retrieved July 11, 2024.","url":"https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/apt44-unearthing-sandworm.pdf"},{"source_name":"US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020","description":"Scott W. Brady. (2020, October 15). United States vs. Yuriy Sergeyevich Andrienko et al.. Retrieved November 25, 2020.","url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1328521/download"},{"source_name":"Secureworks IRON VIKING ","description":"Secureworks. (2020, May 1). IRON VIKING Threat Profile. Retrieved June 10, 2020.","url":"https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-profiles/iron-viking"},{"source_name":"UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020","description":"UK NCSC. (2020, October 19). UK exposes series of Russian cyber attacks against Olympic and Paralympic Games . Retrieved November 30, 2020.","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-exposes-series-of-russian-cyber-attacks-against-olympic-and-paralympic-games"}],"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"x_mitre_domains":["enterprise-attack","ics-attack","mobile-attack"],"x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"3.2.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"object_marking_refs":["marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"],"id":"x-mitre-data-component--61f1d40e-f3d0-4cc6-aa2d-937b6204194f","type":"x-mitre-data-component","created":"2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z","created_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5","modified":"2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z","name":"Process Termination","description":"Exit of a running process (ex: Sysmon EID 5 or Windows EID 4689)","x_mitre_data_source_ref":"x-mitre-data-source--e8b8ede7-337b-4c0c-8c32-5c7872c1ee22","x_mitre_version":"1.0","x_mitre_attack_spec_version":"2.1.0","x_mitre_modified_by_ref":"identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"},{"modified":"2024-04-19T19:35:15.637Z","name":"PROMETHIUM","description":"[PROMETHIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0056) is an activity group focused on espionage that has been active since at least 2012. The group has conducted operations globally with a heavy emphasis on Turkish targets. 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index 11dfa2f036..622dc07dcd 100644
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index b5f8f98dbe..d35b79d94a 100644
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index 3712ddee39..41994e689f 100644
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index 73a0c01807..c4b6de4224 100644
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index f771d665a1..b14dddfb6d 100644
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index 0c9022d785..b8cdcb15a7 100644
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index ce709a9b3b..48c909671b 100644
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index 274fc62905..76edbec110 100644
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index 171ea364cb..9531b8c9c9 100644
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index 4ebcd85e0f..8608fc70fa 100644
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index 068dce383f..903486fb16 100644
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index 3db6486fb3..b3c92395aa 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1317fb3d-ded3-4b84-8007-147f3b02948a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--1317fb3d-ded3-4b84-8007-147f3b02948a.json
index a9843cf8c3..2aecf2e8e8 100644
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index c93f59dc04..56b59ff640 100644
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index 413a065bc6..06a90bcfa9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--17adf4c2-e278-41fc-9183-cda5c8b74de7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--17adf4c2-e278-41fc-9183-cda5c8b74de7.json
index ba5db3e419..dd4a20e6e7 100644
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index 27569ff3d1..b4d830796f 100644
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index bd9d5160e6..c9ca7e6103 100644
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index 680fd176a6..1bc32ae7b1 100644
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index 191209a0a2..1aa031091c 100644
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index dddefb98dc..b855ec7d43 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--21e179f2-49c9-4ec9-ac7a-b8eae8e15bd9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--21e179f2-49c9-4ec9-ac7a-b8eae8e15bd9.json
index d6e05b6348..2565ad5fdb 100644
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index 8db20e7ab1..284e73b9b9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--22290cce-856a-46d5-9589-699f5dfc1429.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--22290cce-856a-46d5-9589-699f5dfc1429.json
index dbc952c25d..feaff00941 100644
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index 84f8d12592..ff73242236 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--22708018-defd-4690-8b0f-fe47e11cb5d6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--22708018-defd-4690-8b0f-fe47e11cb5d6.json
index 6aeabc92b7..b59d7b6303 100644
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index 482a204184..9dd0b4498c 100644
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index f0f7c80267..40a008853c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--22f3d28b-ba0c-4aa3-99b4-60790ba9c7b6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--22f3d28b-ba0c-4aa3-99b4-60790ba9c7b6.json
index 636d00ee0a..d0e8359bb6 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--22f5308c-77ee-4198-be1c-54062aa6a613.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--22f5308c-77ee-4198-be1c-54062aa6a613.json
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index 642dd6c84b..fdc0b8ec74 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--242dc659-c205-4e9e-95f9-14fee66195af.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--242dc659-c205-4e9e-95f9-14fee66195af.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--24951cfe-d3ce-4802-86ff-028fc9cbbe53.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--24951cfe-d3ce-4802-86ff-028fc9cbbe53.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--24a7379e-a994-411b-b17c-add6c6c6fc07.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--24a7379e-a994-411b-b17c-add6c6c6fc07.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--24de6f6e-86d3-4e4e-a965-3e0435205f48.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--24de6f6e-86d3-4e4e-a965-3e0435205f48.json
index d02bdb9573..021fb50337 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--25466097-53c6-4dc7-8409-197758e88673.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--25466097-53c6-4dc7-8409-197758e88673.json
index 1f2e878a00..85104ed77e 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--257f4f86-950f-4f5a-b38c-0de85753d2d3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--257f4f86-950f-4f5a-b38c-0de85753d2d3.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--25cdb4f2-5b38-411c-bfb6-eca7ea4d4527.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--25cdb4f2-5b38-411c-bfb6-eca7ea4d4527.json
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index 3b8ccb8718..437eead3a1 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--26b1025b-5c08-4b6e-8c50-7d2baf29e7b7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--26b1025b-5c08-4b6e-8c50-7d2baf29e7b7.json
index fd56fd2fef..295a070691 100644
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index afdad0a4b5..940b1f7e76 100644
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index 61470d4ff7..8c1a99b262 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--271a311f-71bc-4558-a314-0edfbec44b64.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--271a311f-71bc-4558-a314-0edfbec44b64.json
index 7c7bad6212..a6dc393d7c 100644
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index b6e03a5e86..c439132afe 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27490b14-8044-408a-8c6a-6d8427eb78ff.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--27490b14-8044-408a-8c6a-6d8427eb78ff.json
index 4dc082d566..0ee2b27b7c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--276bfd69-33cc-4665-8aa7-72bed65d01f9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--276bfd69-33cc-4665-8aa7-72bed65d01f9.json
index a69e0b50f9..214f04501f 100644
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index a33b4ae5bd..d0b062e5b5 100644
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index f32ec58011..c58a839511 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--299931f0-4c60-4a9b-8a6a-4adb6362e590.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--299931f0-4c60-4a9b-8a6a-4adb6362e590.json
index 2901db59b4..a19416fe8e 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2a5f4f05-bd60-4571-bcce-f3b764a5b5a0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2a5f4f05-bd60-4571-bcce-f3b764a5b5a0.json
index be2a543019..adfc08d406 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2acc0c1a-af30-4410-976b-31148df5378d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2acc0c1a-af30-4410-976b-31148df5378d.json
index 294feceae0..414d222054 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2ae97bcd-0481-415c-8337-12d3a30e6911.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2ae97bcd-0481-415c-8337-12d3a30e6911.json
index ec897732ae..2968a7bf05 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2af26be3-f910-4700-ab14-9d14532601cc.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2af26be3-f910-4700-ab14-9d14532601cc.json
index 4c92a3fce8..c82174e8da 100644
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index 0b7da6a0e0..5a9b2cfad2 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2b0f4c1d-8d99-4e80-8555-d9a454d5cab7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2b0f4c1d-8d99-4e80-8555-d9a454d5cab7.json
index b6afab06be..8df94a6349 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2bbd620d-6deb-4f81-a95b-98a7a74878e9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2bbd620d-6deb-4f81-a95b-98a7a74878e9.json
index 659ccd572e..54515f4487 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2be3d0a4-2e24-4d04-859e-37d24835ff16.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2be3d0a4-2e24-4d04-859e-37d24835ff16.json
index 8bd383c0d2..a8ba11bcc0 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2bedbf86-2ef0-45bf-950d-b9d072c03bdc.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2bedbf86-2ef0-45bf-950d-b9d072c03bdc.json
index c2df62142d..7fdd59d829 100644
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index c780a824cf..2038551cc2 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2caddf52-2bc2-4f75-90bb-0f292952ada6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2caddf52-2bc2-4f75-90bb-0f292952ada6.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2d3198ff-a481-47ec-ae64-13d7be706929.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2d3198ff-a481-47ec-ae64-13d7be706929.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2de76a24-ec87-4808-b0d3-b84d318ac22c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2de76a24-ec87-4808-b0d3-b84d318ac22c.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e2d1ffa-f6df-4d3c-b99b-f7b8baff53e8.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e2d1ffa-f6df-4d3c-b99b-f7b8baff53e8.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e55d0cf-afe6-41f1-8ad3-0d1a910ad010.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e55d0cf-afe6-41f1-8ad3-0d1a910ad010.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e59d381-eac6-41c6-a5e6-f9617c10259e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e59d381-eac6-41c6-a5e6-f9617c10259e.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e797961-356f-4763-bdb2-0ebc2ad4c8b0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e797961-356f-4763-bdb2-0ebc2ad4c8b0.json
index b937c79857..0e71bb263c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e7f8995-93ae-41bb-9baf-53178341d93e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e7f8995-93ae-41bb-9baf-53178341d93e.json
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index 882ac04d3b..13d0927259 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2e913583-123a-47af-8872-98fc12ab4a6a.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2ebd5c4c-af03-4874-a6fd-1e58d51cc055.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2ebd5c4c-af03-4874-a6fd-1e58d51cc055.json
index ca02dba788..1cbca6eb49 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2f1e5d77-0054-4f8a-8e01-7c0318278a76.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2f1e5d77-0054-4f8a-8e01-7c0318278a76.json
index 06024ffb94..db947a8545 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2f41ab75-3490-4642-8111-9d4d43b88df7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2f41ab75-3490-4642-8111-9d4d43b88df7.json
index ff5dae3610..0848cb773d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2f55e452-f8b3-402b-a193-d261dac9f327.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2f55e452-f8b3-402b-a193-d261dac9f327.json
index ce2e228831..26894485f3 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2f8b5252-551c-4a0d-8e72-8da4050757f3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2f8b5252-551c-4a0d-8e72-8da4050757f3.json
index db271e26c1..2a3689acd4 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2f9b95b2-0ef4-40b8-a230-86f273000dc7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2f9b95b2-0ef4-40b8-a230-86f273000dc7.json
index cd7fbffb0e..e4f22990dd 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2f9c31d2-2e6c-4e95-9058-c9a8def46865.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2f9c31d2-2e6c-4e95-9058-c9a8def46865.json
index d1a49da19c..b568abb270 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2fcc6291-9a68-45c2-a5c5-94b1973ed3d2.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--2fcc6291-9a68-45c2-a5c5-94b1973ed3d2.json
index fc98a2046a..bb19ca905c 100644
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index ccd6625365..ff2cfba07d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--322d0123-ea4c-4562-a718-672952c83d05.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--322d0123-ea4c-4562-a718-672952c83d05.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3230c032-17e0-49f7-b948-c157049aafe2.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3230c032-17e0-49f7-b948-c157049aafe2.json
index f1fc53ad80..fdadd52c48 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--33857221-2543-4a7f-8255-b0d140d70ad7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--33857221-2543-4a7f-8255-b0d140d70ad7.json
index 4d8a664806..35c825c4f2 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--34351abd-1f58-420a-a893-ad822839815d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--34351abd-1f58-420a-a893-ad822839815d.json
index 493172b0f2..de9776ae5d 100644
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index 01f2cccabd..43dfd736c0 100644
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index f75dc565cd..761a8e8eb0 100644
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index 6d13b0d4d8..9defa0cbdc 100644
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index 58b5551001..bc318687f0 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--34a8a945-cc6c-474b-8db1-ffe8b5ecf99f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--34a8a945-cc6c-474b-8db1-ffe8b5ecf99f.json
index 103f135840..2eda75cbd7 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--34b6abb0-d199-46bb-af21-b65560e75658.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--34b6abb0-d199-46bb-af21-b65560e75658.json
index 1c8e3e0c6d..332b65a313 100644
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index b0f3745f91..29548fdf7c 100644
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index 468ba96ad0..99fc8b9992 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3644d1dd-8d9f-4a89-a618-c6b22c2a1a96.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3644d1dd-8d9f-4a89-a618-c6b22c2a1a96.json
index e465d96977..e06fbdbe45 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--37fd2f2a-e4f4-4d39-8698-d17305fb2517.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--37fd2f2a-e4f4-4d39-8698-d17305fb2517.json
index 6fd9924800..8ea8f581ef 100644
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index 262e67031e..3291b93f5d 100644
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index 2336c5e43c..2fb4a26c94 100644
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index af7d25f7d6..3453b6a46b 100644
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index d1d99e01fb..9ed878ef53 100644
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index 07513aac26..1116b0274a 100644
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index b113a34439..54552a3ea0 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3dd0cd4d-bcde-4105-b98e-b32add191083.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3dd0cd4d-bcde-4105-b98e-b32add191083.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3ec30b37-1db2-4048-9dd9-22d863f034bb.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3ec30b37-1db2-4048-9dd9-22d863f034bb.json
index 3bdb522219..6ba49a8f69 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3efe7dcc-a572-45ac-aff2-2932206a0632.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3efe7dcc-a572-45ac-aff2-2932206a0632.json
index 8434db1719..55b7c566f5 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3f2daf2e-c28c-46cd-bf91-ae35e873f365.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3f2daf2e-c28c-46cd-bf91-ae35e873f365.json
index 8c9f243ebe..c40a9429dd 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3f31b209-dbc7-4c7e-bb0a-e37801121c13.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3f31b209-dbc7-4c7e-bb0a-e37801121c13.json
index d46d76ecc0..b12a296e60 100644
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index 4c8ea53a78..0c9ce709f6 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3f47f048-badd-4476-8534-d06e20c02ec6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3f47f048-badd-4476-8534-d06e20c02ec6.json
index 1e8213a1e7..30d289738c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3f5dbd48-5899-4e97-96a6-ad7e68b673cd.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3f5dbd48-5899-4e97-96a6-ad7e68b673cd.json
index f49b6b7082..8b0655b5a6 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3f81a680-3151-4608-b83f-550756632013.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3f81a680-3151-4608-b83f-550756632013.json
index ece4a4460a..418e02438d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3f973c3c-45f8-432a-9859-e8749f2e7418.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3f973c3c-45f8-432a-9859-e8749f2e7418.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3fd2785f-f0eb-4aa9-8a10-e1c9a88b372a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3fd2785f-f0eb-4aa9-8a10-e1c9a88b372a.json
index c89d17cd7c..751ef568ff 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3fdb8bfb-1b2d-4fac-bb41-d26a5ad18dbb.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--3fdb8bfb-1b2d-4fac-bb41-d26a5ad18dbb.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--41da5845-a1a8-4d10-8929-053be3496396.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--41da5845-a1a8-4d10-8929-053be3496396.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4220ec84-3c30-462b-9bad-4fb4de42cfd4.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4220ec84-3c30-462b-9bad-4fb4de42cfd4.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--42342d72-a37c-477e-b8f1-1768273fcb7f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--42342d72-a37c-477e-b8f1-1768273fcb7f.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--42510b9a-7e72-4a52-bc7a-6e1a7ebacff7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--42510b9a-7e72-4a52-bc7a-6e1a7ebacff7.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--42f8d024-64a7-4bbf-8c05-2b0c7e667396.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--42f8d024-64a7-4bbf-8c05-2b0c7e667396.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--430b2b14-9d63-401c-b76b-d0247ee7e27b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--430b2b14-9d63-401c-b76b-d0247ee7e27b.json
index 30f91e4378..1c98359612 100644
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index d92bd574f4..c8b64ff31d 100644
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index 9c34de4922..40e7c8f566 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--439d905b-1ad8-461a-ab0d-b2f426cb2c3a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--439d905b-1ad8-461a-ab0d-b2f426cb2c3a.json
index d8ecbb8815..32b2b62f08 100644
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index 20e3a3698c..7f835c6f53 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--48486680-530c-4ed9-aca3-94969aa262b6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--48486680-530c-4ed9-aca3-94969aa262b6.json
index 11bad8fbfd..bbf5ab5e50 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--48552acc-5f1a-422f-90fa-37108446f36d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--48552acc-5f1a-422f-90fa-37108446f36d.json
index a9417eb17d..79858b151b 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--48552acc-5f1a-422f-90fa-37108446f36d.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--48854999-1c12-4454-bb7c-051691a081f9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--48854999-1c12-4454-bb7c-051691a081f9.json
index 072002b6da..a129071916 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4896e256-fb04-403c-bbb7-2323b158a6e0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4896e256-fb04-403c-bbb7-2323b158a6e0.json
index 9b7e5ebd69..a9d6399d8d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4897ef75-0035-4ae5-b325-de2f6b27565f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4897ef75-0035-4ae5-b325-de2f6b27565f.json
index 683eada8eb..bd7a64c9c8 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--48c0d9f7-9293-4f38-8ae5-9f5342621f74.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--48c0d9f7-9293-4f38-8ae5-9f5342621f74.json
index 4f133ec801..b6cc2206d3 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--48cd0af5-9ad1-44b3-beeb-d576974dadee.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--48cd0af5-9ad1-44b3-beeb-d576974dadee.json
index f42dff39fd..811e4c8b10 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4920a041-86f7-495b-896c-4d964950ed7e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4920a041-86f7-495b-896c-4d964950ed7e.json
index c66266354e..f3adce3dff 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4943cca6-69b1-4565-ac09-87ebda04584c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4943cca6-69b1-4565-ac09-87ebda04584c.json
index 572db3932c..2d12fa2954 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4a936488-526c-40c1-b2d5-490052cb0e73.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4a936488-526c-40c1-b2d5-490052cb0e73.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4aae6ab8-2a67-4780-a69e-b15ecff7fc5d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4aae6ab8-2a67-4780-a69e-b15ecff7fc5d.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ab1867c-b924-4b0d-a332-c0e150a28d7d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ab1867c-b924-4b0d-a332-c0e150a28d7d.json
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index 1c022ef40d..2fc09b067b 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ae0c45f-4ff0-4296-aaf4-c3e0d2e355e3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--4ae0c45f-4ff0-4296-aaf4-c3e0d2e355e3.json
index 11bd712622..bb87f09d87 100644
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index c1b408f768..4a645ad809 100644
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index b89feb5fcb..1e57488871 100644
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index abebc06548..2d207f5a0c 100644
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index ded83f5e88..cc1cf79a6f 100644
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index 42c3fc070a..b885689ba4 100644
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index 05a1115626..ffbe6bb402 100644
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index 163d7f55fe..e2b40e4e95 100644
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index b262618a97..a9e76a0c8e 100644
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index 955889f7d6..ed68589563 100644
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index dba5bb782c..4ac1617790 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--52649ab6-8d1c-41d0-9804-3fd4b6a1ba48.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--52649ab6-8d1c-41d0-9804-3fd4b6a1ba48.json
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index a40fb7e183..c4a34efc69 100644
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index dc8603b1a9..7fbd93d4ec 100644
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index fa006eb83d..f46a82db3e 100644
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index a892710414..ae74c60e28 100644
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index 9c6889fa1c..ed546071b0 100644
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index 388effe17a..5e3db40b69 100644
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index 14603ceffc..6d6fcb82bb 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6001f77a-da30-4ebc-85fd-5bf9afe5f0a1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6001f77a-da30-4ebc-85fd-5bf9afe5f0a1.json
index 71cd1d565a..e82e5685e5 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--603df08f-22d3-4418-9151-4b3a3c9c7c24.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--603df08f-22d3-4418-9151-4b3a3c9c7c24.json
index 1b376e7809..0ad0a17fab 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--60439118-3ceb-490b-9df5-e35e7fca9009.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--60439118-3ceb-490b-9df5-e35e7fca9009.json
index fa220ff062..c3205184a1 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--605d95a1-0493-418e-9d81-de58531c4421.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--605d95a1-0493-418e-9d81-de58531c4421.json
index 899916d281..50d24a9351 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--606b07b9-b5a4-464f-8381-062e2134d0ab.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--606b07b9-b5a4-464f-8381-062e2134d0ab.json
index c78b493213..c293958645 100644
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index ac15cd742e..fb5881b37d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6086e1e2-1b39-4ff2-910e-4a4eb86d57b7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6086e1e2-1b39-4ff2-910e-4a4eb86d57b7.json
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index b8e3f1811e..6a7d8a78f1 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--628435f7-7d1e-40f1-a29a-7c5861b14c7d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--628435f7-7d1e-40f1-a29a-7c5861b14c7d.json
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index 86e46bfc5d..69e2dc8ad8 100644
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index 097a0233b9..3e89e63d0f 100644
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index 62c058b662..4572214950 100644
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index accd08dcc1..dda16b0606 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c859d6b-28b1-409d-90ea-d4eba64edf82.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c859d6b-28b1-409d-90ea-d4eba64edf82.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c887e1b-ff9a-4d7f-baec-7d19e1c982bd.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6c887e1b-ff9a-4d7f-baec-7d19e1c982bd.json
index 4bfebc578c..455c84752c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ca3e3d9-2db9-4bed-98a0-417ff1e6a78e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ca3e3d9-2db9-4bed-98a0-417ff1e6a78e.json
index 8efc0e468a..a219d92d23 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6cace9e3-f095-4914-bddc-24cec8bcc859.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6cace9e3-f095-4914-bddc-24cec8bcc859.json
index 6ea5507b02..87dc91516d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ce36374-2ff6-4b41-8493-148416153232.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6ce36374-2ff6-4b41-8493-148416153232.json
index 99c6211804..c734ed353b 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d2c7743-fc75-4524-b217-13867ca1dd10.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d2c7743-fc75-4524-b217-13867ca1dd10.json
index 0ba70d9123..b4d27afe27 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d659130-545b-4917-891c-6c1b7d54ed07.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d659130-545b-4917-891c-6c1b7d54ed07.json
index 1229510081..2a319fac66 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d910b1c-df72-4fcb-9d9e-0bb666c9c108.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6d910b1c-df72-4fcb-9d9e-0bb666c9c108.json
index a2ae0ce485..ec137557a6 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6f27a13d-b353-47f3-8a71-a13e8c4c3d60.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6f27a13d-b353-47f3-8a71-a13e8c4c3d60.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6faacfdd-d17d-4c6e-a33e-5fdea2cc3998.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--6faacfdd-d17d-4c6e-a33e-5fdea2cc3998.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--70000e5a-cdff-4ff8-a565-5f7db60f8c49.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--70000e5a-cdff-4ff8-a565-5f7db60f8c49.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7017085c-c612-48b2-b655-e18d7822d0e7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7017085c-c612-48b2-b655-e18d7822d0e7.json
index 6510fb32af..b5a3ca392b 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--70fa8498-6117-4e15-ae3c-f53d63996826.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--70fa8498-6117-4e15-ae3c-f53d63996826.json
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index 587af0d96e..2324fb7be8 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--716f68ee-1e77-4254-8f67-d8f3c71db678.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--716f68ee-1e77-4254-8f67-d8f3c71db678.json
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index 00564da44c..0c637fa30d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--718a612e-50c5-40ab-9081-b88cefeafcb6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--718a612e-50c5-40ab-9081-b88cefeafcb6.json
index cfc949662a..a98e6d35a9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--71fbb52a-1808-45a1-8cc2-13b461376e4a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--71fbb52a-1808-45a1-8cc2-13b461376e4a.json
index 3ed97f50c4..8d84c70d37 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--721cc30c-74cf-4eed-89a8-7a8e63e6c0e1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--721cc30c-74cf-4eed-89a8-7a8e63e6c0e1.json
index 1852f24d2b..6772e7b5e6 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--724e1b64-7c9b-4a8f-a2ab-3f9cab539e68.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--724e1b64-7c9b-4a8f-a2ab-3f9cab539e68.json
index c194797dbf..511975b678 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7258542e-029b-45b9-be69-6e76d9c93b35.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7258542e-029b-45b9-be69-6e76d9c93b35.json
index 8af802f29f..f87b5a761f 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--725dc68b-e56d-42ac-b35e-651a7b3a2db8.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--725dc68b-e56d-42ac-b35e-651a7b3a2db8.json
index f2586a6b0c..8ebac97cf7 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7260c8fe-6b3b-48a2-889f-f329fb5b4ef0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--7260c8fe-6b3b-48a2-889f-f329fb5b4ef0.json
index 7d366cc08f..455bf8002a 100644
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index 502157cc04..0a2994614b 100644
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index 788c145b6e..9aae281212 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--73410b22-5aca-4b86-8efc-98c1ad75399a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--73410b22-5aca-4b86-8efc-98c1ad75399a.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--734fa2bf-17af-4e54-8d83-4cf9759e4ba9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--734fa2bf-17af-4e54-8d83-4cf9759e4ba9.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--73d78f2c-dd3b-469c-a622-e2e89cb521d3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--73d78f2c-dd3b-469c-a622-e2e89cb521d3.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--73e78aab-bcd9-4d3c-96f8-832f399bf2ee.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--73e78aab-bcd9-4d3c-96f8-832f399bf2ee.json
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index dfd5756fd1..1975ba35e1 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--740ea19e-d248-44e5-a0e5-3e9420df9dc8.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--740ea19e-d248-44e5-a0e5-3e9420df9dc8.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--746eaf98-bd95-4e9a-a4ed-0e3f20402276.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--746eaf98-bd95-4e9a-a4ed-0e3f20402276.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--749dcdbd-9be9-403b-850f-8ee5452b7aed.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--749dcdbd-9be9-403b-850f-8ee5452b7aed.json
index e76b4a672c..99d6211859 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--74a137c7-b3f8-421f-bc52-bf9f0785d0ba.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--74a137c7-b3f8-421f-bc52-bf9f0785d0ba.json
index 2d8927ef43..8648ca868a 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--74c3c88c-956b-4bc7-9ea2-585e7366fe69.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--74c3c88c-956b-4bc7-9ea2-585e7366fe69.json
index b38ea19205..d7cf5e871a 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--74c8c9e7-cd8b-4f3a-830d-a7e6e9668330.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--74c8c9e7-cd8b-4f3a-830d-a7e6e9668330.json
index 396078bd82..20a434290e 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--75400f2e-8a9a-4bc6-a40b-f860b38868b6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--75400f2e-8a9a-4bc6-a40b-f860b38868b6.json
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index 415e49ac45..1d85958c8d 100644
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index 8d96fdce8d..1996553ee4 100644
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index 6231e3514d..a8a3785899 100644
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index 8e3402c8ba..ecbec80f8f 100644
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index 4e64ddb091..bf7097535e 100644
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index ab91d19366..d5914fa796 100644
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index 4dd565367d..b4fa29b46f 100644
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index 681b761962..39f2f9198a 100644
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index f23ab227a0..93921f703c 100644
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index 88543a62c9..73281aaf6a 100644
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index b59c3d79e9..bcbde52c06 100644
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index 0523478fbd..85f39e1a9b 100644
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index 904c9b49f2..c26e4aae67 100644
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index d385097203..90371ddd3e 100644
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index a06424166d..dc32c505c7 100644
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index d767afc043..39573635b2 100644
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index 58c78b9734..45fe0eaab5 100644
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index 9570b55628..05b1bbf683 100644
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index b4b4399c40..6f2d90cbd3 100644
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index da6db5c93e..32f2cc6230 100644
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index 9bc81dc9df..33ec5e257f 100644
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index a91ba05c5e..b5521d33cf 100644
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index 1571e79c9f..8e5d0d6fe8 100644
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index 9948f0a1f1..d5e0503188 100644
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index 4a534e516c..6bac252d84 100644
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index f69e2bd8d4..d4f93f37b4 100644
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index 05371eaee9..5066ad0197 100644
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index 8c433b5a66..82cfb8f901 100644
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index c9a5cff9fb..d25adac98c 100644
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index 3c0798cfff..85d58217de 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ab18ee61-f94a-411c-9893-941714ce713e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ab18ee61-f94a-411c-9893-941714ce713e.json
index 3cd9800ae5..70288091cc 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ada67532-039d-4b4f-93ab-82ceba13ec56.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ada67532-039d-4b4f-93ab-82ceba13ec56.json
index be9f5b8aaa..b944302882 100644
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index 4701ceadbf..50bc28087a 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--af55d12a-5f58-4135-90d0-f465a66f7a3f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--af55d12a-5f58-4135-90d0-f465a66f7a3f.json
index 215ef23adf..47d461fc05 100644
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index 1d233dc5bf..e10111c964 100644
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index 40b609a159..33442a2291 100644
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index 431887279e..ff0758cb64 100644
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index cebede06a1..e760247ff2 100644
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index 1be3054b37..4850948817 100644
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index 85ec3b138c..ac8de81ea7 100644
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index 00455a5833..8d333795c3 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b3866c07-e143-4d0d-9176-c2845f85c5ab.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b3866c07-e143-4d0d-9176-c2845f85c5ab.json
index 3e6c03f540..f32dc4df07 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b3a14001-e0c0-4f13-ac03-04e56dc0e312.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b3a14001-e0c0-4f13-ac03-04e56dc0e312.json
index 0e35670e88..eb40ba809e 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b3bb33bf-9034-4d5c-8ea0-31d3bbd12b6b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b3bb33bf-9034-4d5c-8ea0-31d3bbd12b6b.json
index a019e03f35..96a6502368 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b402664b-a5b4-45e4-832f-02638e6c67a7.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b402664b-a5b4-45e4-832f-02638e6c67a7.json
index c566f3c3a0..d76f3b6a5f 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b402664b-a5b4-45e4-832f-02638e6c67a7.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b40e34ad-b699-4196-aa07-5bd71fe8f213.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b40e34ad-b699-4196-aa07-5bd71fe8f213.json
index c63085ba8b..b6cfd56451 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b4180067-52b6-4109-91df-52fd9a7ed2e8.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b4180067-52b6-4109-91df-52fd9a7ed2e8.json
index ebc8729aae..a282bfb219 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b43c87a7-de40-4673-9808-57c7ffca7b98.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b43c87a7-de40-4673-9808-57c7ffca7b98.json
index 8482dda55a..8c1aaa5dd2 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b43f4cef-138e-4b5d-8e68-e8eeae3591be.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b43f4cef-138e-4b5d-8e68-e8eeae3591be.json
index 3e45cb00e0..25c766de2f 100644
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index e0fb751ddb..527ad7de4e 100644
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index c2554fd7ac..bcc82ae949 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b53d1c92-b71f-434e-aa4f-08b8db765248.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b53d1c92-b71f-434e-aa4f-08b8db765248.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b5590b50-0aaa-4f43-9b29-f17ee717b551.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b5590b50-0aaa-4f43-9b29-f17ee717b551.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b5e8cef4-e8a1-484f-baae-cf12b26e6070.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b5e8cef4-e8a1-484f-baae-cf12b26e6070.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b5f3b110-fc66-4369-89f3-621c945d655f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b5f3b110-fc66-4369-89f3-621c945d655f.json
index acfe6dd2bb..6291381f01 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b610c587-576a-40cc-9f76-6362455c8ff4.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b610c587-576a-40cc-9f76-6362455c8ff4.json
index 255ba21678..49ba266f51 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b6323cf4-8141-4910-8743-e42cd15b49e9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b6323cf4-8141-4910-8743-e42cd15b49e9.json
index 0e4995d636..123acca816 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b641e5b8-5981-452a-99f0-3598c783e5ee.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b641e5b8-5981-452a-99f0-3598c783e5ee.json
index 11e6251693..4353858e22 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b6726136-3c20-4921-a0cb-75a66f59107c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b6726136-3c20-4921-a0cb-75a66f59107c.json
index 40c8d13e6f..fbd464aa3d 100644
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index d55845e35f..77099e4972 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b6feb018-65e3-46ff-b872-e4385b6f3b34.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b6feb018-65e3-46ff-b872-e4385b6f3b34.json
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index d8c7a1c84e..fc0421d172 100644
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index fbbb46068e..2a59df24ee 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b7a31a11-6c84-4c28-a548-4751e4d71134.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b7a31a11-6c84-4c28-a548-4751e4d71134.json
index 49b9a8019d..f59884c2c4 100644
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index 3bf2fcd48a..2def382de0 100644
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index 56a86ff799..39e93e3db8 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b8606318-8c12-4381-ba33-5b2321772ea0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b8606318-8c12-4381-ba33-5b2321772ea0.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b96e8699-4bd2-4793-8f9c-88d6e4c50e98.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--b96e8699-4bd2-4793-8f9c-88d6e4c50e98.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bba8b056-acbe-4fed-b890-965a446d7a3c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bba8b056-acbe-4fed-b890-965a446d7a3c.json
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index 6089b208e3..9032d378d2 100644
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index 08f71e63d1..c3c870010e 100644
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index 61d3396f35..8d1a79df3a 100644
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index bce537ff57..f73c0128f3 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bc870a55-5499-4146-91ef-ea74647c3e10.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bc870a55-5499-4146-91ef-ea74647c3e10.json
index 31072484cc..55c376cd82 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bcc8eb7a-d2a8-41d2-832e-f435e51c685a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bcc8eb7a-d2a8-41d2-832e-f435e51c685a.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bee6407a-1f05-4f91-b6e7-a8f8b58fa421.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bee6407a-1f05-4f91-b6e7-a8f8b58fa421.json
index 7c6bbd441f..48cb119de5 100644
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index 91a8c4b0a3..b6e1f4f8c8 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bef936d5-736e-491a-9c30-37b8362a5d96.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bef936d5-736e-491a-9c30-37b8362a5d96.json
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index 50ce78d82c..250fb4de02 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf2ea132-c8f3-4ea0-8c4c-bdc95923c3b1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--bf2ea132-c8f3-4ea0-8c4c-bdc95923c3b1.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c264d954-8b5f-4be1-acf0-6387b7f04fae.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c264d954-8b5f-4be1-acf0-6387b7f04fae.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c33b7dfb-82ad-4a7c-a84c-6e7e9849253b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c33b7dfb-82ad-4a7c-a84c-6e7e9849253b.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c340b30d-0ad5-4e90-94ce-b6a6b229a7c4.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c340b30d-0ad5-4e90-94ce-b6a6b229a7c4.json
index 3b1731a215..5edf2846cc 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c3439bdd-a0db-401b-97fd-5e2ec135a396.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c3439bdd-a0db-401b-97fd-5e2ec135a396.json
index 5f1087d522..4d9fd8400c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c368c932-7d5a-40e3-a18b-f30e82b9e4e6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c368c932-7d5a-40e3-a18b-f30e82b9e4e6.json
index 554369050b..3032740599 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c368c932-7d5a-40e3-a18b-f30e82b9e4e6.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c374c9ce-ff30-4daa-bdec-8015a507746a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c374c9ce-ff30-4daa-bdec-8015a507746a.json
index a94dc3ba65..a5ac4550b5 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c393fe8f-5708-40eb-ada9-6ca0d9b16c7d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c393fe8f-5708-40eb-ada9-6ca0d9b16c7d.json
index d0ad68508b..efc811aa46 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c3c0ff44-71bb-4774-a850-7b7c9dccb619.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c3c0ff44-71bb-4774-a850-7b7c9dccb619.json
index a9724e1f45..5bbc5c5bf2 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c3c2bf20-fa33-4af4-92ec-d60679e1d4ee.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c3c2bf20-fa33-4af4-92ec-d60679e1d4ee.json
index 4adc8f2543..b727dbafe9 100644
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index fbf5005ff2..4d8cc106c6 100644
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index e0265e5004..37adcff952 100644
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index ff5cc44181..04d0224326 100644
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index acb4c97dad..2a14cf23c5 100644
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index ea0f8a24e5..8175eec324 100644
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index 71e96d9263..ac56d7ecf6 100644
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index 9a8b69d83c..8c45a4adb0 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c61c16a9-8d1a-4329-b784-ba71f8421b33.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c61c16a9-8d1a-4329-b784-ba71f8421b33.json
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index d3dda37b3d..e6b0e5a324 100644
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index a4cd439313..01e05fdb4d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c96c3405-1d9b-46e4-8f57-a6c49eb68a31.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--c96c3405-1d9b-46e4-8f57-a6c49eb68a31.json
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--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ca568149-9971-4d15-b3db-ff7dabd49695.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ca8c38e6-8343-4f5e-929d-2759a0d49d59.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ca8c38e6-8343-4f5e-929d-2759a0d49d59.json
index 66ec9d397f..0748d1d3c9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ca9e5e50-49e9-44cc-a0a4-4ec8633a9506.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ca9e5e50-49e9-44cc-a0a4-4ec8633a9506.json
index cdcdda87a1..b8dc4cbe22 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cacc0b72-9d73-4381-90e9-545ba908722c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cacc0b72-9d73-4381-90e9-545ba908722c.json
index 96c04598e8..9a41f48ae8 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cb5465c0-a577-45b1-becf-305e0bd47497.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cb5465c0-a577-45b1-becf-305e0bd47497.json
index 7690424803..95bb42ef55 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cb5a81bb-a3c6-4d7c-836c-c0bd6227b48f.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cb5a81bb-a3c6-4d7c-836c-c0bd6227b48f.json
index 708f417849..50e6fd92b4 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cb80178a-5f9c-41bd-95a2-a7c5fe23c12c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cb80178a-5f9c-41bd-95a2-a7c5fe23c12c.json
index c116aacac3..36df3a3cca 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cbb07bef-f1da-41f6-b786-4a255e8bf985.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cbb07bef-f1da-41f6-b786-4a255e8bf985.json
index 6186e2a8ea..ce4db86654 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cbb48fa1-0677-4a07-bdbf-eda1827e52f1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cbb48fa1-0677-4a07-bdbf-eda1827e52f1.json
index e01104abcf..6d5379da5d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cbf17fea-141e-44b8-831c-b3cc41066420.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cbf17fea-141e-44b8-831c-b3cc41066420.json
index 1adf89ffc3..3ad54a629f 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc0b8984-f561-4453-a2be-9be8bd62561e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc0b8984-f561-4453-a2be-9be8bd62561e.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc345ae4-0d60-4f21-98b3-596c15118745.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc345ae4-0d60-4f21-98b3-596c15118745.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc3cf438-7206-46df-a4a4-999472ea6a9a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc3cf438-7206-46df-a4a4-999472ea6a9a.json
index abc5b08d31..b0fa96a212 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc3e1864-0b7b-4ca1-b123-d9c7553f3398.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc3e1864-0b7b-4ca1-b123-d9c7553f3398.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc49561f-8364-4908-9111-ad3a6dcd922c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cc49561f-8364-4908-9111-ad3a6dcd922c.json
index 44f54ebd1a..27ab18891c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ccb6f906-a785-4695-91a5-f1bc210892dc.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ccb6f906-a785-4695-91a5-f1bc210892dc.json
index 28d11c69cb..ba8853ab92 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cce1848e-5f32-429a-8c9d-e32367052675.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cce1848e-5f32-429a-8c9d-e32367052675.json
index cc0b979648..2e63132686 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cce49043-52b0-407c-b4f0-0f4727351d4b.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cce49043-52b0-407c-b4f0-0f4727351d4b.json
index 21457e7d46..76e7b095a8 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cce5d90f-edff-454d-bafa-caf33b71ed6c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cce5d90f-edff-454d-bafa-caf33b71ed6c.json
index d14e3a6e79..80beaa8680 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cce82a76-5390-473d-9e7c-9450d1509d1d.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cce82a76-5390-473d-9e7c-9450d1509d1d.json
index 9765e5de38..9a4c142ede 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ccfffa97-17fd-4826-9a16-c9d8174fb8ac.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ccfffa97-17fd-4826-9a16-c9d8174fb8ac.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cd0f76da-ea06-4710-ab1d-53a7e29a6328.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cd0f76da-ea06-4710-ab1d-53a7e29a6328.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cd503879-ccb4-4d47-af5a-90fe7e37c438.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cd503879-ccb4-4d47-af5a-90fe7e37c438.json
index 1453d7f2c4..7f2cbe690b 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cd6a9777-a8fd-43ca-91dc-cafc7d4b7df3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cd6a9777-a8fd-43ca-91dc-cafc7d4b7df3.json
index e87a28a151..3d0d62695c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cd7a2294-1e14-42e8-b870-d99d73443b88.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cd7a2294-1e14-42e8-b870-d99d73443b88.json
index 4904e5c832..ec67f3b9be 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cd8c383a-2a62-45e5-917f-a26efe5ba03c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cd8c383a-2a62-45e5-917f-a26efe5ba03c.json
index a594aced8d..e6a7b4fccf 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cd9e8334-2ff6-4f64-993f-4e11a68ef7ca.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--cd9e8334-2ff6-4f64-993f-4e11a68ef7ca.json
index 760905a217..a1e05f6691 100644
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index 832a899b06..2216879ff5 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d1318f71-7f70-4820-a3fc-0d05af038733.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d1318f71-7f70-4820-a3fc-0d05af038733.json
index ec851c0049..ccb48deb7a 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d13724d0-a5e2-433b-86bf-ead04359edec.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d13724d0-a5e2-433b-86bf-ead04359edec.json
index 695bef0643..0b5cb8e8b8 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d170a088-b115-4a86-b093-8aa32666a470.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d170a088-b115-4a86-b093-8aa32666a470.json
index e45a3efcc1..e4631412a2 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d1e11627-23e4-40f3-bcbc-2b832b0bbaa3.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d1e11627-23e4-40f3-bcbc-2b832b0bbaa3.json
index 6eae7950af..5c4b7ef33d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d22be48b-90fa-4dba-ab6f-f3ad5e08c03e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d22be48b-90fa-4dba-ab6f-f3ad5e08c03e.json
index cec2ee85fc..3ada4fea4d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d22d309b-ab00-4f17-b6bf-7706f499cc5e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d22d309b-ab00-4f17-b6bf-7706f499cc5e.json
index ec643db415..20b900c716 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d22f2c45-d6fa-419a-8f25-65ea37529ccc.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d22f2c45-d6fa-419a-8f25-65ea37529ccc.json
index 337b4187a6..752b4cb61d 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d2749285-47d9-44a4-962f-9215e6fb580e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d2749285-47d9-44a4-962f-9215e6fb580e.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d2d7476e-66a4-4d46-877c-6e80678bbb38.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d2d7476e-66a4-4d46-877c-6e80678bbb38.json
index 6c223adcaa..0d0b82df8d 100644
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index a4ce714788..0f047b592e 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d32003ba-959b-4377-aa04-f75275c32abf.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d32003ba-959b-4377-aa04-f75275c32abf.json
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index e5a6dbcf1a..cad672481b 100644
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index 5ba035642a..f2cbd41dcf 100644
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index 2f91dc72c1..f028cd5d49 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d44b097a-1bba-40bd-8ec8-d717a3f3df0c.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d44b097a-1bba-40bd-8ec8-d717a3f3df0c.json
index f958999010..8f919e99ad 100644
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index ebfb935529..892e44bb48 100644
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index 085b1f97cf..3f09b7f5dc 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d5928f73-c4ba-4eb1-bf8a-e75ff6806a4a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--d5928f73-c4ba-4eb1-bf8a-e75ff6806a4a.json
index d9ed033178..9d2f3247a4 100644
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index 46ada0dce1..c2f1929609 100644
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index 97276c3828..e591d41690 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--def81edd-4410-47b2-a80f-d47b3f353f54.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--def81edd-4410-47b2-a80f-d47b3f353f54.json
index faf9137c68..3c3cc3f3ac 100644
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index 219245ab30..cde1167033 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--df337ad4-c88e-425f-b869-ecac29674bf4.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--df337ad4-c88e-425f-b869-ecac29674bf4.json
index de08933b0d..f1e3035e9b 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dfdf329f-8fc3-4dcb-89b4-c3f1095cd77a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--dfdf329f-8fc3-4dcb-89b4-c3f1095cd77a.json
index cfbdd8ef84..102dbf221d 100644
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index 2e6af1362f..eb8dfd5989 100644
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index 3e86dc3ea8..cbfaa419ff 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e135cefa-f019-479d-86eb-438972df73e0.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e135cefa-f019-479d-86eb-438972df73e0.json
index e68fe089b2..b006752156 100644
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index ea84773131..6b479d7d0c 100644
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index 4edb804542..8b36d18596 100644
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index cbb266ef05..d83fb3a734 100644
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index 37a9e3d64c..e3bf1cb8ae 100644
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index cfdf2ccd54..edeb89c356 100644
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index 5506897037..b3cfef209d 100644
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index d94d9f3f09..1d5d049347 100644
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index dd22a1866a..50d7a25ca1 100644
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index c486aef9d8..7de233c6fd 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e99fd1c9-441f-41bc-83a1-e7bed8f2d7fb.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e99fd1c9-441f-41bc-83a1-e7bed8f2d7fb.json
index c01631727b..c821058cd4 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e9b262ba-1c32-40b3-8622-121b30d6df50.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e9b262ba-1c32-40b3-8622-121b30d6df50.json
index 61f8fac05f..4da21a0b2b 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e9c5deb9-30d4-4bc3-98ca-6089d4b74b1e.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--e9c5deb9-30d4-4bc3-98ca-6089d4b74b1e.json
index 61cf6b47d5..2f60fedcde 100644
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index a05562c179..49342cb0be 100644
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index 2562971e97..eebecefce8 100644
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index aca31d76a6..c43b06fd3e 100644
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index 9e70682e39..d4bf7eaa6c 100644
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index e4d9934531..a56b5e7cb4 100644
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index 339cd47d35..572fa0ff51 100644
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index 3e14e3520a..459b79eef7 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f240e06c-3a5b-4a34-a69c-5fccb4c94150.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f240e06c-3a5b-4a34-a69c-5fccb4c94150.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f2d05b16-3565-453e-9fbb-1c02146e17e1.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f2d05b16-3565-453e-9fbb-1c02146e17e1.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f3599919-c4d1-4f2e-92d4-b34a04e33132.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f3599919-c4d1-4f2e-92d4-b34a04e33132.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f372697e-b661-4995-9920-4ec0a9060ebb.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f372697e-b661-4995-9920-4ec0a9060ebb.json
index af5681f11f..7b072fcd6e 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f390ee16-a7c8-4ef2-b6f4-28940a8f0d81.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f390ee16-a7c8-4ef2-b6f4-28940a8f0d81.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f3ddf0be-ca7d-4984-b8e2-4e5958a2c83a.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f3ddf0be-ca7d-4984-b8e2-4e5958a2c83a.json
index 083ac9c261..c1a3aa45f7 100644
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index 742d8fbe8e..75d58a5216 100644
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index ad279ecd81..4ce67996f5 100644
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index c25a4e984a..cb4ca86ea4 100644
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index 985ab4c4fb..3773423d43 100644
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index 4ced4c0deb..018cdc50d1 100644
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index ed2a9230fb..e21e3d91fd 100644
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index acebb8f3b9..4ff4413607 100644
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index 006db58c16..eb538097d9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f7c5c344-4310-4e2a-a5aa-133f3d132fff.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--f7c5c344-4310-4e2a-a5aa-133f3d132fff.json
index c00befaf01..afbd2322f2 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--faff9f9c-9064-4b3a-bdf9-bbeced2447a6.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--faff9f9c-9064-4b3a-bdf9-bbeced2447a6.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--fb2a14c1-bed9-4c3f-a60b-8df384c18b68.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--fb2a14c1-bed9-4c3f-a60b-8df384c18b68.json
index b5fd9b0c77..02f7030e32 100644
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index ece4701077..497f11d6f2 100644
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index b0a292a484..7e30259512 100644
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index 3d27004db1..c2630b9656 100644
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index bcb45eb123..42a01ee1ad 100644
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index bc9619769a..15c3a7825c 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--fbdbddd7-4980-4061-9192-24a887bc6bad.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--fbdbddd7-4980-4061-9192-24a887bc6bad.json
index aa0f808d35..ae618492f8 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ffc82546-f4da-4f47-88ec-b215edb1d695.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ffc82546-f4da-4f47-88ec-b215edb1d695.json
index 41aa808e0d..98a47f599d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ffc82546-f4da-4f47-88ec-b215edb1d695.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ffc82546-f4da-4f47-88ec-b215edb1d695.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ffddcabb-0f03-46ae-abd6-7ab94e91b055.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ffddcabb-0f03-46ae-abd6-7ab94e91b055.json
index 7d6a198f00..a32d353dcf 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ffddcabb-0f03-46ae-abd6-7ab94e91b055.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--ffddcabb-0f03-46ae-abd6-7ab94e91b055.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--fff16b5e-49c2-45e2-8b3a-fd5f82c96dd9.json b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--fff16b5e-49c2-45e2-8b3a-fd5f82c96dd9.json
index 6c6b30c8b3..17efdd79d0 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--fff16b5e-49c2-45e2-8b3a-fd5f82c96dd9.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/relationship/relationship--fff16b5e-49c2-45e2-8b3a-fd5f82c96dd9.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/tool/tool--1622fd3d-fcfc-4d02-ac49-f2d786f79b81.json b/mobile-attack/tool/tool--1622fd3d-fcfc-4d02-ac49-f2d786f79b81.json
index 35175edf80..f875e260d8 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/tool/tool--1622fd3d-fcfc-4d02-ac49-f2d786f79b81.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/tool/tool--1622fd3d-fcfc-4d02-ac49-f2d786f79b81.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/tool/tool--da21929e-40c0-443d-bdf4-6b60d15448b4.json b/mobile-attack/tool/tool--da21929e-40c0-443d-bdf4-6b60d15448b4.json
index 1347cd37ce..752172ad11 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/tool/tool--da21929e-40c0-443d-bdf4-6b60d15448b4.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/tool/tool--da21929e-40c0-443d-bdf4-6b60d15448b4.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba.json
index 6ec8cbf466..ae6fea7dcc 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c.json
index 2a84fc472e..6f7f71dff2 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077.json
index fa8abb030e..f47338e312 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--56c2b384-77f8-461f-a71a-76f7888ebfb6.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--56c2b384-77f8-461f-a71a-76f7888ebfb6.json
index ef6cff0a89..9ca119f20b 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--56c2b384-77f8-461f-a71a-76f7888ebfb6.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--5ae32c6a-2d12-4b8f-81ca-f862f2be0962.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--5ae32c6a-2d12-4b8f-81ca-f862f2be0962.json
index 521c3405b8..5a208f129d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--5ae32c6a-2d12-4b8f-81ca-f862f2be0962.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--613788f2-ad72-43f5-b5f7-a93e2adc70fa.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--613788f2-ad72-43f5-b5f7-a93e2adc70fa.json
index 703814b785..b18f51d7a9 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--613788f2-ad72-43f5-b5f7-a93e2adc70fa.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--61f1d40e-f3d0-4cc6-aa2d-937b6204194f.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--61f1d40e-f3d0-4cc6-aa2d-937b6204194f.json
index 2b70896f8a..e99122a4eb 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--61f1d40e-f3d0-4cc6-aa2d-937b6204194f.json
+++ b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--61f1d40e-f3d0-4cc6-aa2d-937b6204194f.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0.json
index 9d55287a6e..a19f2c1bb8 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--6c62144a-cd5c-401c-ada9-58c4c74cd9d2.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--6c62144a-cd5c-401c-ada9-58c4c74cd9d2.json
index ce627dd77c..145e90d3ed 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--6c62144a-cd5c-401c-ada9-58c4c74cd9d2.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--764ee29e-48d6-4934-8e6b-7a606aaaafc0.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--764ee29e-48d6-4934-8e6b-7a606aaaafc0.json
index cf3c0c72a2..861472942d 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--764ee29e-48d6-4934-8e6b-7a606aaaafc0.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6.json
index 6847dfa359..4c734e2640 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6.json
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a.json
index 67437fab89..43ea6c3965 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43.json
index 3be0522583..e2d1164198 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--b1e0bb80-23d4-44f2-b919-7e9c54898f43.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--bf0ff551-a5a7-40e5-bff9-f9405011b1f4.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--bf0ff551-a5a7-40e5-bff9-f9405011b1f4.json
index 5d9dcda46d..cb4f075d1a 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--e2f72131-14d1-411f-8e8c-aa3453dd5456.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--e2f72131-14d1-411f-8e8c-aa3453dd5456.json
index 163de99367..33cbcff870 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--e2f72131-14d1-411f-8e8c-aa3453dd5456.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-component/x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1.json
index 4350f3a57a..54a39a4a5e 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-source/x-mitre-data-source--4523e7f3-8de2-4078-96f8-1227eb537159.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-source/x-mitre-data-source--4523e7f3-8de2-4078-96f8-1227eb537159.json
index 7c2bde97c1..d5d4250fa3 100644
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+++ b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-source/x-mitre-data-source--4523e7f3-8de2-4078-96f8-1227eb537159.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-source/x-mitre-data-source--55ba7d30-887f-42c1-a24e-c4e90aff24b8.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-source/x-mitre-data-source--55ba7d30-887f-42c1-a24e-c4e90aff24b8.json
index 9a153da77e..263406daa3 100644
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-source/x-mitre-data-source--73691708-ffb5-4e29-906d-f485f6fa7089.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-source/x-mitre-data-source--73691708-ffb5-4e29-906d-f485f6fa7089.json
index 5dad097dd6..e7575729e8 100644
--- a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-data-source/x-mitre-data-source--73691708-ffb5-4e29-906d-f485f6fa7089.json
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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index a249078a12..de7881daa2 100644
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index 2bdacc2a68..76ad74432f 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--6fcb36b8-3776-483b-8699-42215714fb10.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--6fcb36b8-3776-483b-8699-42215714fb10.json
index 8f26363378..1896d7fc2c 100644
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index 7149fd4784..1d524ec295 100644
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index 1d6e0e016c..b0e301e458 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--987cda6d-eb77-406b-bf68-bcb5f3d2e1df.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--987cda6d-eb77-406b-bf68-bcb5f3d2e1df.json
index 01188b12af..41aba85b9a 100644
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index a679e3de59..2b86d88d22 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--d418cdeb-1b9f-4a6b-a15d-2f89f549f8c1.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--d418cdeb-1b9f-4a6b-a15d-2f89f549f8c1.json
index 98ec50c4e5..ae8a8e12d9 100644
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diff --git a/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--e78d7d60-41b5-49b7-b0a9-5c5d4cbabe17.json b/mobile-attack/x-mitre-tactic/x-mitre-tactic--e78d7d60-41b5-49b7-b0a9-5c5d4cbabe17.json
index bdc4485727..d8410f6632 100644
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